Hepatotoxic botanicals - An evidence-based systematic review

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 376-404

  Abdualmjid, Reem J ^a   Sergi, Consolato ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA EXTRACT; CYCLOSPORIN; ESSENTIAL OIL; HERBACEOUS AGENT; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM EXTRACT; NEEM OIL; PENNYROYAL OIL; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL CRAMP; ACTAEA RACEMOSA; ACUTE HEPATITIS; ACUTE LIVER FAILURE; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; AMANITA PHALLOIDES; ANOREXIA; ARTHRALGIA; ATRACTYLIS; ATRACTYLIS GUMMIFERA; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; BACKACHE; CALLILEPIS; CALLILEPIS LAUREOLA; CHELIDONIUM; CHINESE MEDICINE; CHOLESTASIS; CHOLESTATIC HEPATITIS; CHRONIC HEPATITIS; COMFREY; CONSCIOUSNESS LEVEL; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FEVER; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSPNEA; ECHINACEA; FULMINANT HEPATIC FAILURE; GERMANDER; HEPATOMEGALY; HERB DRUG INTERACTION; HERBAL MEDICINE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSOMNIA; JAUNDICE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY TUBULE NECROSIS; LARREA; LARREA TRIDENTATA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LIVER FAILURE; LIVER FIBROSIS; LIVER NECROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER VEIN OBSTRUCTION; LYCOPODIUM; MORINDA CITRIFOLIA; PANCREATITIS; PIPER METHYSTICUM; PORTAL HYPERTENSION; PROSTATE HYPERTROPHY; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SABAL; SASSAFRAS; SASSAFRAS ALBIDUM; SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS; SENNA; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOXIC HEPATITIS; VALERIANA OFFICINALIS; VISCUM ALBUM; VOMITING;

EID: 84878209613     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14821826     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18433/j36g6x     Document Type: Review

References (254)

1. Schuppan D, Jia JD, Brinkhaus B, Hahn EG. Herbal products for liver diseases: A therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Hepatolo, 2003; 30(4): 1099-1104.
2. Moore J, Phipps K, Marcer D, Lewith G. Why do people seek treatment by alternative medicine?. Br. Med. J, 1985; 290(6461): 28.
3. Navarro VJ. Herbal and Dietary Supplement Hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis, 2009; 29(4): 373-382.
4. Shad JA, Chinn CG, Brann OS. Acute Hepatitis After Ingestion of Herbs. South Med J, 1999; 92(11): 1095.
5. Laliberté L, Villeneuve JP. Hepatitis after the use of germander, a herbal remedy. CMAJ, 1996; 154(11): 1689-1692.
6. Jaeschke H, Gores GJ, Cederbaum AI, Hinson JA, Pessayre D, Lemasters JJ. Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci, 2002; 65(2): 166-176.
7. Willett KL, Roth RA, Walker L. Workshop Overview: Hepatotoxicity Assessment for Botanical Dietary Supplements. Toxicol Sci, 2004; 79(1): 4-9.
8. Stickel F, Seitz HK. The efficacy and safety of comfrey. Pub Health Nutr, 2000; 3(4A): 501-508.
9. Bhawna S, Kumar SU. Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants. Int. J. PharmTech Res, 2010; 2(1): 568-572.
10. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Systematic review: hepatotoxic events associated with herbal medicinal products. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2003; 18(5): 451-471.
11. Huxtable RJ. The myth of beneficial nature: the risk of herbal preparations. Ann Intern Med, 1992; 117(2): 165-166.
12. Kaplowitz N. Idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. Nat Rev Drug Discov, 2005;4(6): 489-499.
13. Stedman C. Herbal hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis, 2002; 22(2): 195-206.
14. Whiting PW, Clouston A, Kerlin P. Black cohosh and other herbal remedies associated with acute hepatitis. MJA, 2002; 177(8): 440-443.
15. Sheikh NM, Philen RM, Love LA. Chaparral-associated hepatotoxicity. Arch Intern Med, 1997;157(8): 913-919.
16. Jibrin I, Erinle A, Saidi A, Aliyu ZY. Saw palmetto-induced pancreatitis. South Med J, 2006; 99(6): 611-612.
17. Larrey D, Vial T, Pauwels A, Castot A, Biour M, Michel H, et al. Hepatitis after Germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) Administration: Another Instance of Herbal Medicine Hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern Med, 1992; 117(2): 129-132.
18. Fu PP, Xia Q, Guo L, Yu H, Chan PC. Toxicity of Kava Kava. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev, 2008; 26(1): 89-112.
19. Compton JA, Culham A, Jury SL. Reclassification of Actaea to Include Cimicifuga and Souliea (Ranunculaceae): Phylogeny Inferred from Morphology, nrDNA ITS, and cpDNA trnL-F Sequence Variation. Taxon, 1998; 47(3): 593-634.
20. WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants. Volume 2 [monograph on the Internet]. World Health Organization; 2002. [cited June 5, 2012]. Available from: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost): http://ehis.ebscohost.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk_91392_AN?sid=5a85e2ed-4a9d-4131-9001-9ca753b794b3@sessionmgr14&vid=11
21. Foster S. Black Cohosh: Cimicifuga racemosa; A Literature Review. Herbalgram, 1999; (45): 35.
22. Blumenthal M, Busse W, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines. Boston: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998:90.
23. Chow EC, Teo M, Ring JA, Chen JW. Liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh for menopausal symptoms. Med J Aust, 2008; 188(7): 420-422.
24. Levitsky J, Alli TA, Wisecarver J, Sorrell MF. Fulminant liver failure associated with the use of black cohosh. Dig Dis Sci, 2005; 50(3): 538-539.
25. Cohen SM, O'Connor AM, Hart J, Merel NH, Te HS. Autoimmune hepatitis associated with the use of black cohosh: a case study. Menopause (10723714), 2004; 11(5): 575-577.
