Herbal hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern medicine: Actual key issues and new encouraging steps

Frontiers in Pharmacology

Volumn 6, Issue MAR, 2015, Pages

  Teschke, Rolf ^a   Eickhoff, Axel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL FRANKFURT   (Germany)

Author keywords

Botanicals; Evidence based trials; Hepatotoxicity; Herb induced liver injury; Herbal hepatotoxicity; Herbal modern medicine; Herbal traditional chinese medicine; Herbal traditional medicine; Herbs

Indexed keywords

ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CHINESE DRUG; CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT; HERBACEOUS AGENT; KAVA; MACROGOL; METHACRYLIC ACID; MICRORNA; POLYOL; POLYSORBATE; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID; SOLUBILIZER; SOLVENT; TU SAN QI; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACTAEA RACEMOSA; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; CAUSAL ATTRIBUTION; CHINESE MEDICINE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TOOL; CLINICAL EVALUATION; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF MEDICAL SCIENCES SCALE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DATA ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC ERROR; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG CONTAMINATION; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG IMPURITY; DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY NETWORK METHOD; DRUG ISOLATION; DRUG QUALITY; DRUG RESEARCH; DRUG SOLUBILITY; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS INFECTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GENOMICS; GOVERNMENT REGULATION; GYNURA SEGETUM; HEPATITIS E; HERB; HERBAL MEDICINE; HERPES SIMPLEX; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LIVER TOXICITY; METABOLOMICS; NARANJO SCALE; NONHUMAN; PIPER METHYSTICUM; PLANT IDENTIFICATION; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRODUCT SAFETY; PROTEOMICS; PUBLICATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ROUSSEL UCLAF CAUSALITY ASSESSMENT METHOD; SEDUM AIZOON; SOLVENT EXTRACTION; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THERAPEUTIC ERROR; TOXIC HEPATITIS; TOXICOKINETICS; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; WHO METHOD;

EID: 84926673753     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16639812     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00072     Document Type: Article

References (346)

1. Abdualmjid RJ, Sergi C. Hepatotoxic botanicals - an evidenced-based systematic review. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci 2013; 16: 376-404.
2. Abu el Wafa Y, Benaventa Fernandez A, Talavera Fabuel A, Perez Ramos MA, Ramos-Clemente JI. Acute hepatitis induced by Camellia sinensis (green tea). An Med Interna 2005; 22: 298 (Article in Spanish).
3. Adachi M, Saito H, Kobayashi H, Horie Y, Kato S, Yoshioka M, Ishii H. Hepatic injury in 12 patients taking the herbal loss aids Chaso and Onshido. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 488-492.
4. Aiba T, Takahashi T, Suzuki K, Okoshi S, Nomoto M, Uno K, Aoyagi Y. Liver injury induced by a Japanese herbal medicine, sairei-to (TJ-114, Bupleurum and Hoelen combination, Chai-Ling-Tang). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22: 762-763.
5. Aithal GP, Watkins PB, Andrade RJ, Larrey D, Molokhia M, Takikawa H, Hunt CM, Wilke RA, Avigan M, Kaplowitz N, Bjornsson E, Daly AK. Case definition and phenotype standardization in drug-induced liver injury. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89: 806-815.
6. Alderman S, Goldfarb S, Malone DG. Cholestatic hepatitis after ingestion of chaparral leaf: confirmation by endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography and liver biopsy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994; 19: 242-247.
7. Altan E, Bitik B, Kalpkci Y, Dogan E Altundag K. Probable hepatotoxicity related to Nerium oleander extract in a patient with metastatic synovial sarcoma of the knee. J Altern Compl Med 2009; 15: 113.
8. Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, Khojasteh-Bakht SC, Oishi S, Nelson SD, Blanc PD. Pennyroyal toxicity: Measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med 1996; 124: 726-734.
9. Andrade RJ, Camargo R, Lucena MI, González-Grande R. Causality assessment in drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2004; 3: 329-344.
10. Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Fernández MC, Pelaez G, Pachkoria K, García-Ruiz E, García-Muñoz B, Gonzalez-Grande R, Pizarro A, Durán JA, Jiménez M, Rodrigo L, Romero-Gomez M, Navarro JM, Planas R, Costa J, Borras A, Soler A, Salmerón J, Martin-Vivaldi R, Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-induced Liver Disease. Drug-induced liver injury: an analysis of 461 incidences submitted to the Spanish registry over a 10-year period. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 512-521.
11. Appelhans K, Smith C, Bejar E, Henig YS. Revisiting acute liver injury associated with Herbalife products. World J Hepatol 2011; 3: 275-277.
12. Appelhans K, Frankos V, Shao A. Misconceptions regarding association between Herbalife products and liver related case reports in Spain. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 21: 333-334.
13. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F. Comfrey herb tea-induced hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am J Med 1989; 87: 97-99.
14. Bae SH, Kim DH, Bae YS, Lee KJ, Kim DW, Yoon JB, Hong JH, Kim SH. Toxic hepatitis associated with Polygoni multiflori. Korean J Hepatol 2010; 16: 182-186 (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
15. Bakerink JA, Gospe SM, Dimand RJ, Eldridge MW. Multiple organ failure after ingestion of pennyroyal oil from herbal tea in two infants. Pediatrics 1996; 98: 944-947.
16. Banarova A, Koller T, Payer J. Toxic hepatitis induced by Polygonum multiflorum. Vnitr Lek 2012; 58: 958-962. (Abstract in English, article in Slovak)
17. Batchelor WB, Heathcote J, Wanless IR. Chaparral-induced hepatic injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 831-833.
18. Battinelli L, Daniele C, Mazzanti G, Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Coletta S, Costantini S. New case of acute hepatitis following the consumption of Shou Wu Pian, a Chinese herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140:587-588.
19. Bénichou C. Criteria of drug-induced liver disorders. Report of an international consensus meeting. J Hepatol 1990; 11: 272-276.
20. Bénichou C, Danan G, Flahault A. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs - II. An original model for validation of drug causality assessment methods: case reports with positive rechallenge. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46: 1331-1336.
21. Benninger J, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, Kirchner T, Hahn EG. Acute hepatitis induced by Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus). Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1234-1237.
22. Bent S. Herbal medicine in the United States: Review of efficacy, safety, and regulation. J Gen Intern Med 2008; 23: 854-859. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517879/Last accessed 30 December 2014.
23. Beuers U, Spengler U, Pape GR. Hepatitis after chronic abuse of senna. Lancet 1991; 337: 372-373.
24. BfArM, 2002. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, Bonn. Federal Institute for Drugs and Medicinal Products in Germany. Rejection of Drug Risks, Step II. As related to: Kava-Kava (Piper methysticum)-containing, and kavain-containing drugs, including homeopathic preparations with a final concentration up to, and including D4. June 14, 2002. Available at: http://www.spc.int/cis/documents/02_0714_BfArM_Kava_Removal.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
25. BfArM, 2005. Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (German regulatory agency). Bekanntmachung. Abwehr von Gefahren durch Arzneimittel, Stufe II, Anhörung: Schöllkraut-haltige Arzneimittel zur innerlichen Anwendung. May 6, 2005. Available at: http://www.bfarm.de/cae/servlet/contentblob/1014620/publicationFile/66198/schoellkrautanhoerung_050505.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
26. Björnsson E, Jacobsen EI, Kalaitzakis E. Hepatotoxicity associated with statins: Reports of idiosyncratic liver injury post-marketing. J Hepatol 2012; 56:374-380.
27. Björnsson ES, Bergmann OM, Björnsson HK, Kvaran RB, Olafsson S. Incidence, presentation and outcomes in patients with drug-induced liver injury in the general population of Iceland. Gastroenterology 2013; 144: 1419-1425.
28. Björnsson E, Olsson R. Serious adverse liver reactions associated with herbal weight loss supplements. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 295-297.
29. Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity associated with supplements containing Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis). Ann Intern Med 2006: 144: 68-71. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 2006; 144: 380.
30. Borum, ML. Fulminant exacerbation of autoimmune hepatitis after the use of Ma Huang. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1654-1655.
31. Bottenberg MM, Wall GC, Harvey RL, Habib S. Oral Aloe vera-induced hepatitis. Ann Pharmacother 2007: 41: 1740-1743.
32. Bujanda L, Palacios A, Silvariño R, Sánchez A, Muñoz C. Hepatitis aguda icterica secundaria a kava. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 25: 434-435. (Article in Spanish).
33. Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 3-17.
34. But PPH, Tomlinson B, Lee KL. Hepatitis related to the Chinese medicine Shou-wu-pian manufactured from Polygonum multiflorum. Vet Hum Toxicol 1996; 38: 280-282.
35. Caldwell SH, Feeley JW, Wieboldt TF, Featherston PL, Dickson RC. Acute hepatitis with use of over-the-counter herbal remedies. Va Med Q 1994; 121: 31-33
36. Cárdenas A, Restrepo JC, Sierra F, Correa G. Acute hepatitis due to shen-min: a herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 40: 629-632.
37. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Chaparral-induced toxic hepatitis California and Texas 1992. J Am Med Ass 1992; 268: 3295-3298.
38. Chao S, Anders M, Turbay M, Olaiz E, Mc Cormack L, Mastai R. Toxic hepatitis by consumption of Herbalife products: a case report. Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 2008; 38: 274-277.
39. Chalasani N, Björnsson E. Risk factors for idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology 2010; 138: 2246-2259.
40. Chalasani N, Fontana RJ, Bonkovsky HL, Watkins PB, Davern T, Serrano J, Yang HQ, Rochon J, for the Drug Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Causes, clinical features, and outcomes from a prospective study of drug-induced liver injury in the United States. Gastroenterology 2008; 135: 1924-1934.
41. Chau TN. Drug-induced liver injury: an update. Hong Kong Med Diary 2008; 13: 23-26.
42. Chau TN, Cheung WI, Ngan T, Lin J, Lee KWS, Poon WT, Leung VKS, Mak T, Tse ML, and the Hong Kong Herb-Induced Liver Injury Network (HK-HILIN). Causality assessment of herb-induced liver injury using multidisciplinary approach and the Roussel Uclaf Causality assessment Method (RUCAM). Clin Toxicol 2011; 49: 34-39.
43. Chen GC, Ramanathan VS, Law D, Funchain P, Chen GC, French S, Shlopov B, Eysselein V, Chung D, Reicher S, Pham PV. Acute liver injury induced by weight-loss herbal supplements. World J Hepatol 2010; 2: 410-415.
44. Chen MY, Cai JT, Du Q. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with the use of Gynura segetum. Eur J Intern Med 2007; 18: 609.
45. Cheung WI, Tse ML, Ngan T, Lin J, Lee WK, Poon WT, Mak TW, Leung VKS, Chau TN. Liver injury associated with the use of Fructus Psoraleae (Bol-gol-zhee or Bu-gu-zhi) and its related propriety medicine. Clin Toxicol 2009; 47: 683-685.
46. Christl SU, Seifert A, Seeler D. Toxic hepatitis after consumption of traditional kava preparation. Int Soc Trav Med 2009; 16: 55-56.
47. Crijns AP, de Smet PA, van den Heuvel M, Schot BW, Haagsma EB. Acute hepatitis after use of herbal preparation with greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2002; 146: 124-128 (Article in Dutch).
48. Cohen SM, Heywood E, Pillai A, Ahn J. Hepatotoxicity associated with the use of White Flood, a nutritional supplement. Practical Gastroenterology 2012; 10: 45-48.
49. Colin-Jones DG, Harvey J. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J 1982; 284: 744-745.
50. Conti E, De Checchi G, Mencarelli R, Pinato S, Rovere P. Lycopodium similiaplexinduced acute hepatitis: a case report. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 20: 469-471.
51. Cortez E, Boulger C, Bernard A. Ban Tu Wan hepatotoxicity. BMJ Case Reports 2012; DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006438.
52. Court, 2014. Administrative Coiurt, Cologne, Germany. Court ruling 7 K 2197/12 of May 2010, 2014. Available at: http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/ovgs/vg_koeln/j2014/7_K_2197_12_Urteil_20140520.html Last accessed 30 December, 2014.
53. Culvenor CCJ, Edgar JA, Smith LW, Kumana CR, Lin HJ. Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch and Mey identified as cause of veno-occlusive disease due to herbal tea. Lancet 1986 Apr 26; 1 (8487): 978.
54. Dai HF, Gao Y, Yang M, Yu CH, Gu ZY, Chen WX. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease induced by Gymura segetum: report of two cases. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2006; 5: 406-408.
55. Danan G. Consensus meetings on: causality assessment of drug-induced liver injury. J Hepatol 1988; 7:132-136.
56. Danan G, Bénichou C. Causality assessment of adverse reactions to drugs - I. A novel method based on the conclusions of international consensus meetings: application to drug-induced liver injuries. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46:1323-1330.
57. Dao T, Peytier A, Galateau F, Valla A. Chronic hepatitis due to germander. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993; 17: 614-615.
58. Dara L, Hewett J, Lim JK. Hydroxycut hepatotoxicity: A case series and review of liver toxicity from herbal weight loss supplements. W J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 6999-7004.
59. Datta DV, Khuroo MS, Mattocks AR, Aikat BK, Chhuttani PN. Herbal medicines and venoocclusive disease in India. Postgrad Med J 1978; 54: 511-515.
60. DCGMA, Drug Commission of the German Medical Association (Arzneimittelkommission der Deutschen Ärzteschaft). Hepatitis in connection with Umckaloabo®. Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2011: 108: C1399-C1400 (Article in German).
61. Denham A, McIntyre M, Whitehouse J. Kava - the unfolding story: report on a work-inprogress. J Altern Complement Med 2002; 8: 237-263.
62. De Smet PAGM, Van Den Eertwegh AJM, Lesterhuis W, Stricker BHC. Hepatotoxicity associated with herbal tablets. BMJ 1996; 313: 92.
63. Dhanasekaran R, Owens V, Sanchez W. Chinese skullcap in Move Free arthritis supplement causes drug induced liver injury and pulmonary infiltrates. Case Reports Hepatol 2013, Article ID 965092. DOI: org/10.1155/2013/965092.
64. Divinsky M. Case report: Jin Bu Huan - not so benign herbal medicine. Can Fam Physician 2002; 48: 1640-1642.
65. Duenas Sadornil C, Fabregas Piugtio S, Durandez R. Hepatotoxicity due to Camelia sinensis. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 122: 677-678 (Article in Spanish).
66. Duque JM, Ferreiro J, Salgueiro E, Manso G. Hepatotoxicity associated with the consumption of herbal slimming products. Med Clin (Barc) 2007; 128: 238-239.
67. Ekor, M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front Pharmacol 2014; 4. Article 177: 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fpharm.2013.00177.
68. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC. Trends in alternative use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national study. JAMA 1998; 280: 1569-1575.
69. Elinav E, Pinsker G, Safadi R, Pappo O, Bromberg M, Anis E, Keinan-Boker L, Broide E, Ackerman Z, Nitzan Kaluski D, Lev B, Shouval D. Association between consumption of Herbalife nutritional supplements and acute hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 514-520.
70. EMA, 2007. Assessment of case reports connected to herbal medicinal products containing cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma (black cohosh, root). Issued May 8, 2007. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_HMPC_assessment_report/2010/02/WC500074167.pdf Last accessed December 30, 2014.
71. EMA, 2010. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report on Chelidonium majus L., herba. Draft. November 25, 2010. Available at: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Public_statement/2011/01/WC500100940.pdf. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
72. EMA, 2014, Herbal medicinal products. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/humanuse/herbal-medicines/index_en.htm Last accessed 30 November 2014
73. Engels M, Wang C, Matoso A, Maidan E, Wands J. Tea not tincture; hepatotoxicity associated with Rooibos herbal tea. ACG Case Rep J 2013; 1: 58-60.
74. Ernst E. Adulteration of Chinese herbal medicines with synthetic drugs: a systematic review. J Intern Med 2002; 252: 107-113.
75. Escher M, Desmeules J, Giostra E, Mentha G. Hepatitis associated with kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. Br Med J 2001; 322: 139.
76. Espinoza EO, Mann MJ, Bleasdell B. Arsenic and mercury in traditional Chinese herbal balls. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 803-804.
77. Estes JD, Stolpman D, Olyaei A, Corless CL, Ham JM, Schwartz JM, Orloff S. High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg 2003; 138: 852-858.
78. Farnsworth NR, Loub WD. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J 1982; 283: 1058.
79. Federico A, Tiso A, Loguercio C. A case of hepatotoxicity caused by green tea. Free Rad Biol Med 2007; 43: 474.
80. Fenkel JM, Navarro VJ. Review: Herbal and dietary supplement-induced liver injury. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 7: 695-696.
