Muscle and bone, two interconnected tissues

Ageing Research Reviews

Volumn 21, Issue , 2015, Pages 55-70

  Tagliaferri, Camille ^a,b,c   Wittrant, Yohann ^a,b   Davicco, Marie Jeanne ^a,b   Walrand, Stéphane ^a,b   Coxam, Véronique ^a,b  

^a INRA and University of Auvergne   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ CLERMONT AUVERGNE   (France)

^c Lesieur ^*  (France)

Author keywords

Bone; Crosstalk; Locomotor system; Muscle

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; CYTOKINE; DICKKOPF 1 PROTEIN; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; GROWTH FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 15; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; MYOKINE; OSTEOCALCIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; SCLEROSTIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGING; BED REST; BONE; BONE METABOLISM; CARTILAGE; CARTILAGE CELL; CELL FUNCTION; EXERCISE; FORCE; HUMAN; LOCOMOTION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULE; MUSCLE; MUSCLE METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCYTE; OSTEOPOROSIS; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS; REVIEW; SARCOPENIA; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPACE FLIGHT; TENDON; WEIGHTLESSNESS; ANIMAL; PHYSIOLOGY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; WEIGHT BEARING;

ERINACEIDAE;

AGING; ANIMALS; BONE AND BONES; HUMANS; MUSCLES; RECEPTOR CROSS-TALK; WEIGHT-BEARING;

EID: 84925711138     PISSN: 15681637     EISSN: 18729649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (284)

1. Abdelmagid S.M., Barbe M.F., Arango-Hisijara I., Owen T.A., Popoff S.N., Safadi F.F. Osteoactivin acts as downstream mediator of BMP-2 effects on osteoblast function. J. Cell. Physiol. 2007, 210:26-37.
2. Abdelmagid S.M., Barbe M.F., Rico M.C., Salihoglu S., Arango-Hisijara I., Selim A.H., Anderson M.G., Owen T.A., Popoff S.N., Safadi F.F. Osteoactivin, an anabolic factor that regulates osteoblast differentiation and function. Exp. Cell Res. 2008, 314:2334-2351.
3. Abraham J.A., Whang J.L., Tumolo A., Mergia A., Fiddes J.C. Human basic fibroblast growth factor: nucleotide sequence genomic organization and expression in mammalian cells. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 1986, 51(Pt 1):657-668.
4. Abreu E.L., Stern M., Brotto M. Bone-muscle interactions: ASBMR Topical Meeting. IBMS BoneKEy 2012, 9:239.
5. Agarwal E., Miller M., Yaxley A., Isenring E. Malnutrition in the elderly A narrative review. Maturitas 2013, 76:296-302.
6. Alkner B.A., Tesch P.A. Efficacy of a gravity-independent resistance exercise device as a countermeasure to muscle atrophy during 29-day bed rest. Acta Physiol. Scand. 2004, 181:345-357.
7. Alzghoul M.B., Gerrard D., Watkins B.A., Hannon K. Ectopic expression of IGF-I and Shh by skeletal muscle inhibits disuse-mediated skeletal muscle atrophy and bone osteopenia in vivo. FASEB J. 2004, 18:221-223.
8. Amin S., Riggs B.L., Melton 3rd L.J., Achenbach S.J., Atkinson E.J., Khosla S. High serum IGFBP-2 is predictive of increased bone turnover in aging men and women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007, 22:799-807.
9. Anastasilakis A.D., Polyzos S.A., Makras P., Gkiomisi A., Bisbinas I., Katsarou A., Filippaios A., Mantzoros C.S. Circulating irisin is associated with osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women with low bone mass but is not affected by either teriparatide or denosumab treatment for 3 months. Osteoporosis Int. 2014, 25:1633-1642.
10. Andress D.L. IGF-binding protein-5 stimulates osteoblast activity and bone accretion in ovariectomized mice. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2001, 281:E283-E288.
11. Apostolakos J., Durant T.J., Dwyer C.R., Russell R.P., Weinreb J.H., Alaee F., Beitzel K., McCarthy M.B., Cote M.P., Mazzocca A.D. The enthesis: a review of the tendon-to-bone insertion. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2014, 4:333-342.