26. Stuart, Will. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) on the BRP. Digital Image. Flickr.com. 13 July 2007. Web. 13 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/willstuart/838730393/
27. Cupp MJ. Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology of Herbal Products [monograph on the Internet]. Humana Press, 2000. [cited June 5, 2012]. Available from: eBook Collection (EBSCOhost).
28. Grant KL, Boyer LV, Erdman BE. Chaparral-induced hepatotoxicity. IntegrMed, 1998; 1(2): 83-87.
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chaparral-induced toxic hepatitis-California and Texas. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkiy Rep, 1992;41:812-1.
30. Schiano TD. Liver Injury from Herbs and Other Botanicals. Clin Liver Dis, 1998; 2(3): 607-630.
31. Kauma H, Koskela R, Mäkisalo H, Autio-Harmainen H, Lehtola J, Höckerstedt K. Toxic acute hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis after consumption of chaparral tablets. Scand J Gaslroenterol, 2004; 39(11): 1168-1171.
32. Katz M, Saibil F. Herbal hepatitis: subacute hepatic necrosis secondary to chaparral leaf. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1990; 12(2): 203-206.
33. Hunt, Eric. Larrea tridentata. Digital Image. Flickr.com. 21 March 2010. Web. 13 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/ericinsf/4462688008/
34. Tacklind J, MacDonald R, Rutks I, Stanke JU, Wilt TJ. Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2009; (2).
35. Agbabiaka TB, Pittler MH, Wider B, Ernst E. Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto). Drug Saf, 2009; 32(8): 637-647.
36. Bruminhent J, Carrera P, Li Z, Amankona R, Roberts IM. Acute pancreatitis with saw palmetto use: a case report. J Med Case Rep, 2011; 5:414.
37. Coleman CI, Hebert JH, Reddy P. The effect of phytosterols on quality of life in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Pharmacotherapy, 2002; 22(11): 1426-1432.
38. Champault G, Patel JC, Bonnard AM. A double-blind trial of an extract of the plant Serenoa repens in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol, 1984; 18(3): 461-462.
39. Hamid S, Rojter S, Vierling J. Protracted cholestatic hepatitis after the use of prostata. Ann Intern Med, 1997; 127(2): 169-170.
40. Dankoff JS. Near fatal liver dysfunction secondary to administration of flutamide for prostate cancer. J Urol, 1992; 148(6): 1914.
41. Lapi F, Gallo E, Giocaliere E, Vietri M, Baronti R, Vannacci A, et al. Acute liver damage due to Serenoa repens: a case report. Br. J. clin. Pharmacol, 2010; 69(5): 558-560.
42. Martin, Tim. Saw Palmetto - Serenoa repens. Digital image. Flicker.com. 6 October 2011. Web. 13 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/52014195@N08/6 318659851/
43. Mei N, Guo L, Fu PP, Fuscoe JC, Luan Y, Chen T. Metabolism, Genotoxicity, annd Carcinogenicity of Comfrey. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health: Part B, 2010; 13(7/8): 509-526.
44. Betz JM, Eppley RM, Taylor WC, Andrzejewski D. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial comfrey products (Symphytum sp.). J Pharm Sci, 1994; 83(5): 649-653.
45. Winship KA. Toxicity Of Comfrey. Adverse Drug React. Toxicol. Rev, 1991; 10(1): 47-59.
46. Rode D. Comfrey toxicity revisited. Trends Pharmacol. Sci, 2002; 23(11): 497-499.
47. Roeder E. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Die Pharmazie, 1995; 50(2): 83-98.
48. Essell JH, Thompson JM, Harman GS, Halvorson RD, Snyder MJ, Rubinsak JR, et al. Marked increase in veno-occlusive disease of the liver associated with methotrexate use for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis in patients receiving busulfan/cyclophosphamide. Blood, 1992; 79(10): 2784-2788.
49. Couet CE, Crews C, Hanley AB. Analysis, separation, and bioassay of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from comfrey (Symphytum officinale). Nat Toxins, 1996; 4(4): 163-167.
50. Ridker PM, Ohkuma S, McDermott WV, Trey C, Huxtable RJ. Hepatic venocclusive disease associated with the consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements. Gastroenterology, 1985; 88(4): 1050-1054.
51. Ridker PM, McDermott WV. Comfrey herb tea and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Lancet, 1989; 1(8639): 657-658.
52. DeLeve LD, Shulman HM, McDonald GB. Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease). Semin Liver Dis, 2002; 22(1): 27-42.
53. Sperl W, Stuppner H, Gassner I, Judmaier W, Dietze O, Vogel W. Reversible hepatic venoocclusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea. Eur J Pediatr, 1995; 154(2): 112-116.
54. Consolato S, Bernhard B, Otwin L, Walter J. H. Fatal Course of Veno-occlusive Disease of the Liver (Endophlebitis Hepatica obliterans) in a Preterm Infant. Pathol Res Pract. 1999; 195(12): 847-851.
55. Gyorik S, Stricker H. Severe pulmonary hypertension possibly due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in polyphytotherapy. Swiss Med. Weekly, 2009; 139(13-14): 210-211.
56. Yeong ML, Swinburn B, Kennedy M, Nicholson G. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatolo, 1990; 5(2): 211-214.
57. Bach N, Thung SN, Schaffner F. Comfrey herb tea-induced hepatic venoocclusive disease. Am. J. Med, 1989; 87(6): 97-99.
58. Weston CF, Cooper BT, Davies JD, Levine DF. Veno-occlusive disease of the liver secondary to ingestion of comfrey. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.), 1987; 295(6591): 183.
59. Marks, Rachel. Comfy comfrey. Digital image. Flickr.com. 23 December 2007. Web. 13 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/chooknage/2136547967/
60. Gori L, Galluzzi P, Mascherini V, Gallo E, Lapi F, Firenzuoli F, et al. Two Contemporary Cases of Hepatitis Associated with Teucrium Chamaedrys L. Decoction Use. Case Reports and Review of Literature. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol, 2011; 109(6): 521-526.