81. Fong TL, Klontz KC, Canas-Coto A, Casper SJ, Durazo FA, Davern TJ, Hayashi P, Lee WM, Seeff LB. Hepatotoxicity due to Hydroxycut: A case series. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 1561-1566.
82. Foreign Language Press, 2001. The essentials of traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Available at: http://www.china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/185685.htm Last accessed 30 December 2014.
83. Fox DW, Hart MC, Bergeson PS, Jarrett PB, Stillman AE, Huxtable RJ. Pyrrolizidine (Senecio) intoxication mimicking Reye syndrome. J Pediatr 1978; 93: 980-982.
84. Fraquelli M, Colli A, Cocciolo M, Conte D. Adult syncytial giant cell chronic hepatitis due to herbal remedy. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 505-508.
85. Furukawa M, Kasajima S, Nakamura Y, Shouzushima M, Nagatani N, Takinishi A, Taguchi A, Fujita M, Niimi A, Misaka R, Nagahara H. Toxic hepatitis induced by Show-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation. Inter Med 2010; 49: 1537-1540.
86. Fu PP, Xia Q, Lin G, Chou MW. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids - genotoxicity, metabolism enzymes, metabolic activation, and mechanisms. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36: 1-55.
87. Gao XS, Xiao SS, He JF. Analysis of alkaloids in Sedum aizoon and establishment of hepatic veno-occlusive model in mice. Chin J Integr Trad Western Med Digest 2006; 14: 311-313.
88. Gao H, Li N, Wang JY, Zhang SC, Lin G. Definitive diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Dig Dis 2012; 13: 33-39.
89. García-Cortés M, Borraz Y, Lucena MI, Peláez G, Salmerón J, Diago M, Martínez-Sierra MC, Navarro JM, Planas R, Soria MJ, Bruguera M, Andrade RJ. Liver injury induced by "natural remedies": an analysis of cases submitted to the Spanish Liver Toxicity Registry. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2008; 100: 688-695.
90. García-Cortés M, Stephens C, Lucena MI, Fernández-Castañer A, Andrade RJ, on behalf of the Spanish Group for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Disease. Causality assessment methods in drug induced liver injury: Strengths and weaknesses. J Hepatol 2011; 55: 683-691.
91. Garcia-Moran S, Saez-Royuela F, Gento E, Lopez Morante A, Arias L. Acute hepatitis associated with Camellia tea and Orthosiphon stamineus ingestion. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 27: 559-560.
92. Georgia M. Hepatotoxicity due to Atractylis gummifera. Clin Toxicol 1988; 26: 487-493.
93. Gertner E, Marshall PS, Filandrinos D, Potek AS, Smith TM. Complications resulting from the use of Chinese herbal medications containing undeclared prescription drugs. Arthritis Rheum 1995; 38: 614-617.
94. Gloro R, Hourmand-Ollivier I, Mosquet B, Mosquet L, Rousselot P, Salamé E, Piquet MA, Dao T. Fulminant hepatitis during self-medication with hydroalcoholic extract of green tea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 1135-1137.
95. Gono Y, Odaguchi H, Hayasaki T, Suzuki K, Oikawa T, Muranushi A, Akahoshi T, Hanawa T. Clinical analysis of cases with drug-induced liver injury for Kampo medicine. Kampo Med 2010; 61: 828-833. (Abstract in English, article in Japanese)
96. Gordon DW, Rosenthal G, Hart J, Sirota S, Baker AL. Chaparral ingestion: the broadening spectrum of liver injury caused by herbal medications. J Am Med Ass 1995; 273: 489-490.
97. Gow PJ, Connelly NJ, Hill RL, Crowley P, Angus PW. Fatal fulminant hepatic failure induced by a natural therapy containing kava. Med J Aust 2003; 178: 442-443.
98. Greving I, Meister V, Monnerjahn C, Müller KM, May B. Chelidonium majus: A rare reason for severe hepatotoxic reaction. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 1998; 7: S66-S69.
99. Gunawan B. Kaplowitz N. Clinical perspectives on xenobiotic-induced hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2004; 36: 301-312.
100. Halegoua-De Marzio D, Vega M, Schifter Weber J, Aithal GP, Andrade RJ, Bessone F, Bjornsson E, HK Bjornsson, DG Larrey, M Lizarzabal, MI Lucena, Medina Cáliz I, Mengual E, Olafsson S, Ripault MP, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Shouval D, Stephens C, Stickel F, Navarro VJ. An international effort to assess hepatotoxicity associated with some Herbalife® products. Hepatology 2013; 58, Issue S1: 383A-384A. (Abstract). Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hep.26:839/full. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
101. Haller CA, Dyer JE, Ko R, Olson KR. Making a diagnosis of herbal-related toxic hepatitis. West J Med 2002: 176: 39-44.
102. Hardeman E, van Overbeke L, Ilegems S, Ferrante M. Acute hepatitis induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2003; 71: 281-282.
103. Harvey J, Colin-Jones DG. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 186-187.
104. Health Canada, 2010. Black cohosh products and liver toxicity: update. Canadian Adverse Reaction Newsletter 2010; 20: 1-3. Available at: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/medeff/bulletin/carn-bcei_v20n1-eng.php#a1t1 Last accessed 30 December 2014.
105. Hoffmann M, Marbet UA, Hurni A, Bianchi L, Göldi H. Rezidiv einer medikamentös-toxischen Hepatitis. Schweiz Med Forum 2005; 5: 147-148. (Article in German).
106. Horowitz RS, Feldhaus K, Dart RC, Stermitz FR, Beck JJ. The clinical spectrum of Jin Bu Huan toxicity. Arch Intern Med 1996; 156: 899-903.
107. Hsu LM, Huang YS, Tsay SH, Chang FY, Lee SD. Acute hepatitis induced by Chinese hepatoprotective herb xiao-chai-hu-tang. J Chin Med Assoc 2006; 69: 86-82.
108. Huang WF, Wen KC, Hsiao ML. Adulteration by synthetic therapeutic substances of traditional Chinese medicines in Taiwan. J Clin Pharmacol 1997; 37: 344-350.
109. Hullar TE, Sapers BL, Ridker PM, Judkins RL, Huth TS, Farraye FA. Herbal toxicity and fatal hepatic failure (letter). Am J Med 1999; 106: 267-268.
110. Humberston CL, Akhtar J, Krenzelok EP. Acute hepatitis induced by kava kava J Toxicol/Clin Toxicol 2003; 41: 109-113.
111. Hung SK, Hillier S, Ernst E. Case reports of adverse effects of herbal medicinal products (HMPs): A quality assessment. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 335-343.
112. Hwang SH, Park JA, Jang YS, Lee KM, Lee DS, Ahn BM, Lee EH. Case of acute cholestatic hepatitis caused by the seeds of Psoralea-corylifolia. Korean J Hepatol 2001; 7: 341-344. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
113. Hyde FF. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J 1981; 282: 739.
114. IARC Monographs, 2002. Vol. 82. Introduction 1. History of use of traditional herbal medicines. Available at: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol82/mono82-6A.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
115. Inoue H, Yamazaki S, Shimizu M, Uozki H, Goto T, Ohnishi S, Koike K. Liver injury induced by the Japanese herbal drug kamishoyosan. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011: 7: 692-695.
116. Itoh S, Marutani K, Nishijima T, Matsuo S, Itabashi M. Liver injuries induced by herbal medicine, Syo-saiko-to (xiao-chai-hu-tang). Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 1845-1848.
117. Jang JS, Seo EG, Han C, Chae HB, Kim SJ, Lee JD, Wang JH. Four cases of toxic liver injury associated with Dictamnus dasycarpus. Korean J Hepatol 2008; 14: 206-212. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
118. Javaid A, Bonkovsky HL. Hepatotoxicity due to extracts of Chinese green tea (Camellia sinensis): a growing concern. J Hepatol 2006; 45: 334-335.
119. Jimenez-Saenz M, Martinez-Sanchez M del C. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of green tea infusions. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 616-617.
120. Jóhannsson M, Ormarsdóttir S, Olafsson S. Hepatotoxicity associated with the use of Herbalife. Laeknabladid 2010; 96:167-172.
121. Jones FJ, Andrews AH. Acute liver injury associated with the herbal supplement hydroxycut in a soldier deployed to Iraq. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 2357-2358.
122. Jorge OA, Jorge AD. Hepatotoxicity associated with the ingestion of Centella asiatica. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2005; 97: 115-124. (Article in Spain).