12. Armamento-Villareal R., Sadler C., Napoli N., Shah K., Chode S., Sinacore D.R., Qualls C., Villareal D.T. Weight loss in obese older adults increases serum sclerostin and impairs hip geometry but both are prevented by exercise training. J. Bone Miner. Research 2012, 27:1215-1221.
13. Armbrecht G., Belavy D.L., Gast U., Bongrazio M., Touby F., Beller G., Roth H.J., Perschel F.H., Rittweger J., Felsenberg D. Resistive vibration exercise attenuates bone and muscle atrophy in 56 days of bed rest: biochemical markers of bone metabolism. Osteoporosis Int. 2010, 21:597-607.
14. Armstrong V.J., Muzylak M., Sunters A., Zaman G., Saxon L.K., Price J.S., Lanyon L.E. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is a component of osteoblastic bone cell early responses to load-bearing and requires estrogen receptor alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:20715-20727.
15. Arounleut P., Bialek P., Liang L.F., Upadhyay S., Fulzele S., Johnson M., Elsalanty M., Isales C.M., Hamrick M.W. A myostatin inhibitor (propeptide-Fc) increases muscle mass and muscle fiber size in aged mice but does not increase bone density or bone strength. Exp. Gerontol. 2013, 48:898-904.
16. Banu J., Wang L., Kalu D.N. Effects of increased muscle mass on bone in male mice overexpressing IGF-I in skeletal muscles. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2003, 73:196-201.
17. Barillaro C., Liperoti R., Martone A.M., Onder G., Landi F. The new metabolic treatments for sarcopenia. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2013, 25:119-127.
18. Bartell S.M., Kim H.N., Ambrogini E., Han L., Iyer S., Serra Ucer S., Rabinovitch P., Jilka R.L., Weinstein R.S., Zhao H., O'Brien C.A., Manolagas S.C., Almeida M. FoxO proteins restrain osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by attenuating H2O2 accumulation. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5:3773.
19. Bauer J., Biolo G., Cederholm T., Cesari M., Cruz-Jentoft A.J., Morley J.E., Phillips S., Sieber C., Stehle P., Teta D., Visvanathan R., Volpi E., Boirie Y. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2013, 14:542-559.
20. Belavy D.L., Miokovic T., Armbrecht G., Rittweger J., Felsenberg D. Resistive vibration exercise reduces lower limb muscle atrophy during 56-day bed-rest. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2009, 9:225-235.
21. Bentzinger C.F., von Maltzahn J., Dumont N.A., Stark D.A., Wang Y.X., Nhan K., Frenette J., Cornelison D.D., Rudnicki M.A. Wnt7a stimulates myogenic stem cell motility and engraftment resulting in improved muscle strength. J. Cell Biol. 2014, 205:97-111.
22. Bijlsma A.Y., Meskers C.G., Westendorp R.G., Maier A.B. Chronology of age-related disease definitions: osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Ageing Res. Rev. 2012, 11:320-324.
23. Bikle D.D., Wang Y. Insulin-like growth factor-I and bone. IBMS BoneKEy 2011, 8:328-341.
24. Billeter R., Hoppeler H. Muscular basis of strength. Strength and Power in Sport 2003, 50-72. Blackwell Science. second ed. P.V. Komi (Ed.).
25. Binkley N., Krueger D., Buehring B. What's in a name revisited: should osteoporosis and sarcopenia be considered components of dysmobility syndrome?. Osteoporosis Int. 2013, 24:2955-2959.
26. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dietrich T., Orav E.J., Hu F.B., Zhang Y., Karlson E.W., Dawson-Hughes B. Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged ≥60 y. American J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 80:752-758.
27. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Dawson-Hughes B., Staehelin H.B., Orav J.E., Stuck A.E., Theiler R., Wong J.B., Egli A., Kiel D.P., Henschkowski J. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009, 339:b3692.
28. Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Willett W.C., Orav E.J., Lips P., Meunier P.J., Lyons R.A., Flicker L., Wark J., Jackson R.D., Cauley J.A., Meyer H.E., Pfeifer M., Sanders K.M., Stahelin H.B., Theiler R., Dawson-Hughes B. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367:40-49.
29. Bloomfield S.A. Changes in musculoskeletal structure and function with prolonged bed rest. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1997, 29:197-206.