61. Savvidou S, Goulis J, Giavazis I, Patsiaoura K, Hytiroglou P, Arvanitakis C. Herb-induced hepatitis by Teucrium polium L.: report of two cases and review of the literature. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2007; 19(6): 507-511.
62. Zhou SF, Xue CC, Yu XQ, Wang G. Metabolic activation of herbal and dietary constituents and its clinical and toxicological implications: an update. Curr Drug Metab, 2007;8:526-53.
63. European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Teucrin A, major component of hydroalcoholic extracts of Teucrium chamaedrys (wild Germander). Expressed on 5 March 2003.
64. Mazokopakis E, Lazaridou S, Tzardi M, Mixaki J, Diamantis I, Ganotakis E. Acute cholestatic hepatitis caused by Teucrium polium L. Phytomedicine, 2004; 11: 83-84.
65. Lekehal M, Pessayre D, Lereau JM, Moulis C, Fouraste I, Fau D. Hepatotoxicity of the herbal medicine Germander: metabolic activation of its furano diterpenoids by cytochrome P450 3A depletes cytoskeleton associated protein thiols and forms plasma membrane blebs in rat hepatocytes. Hepatol, 1996; 24: 212-8.
66. Mostefa-Kara N, Pauwels A, Pines E, Biour M, Levy VG. Fatal hepatitis after herbal tea. Lancet, 1992; 340(8820): 674.
67. Greenwood, Peter. Teucrium chamaedrys L. - Wall Germander. Digital image. Flickr.com. 30 July 2010. Web. 14 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/21657471@N04/4937452291/
68. Humberston C, Akhtar J, Krenzelok E. Acute Hepatitis Induced by Kava Kava. J. Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 2003; 41(2): 109.
69. Singh YH. Kava - an overview. J Ethnopharmacol, 1992; 37(1): 13-45.
70. Stickel F, Baumüller HM, Seitz K, Vasilakis D, Seitz G, Seitz HK, Schuppan D. Hepatitis induced by Kava (Piper methysticum rhizoma). J Hepatol, 2003; 39(1): 62-67.
71. Denham A, McIntyre M, Whitehouse J. Kava - the unfolding story: report on a work-in-progress. J Altern Complement Med, 2002; 8(3): 237-263.
72. Steiner GG. The correlation between cancer incidence and kava consumption. Hawaii Med J, 2000; 59(11): 420-422.
73. Whitton PA, Lau A, Sallsbury A, Whitehouse J, Evans CS. Kava lactones and the kava-kava controversy. Phytochemistry, 2003; 64(3): 673-679.
74. Sarris J, LaPorte E, Schweitzer I. Kava: a comprehensive review of efficacy, safety, and psychopharmacology. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 2011; 45(1): 27-35.
75. Siméoni P, Lebot V. Identification of factors determining kavalactone content and chemotype in Kava (Piper methysticum Forst. f.). Biochem. Syst. Ecol, 2002; 30(5): 413.
76. Escher M, Desmeules J, Giostra E, Mentha G. Drug points: Hepatitis associated with Kava, a herbal remedy for anxiety. Br. Med. J, 2001; 321(7279): 139.
77. Sass M, Schnabel S, Kroger J, Liebe S, Schareck WD. Acute liver failure from kavakava-a rare indication for liver transplantation. Z. Gastroenterol, 2001; 39: 491.
78. Kraft MT, Spahn TW, Menzel J, Senninger N, Dietl KH, Herbst H et al. Fulminant liver failure after administration of the herbal antidepressant Kava-Kava. Dtsch Med Wochensch, 2001; 126(36): 970-972.
79. Russmann S, Lauterburg BH, Helbling A. Kava hepatotoxicity. Ann Inter Med, 2001; 135(1): 68-69.
80. Manners, Malcolm. Kava. Digital image. Flickr.com. 23 June 2006. 14 June 2012. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mmmavocado/4253 769423/
81. Moro PA, Cassetti F, Giugliano G, Falce MT, Mazzanti G, Menniti-Ippolito F, et al. Hepatitis from Greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): review of literature and report of a new case. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009; 124(2): 328-332.
82. Gilca M, Gaman L, Panait E, Stoian I, Atanasiu V. Chelidonium majus-an Integrative Review: Traditional Knowledge versus Modern Findings. Forsch Komplementmed, 2010; 17(5): 241.
83. Stickel F, Patsenker E, Schuppan D. Herbal hepatotoxicity. Journal of hepatology, 2005; 43(5): 901.
84. Stickel F, Poschl G, Seitz H, Waldherr R, Hahn E, Schuppan D. Acute hepatitis induced by Greater Celandine (Chelidonium majus). Scand J Gastroenterol, 2003; 38(5): 565-568.
85. Teschke R, Glass X, Schulze J, Eickhoff A. Suspected Greater Celandine hepatotoxicity: liver-specific causality evaluation of published case reports from Europe. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2012, 24(3): 270-280.
86. Benninger J, Schneider HT, Schuppan D, Kirchner T, Hahn EG. Acute hepatitis induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus). Gastroenterology, 1999; 117(5): 1234-1237.
87. Bark KM, Heo EP, Han KD, Kim MB, Lee ST, Gil EM, Kim TH: Evaluation of the phototoxic potential of plants used in oriental medicine. J Ethnopharmacol, 2010; 127(1): 11-18.
88. Kaminsky V, Lootsik M, Stoika R: Correlation of the cytotoxic activity of four different alkaloids, from Chelidonium majus (greater celandine), with their DNA intercalating properties and ability to induce breaks in the DNA of NK/Ly murine lymphoma cells. Cent Eur J Biol, 2006; 1(1): 2-15.
89. Bouziri A, Hamdi A, Menif K, Ben Jaballah N. Hepatorenal injury induced by cutaneous application of Atractylis gummifera L. Clinical Toxicology, 2010; 48(7): 752-754.