123. Joshi D, Cross TJS, Wong VS. Acute drug induced hepatitis secondary to a weight loss product purchased over the internet. Nutr J 2007; 6: 13. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-13.
124. Jung KA, Min HJ, Yoo SS, Kim HJ, Choi SN, Ha CY, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Jung WT, Lee OJ, Lee JS, Shim SG. Drug-induced liver injury: Twenty five cases of acute hepatitis following ingestion of Polygonum multiflorum Thun. Gut Liver 2011; 5: 493-499.
125. Kakar F, Akbarian Z, Leslie T, Mustafa ML, Watson J, van Egmond HP, Omar MF, Mofleh J. An outbreak of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in western Afghanistan associated with exposure to wheat flour contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Toxicol 2010; ID 313280. DOI: 10.1155/2010/313280.
126. Kamiyama T, Nouchi T, Kojima S, Mu.rata N, Ikeda T, Sato C. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by administration of an herbal medicine. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 703-704.
127. Kanat O, Ozet A, Ataegin S. Aloe vera-induced acute toxic hepatitis in a healthy young man. Eur J Intern Med 2006; 17: 589.
128. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Okada O, Suzuki Y, Saisho H. Severe hepatotoxicity associated with Chinese diet product "Ohnshidou-Genbi-Kounou". J Gastroeneterol Hepatol 2003a; 18: 354-355
129. Kanda T, Yokosuka O, Tada M, Kurihara T, Yoshida S, Suzuki Y, Nagao K, Saisho H. N-nitroso-fenfluramine hepatotoxicity resembling chronic hepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003b; 18: 999-1000.
130. Kane JA, Kane SP, Jain S. Hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs: possible toxic components. Gut 1995; 36: 146-147.
131. Kang HS, Choi HS, Yun TJ, Lee KG, Seo YS, Yeon JE, Byun KS, Um SH, Kim CD, Ryu HS. A case of acute cholestatic hepatitis induced by Corydalis speciosa Max. Korean J Hepatol 2009; 15: 517-523. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
132. Kang SH, Kim JI, Jeong KH, Ko KH, Ko PG, Hwang SW, Kim EM, Kim SH, Lee HY, Lee BS. Clinical characteristics of 159 cases of acute toxic hepatitis. Korean J Hepatol 2008; 14: 483-484. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
133. Kang-Yum E, Oransky SH: Chinese patent medicine as a potential source of mercyry poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol 1992; 34: 235-238.
134. Kao WF, Hung DZ, Tsai WJ, Lin KP, Deng JF. Podophyllotoxin intoxication: toxic effect of Bajiaolian in herbal therapeutics. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992; 11: 480-487.
135. Kaplowitz N. Causality assessment versus guilt-by-association in drug hepatotoxicity 2001; 33: 308-310.
136. Katz M, Saibil, F. Herbal hepatitis: subacute hepatic necrosis secondary to chaparral leaf. J Clin Gastroenterol 1990; 12: 203-206.
137. Kim SY, Yim HJ, Ahn JH, Kim JH, Kim JN, Yoon I, Kim DI, Lee HS, Lee SW, Choi JH. Two cases of toxic hepatitis caused by arrowroot juice. Korean J Hepatol 2009; 15: 504-509. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
138. Kim YJ, Ryu SL, Shim JW, Kim DS, Shim JY, Park MS, Jung HL. A pediatric case of toxic hepatitis induced by Hovenia dulcis. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2012; 15: 111-116.
139. Ko RJ. Adulterants in Asian patent medicines. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 847.
140. Kumana CR, Ng M, Lin HJ, Ko W, Wu PC, Todd D. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to toxic alkaloid in herbal tea. Lancet 1983; II: 1360-1361.
141. Kumana CR, Ng M, Lin HJ, Ko W, Wu PC, Todd D. Herbal tea induced hepatic venoocclusive disease: quantification of toxic alkaloid exposure in adults. Gut 1985; 26:101-104.
142. Laird AR, Ramchandani N, deGoma EM, Avula B, Khan IA, Gesundheit N. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of an herbal supplement (Polygonum multiflorum) mimicking ironoverload syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol 2008; 42: 861-862.
143. Laliberté L, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis after the use of germander, a herbal remedy. Can Med Ass J 1996; 154: 1689-1692.
144. Lapi F, Gallo E, Giocaliere E, Vietri M, Baronti R, Pieraccini G, Tafi A, Menniti-Ippolito F, Mugelli A, Firenzuoli F, Vannacci A. Acute liver damage due to Serenoa repens: a case report. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 69: 558-560.
145. Larrey D, Faure S. Herbal medicine hepatotoxicity: a new step with development of specific biomarkers. J Hepatol 2011: 54: 599-601.
146. Larrey D, Vial T, Pauwels A, Castot A, Biour M, David M, Michel H. Hepatitis after germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) administration: another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 129-132.
147. Lau G, Lo DS, Yao YJ, Leong HT, Chan CL, Chu SS. A fatal case of hepatic failure possibly induced by nitrosofenfluramine: a case report. Med Sci Law 2004; 44: 252-263.
148. Lebot V. The quality of kava consumed in the South Pacific. HerbalGram 2006; 71: 34-37
149. Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC. Risk of liver injury associated with Chinese herbal products containing Radix bupleuri in 639,779 patients with hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS ONE 2011;6(1): e16064.DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016064.
150. Leonti M, Casu L. Traditional medicine and globalization: current and future perspectives in ethnopharmacology. Frontiers Pharmacol 2013; 4: 1-13.
151. Lewis JH. Causality assessment: which is best - expert opinion or RUCAM? Clin Liv Dis 2014; 4: 4-8.
152. Levitsky J, Alli TA, Wisecarver J, Sorrell MF. Fulminant liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 538-539.
153. Levitsky J, Alli TA, Wisecarver J, Sorrell MF. Fulminant liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh. Dig Dis Sci 2008; 53: 869.
154. Li C, Liang XS, Li CZ. Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with the ingestion of gynura root. Clin Toxicol 2010; 48: 962-964.
155. Li J, Lu C, Jiang M, Niu X, Guo H, Li L, Bian ZX, Lin N, Lu A. Traditional Chinese Medicine-Based Network Pharmacology Could Lead to New Multicompound Drug Discovery. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Med 2012; article ID 149762; http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/149762.
156. Lin G, Wang JY, Li N, Li M, Gao H, Ji Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Zhou Y, Ye Y, Xu HX,. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with consumption of Gynura segetum. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 666-673.
157. Lin G, Wang JY, Li N, Li M, Gao H, Ji Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Zhou Y, Ye Y, Xu HX, Zheng J. Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome associated with consumption of Gynura segetum. J Hepatol 2011; 54: 666-673.
158. Lin TJ, Su CC, Lan CK, Jiang DD, Tsai JL, Tsai MS. Acute poisonings with Breynia officinalis - an outbreak of hepatotoxicity. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41: 591-594.
159. Lin TJ, Tsai MS, Chiou NM, Deng JF, Chiu NY. Hepatotoxicity caused by Breynia officinalis. Vet Hum Toxicol. 2002; 44: 87-88.
160. Lindstrom A, Ooyen C, Lynch ME, Blumenthal M, Kawa K. Sales of herbal dietary supplements increase by 7.9% in 2013, marking a decade of rising sales. HerbalGram 2014; 103: 52-56.
161. Linnebur SA, Rapacchietta OC, Vejar M. Hepatotoxicity associated with chinese skullcap contained in Move Free Advanced dietary supplement: two case reports and review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy 2010; 750: 258e-262e.
162. Liss G, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver injury: what was new in 2008? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5: 843-860.
163. Liu Y, Li Z, Liu X, Pan R. Review on the toxic effects of radix Bupleuri. Curr Opin Complement Alternat Med 2014; 1: 3-7.
164. López-Cepero Andrada JM, Lerma Castilla S, Fernandèz Olvera MD, Amaya Vidal A. Hepatotoxicity caused by a Noni (Morinda citrifolia) preparation. Espanola de Patologia Digestiva 2007; 99: 179-181 (Article in Spanish).
165. Ma X, Peng JH, Hu YY. Chinese herbal medicine-induced liver injury. J Clin Translat Hepatol 2014; 2: 170-175.
166. MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, Cobden I, Hayes PC. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. Br Med J 1989: 299:1156-1157.
167. Mahady GB, Low Dog T, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI, Sarma DN. United States Pharmacopeia review of the black cohosh case reports of hepatotoxicity. Menopause 2008; 15: 628-638.