30. Bogl L.H., Latvala A., Kaprio J., Sovijarvi O., Rissanen A., Pietilainen K.H. An investigation into the relationship between soft tissue body composition and bone mineral density in a young adult twin sample. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2011, 26:79-87.
31. Boirie Y., Morio B., Caumon E., Cano N.J. Nutrition and protein energy homeostasis in elderly. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2014, 136-137:76-84.
32. Boirie Y. Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2009, 13:717-723.
33. Bonewald L.F., Kiel D.P., Clemens T.L., Esser K., Orwoll E.S., O'Keefe R.J., Fielding R.A. Forum on bone and skeletal muscle interactions: summary of the proceedings of an ASBMR workshop. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2013, 28:1857-1865.
34. Boonen S., Lips P., Bouillon R., Bischoff-Ferrari H.A., Vanderschueren D., Haentjens P. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin d supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:1415-1423.
35. Booth F.W., Roberts C.K., Laye M.J. Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases. Compr. Physiol. 2012, 2:1143-1211.
36. Bostrom P., Wu J., Jedrychowski M.P., Korde A., Ye L., Lo J.C., Rasbach K.A., Bostrom E.A., Choi J.H., Long J.Z., Kajimura S., Zingaretti M.C., Vind B.F., Tu H., Cinti S., Hojlund K., Gygi S.P., Spiegelman B.M. A PGC1-alpha-dependent myokine that drives brown-fat-like development of white fat and thermogenesis. Nature 2012, 481:463-468.
37. Bren-Mattison Y., Hausburg M., Olwin B.B. Growth of limb muscle is dependent on skeletal-derived Indian hedgehog. Dev. Biol. 2011, 356:486-495.
38. Brent A.E., Braun T., Tabin C.J. Genetic analysis of interactions between the somitic muscle, cartilage and tendon cell lineages during mouse development. Development 2005, 132:515-528.
39. Broholm C., Mortensen O.H., Nielsen S., Akerstrom T., Zankari A., Dahl B., Pedersen B.K. Exercise induces expression of leukaemia inhibitory factor in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 2008, 586:2195-2201.
40. Brooks N.E., Cadena S.M., Vannier E., Cloutier G., Carambula S., Myburgh K.H., Roubenoff R., Castaneda-Sceppa C. Effects of resistance exercise combined with essential amino acid supplementation and energy deficit on markers of skeletal muscle atrophy and regeneration during bed rest and active recovery. Muscle Nerve 2010, 42:927-935.
41. Buehring B., Binkley N. Myostatin - the holy grail for muscle, bone, and fat?. Curr. Osteoporosis Rep. 2013, 11:407-414.
42. Bukhari M. The National Osteoporosis Guideline Group's new guidelines: what is new?. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009, 48:327-329.
43. Burr D.B. Muscle strength bone mass, and age-related bone loss. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1997, 12:1547-1551.
44. Cackowski F.C., Anderson J.L., Patrene K.D., Choksi R.J., Shapiro S.D., Windle J.J., Blair H.C., Roodman G.D. Osteoclasts are important for bone angiogenesis. Blood 2010, 115:140-149.
45. Cairns D.M., Lee P.G., Uchimura T., Seufert C.R., Kwon H., Zeng L. The role of muscle cells in regulating cartilage matrix production. J. Orthop. Res. 2010, 28:529-536.
46. Cairns D.M., Uchimura T., Kwon H., Lee P.G., Seufert C.R., Matzkin E., Zeng L. Muscle cells enhance resistance to pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced cartilage destruction. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2010, 392:22-28.
47. Camerino C., Zayzafoon M., Rymaszewski M., Heiny J., Rios M., Hauschka P.V. Central depletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mice results in high bone mass and metabolic phenotype. Endocrinology 2012, 153:5394-5405.
48. Campbell N.A., Reece J.B. Biologie 2004, 2ème édition.
49. Cao J.J. Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 2011, 6:30.
50. Cashman K.D. Calcium intake: calcium bioavailability and bone health. Br. J. Nutr. 2002, 87(Suppl. 2):S169-177.
51. Cassell C., Benedict M., Specker B. Bone mineral density in elite 7- to 9-yr-old female gymnasts and swimmers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 1996, 28:1243-1246.
52. Chan X.C., McDermott J.C., Siu K.W. Identification of secreted proteins during skeletal muscle development. J. Proteome Res. 2007, 6:698-710.