90. Vallejo JR, Peral D, Gemio P, Carrasco MC, Heinrich M & Pardo-de-Santayana M. Atractylis gummifera and Centaurea ornata in the Province of Badajoz (Extremadura, Spain)- Ethnopharmacological importance and toxicological risk. J Ethnopharmacol, 2009; 126(2): 366-70.
91. Daniele C, Dahamna S, Firuzi O, Sekfali N, Saso L, Mazzanti G. Atractylis gummifera L. poisoning: an ethnopharmacological review. J Ethnopharmacol, 2005; 97(2): 175-181.
92. Larrey D, Pageaux GP. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies and mushrooms. Semin Liver Dis, 1995; 15:183.
93. Larrey D. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. J Hepatol, 1997; 26:47.
94. Stickel F, Egerer G, Seitz HK. Hepatotoxicity of botanicals. Public Health Nutr, 2000; 3113-124.
95. Georgiou M, Sianidou L, Hatzis T, Papadatos J, Koutselinis A. Hepatotoxicity due to Atractylis gummifera-L. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol,1988; 26(7): 487-493.
96. Popat A, Shear NH, Malkiewicz I, Stewart MJ, Steenkamp V, Thomson S, Neuman MG. The toxicity of Callilepis laureola, a South African traditional herbal medicine. Clin Biochem, 2001; 34: 229-236.
97. Bye SN, Dutton MF. The inappropriate use of traditional medicines in South Africa. J Ethnopharmacol, 1991; 34: 253-259.
98. Steenkamp V, Stewart MJ, Zuckerman M. Detection of poisoning by Impila (Callilepis laureola) in a mother and child. Hum Exp Toxicol, 1999; 18(10): 594-597.
99. Bryant AT. Zulu medicine and medicine-men. Ann Natal Museum, 1909; 2:1-103
100. Felix S, Eleonora P, Detlef S. Review: Herbal hepatotoxicity. J Hepatol, 2010; 43(5): 901-910
101. Mokhobo KP. Herb use and necro-degenerative hepatitis. S Afr Med J, 1976; 50: 1096-1099.
102. Watson A, Coovadia H, Bhoola K. The clinical syndrome of Impila (Callilepis laureola) poisoning in children. S Afr Med J, 1979; 55(8): 290-292.
103. Vanherweghem, Jean-Louis, C. Tielemans, D. Abramowicz, M. Depierreux, R. Vanhaelen-Fastre, M. Vanhaelen, M. Dratwa et al. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis in young women: association with slimming regimen including Chinese herbs. Lancet, 1993; 341(8842): 387-391.
104. Deng S, May B, Zhang A, Lu C, Xue C. Topical herbal medicine combined with pharmacotherapy for psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dermatol Res, 2013; 305(3): 179-189.
105. Woolf GM, Rojter SE, Villamil FG, Vierling JM, Katkov W, Stermitz FR, Beck JJ. Jin Bu Huan toxicity in adults-Los Angeles. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1993; 42: 920-922.
106. Frazier TH, Krueger KJ. Hepatotoxic herbs: will injury mechanisms guide treatment strategies? Curr Gastroenterol Rep, 2009; 11(4): 317-324.
107. Picciotto A, Campo N, Brizzolara R, Giusto R, Guido G, Sinelli N, Lapertosa G and Celle G. Chronic hepatitis induced by Jin Bu Huan. J Hepatol, 1998; 28(1): 165-167.
108. Woolf GM, Petrovic LM, Rojter SE, Wainwright S, Villamil, FG, Katkov WN et al. Acute hepatitis associated with the Chinese herbal product Jin Bu Huan. Ann Intern Med, 1994; 121: 729-35.
109. Koulidis F, Alexander GJ, Davies SE. Ma huang associated acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005; 17(5): 581-584.
110. Nadir A, Agrawal S, King PD, Marshall JB. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of a Chinese herbal product, ma-huang. Am J Gastroenterol, 1996; 91(7): 1436-1438.
111. Seeff LB: Herbal hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis, 2007: 11(3): 577-596.
112. Shekelle PG, Mary LH, Sally CM, Margaret M, Walter AM, Marika JS et al. Efficacy and safety of ephedra and ephedrine for weight loss and athletic performance. JAMA, 2003; 289(12): 1537-1545.
113. Chitturi S, Farrell GC. Herbal hepatotoxicity: An expanding but poorly defined problem. J Gastroen Hepatol, 2000; 15(10): 1093-1099.
114. Charalampopoulos A, Karatsourakis T, Tsiodra P. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of Ma huang in a young adult. Eur J Intern Med, 2007; 18(1): 81.
115. Bajaj J, Knox JF, Komorowski R, Saeian K. The irony of herbal hepatitis: Ma-Huang-induced hepatotoxicity associated with compound heterozygosity for hereditary hemochromatosis. Dig Dis Sci, 2003; 48(10): 1925-1928.
116. Gorey JD, Wahlqvist ML, Boyce NW. Adverse reaction to a Chinese herbal remedy. Med J Aust, 1993; 157: 484-486.
117. Wettach GE, Falvey SJ. A mysterious blood pressure increase in a drilling Naval reservist. Mil Med, 2002; 167(6): 521-523.
118. Theoharides T. Sudden death of a healthy college student related to ephedrine toxicity from a ma huang-containing drink. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 1997; 17(5): 437-439.
119. Panis B, Wong DR, Hooymans PM, De Smet PA, Rosias PP. Recurrent toxic hepatitis in a Caucasian girl related to the use of Shou-Wu-Pian, a Chinese herbal preparation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2005; 41(2): 256-258.
120. Park G, Park GH, Mann SP, Ngu MC. Acute hepatitis induced by Shou-Wu-Pian, a herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2001; 16(1): 115-117
121. Mazzanti G, Battinelli L, Daniele C, Mastroianni CM, Lichtner M, Costantini S, et al. New case of acute hepatitis following the consumption of Shou Wu Pian, a Chinese herbal product derived from Polygonum multiflorum. Ann Intern Med, 2004; 140(7): W30.