168. Major RH. History of Medicine Vol. 1, Springfield 1954.
169. Manheimer E, Wieland S, Kimbrough E, Cheng K, Berman BM. Evidence from the Cochrane Collaboration for traditional Chinese Medicine therapies. J Altern Complement Med 2009; 15: 1001-1004.
170. Manso G. Author's reply. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012; 21: 335.
171. Manso G, López-Rivaz L, Duque JM, Salgueiro E. Spanish reports of hepatotoxicity associated with Herbalife. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 289-290. Author reply 290-292.
172. Manso G, López-Rivas L, Salgueiro ME, Duque JM, Jimeno FJ, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI. Continuous reporting of new cases in Spain supports the relationship between Herbalife products and liver injury. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011; 20: 1080-1087.
173. Martinez-Sierra C, Rendon Unceta P, Martin Herrera L. Acute hepatitis after green tea ingestion. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 127: 119
174. Mathieu N, Bouallegue L, Mognol P, Vallot T, Soule JC. Hepatic toxicity probably due to X-elles in phytotherapy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2005; 29: 1188-1189.
175. Mattéi A, Rucay P, Samuel D, Feray C, Michel R, Bismuth H. Liver transplantation for acute liver failure after herbal medicine (Teucrium polium) administration (letter). J Hepatol 1995; 22: 597.
176. Mazzanti G, Menniti-Ippolito F, Moro PA, Cassetti F, Raschetti R, Santuccio C, Mastrangelo S. Hepatotoxicity from green tea: a review of the literature and two unpublished cases. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009; 65: 331-341.
177. McDonnell WM, Bhattacharya R, Halldorson JB. Fulminant hepatic falure after use of the herbal weight-loss supplement Exilis. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151: 673-674.
178. McGee J, Patrick RS, Wood CB, Blumgart LH. A case of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Britain associated with herbal tea consumption. J Clin Pathol 1976; 29: 788-794
179. Mennecier D, Saloum T, Dourthe PM, Bronstein JA, Thiolet C, Farret O. Acute hepatitis after phytotherapy. Présse Med 1999; 28: 966.
180. MHRA: Herbal medicines regulation: Registered traditional herbal medicines. Available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Herbalmedicinesregulation/RegisteredTra ditionalHerbalMedicines/Last accessed 30 December 2014.
181. Millonig G, Stadlmann S, Vogel W. Herbal hepatotoxicity: acute hepatitis caused by a Noni preparation (Morinda citrifolia). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 445-447.
182. Miskelly FG, Goodyer LI. Hepatic and pulmonary complications of herbal medicine (letter). Postgrad Med J 1992; 68: 935.
183. Mohabbat O, Younos MS, Merzad AA, Srivastava RN, Sediq GG, Aram GN. An outbreak of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in north-western Afghanistan. Lancet 1976; 308: 269-271.
184. Mokhobo KP. Herb use and necrodegenerative hepatitis. S Afr Med J 1976; 50: 1096-1099.
185. Molinari M, Watt KD, Kruszyna T, Nelson R, Walsh M, Huang WY, Nashan B, Peltekian K. Acute liver failure induced by green tea extracts: case reports and review of the literature. Liver Transpl 2006; 12: 1892-1895.
186. Moro PA, Cassetti F, Giugliano G, Falce MT, Mazzanti G, Menniti-Ippolito F, Raschetti R, Santuccio C. Hepatitis from Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): Review of literature and report of a new case. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 328-332.
187. Mostefa-Kara N, Pauwels A, Pines E, Biour M, Levy VG. Fatal hepatitis after herbal tea (letter). Lancet 1992; 340: 674.
188. Motoyama H, Enomoto M, Yasuda T, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Iwai S, Morikawa H, Takeda T, Tamori A, Sakaguchi H, Kawada N. Drug-induced liver injury caused by a herbal medicine, bofu-tsu-sho-san. Nihon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi 2008; 105: 1234-1239. (Abstract in English, article in Japanese).
189. Mrzljak A, Kosuta I, Skrtic A, Kanizaj TF, Vrhovac. Drug-induced liver injury associated with Noni (Morinda citrifolia) juice and phenobarbital. Case Rep Gastroenterol 2013; 7: 19-24. DOI: 1159/000343651.
190. Nadir A, Agrawal S, King PD, Marshall JB. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of a Chinese herbal product, ma-huang. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 1436-1438.
191. Nadir A, Reddy D, Van Thiel DH. Cascara sagrada-induced intrahepatic cholestasis causing portal hypertension: Case report and review of herbal hepatotoxicity. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3634-3637.
192. Nahin RL, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ, Bloom B. Costs of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and frequency of visits to CAM practitioners: United States, 2007. National health statistics reports; no. 18. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2009. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr018.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
193. Nam SW, Baek JT, Lee DS, Kang SB, Ahn BM, Chung KW. A case of acute cholestatic hepatitis associated with the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia (Boh-Gol-Zhee). Clin Toxicol 2005; 43: 589-5891.
194. Naranjo CA, Busto U, Sellers EM, Sandor P, Ruiz I, Roberts EA, Janecek E, Domecq C, Greenblatt DJ. A method for estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1981; 30: 239-245.
195. Naser B, Schnitker J, Minkin MJ, de Arriba SG, Nolte KU, Osmers R. Hepatotoxicity suspected by black cohosh: No evidence by metaanalysis of randomized controlled clinical trials for isopropanolic black cohosh extract. Menopause 2011; 18: 366-375.
196. Navarro VJ. Herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 2009; 29: 373-382.
197. Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, Davern T, Fontana RJ, Grant L, Reddy KR, Seeff LB, Serrano J, Sherker AH, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Vega M, Vuppalanchi R. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Hepatology 2014; 60: 1399-1408. DOI: 10.1002/hep.27317. Epub 2014 Aug 25.
198. Navarro VJ, Bonkovsky HL, Hwang SI, Vega M, Barnhart H, Serrano J. Catechins in dietary supplements and hepatotoxicity. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58: 2682-2690.
199. Nebraska, 2006. Nebraska judgement of 8. September 2006. Available at: http://ahpa.org/portals/0/pdfs/06_0908_Blackcohosh_NebraskaDistrictCt.pdf Last accessed 30 December 3 2014.
200. NIH, 2013. National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Alternative medicine (NCCAM). Traditional Chinese medicine: An introduction. Last updated October 2013. Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/chinesemed.htm Last accessed 30 December 2014
201. NIH, 2014a. National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Alternative medicine (NCCAM). LiverTox. Drug record. Overview: Herbals and dietary supplements. introduction. Last updated 04 November 2014. Available at: http://livertox.nih.gov/Herbals_and_Dietary_Supplements.htm Last accessed 30 December 2014
202. NIH, 2014b. National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). LiverTox. Agents included in LiverTox by drug class. Last updated 4 November 2014. Available at: http://livertox.nih.gov/drugliverinjury.html Last accessed 30 December 2014.
203. NIH, 2014c. National Institutes of Health (NIH) and LiverTox: Drug record. Ba Jiao Lian (Dysosma pleianthum). Last updated19 May 2014. Available at: http://livertox.nih.gov/BaJiaoLian.htm. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
204. Nishimura K, Plotnikoff GA, Watanabe K. Kampo medicine as an integrative medicine in Japan. JMAJ 2009; 52: 147-149.
205. Panis B, Wong DR, Hooymans PM, De Smet PAGM, Rosias PR. Recurrent toxic hepatitis in a Caucasian girl related to the use of Shou-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation. J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41: 256-258.
206. Park GJH, Mann SP, Ngu MC. Acute hepatitis induced by Shou-Wu-Pian, a herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16: 115-117.
207. Park HL, Lee HS, Shin BC, Liuk JP, Shang Q, Yamashita H, Lim B. Traditional medicine in China, Korea, and Japan: A brief introduction and comparison. Evidence-based Complement Alternat Med 2012, Article ID 429103 Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/429103 Last accessed 30 December 2014
208. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan, Bhatt N. Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine: A comparative overview. Evid based Complement Altern Med 2005; 2: 465-473. DOI: 10.1093/ecam/neh140.
209. Pelkonen O, Xu O, Fan TP. Why is research on herbal medicinal products important and how can we improve quality? J Traditional Complement Med 2014; 4: 1-7.
210. Perharic-Walton L, Murray V. Toxicity of traditional Chinese herbal remedies. Lancet 1992; 340: 674.
211. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Petitpain N, Kalt P, Ancel D, Petit-Laurent F, Trechot P, Barraud H, Bronowicki JP. Probable hepatotoxicity from epigallocatecol gallate used for phytotherapy. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2004; 28; 404-406. (Article in French).