53. Chan M.E., Adler B.J., Green D.E., Rubin C.T. Bone structure and B-cell populations crippled by obesity, are partially rescued by brief daily exposure to low-magnitude mechanical signals. FASEB J. 2012, 26:4855-4863.
54. Chiu C.S., Peekhaus N., Weber H., Adamski S., Murray E.M., Zhang H.Z., Zhao J.Z., Ernst R., Lineberger J., Huang L., Hampton R., Arnold B.A., Vitelli S., Hamuro L., Wang W.R., Wei N., Dillon G.M., Miao J., Alves S.E., Glantschnig H., Wang F., Wilkinson H.A. Increased muscle force production and bone mineral density in ActRIIB-Fc-treated mature rodents. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2013, 68:1181-1192.
55. Cho T.J., Gerstenfeld L.C., Einhorn T.A. Differential temporal expression of members of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily during murine fracture healing. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2002, 17:513-520.
56. Ciani C., Doty S.B., Fritton S.P. An effective histological staining process to visualize bone interstitial fluid space using confocal microscopy. Bone 2009, 44:1015-1017.
57. Clarke M.S., Feeback D.L. Mechanical load induces sarcoplasmic wounding and FGF release in differentiated human skeletal muscle cultures. FASEB J. 1996, 10:502-509.
58. Clarke M.S., Khakee R., McNeil P.L. Loss of cytoplasmic basic fibroblast growth factor from physiologically wounded myofibers of normal and dystrophic muscle. J. Cell Sci. 1993, 106(Pt 1):121-133.
59. Coenen Schimke J.M., Ljungqvist O.H., Sarkar G., Conover C.A., Nair K.S. A quantitative PCR measurement of messenger RNA expression of IGF-I: IGF-II and IGFBP-5 in human skeletal muscle. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 1999, 9:179-186.
60. Conference Report n.a.l Consensus Development Conference: diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of osteoporosis. Am. J. Med. 1993, 94:646-650.
61. Cooke R. The sliding filament model: 1972-2004. J. Gen. Phys. 2004, 123:643-656.
62. Cowin S.C. The significance of bone microstructure in mechanotransduction. J. Biomech. 2007, 40(Suppl. 1):S105-109.
63. Coxam, V., Davicco, M.J., Demigné, C., 2008. Nutrition et métabolisme osseux., in: Lavoisier, T.D. (Ed.), Aliments fonctionnels. Roberfroid M, Coxam V, Delzenne N., 2ème ed, pp. 729-798.
64. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J., Landi, F., Schneider, S.M., Zuniga, C., Arai, H., Boirie, Y., Chen, L.K., Fielding, R.A., Martin, F.C., Michel, J.P., Sieber, C., Stout, J.R., Studenski, S.A., Vellas, B., Woo J., Zamboni, M., Cederholm, T., 2014. Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS). Age and Ageing.
65. Cuervo M., García A., Ansorena D., Sánchez-Villegas A., Martínez-González M., Astiasarán I., Martínez J. Nutritional assessment interpretation on 22,007 spanish community-dwelling elders through the mini nutritional assessment test. Public Health Nutr. 2009, 12(January (1)):82-90. Epub 2008 Apr 16. Erratum in: Public Health Nutr. 2009 Jan;12(1):136. PMID: 18413012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. 10.1017/S136898000800195X.
66. Dallas S.L., Prideaux M., Bonewald L.F. The osteocyte: an endocrine cell. . and more. Endocr. Rev. 2013, 34:658-690.
67. Dardevet D., Savary-Auzeloux I., Remond D., Mosoni L., Marzetti E., Buford T.W., Bernabei R., Dionne I.J., Manini T.M., Buehring B., Kirchner E., Calabrese L., Clark B.C., Fonseca H.M., Delbono O., Taylor J.R., Aubertin-Leheudre M., Barbat-Artigas S., Pion C.H., Thornell L.E., Gustafsson T., Cederholm T., Ulfhake B. Commentaries on viewpoint: Muscle atrophy is not always sarcopenia. J. Appl. Physiol. 2012, 113:680-684.
68. Davis M.E., Gumucio J.P., Sugg K.B., Bedi A., Mendias C.L. MMP inhibition as a potential method to augment the healing of skeletal muscle and tendon extracellular matrix. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 2013, 115:884-891.