122. Laird AR, Ramchandani N, deGoma EM, Avula B, Khan IA, Gesundheit N. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of an herbal supplement (Polygonum multiflorum) mimicking iron-overload syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2008; 42: 861-862.
123. But PP, Tomlinson B, Lee KL. Hepatitis related to the Chinese medicine Shou-wu-pian manufactured from Polygonum multiflorum. Vet. Hum. Toxicol, 1996; 38: 280-2.
124. Kyoung Ah J, Hyun Ju M, Seung Suk Y, Hong Jun K, Su Nyoung C, Sang Goon S, et al. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Twenty Five Cases of Acute Hepatitis Following Ingestion of Polygonum multifl orum Thunb. Gut And Liver, 2011; 5(4): 493.
125. Furukawa M, Kasajima S, Nakamura Y, Shouzushima M, Nagatani N, Nagahara H, et al. Toxic Hepatitis Induced by Show-Wu-Pian, a Chinese Herbal Preparation. Intern Med, 2010; 49(15): 1537-1540.
126. McRae CA, Agarwal K, Mutimer D, Bassendine MF. Hepatitis associated with Chinese herbs. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2002; 14(5): 559.
127. Lei J, Yu J, Yu H, Liao Z. Composition, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Dictamnus dasycarpus. Food Chem, 2008; 107(3): 1205-1209.
128. Levi M, Guchelaar HJ, Woerdenbag HJ, Zhu YP. Acute hepatitis in a patient using a Chinese herbal tea-a case report. Pharm World Sci, 1998; 20(1): 43-44.
129. Perharic-Walton L, Murray, V. Toxicity of Chinese herbal remedies. Lancet, 1992; 340(8820): 674.
130. Kane JA, Kane SP, Jain S. Hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs; possible toxic components. Gut, 1995; 36(1): 146-147.
131. Vautier G, Spiller RC. Safety of complementary medicines should be monitored. BMJ, 1995; 311(7005): 633.
132. Doris B. S, Victor J. N, Leonard B. S. Chapter 26: Hepatotoxicity of Herbal Preparations. Zakim And Boyer's Hepatology; 462-475
133. Yamashiki M, Nishimura A, Huang XX, Nobori T, Sakaguchi S, Suzuki H. Effects of the Japanese herbal medicine Sho-saiko-to (TJ-9) on interleukin-12 production in patients with HCV-positive liver cirrhosis. Dev Immunol, 1999; 7(1): 17-22.
134. Itoh S, Marutani K, Nishijima T, Matsuo S, Itabashi M. Liver injuries induced by herbal medicine, syo-saiko-to (xiao-chai-hu-tang). Dig Dis Sci, 1995; 40(8): 1845-1848.
135. Srinivasan R, Smolinske S, Greenbaum D. Probable gastrointestinal toxicity of Kombucha tea: is this beverage healthy or harmful?. J Gen Intern Med, 1997; 12(10): 643-644.
136. Schiano TD. Hepatotoxicity and complementary and alternative medicines. Clinics In Liver Disease, 2003; 7(2): 453-473.
137. Perron AD, Patterson JA, Yanofsky NN. Kombucha mushroom hepatotoxicity. Ann Emerg Med, 1995; 26(5): 660-661.
138. Centers for Disease Control. Unexplained severe illness possibly associated with consumption of Kombucha tea - Iowa, 1995. MMWR, 1995; 44: 892-900.
139. Kole AD, Jones HD, Christensen R, Gladstein J. A Case of Kombucha Tea Toxicity. J Intensive Care Med, 2009; 24(3): 205-207.
140. Dufresne C and Farnworth E. Tea, Kombucha, and health: a review. Food Res Int, 2000; 33409-421.
141. Vanderperren B, Rizzo M, Angenot L, Haufroid V, Jadoul M, Hantson P. Acute liver failure with renal impairment related to the abuse of senna anthraquinone glycosides. Ann Pharmacother, 2005; 39(7-8): 1353-1357.
142. Soyuncu S, Cete Y, Nokay AE. Portal vein thrombosis related to Cassia angustifolia. Clin Toxicol, 2008; 46(8): 774-777.
143. Beuers U, Spengler U, Pape G. Hepatitis after chronic abuse of senna. Lancet, 1991; 337(8737): 372-373.
144. Leng-Peschlow E. The importance of senna products. Pharmacol, 1992; 44(suppl.1): 1-2.
145. Dietz B, Bolton J. Botanical dietary supplements gone bad. Chem Res Toxicol, 2007; 20(4): 586-590.
146. Mack R. Boldly they rode... into the mouth of hell Pennyroyal oil toxicity. N C Med J, 1997; 58(6): 456-457.
147. Gunby P. Plant known for centuries still causes problems today. JAMA, 1979; 241(21):2246-2247.
148. Furbee RB, Barlotta KS, Allen MK, Holstege CP. Hepatotoxicity associated with herbal products. Clin. Lab. Med 2006; 26: 227-241.
149. Anderson IB, Mullen WH, Meeker JE, Khojasteh Bakht SC, Oishi S, Nelson SD, Blanc PD. Pennyroyal toxicity: measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and review of the literature. Ann Intern Med, 1996; 124(8): 726-734.
150. Bakerink JA, Gospe SM Jr. Dimand RJ, Eldridge MW. Multiple organ failure after ingestion of pennyroyal oil from herbal tea in two infants. Pediatrics, 1996; 98(5): 944-947.
151. Lai S, Lim K, Cheng H. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of toxic encephalopathy. Singapore Med J, 1990; 31(5): 463-465.
152. Sinniah D, Baskaran G. Margosa oil poisoning as a cause of Reye's syndrome. Lancet, 1981; 1(8218): 487-489.
153. Sinniah D, Baskaran G, Vijayalakshmi B, Sundaravelli N. Margosa oil poisoning in India and Malaysia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 1981; 75(6): 903-904.