212. Picciotti A, Campo N, Brizzolara R, Giusto R, Guido G, Sinelli N, Lapertosa G, Celle G. Chronic hepatitis induced by Jin Bu Huan. J Hepatol 1998; 28: 165-167.
213. Pittler M H, Ernst E. Kava extract for treating anxiety (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003a; Issue 1: CD003383. Wiley Interscience. DOI: 10.1002/14651858. Available at: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(2):CD003383. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
214. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Systematic review: hepatotoxic events associated with herbal medicinal products. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003b; 18: 451-471.
215. Podsadzki P, Watson LK, Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal medicines: an overview of systematic reviews. Clin Med 2013; 13: 7-12.
216. Popat A, Shear NH, Malkiewicz I, Stewart MJ, Steenkamp V, Thomson S, Neuman MG. The toxicity of Callilepis laureola, a South African traditional herbal medicine. Clin Biochem 2001; 34: 229-236.
217. Rabe C, Musch A, Schirrmacher P, Kruis W, Hoffmann R. Acute hepatitis induced by an aloe vera preparation: a case report. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 303-304.
218. Raghavendra HL, Yogesh HS, Gopalakrishna B, Chardrashkhar VM, Sathish Kumar BP, Kumar V. An overview of herbal medicine. Int J Pharmaceut Sci 2009; 1: 1-20.
219. Ramachandran R, Kakar S. Histological patterns in drug-induced liver disease. J Clin Pathol 2009; 62: 481-492.
220. Reuben A, Koch DG, Lee WM, and the Acute Liver Failure Study Group. Drug-induced acute liver failure: Results of a U.S. multicenter, prospective study. Hepatology 2010; 52: 2065-2076.
221. Ridker PM, McDermott WV. Comfrey herbs tea and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Lancet 1989; I: 657-658.
222. Ridker PM, Ohkuma S, McDermott WV, Trey C, Huxtable RJ. Hepatic venoocclusive disease associated with the consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements. Gastroenterology 1985; 88: 1050-1054
223. Rifai K, Flemming P, Manns MP, Trautwein C. Severe drug hepatitis caused by Chelidonium majus. Internist 2006; 47: 749-751. (Article in German).
224. Robles-Diaz M, Gonzalez-Jimenez A, Medina-Caliz I, Stephens C, García-Cortes M, García-Muñoz B, Ortega-Alonso A, Blanco-Reina E, Gonzalez-Grande R, Jimenez-Perez M, Rendón P, Navarro JM, Gines P, Prieto M, Garcia-Eliz M, Bessone F, Brahm JR, Paraná R, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, on behalf of the Spanish DILI Registry and the SLatinDILI Network. Distinct phenotype of hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41: 116-125.
225. Rochon J, Protiva P, Seeff LB, Fontana RJ, Liangpunsakul S, Watkins PB, Davern T, McHutchison JG, for the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN). Reliability of the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method for assessing causality in drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2008; 48: 1175-1183.
226. Rohde J, Jacobsen C, Kromann-Andersen H. Toxic hepatitis triggered by green tea. Ugeskr Laeger 2011: 173: 205-220. (Abstract in English, article in Danish).
227. Roselle H, Ekatan A, Tzeng J, Sapienza M, Kocher J. Symptomatic hepatitis associated with the use of herbal Red Yeast Rice. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 516-517.
228. Roulet M, Laurini R, Rivier L, Calame A. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn Infant of a woman drinking herbal tea. J Pediatr 1988; 112: 433-436
229. Russmann S, Barguil Y, Cabalion P, Kritsanida M, Duhet D, Lauterburg BH. Hepatic injury due to traditional aqueous extracts of kava root in New Caledonia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 1033-1036.
230. Sangsuwan C, Udompanthurak S, Vannasaeng S, Thamlikitkul V. Randomized controlled trial of Tinospora crispa for additional therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Med Assoc Thai 2004; 87: 543-546. (Abstract in English, article in Thai).
231. Sarma DN, Barrett ML, Chavez ML, Gardiner P, Ko R, Mahady GB, Marles RJ, Pellicore LS, Giancaspro GI, Low Dog T. Safety of green tea extract: a systematic review by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf 2008; 31: 469-484.
232. Sarris J, Kavanagh DJ, Byrne G, Bone KM, Adams J, Deed G. The Kava Anxiety Depression Spectrum Study (KADSS): a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial using an aqueous extract of Piper methysticum. Psychopharmacology 2009; 205: 399-407.
233. Sarris J, Stough C, Bousman CA, Wahid T, Murray G, Teschke R, Savage KM, Dowell A, Ng C, Schweitzer I. Kava in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A doubleblind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2013; 33: 643-648.
234. Schmidt M. Quality criteria for kava. HerbalGram 2007; 73: 45-49.
235. Schmidt M. German court ruling reverses kava ban; German regulatory authority appeals decision. HerbalGram 2014; 103: 38-42. Available at: http://cms.herbalgram.org/heg/volume11/07July/GermanKavaBanReversal.html?ts=1417943469&signature=370ccdb0c8883a20d9855e9b75dc5894 Last accessed 30 December 2014.
236. Schmidt M, Morgan M, Bone K, McMillan J. Kava: a risk-benefit assessment. In: Mills M, Bone K (eds). The essential guide to herbal safety. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, St. Louis (Missouri), 2005; 155-221.
237. Schoepfer AM, Engel A, Fattinger K, Marbet UA, Criblez D, Reichen J, Zimmermann A, Oneta CM. Herbal does not mean innocuous: Ten cases of severe hepatotoxicity associated with dietary supplements from Herbalife products. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 521-526.
238. Schulze J, Raasch W, Siegers CP. Toxicity of kava pyrones, drug safety and precautions - a case study. Phytomedicine 2003; 10, Suppl IV: 68-73.
239. Seybold U, Landauer L, Hillebrand S, Goebel FD. Senna-induced hepatitis in a poor metabolizer. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141: 650-651.
240. Sgro C, Clinard F, Ouazir K, Chanay H, Allard C, Guilleminet C, Lenoir C, Lemoine A, Hillon P. Incidence of drug-induced hepatic injuries: A French population-based study. Hepatology 2002; 36: 451-455.
241. Sheikh NM, Philen RM, Love LA. Chaparral-associated hepatotoxicity. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 913-919.
242. Shim M, Saab S. Severe hepatotoxicity due to Hydroxycut: a case report. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54: 406-408.
243. Skoulidis F, Alexander GJ, Davies SE. Ma huang associated acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005; 17: 581-584.
244. Smith LW, Culvenor CCJ. Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Nat Prod 1981; 44: 129-152.
245. Smith BC, Desmond PV. Acute hepatitis induced by the ingestion of the herbal medication chaparral. Aust N Z J Med 1993; 23: 526.
246. Sohn CH, Cha MI, Oh BJ, Yeo WH, Lee JH, Kim W, Lim KS. Liver transplantation for acute toxic hepatitis due to herbal medicines and preparations. J Korean Soc Clin Toxicol 2008; 6: 110-116. (Abstract in English, article in Korean).
247. Sperl W, Stuppner H, Gassner I, Judmaier W, Dietze O, Vogel W. Reversible hepatic venoocclusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: 112-116.
248. Stadlbauer V, Fickert P, Lackner C, Schmerlaib J, Krisper P, Trauner M, Stauber RE. Hepatotoxicity of NONI juice: Report of two cases. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 4758-4760.
249. Stadlbauer V, Weiss S, Payer F, Stauber RE. Herbal does not at all mean innocuous: The sixth case of hepatotoxicity associated with Morinda citrifolia (Noni). Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 2406-2407.
250. Starakis I, Siagris D, Leonidou L, Mazakopakis E, Tsamandas A, Karatza C. Hepatitis caused by the herbal remedyTeucrium polium L. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 681-683.
251. Stevens T, Qadri A, Zein NN. Two patients with acute liver injury associated with use of the herbal weight-loss supplement hydroxycut. Ann Intern Med 2005; 14: 477-478.
252. Stickel F, Droz S, Patsenker E, Bögli-Stuber K, Aebi B, Leib SL. Severe hepatotoxicity following ingestion of Herbalife nutritionally supplements contaminated with Bacillus subtilis. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 111-117.