69. De Ceuninck F., Fradin A., Pastoureau P. Bearing arms against osteoarthritis and sarcopenia: when cartilage and skeletal muscle find common interest in talking together. Drug Discov. Today 2014, 19(March (3)):305-311. Epub 2013 Aug 20. PMID: 23973339 [PubMed - in process]. 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.08.004.
70. Deutz N.E., Bauer J.M., Barazzoni R., Biolo G., Boirie Y., Bosy-Westphal A., Cederholm T., Cruz-Jentoft A., Krznaric Z., Nair K.S., Singer P., Teta D., Tipton K., Calder P.C. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clin. Nutr. 2014.
71. DiGirolamo D.J., Kiel D.P., Esser K.A. Bone and skeletal muscle: neighbors with close ties. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2013, 28:1509-1518.
72. Diarra D., Stolina M., Polzer K., Zwerina J., Ominsky M.S., Dwyer D., Korb A., Smolen J., Hoffmann M., Scheinecker C., van der Heide D., Landewe R., Lacey D., Richards W.G., Schett G. Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat. Med. 2007, 13:156-163.
73. Doty S.B. Space flight and bone formation. Materialwiss. Werkstofftech. 2004, 35:951-961.
74. Droppert P.M. A review of muscle atrophy in microgravity and during prolonged bed rest. J. Br. Interplanet. Soc. 1993, 46:83-86.
75. Duncan C.S., Blimkie C.J., Cowell C.T., Burke S.T., Briody J.N., Howman-Giles R. Bone mineral density in adolescent female athletes: relationship to exercise type and muscle strength. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2002, 34:286-294.
76. Edgerton V.R., Zhou M.Y., Ohira Y., Klitgaard H., Jiang B., Bell G., Harris B., Saltin B., Gollnick P.D., Roy R.R., et al. Human fiber size and enzymatic properties after 5 and 11 days of spaceflight. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995, 78:1733-1739.
77. Egan E., Reilly T., Giacomoni M., Redmond L., Turner C. Bone mineral density among female sports participants. Bone 2006, 38:227-233.
78. Elis S., Wu Y., Courtland H.W., Sun H., Rosen C.J., Adamo M.L., Yakar S. Increased serum IGF-1 levels protect the musculoskeletal system but are associated with elevated oxidative stress markers and increased mortality independent of tissue igf1 gene expression. Aging Cell 2011, 10:547-550.
79. Elkasrawy M., Fulzele S., Bowser M., Wenger K., Hamrick M. Myostatin (GDF-8) inhibits chondrogenesis and chondrocyte proliferation in vitro by suppressing Sox-9 expression. Growth Factors 2011, 29:253-262.
80. Elkasrawy M., Immel D., Wen X., Liu X., Liang L.F., Hamrick M.W. Immunolocalization of myostatin (GDF-8) following musculoskeletal injury and the effects of exogenous myostatin on muscle and bone healing. j. Histochem. Cytochem. 2012, 60:22-30.
81. Emslander H.C., Sinaki M., Muhs J.M., Chao E.Y., Wahner H.W., Bryant S.C., Riggs B.L., Eastell R. Bone mass and muscle strength in female college athletes (runners and swimmers). Mayo Clin. Proc. 1998, 73:1151-1160.
82. Fedi P., Bafico A., Nieto Soria A., Burgess W.H., Miki T., Bottaro D.P., Kraus M.H., Aaronson S.A. Isolation and biochemical characterization of the human Dkk-1 homologue, a novel inhibitor of mammalian Wnt signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 1999, 274:19465-19472.
83. Ferrando A.A., Stuart C.A., Brunder D.G., Hillman G.R. Magnetic resonance imaging quantitation of changes in muscle volume during 7 days of strict bed rest. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 1995, 66:976-981.
84. Ferrando A.A., Lane H.W., Stuart C.A., Davis-Street J., Wolfe R.R. Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:E627-633.
85. Ferretti J.L., Capozza R.F., Cointry G.R., Garcia S.L., Plotkin H., Alvarez Filgueira M.L., Zanchetta J.R. Gender-related differences in the relationship between densitometric values of whole-body bone mineral content and lean body mass in humans between 2 and 87 years of age. Bone 1998, 22:683-690.