154. Dhongade R, Kavade S, Damle R. Neem oil poisoning. Indian Pediatr, 2008; 45(1): 56-57.
155. Brett J, Beresford R, Sevastos J, Day R. Margosa oil and Neem Extract Poisoning as a Cause of Renal Tubular Acidosis. J Clinic Toxicol, 2011; 1(3).
156. Borrelli F, Izzo AA. Herb-drug interactions with St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum): an update on clinical observations. The AAPS journal, 2009; 11(4): 710-727.
157. Singh YN. Potential for interaction of kava and St. John's wort with drugs. J Ethnopharmacol, 2005; 100(1-2): 108-113.
158. Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava. Ann Intern Med, 2002; 136(1): 42-53.
159. Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. An update on the ability of St. John's wort to affect the metabolism of other drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol, 2012; 8(6): 691-708.
160. Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2013; 37(1): 3-17.
161. Gordon RY, Becker DJ, Rader D J. Reduced efficacy of rosuvastatin by St. John's Wort. Am J Med, 2009; 122(2): 1-2.
162. Barone GW, Gurley BJ, Ketel BL, Lightfoot ML, Abul-Ezz SR. Drug interaction between St. John's wort and cyclosporine. Ann Pharmacother, 2000; 34(9): 1013-1016.
163. Karliova M, Treichel U, Malagò M, Frilling A, Gerken G, Broelsch CE. Interaction of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with cyclosporin A metabolism in a patient after liver transplantation. J Hepatol, 2000; 33(5): 853-855.
164. Van Strater AC, Bogers JP. Interaction of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) with clozapine. Int Clin Psychopharmacol, 2012; 27(2): 121-124.
165. Cohen DL, Del Toro Y. A case of valerian-associated hepatotoxicity. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2008; 42(8): 961-962.
166. Patocka J, Jaki J. Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana officinalis. J Appl Biomed, 2010; 8(1): 11-18.
167. Hadley S, Petry JJ. Valerian. Am Fam Physician, 2003; 67(8):17-55.
168. MacGregor FB, Abernethy VE, Dahabra S, Cobden I, Hayes PC. Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies. BMJ, 1989; 299(6708): 1156-1157.
169. Williams CA, Lamprecht ED. Some commonly fed herbs and other functional foods in equine nutrition: a review. Vet J, 2008; 178(1): 21-31.
170. Loeper ME. Mistletoe (Viscum album L.). Long Herb Task Force, 1999; 10: 1-15.
171. Pearl PL, Drillings IM, Conry JA. Herbs in epilepsy: evidence for efficacy, toxicity, and interactions. Semin Pediatr Neurol, 2011; 18(3): 203-208.
172. Harvey J, Colin-Jones DG. Mistletoe hepatitis. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed), 1981; 282(6259): 186-187.
173. Yang L, Aronsohn A, Hart J, Jensen D. Herbal hepatoxicity from Chinese skullcap: A case report. World J Hepatol, 2012; 4(7): 231-233.
174. Islam MN, Downey F, Ng CK. Comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals from Scutellaria baicalensis, Scutellaria lateriflora, Scutellaria racemosa, Scutellaria tomentosa and Scutellaria wrightii by LC-DAD-MS. Metabolomics, 2011; 7(3): 446-453.
175. Cole IB, Saxena PK, Murch SJ. Medicinal biotechnology in the genus Scutellaria. In Vitro Cell Dev-Pl, 2007; 43(4): 318-327.
176. Hullar TE, Sapers BL, Ridker PM, Jenkins RL, Huth TS, Farraye FA. Herbal toxicity and fatal hepatic failure. Am J Med, 1999; 106(2): 267-268.
177. Miskelly FG, Goodyer LI. Hepatic and pulmonary complications of herbal medicines. Postgrad Med J, 1992; 68(805): 935.
178. Millonig G, Stadlmann S, Vogel W. Herbal hepatotoxicity: acute hepatitis caused by a Noni preparation (Morinda citrifolia). Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2005; 17(4): 445-447.
179. West B, Su C, Jensen C. Hepatotoxicity and subchronic toxicity tests of Morinda citrifolia (noni) fruit. J Toxicol Sci, 2009; 34(5): 581-585.
180. Stadlbauer V, Fickert P, Lackner C, Schmerlaib J, Krisper P, Stauber RE, et al. Hepatotoxicity of NONI juice: report of two cases. World J Gastroenterol, 2005; 11(30): 4758-4760.
181. Wang MY, West BJ, Jensen CJ, Nowicki D, Su C, Palu AK, Anderson G. Morinda citrifolia (Noni): a literature review and recent advances in Noni research. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2002; 23(12): 1127-1141.
182. Yüce B, Gülberg V, Diebold J, Gerbes AL. Hepatitis induced by Noni juice from Morinda citrifolia: a rare cause of hepatotoxicity or the tip of the iceberg?. Digestion, 2006; 73(2-3): 167-170.
183. Elizabeth LY, Sivagnanam M, Ellis L, Huang JS. Acute hepatotoxicity after ingestion of Morinda citrifolia (Noni Berry) juice in a 14-year-old boy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 2011; 52(2): 222-224.
184. Santi L, Maggioli C, Mastroroberto M, Tufoni M, Napoli L, Caraceni P. Acute liver failure caused by amanita phalloides poisoning. Int J Hepatol, 2012; (2012): 487-480.
185. Cress CM, Malliah A, Herrine SK. Fulminant Hepatic Failure Caused by Amanita phalloides Toxicity. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011; 9(2), A26-A26.
186. Yildiz BD, Abbasoglu O, Saglam A, Sökmensüer C. Urgent liver transplantation for Amanita phalloides poisoning. Pediatr Transplant, 2008; 12(1), 105-108.