253. Stickel F, Pöschl G, Seitz KH, Waldherr R, Hahn EG, Schuppan D. Acute hepatitis induced by Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus). Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 565-568.
254. Stillman AS, Huxtable R, Consroe P, Kohnen P, Smith S. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease due to pyrrolizidine (Senecio) poisoning in Arizona. Gastroenterology 1977; 73: 349-352.
255. Stirpe F. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J 1983; 1: 29.
256. Strahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH, Maier KP. Necrotising hepatitis after taking herbal remedies. Dtsch Med Wschr 1998; 123: 1410-1414. (Abstract in English, article in German).
257. Sullivan JB, Rumack BH, Thomas H, Peterson RG, Bryson P. Pennyroyal oil poisoning and hepatotoxicity. J Am Med Ass 1979; 242: 2873-2974.
258. Takegoshi K, Tohyama T, Okuda K, Suzuki K, Ohta G. A case of Venoplant-induced hepatic injury. Gastroenterologica Japonica 1986; 21: 62-65.
259. Talari P, Talari G, Gundareddy V, Vemula P, Barmecha J. Acute hepatitis associated with the chinese herbal product bai shi wan. Available at: http://www.toothpicks.info/rc2/posters/2010/Internal_Medicine/Talari_P_Acute_hepatitis_assc ciated.pdf. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
260. Tandon BN, Tandon HD, Tandon RK, Narndranathan M, Joshi YK. An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in central India. Lancet 1976a; 308: 272.
261. Tandon RK, Tandon BN, Tandon HD. Study of an epidemic of venoocclusive disease in India. Gut 1976b; 17: 849-855.
262. Tandon HD, Tandon BN, Mattocks AR. An epidemic of veno-occlusive disease of the liver in Afghanistan. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 70: 607-613.
263. Tang JL, Zhan SY, Ernst E. Review of randomised controlled clinical trials of traditional Chinese medicine. BMJ 1999; 319: 160-161.
264. Tarantino G, Di Minno MND, Pezullo MG, Pezzullo LS, Milone F, Milone M, Capone D. Drug-induced liver injury due to "natural products" used for weight loss: A case report. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 2414-2417.
265. Teschke R. Kava hepatotoxicity: a clinical review. Ann Hepatol 2010a; 9: 251-265.
266. Teschke R. Kava hepatotoxicity: pathogenetic aspects and prospective considerations. Liver Int 2010b; 30: 1270-1279.
267. Teschke R. Black cohosh and suspected hepatotoxicity - inconsistencies, confounding variables, and prospective use of a diagnostic causality algorithm: A critical review. Menopause 2010c; 17: 426-440.
268. Teschke R. Special report. Kava and the risk of liver toxicity: Past, current, and future. American Herbal Products Association. 2011; 26: 1-17.
269. Teschke R. Traditional Chinese Medicine induced liver injury. J Clin Translat Hepatol 2014; 2: 80-94. DOI: 10.14218/JCTH.2014.00003.
270. Teschke R, Bahre R. Severe hepatotoxicity by Indian Ayurvedic herbal products: A structured causality assessment. Ann Hepatol 2009; 8: 258-266.
271. Teschke R, Frenzel C. Drug induced liver injury: do we still need a routine liver biopsy for diagnosis today? Ann Hepatol 2014; 13: 121-126.
272. Teschke R, Lebot V. Proposal for a Kava Quality Standardization Code. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49: 2503-2516.
273. Teschke R, Schulze J. Risk of kava hepatotoxicity and the FDA consumer advisory. J Am Med Ass 2010; 304: 2174-2175.
274. Teschke R, Schulze J. Suspected herbal hepatotoxicity: Requirements for appropriate causality assessment by the US Pharmacopeia. Drug Saf 2012; 12: 1091-1097
275. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A. Suspected hepatotoxicity by cimicifugae racemosae rhizoma (black cohosh, root): critical analysis and structured causality assessment. Phytomedicine 2009; 16: 72-84.
276. Teschke R, Wolff A. Kava hepatotoxicity: Regulatory data selection and causality assessment. Dig Liv Dis 2009; 41: 891-901.
277. Teschke R, Wolff A. Regulatory causality evaluation methods applied in kava hepatotoxicity: Are they appropriate? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 59: 1-7.
278. Teschke R, Gaus W, Loew D. Kava extracts: Safety and risks including rare hepatotoxicity. Phytomedicine 2003; 10: 440-446.
279. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Hennermann KH. Kava hepatotoxicity: a clinical survey and critical analysis of 26 suspected cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008a; 20: 1182-1193.
280. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Akinci A. Kava hepatotoxicity: a European view. New Zeal Med J 2008b; 121: 1283. Available at: http://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/121-1283/3296/. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
281. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Hennermann KH. Causality assessment in hepatotoxicity by drugs and dietary supplements. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008c; 66: 758-766.
282. Teschke R, Bahre R, Genthner A, Fuchs J, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A. Suspected black cohosh hepatotoxicity-Challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment. Maturitas 2009; 63: 302-314.
283. Teschke R, Fuchs J, Bahre R, Genthner A, Wolff A. Kava hepatotoxicity: comparative study of two structured quantitative methods for causality assessment. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 10: 545-563.
284. Teschke R, Glass X, Schulze J. Herbal hepatotoxicity by Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus): Causality assessment of 22 spontaneous reports. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011a; 61: 282-291.
285. Teschke R, Qiu SX, Xuan TD, Lebot V. Kava and kava hepatotoxicity: requirements for novel experimental, ethnobotanical, and clinical studies based on a review of the evidence. Phytother Res 2011b; 25: 1262-1274.
286. Teschke R, Sarris J, Lebot V. Contaminant hepatotoxins as culprits for hepatotoxicity - fact or fiction? Phytother Res 2011c; 27: 472-474. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4729.
287. Teschke R, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A. Spontaneous reports of assumed herbal hepatotoxicity by black cohosh: Is the liver unspecific Naranjo scale precise enough to ascertain causality? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2011d; 20: 567-582.
288. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A, Hennermann KH. Herb induced liver injury presumably caused by black cohosh: A survey of initially purported cases and herbal quality specifications. Ann Hepatol 2011e; 11: 249-259.
289. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Glass X, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Greater Celandine hepatotoxicity: A clinical review. Ann Hepatol 2012a; 11: 838-848.
290. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Spontaneous reports of primarily suspected herbal hepatotoxicity by Pelargonium sidoides: Was causality adequately ascertained? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012b; 63: 1-9.
291. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Suspected herbal hepatotoxicity: The pharmacovigilance dilemma with disputed and obsolete evaluation methods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012c; 64: 343-344.
292. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Wolff A, Herzog J, Glass X, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Initially purported hepatotoxicity by Pelargonium sidoides: the dilemma of pharmacovigilance and proposals for improvements. Ann Hepatol 2012d; 11: 500-512.
293. Teschke R, Glass X, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Suspected Greater Celandine hepatotoxicity: Liver specific causality evaluation of published case reports from Europe. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012e; 24: 270-280.
294. Teschke R, Sarris J, Schweitzer I. Kava hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern use: the presumed Pacific kava paradox hypothesis revisited. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2012f; 73: 170-174.
295. Teschke R, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Wolff A. USP suspected herbal hepatotoxicity: Quality of causality assessment is more important than quantity of counted cases, not vice versa. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012g; 21: 336-338.
296. Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: A tabular compilation of reported cases. Liver Int 2012h; 32: 1543-1556. DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02864x.
297. Teschke R, Eickhoff A, Schulze J. Drug and herb induced liver injury in clinical and translational hepatology: Causality assessment methods, quo vadis? J Clin Translat Hepatol 2013a; 1: 59-74. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14218/JCTH.2013.D002X.
298. Teschke R, Eickhoff A, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J. Herbal hepatotoxicity and WHO global introspection method. Ann Hepatol 2013b; 12: 11-21.
299. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Glass X, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: A critical review. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013c; 75: 630-636. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04395.x
300. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Schwarzenboeck A, Eickhoff A. Herbalife hepatotoxicity: Evaluation of cases with positive reexposure tests. World J Hepatol 2013d; 5: 353-363.
301. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: challenges and pitfalls of causality assessment methods. World J Gastroenterol 2013e; 19: 2864-2882.
302. Teschke R, Schwarzenboeck A, Eickhoff A, Frenzel C, Wolff A, Schulze J. Clinical and causality assessment in herbal hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013f; 12: 339-366.
303. Teschke R, Schulze J, Schwarzenboeck A, Eickhoff A, Frenzel C. Herbal hepatotoxicity: suspected cases assessed for alternative causes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013g; 25: 1093-1098. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283603e89.