86. Ferron M., McKee M.D., Levine R.L., Ducy P., Karsenty G. Intermittent injections of osteocalcin improve glucose metabolism and prevent type 2 diabetes in mice. Bone 2012, 50:568-575.
87. Fitts R.H., Riley D.R., Widrick J.J. Functional and structural adaptations of skeletal muscle to microgravity. J. Exp. Biol. 2001, 204:3201-3208.
88. Fraix M. Role of the musculoskeletal system and the prevention of falls. J. Am. Osteopathic Assoc. 2012, 112:17-21.
89. Friedman J.M., Halaas J.L. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998, 395:763-770.
90. Frost H.M., Schonau E. The "muscle-bone" unit in children and adolescents: a 2000 overview. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2000, JPEM 13:571-590.
91. Frost H.M. Bone mass and the mechanostat: a proposal. Anat. Rec. 1987, 219:1-9.
92. Frost H.M. Bone's mechanostat: a 2003 update. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 2003, 275:1081-1101.
93. Fujimura K., Bessho K., Okubo Y., Kusumoto K., Segami N., Iizuka T. The effect of fibroblast growth factor-2 on the osteoinductive activity of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in rat muscle. Arch. Oral Biol. 2002, 47:577-584.
94. Funaba M., Ogawa K., Abe M. Expression and localization of activin receptors during endochondral bone development. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 2001, 144:63-71.
95. Garcia L.A., King K.K., Ferrini M.G., Norris K.C., Artaza J.N. 1,25(OH) 2vitamin D3 stimulates myogenic differentiation by inhibiting cell proliferation and modulating the expression of promyogenic growth factors and myostatin in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2011, 152:2976-2986.
96. Giannesini B., Vilmen C., Amthor H., Bernard M., Bendahan D. Lack of myostatin impairs mechanical performance and ATP cost of contraction in exercising mouse gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2013, 305:E33-40.
97. Go S.W., Cha Y.H., Lee J.A., Park H.S. Association between sarcopenia, bone density, and health-related quality of life in Korean men. Korean J. Fam. Med. 2013, 34:281-288.
98. Gomez C., David V., Peet N.M., Vico L., Chenu C., Malaval L., Skerry T.M. Absence of mechanical loading in utero influences bone mass and architecture but not innervation in Myod-Myf5-deficient mice. J. Anat. 2007, 210:259-271.
99. Govoni K.E., Wergedal J.E., Florin L., Angel P., Baylink D.J., Mohan S. Conditional deletion of insulin-like growth factor-I in collagen type 1alpha2-expressing cells results in postnatal lethality and a dramatic reduction in bone accretion. Endocrinology 2007, 148:5706-5715.
100. Grabstein K.H., Eisenman J., Shanebeck K., Rauch C., Srinivasan S., Fung V., Beers C., Richardson J., Schoenborn M.A., Ahdieh M., et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science 1994, 264:965-968.
101. Griesbeck O., Parsadanian A.S., Sendtner M., Thoenen H. Expression of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle: quantitative comparison and significance for motoneuron survival and maintenance of function. J. Neurosci. Res. 1995, 42:21-33.
102. Gryson C., Walrand S., Giraudet C., Rousset P., Migne C., Bonhomme C., Le Ruyet P., Boirie Y. "Fast proteins" with a unique essential amino acid content as an optimal nutrition in the elderly: growing evidence. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 33(August (4)):642-648. Epub 2013 Sep 13. PMID: 24090685 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE. 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.09.004.
103. Hamrick M.W., Shi X., Zhang W., Pennington C., Thakore H., Haque M., Kang B., Isales C.M., Fulzele S., Wenger K.H. Loss of myostatin (GDF8) function increases osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells but the osteogenic effect is ablated with unloading. Bone 2007, 40:1544-1553.
104. Hamrick M.W., McNeil P.L., Patterson S.L. Role of muscle-derived growth factors in bone formation. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2010, 10:64-70.
105. Hamrick M.W. Increased bone mineral density in the femora of GDF8 knockout mice. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. Cell. Evol. Biol. 2003, 272:388-391.
106. Hamrick M.W. The skeletal muscle secretome: an emerging player in muscle-bone crosstalk. BoneKEy Rep. 2012, 1:60.
107. Harry L.E., Sandison A., Pearse M.F., Paleolog E.M., Nanchahal J. Comparison of the vascularity of fasciocutaneous tissue and muscle for coverage of open tibial fractures. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2009, 124:1211-1219.