187. Özçay F, Baskin E, Özdemir N, Karakayali H, Emiroglu R, Haberal M. Fulminant liver failure secondary to mushroom poisoning in children: importance of early referral to a liver transplantation unit. Pediatr Transplant, 2006; 10(2): 259-265.
188. Ward J, Kapadia K, Brush E, Salhanick SD. Amatoxin Poisoning: Case Reports and Review of Current Therapies. J Emerg Med, 2012; 44(1): 116-121.
189. Poppenga RH. Herbal medicine: potential for intoxication and interactions with conventional drugs. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 2002; 17(1): 6-18.
190. Craig JO. Poisoning by the volatile oils in childhood. Arch Dis Child, 1953; 28(142): 475.
191. Elder NC, Gillcrist A, Minz R. Use of alternative health care by family practice patients. Arch Fam Med, 1997; 6(2): 181.
192. Buchanan RL. Toxicity of spices containing methylenedioxybenzene derivatives: A review. J Food Saf, 1978; 1(4): 275-293.
193. Miller LG. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med, 1998; 158(20): 2200.
194. Goldhaber-Fiebert S, Kemper KJ. Echinacea (E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. Purpurea). The Longwood Herbal Task Force and The Center for Holistic Pediatric Education and Research, 1999.
195. O'Hara M, Kiefer D, Farrell K, Kemper K. A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med, 1998; 7(6): 523-536.
196. Abebe W. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther, 2002; 27(6): 391-401.
197. Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. Eur J Intern Med, 2008; 19(2): 148-148.
198. Licata A, Macaluso FS, Craxì A. Herbal hepatotoxicity: a hidden epidemic. Intern Emerg Med, 2013; 8(1): 13-22.
199. Roulet M, Laurini R, Rivier L, Calame A. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea. J Pediatr, 1988; 112(3): 433-436.
200. Wiedenfeld H, Edgar, J. Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to humans and ruminants. Phytochem Rev, 2011; 10(1): 137-151.
201. Stegelmeier BL, Edgar JA, Colegate SM, Gardner DL, Schoch TK, Coulombe Jr RA et al. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids plants, metabolism and toxicity. Nat Toxins, 1999; 8(1): 95-116.
202. Selzer G, Parker RGF. Senecio Poisoning Exhibiting as Chiari's Syndrome: A Report on Twelve Cases. Am J Pathol, 1951; 27(5): 885-907.
203. Bras G, Jelliffe DB, Stuart KL. Veno-occlusive disease of liver with nonportal type of cirrhosis, occuring in Jamaica. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1954; 57(4): 285-300.
204. Nelson HD. Seminar: Menopause. Lancet, 2008; 371: 760-770.
205. Borrelli F, Ernst E. Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa): a systematic review of adverse events. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2008; 199(5): 455-466.
206. Cavaliere C, Rea P, Blumenthal M. Herbal supplement sales in United States show growth in all channels. HerbalGram, 2008; 78: 60-63
207. Tindle HA, Davis RB, Phillips RS, Eisenberg DM. Trends in use of complementary and alternative medicine by US adults: 1997-2002. Altern Ther Health Med, 2005; 11: 42-51.
208. Jacobson JS, Troxel AB, Evans J, Klaus L, Vahdat L, Grann VR, et al. Randomized trial of black cohosh for the treatment of hot flashes among women with a history of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2001; 19(10): 2739-2745.
209. Lehmann-Wilenbrock E, Riedel HH. Clinical and endocrinologic examinations concerning therapy of climacteric symptoms following hysterectomy with remaining ovaries. Zentralbl Gynakol, 1988; 110: 611-618.
210. Warnecke G. Using phyto-treatment to influence menopausal symptoms. Med Welt, 1985; 36: 87.
211. Stoll W. Phytotherapy influences atrophic vaginal epithelium. Therapeuticon, 1987; 1: 23.
212. Bonne JT. Herbs commonly used by women: An evidence-based review. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2003; 188(Suppl): S44-S55.
213. Lontos S, Jones RM, Angus PW, Gow PJ. Acute liver failure associated with the use of herbal preparations containing black cohosh. Med J Austral, 2003; 179(7): 390-391.
214. Smith BC, Desmond PV. Acute hepatitis induced by ingestion of the herbal medication chaparral. Aust NZJ Med, 1993; 23(5): 526.
215. Alderman S, Kailas S, Goldfarb S, Singaram C, Malone DG. Cholestatic hepatitis after ingestion of chaparral leaf: confirmation by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and liver-biopsy. J Clin Gastroenterol, 1994; 19(3): 242-247.
216. Batchelor WJ, Heathcote J, Wanless IR. Chaparral-induced hepatic injury. Am J Gastroenterol, 1995; 90(5): 831-833.
217. Gordon DW, Rosenthal G, Hart J, Sirota R, Baker AL. Chaparral ingestion. The broadening spectrum of liver injury caused by herbal medications. JAMA, 1995; 273(6): 489-490.
218. Estes JD, Stolpman D, Olyaei A, Corless CL, Ham JM, Orloff SL, et al. High prevalence of potentially hepatotoxic herbal supplement use in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. Arch Surg, 2003; 138(8): 852-856.
219. Obermeyer WR, Musser SM, Betz JM, Casey RE, Pohland AE, Page SW. Chemical studies of phyloestrogens in flax and chaparral (43824). Proc Exp Biol Med, 1995; 208: 6-12.
220. Evan AP. Gardner Jr. K. Nephron obstruction in nordihydroguaiaretic acid-induced renal cystic disease. Kidney Int, 1979; 15(1): 7-19.
221. Salari HI, Braquet P, Borgeat P. Comparative effects of indomethacin, acetylenic acids, 15-HETE, nordihydroguaiaretic acid and BW755C on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in human leukocytes and platelets. Prostaglandins Leukot Med, 1984; 13(1): 53-60.
222. Wilt TJ, Ishani A, Stark G, MacDonald R, Lau J, Mulrow C. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia - A systematic review. JAMA, 1998; 280(18): 1604-1609.