304. Teschke R, Frenzel C, Wolff A, Eickhoff A, Schulze J. Drug induced liver injury: accuracy of diagnosis in published reports. Ann Hepatol 2014a; 13: 248-255.
305. Teschke R, Genthner A, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: Analysis of cases with initially reported positive reexposure tests. Dig Liv Dis 2014b; 46: 264-269. DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.10.020.
306. Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J. Review article: herbal hepatotoxicity - an update on traditional Chinese medicine preparations. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014c; 40: 32-50.
307. Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schwarzenboeck A, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Drug and herb induced liver injury: Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences scale for causality assessment. World J Hepatol 2014d; 6: 17-32.
308. Teschke R, Zhang L, Melzer L, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Green tea extract and the risk of druginduced liver injury. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014e; 10: 1663-1676. DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.971011.
309. Teschke R, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Eickhoff A, Schulze J. Herbal traditional Chinese medicine and evidence base for gastrointestinal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2015a, in press.
310. Teschke R, Zhang L, Long H, Schwarzenboeck A, Schmidt-Taenzer W, Genthner A, Wolff A, Frenzel C, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Traditional Chinese Medicine and herbal hepatotoxicity: A tabular compilation of reported cases. Ann Hepatol 2015b; 12: in press.
311. Tsuda T, Yashiro S, Gamo Y, Watanabe K, Hoshino T, Oikawa T, Hanawa T. Discrepancy between clinical course and drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation tests in a case of saireitoinduced liver injury accompanied by Sjögren syndrome. J Altern Complement Med 2010; 16: 501-505.
312. UN, 2000. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Systems and National Experiences for Protecting Traditional Knowledge, Innovations and Practices. Background Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat. Geneva. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2000 (document reference TD/B/COM.1/EM.13/2). p.18. Available at: http://unctad.org/en/Docs/c1em13d2.en.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
313. Valente G, Sanges M, Campione S, Bellevicine C, De Franchis G, Sollazzo R, Matera D, Cimino L, Vecchione R, D'Arienzo A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: a case of difficult interpretation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14: 865-870.
314. Vallance WB. Pennyroyal poisoning: a fatal case. Lancet 1955; October 22: 850.
315. Vanderperren B, Rizzo M, Angenot L, Haufroid V, Jadoul M, Hantson P. Acute liver failure with renal impairment related to the abuse of Senna anthraquinone glycosides. Ann Pharmacother 2005; 39: 1353-1357.
316. Vautier G, Spiller RC. Safety of complementary medicines should be monitored. BMJ 1995; 311: 633.
317. Verheist X, Burvenich P, Van Sassenbroeck D, Gabiel C, Lootens M, Baert D. Acute hepatitis after treatment for hair loss with oral green tea extracts (Camellia sinensis). Acta astroenterol Belg 2009; 72: 262-264.
318. Verucchi G, Calza L, Attard L, Chiodo F. Acute hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs used in the treatment of psoriasis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17: 1342-1343.
319. Wang G, Mao B, Xiong ZY, Fan T, Chen XD, Wang L, Liu GJ, Liu J, Guo J, Chang J, Wu TX, Li TQ, CONSORT Group for Traditional Chinese Medicine. The quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese Medicine: A survey of 13 randomly selected journals from mainland China. Clin Ther 2007; 29: 1456-1467.
320. Wainwright J, Schonland MM. Toxic hepatitis in black patients in Natal. S Afr Med J 1977; 51: 571.
321. Wainwright J, Schonland MM, Candy HA, Toxicity of Callilepis laureola. S Afr Med J 1977; 52: 313-315.
322. Wang JY, Gao H. Tusanqi and hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. J Dig Dis 2014; 15: 105-107.
323. Weise B, Wiese M, Plötner A, Ruf BR. Toxic hepatitis after intake of kava-kava. Verdauungskrankheiten 2002; 4:166-169. (Article in German).
324. Weston CFM, Cooper BT, Davies JD, Levine DF. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver secondary to ingestion of comfrey. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987; 295: 183.
325. WHO, 2000: General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine. 2000. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/Last accessed 30 December 2014. WHO_EDM_TRM_2000.1.pdf?ua=1 Last accessed 30 November 2014
326. WHO, 2000. World Health Organization. The use of the WHO-UMC system for standardised case causality assessment. WHO Collaboratoring Centre for International Drug Monitoring (Uppsala Monitoring Centre, UMC), Database 2000. Available at: http://who-umc.org/Graphics/24734.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
327. WHO, 2002. World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicines strategy 2002-2005. Geneva: WHO, 2002. Available at: http://www.wpro.who.int/health_technology/book_who_traditional_medicine_strategy_2002_2005.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
328. WHO, 2003. Guideline on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. Geneva, WHO, 2003. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2003/9241546271.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
329. WHO, 2005. Regulatory situation of herbal medicines. A worldwide review. Edited by X. Zhang. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/whozip57e/whozip57e.pdf. Last accessed 30 December 2014.
330. WHO, 2006. Technical Report Series, No. 937, 2006. Annex 3. Supplementary guidelines on good manufacturing practices for the manufacture of herbal medicines. Available at: http://infocollections.org/medregpack/documents/d0099/d0099.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
331. WHO, 2007a. World Health Organization. Assessments of the risk of hepatotoxicity with kava products. WHO Document Production Services: Geneva, Switzerland 2007.
332. WHO, 2007b. Guidelines for assessing quality of herbal medicines with reference to contaminants and residues. 2007. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s14878e/s14878e.pdf Last accessed 30 December 2014.
333. WHO, 2013. World Health Organization. WHO traditional medicines strategy 2014-2023. Geneva: WHO, 2013. Available at: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/traditional/trm_strategy14_23/en/Last accessed 30 December 2014.
334. Woolf GM, Petrovic LM, Rojter SE, Wainwright S, Villamil FG, Katkov WN, Michieletti P, et al. Acute hepatitis associated with the Chinese herbal product Jin Bu Huan. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 729-735.
335. Wu GL, Yu GY, Chen J. Clinical analysis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease induced by Sedum aizoon. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2008; 33: 2402-2404 (Article in Chinese).
336. Yang HN, Kim DJ, Kim YM, Kim BH, Sohn KM, Choi MJ, Choi YH. Aloe-induced toxic hepatitis. J Korean Med Sci 2010; 25: 492-495.
337. Yang L, Aronsohn A, Hart J, Jensen D. Herbal hepatotoxicity from Chinese skullcap: A case report. World J Hepatol 2012; 4: 231-233.
338. Yang X, Salminen WF, Schnackenberg LK. Current and emerging biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Curr Biomarker Find 2012; 2: 43-55.
339. Yoshida EM, McLean CA, Cheng ES, Blanc PD, Somberg KA, Ferrell LD, Lake JR. Chinese herbal medicine, fulminant hepatitis, and liver transplantation. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2647-2648.
340. Yu EL, Sivagnanam M, Ellis L, Huang JS. Acute hepatotoxicity after ingestion of Morinda citrifolia (Noni Berry) juice in a 14-year-old boy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52: 222-224.
341. Yüce B, Gülberg V, Diebold J, Gerbes AL. Hepatitis induced by Noni juice from Morinda citrifolia: a rare cause of hepatotoxicity or the tip of a iceberg? Digestion 2006; 73: 167-170.
342. Yuen MF, Tam S, Fung J, Wong DKH, Wong BCY, Lai CL. Traditional Chinese Medicine causing hepatotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection: a 1-year prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24: 1179-1186.
343. Zhang L, Yan J, Liu X, Ye Z, Yang X, Meyboom R, Chan K, Shaw D, Duez P. Pharmacovigilance practice and risk control of Traditional Chinese Medicine drugs in China: Current status and future perspective. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 140: 519-525.
344. Zhao L, Nicholson JK, Lu A, Wang Z, Tang H, Holmes E, Shen J, Zhang X, Li JV, Lindon JC. Targeting the human genome-microbiome axis for drug discovery: Inspirations from global systems biology and traditional Chinese medicine. J Proteome Res 2012; 11: 3509-3519. Available at: dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr3001628 Last accessed 30 December 2014
345. Zhou Y, Qin S, Wang K. Biomarkers of drug-induced liver injury. Curr Biomarker Find 2013; 3: 1-9.
346. Zimmerman HJ. Hepatotoxicity. Lippincott Williams&Wilkins, Philadelphia (1999).