223. Lowe FC, Ku JC. Phytotherapy in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a critical review. Urology, 1996; 48(1): 12-20.
224. Wargo K, Allman E, Ibrahim F. A possible case of saw palmetto-induced pancreatitis. South Med J, 2010; 103(7): 683-685.
225. Frederick C. W, George W.R. Senecio disease, or cirrhosis of the liver due to senecio poisoning. Lancet, 1920; 196(5069): 848-849.
226. No comfort in comfrey. Science Teacher, 2000; 67(5): 14.
227. Mattei A, Rucay P, Samuel D, Feray C, Reyenes M, Bismuth H. Liver transplantation for severe acute liver failure after herbal medicine (Teucriumpolium) administration. J Hepatol, 1995; 22(5): 597.
228. Polymeros D, Kamberoglou D, Tzias V. Acute cholestatic hepatitis caused by Teucrium polium (golden germander) with transient appearance of antimitochondrial antibody. J Clin Gastroenterol, 2002; 34:100-101.
229. Vasileiadou E, Karanicolas E, Chrysagis D, Kolokotroni D, Papamihalis E, Banti A, et al. Teucrium polium L. (golden germander)-induced hepatitis: report of 5 cases [Meeting abstract]. J Hepatol, 2003; 38:195.
230. Dourakis SP, Papanikolaou IS, Tzemanakis EN, Hadziyannis SJ. Acute hepatitis associated with herb (Teucrium capitatum L.) administration. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2002; 14(6): 693-695.
231. De Vincenzi M, Maialetti F, Silano M. Constituents of aromatic plants: teucrin A. Fitoterapia, 2003; 74(7-8): 746-749.
232. De Berardinis V, Moulis C, Maurice M, Beaune P, Pessayre D, Loeper J, et al. Human microsomal epoxide hydrolase is the target of germanderinduced autoantibodies on the surface of human hepatocytes. Mol Pharmacol, 2000; 58(3): 542-551.
233. Teschke R. Kava hepatotoxicity: pathogenetic aspects and prospective considerations. Liver International, 2010; 30(9): 1270-1279.
234. Stevinson C, Huntley A, Ernst E. A Systematic Review of the Safety of Kava Extract in the Treatment of Anxiety. Drug Saf, 2002; 25(4): 251-261.
235. Olsen LR, Grillo MP, Skonberg C. Constituents in kava extracts potentially involved in hepatotoxicity: a review. Chem Res Toxicol, 2011; 24(7): 992-1002.
236. Assessment of the risk of hepatotoxicity with kava products/World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2007; 2007.
237. Gomes MFPL, Massoco CD, Xavier JG, Bonamin LV. Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale. l.) and Experimental Hepatic Carcinogenesis: A Short-term Carcinogenesis Model Study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med, 2010; 7(2): 197-202.
238. Capdevila J, Gil L, Orellana M. Inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-dependent arachidonic acid metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys, 1988; 261: 257-263.
239. Wu D, Yu L, Nair MG, De Witt DL, Ramsewak RS. Cyclooxygenase enzyme inhibitory compounds with antioxidant activities from Piper methysticum (kava kava) roots. Phytomedicine, 2002; 9(1), 41-47.
240. Hamouda C, Hedhili A, Ben SN, Zhioua M, Amamou M. A review of acute poisoning from Atractylis gummifera L. Vet Hum Toxicol, 2004; 46(3): 144.
241. Seedat YK, Nathoo BC. Acute renal failure in blacks and Indians in South Africa-comparison after 10 years. Nephron, 2008; 64(2): 198-201.
242. Wainwright J, Schonland MM, Candy HA. Toxicity of Callilepis laureola. S Afr Med J, 1977; 52(8): 313-315.
243. Verucchi G, Calza L, Attard L, Chiodo F. Acute hepatitis induced by traditional Chinese herbs used in the treatment of psoriasis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2002; 17(12): 1342-1343.
244. Larrey D. Drug-induced liver diseases. J hepatol, 2000; 32: 77-88.
245. Thomassen D, Slattery JT, Nelson SD. Menthofuran-dependent and independent aspects of pulegone hepatotoxicity: roles of glutathione. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1990; 253(2): 567-572.
246. Thomassen D, Knebel N, Slattery, McClanahan RH, Nelson SD. Reactive intermediates in the oxidation of menthofuran by cytochromes P-450. Chem Res Toxicol, 1992; 5:123-130.
247. Thomassen D, Slattery JT, Nelson SD. Contribution of menthofuran to the hepatotoxicity of pulegone: assessment based on matched area under the curve and on matched time course. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 1988; 244(3), 825-829
248. Ernst E. Risks of herbal medicinal products. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 2004; 13(11): 767-771.
249. Holstege CP, Mitchell K, Barlotta K, Furbee RB. Toxicity and drug interactions associated with herbal products: ephedra and St. John's Wort. Med Clin North Am, 2005; 89(6): 1225.
250. Bos R, Hendriks H, Scheffer JJC, Woerdenbag H J. Cytotoxic potential of valerian constituents and valerian tinctures. Phytomedicine, 1998; 5(3): 219-225.
251. Chan TY, Tang CH, Critchley JA. Poisoning due to an over-the-counter hypnotic, Sleep-Qik (hyoscine, cyproheptadine, valerian). Postgrad Med J, 1995; 71(834): 227-228.
252. Houghton PJ. The biological activity of valerian and related plants. J Ethnopharmacol, 1988; 22(2): 121-142.
253. Mueller BA, Scott MK, Sowinski KM, Prag KA. Noni juice (Morinda citrifolia): Hidden potential for hyperkalemia?. Am J Kidney Dis, 2000; 35(2): 310-312.
254. Bironaite D, Ollinger K. The hepatotoxicity of rhein involves impairment of mitochondrial functions. Chem Biol Interact, 1997; 103(1): 35-50.