108. Heaney R.P. Long-latency deficiency disease: insights from calcium and vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 78:912-919.
109. Heinonen A., Oja P., Kannus P., Sievanen H., Manttari A., Vuori I. Bone mineral density of female athletes in different sports. Bone Miner. 1993, 23:1-14.
110. Heinonen A., Oja P., Kannus P., Sievanen H., Haapasalo H., Manttari A., Vuori I. Bone mineral density in female athletes representing sports with different loading characteristics of the skeleton. Bone 1995, 17:197-203.
111. Henningsen J., Rigbolt K.T., Blagoev B., Pedersen B.K., Kratchmarova I. Dynamics of the skeletal muscle secretome during myoblast differentiation. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2010, 9:2482-2496.
112. Hoeflich A., Gotz W., Lichanska A.M., Bielohuby M., Tonshoff B., Kiepe D. Effects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone - a matter of cell and site. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2007, 113:142-153.
113. Holecki M., Wiecek A. Relationship between body fat mass and bone metabolism. Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn. 2010, 120:361-367.
114. Hopwood B., Tsykin A., Findlay D.M., Fazzalari N.L. Microarray gene expression profiling of osteoarthritic bone suggests altered bone remodelling, WNT and transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenic protein signalling. Arthritis Res. Ther. 2007, 9:R100.
115. Houston M.E., Froese E.A., Valeriote S.P., Green H.J., Ranney D.A. Muscle performance, morphology and metabolic capacity during strength training and detraining: a one leg model. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 1983, 51:25-35.
116. Houston D.K., Nicklas B.J., Ding J., Harris T.B., Tylavsky F.A., Newman A.B., Lee J.S., Sahyoun N.R., Visser M., Kritchevsky S.B. Dietary protein intake is associated with lean mass change in older, community-dwelling adults: the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008, 87:150-155.
117. Huang W., Yang S., Shao J., Li Y.P. Signaling and transcriptional regulation in osteoblast commitment and differentiation. Front. Biosci. 2007, 12:3068-3092.
118. Huang Z., Chen X., Chen D. Myostatin: a novel insight into its role in metabolism, signal pathways, and expression regulation. Cell. Signalling 2011, 23:1441-1446.
119. Hunt J.R., Johnson L.K., Fariba Roughead Z.K. Dietary protein and calcium interact to influence calcium retention: a controlled feeding study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89:1357-1365.
120. Huxley H., Hanson J. Changes in the cross-striations of muscle during contraction and stretch and their structural interpretation. Nature 1954, 173:973-976.
121. Huxley A.F., Niedergerke R. Structural changes in muscle during contraction; interference microscopy of living muscle fibres. Nature 1954, 173:971-973.
122. Huxley A.F. The origin of force in skeletal muscle. Ciba Found. Symp. 1975, 271-290.
123. Jackowski S.A., Lanovaz J.L., Van Oort C., Baxter-Jones A.D. Does lean tissue mass accrual during adolescence influence bone structural strength at the proximal femur in young adulthood?. Osteoporosis Int. 2014, 25(April (4)):1297-1304. Epub 2013 Dec 11. PMID: 24326885 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. 10.1007/s00198-013-2592-2.
124. Jahn K., Lara-Castillo N., Brotto L., Mo C.L., Johnson M.L., Brotto M., Bonewald L.F. Skeletal muscle secreted factors prevent glucocorticoid-induced osteocyte apoptosis through activation of beta-catenin. Eur. Cells Mater. 2012, 24:197-209. discussion 209-110.
125. Javaheri B., Stern A., Lara N., Dallas M., Zhao H., Liu Y., Bonewald L.F., Johnson M.L. Deletion of a single beta-catenin allele in osteocytes abolishes the bone anabolic response to loading. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2013.
126. Joseph C., Kenny A.M., Taxel P., Lorenzo J.A., Duque G., Kuchel G.A. Role of endocrine-immune dysregulation in osteoporosis, sarcopenia, frailty and fracture risk. Mol. Aspects Med. 2005, 26:181-201.
127. Judex S., Carlson K.J. Is bone's response to mechanical signals dominated by gravitational loading?. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41:2037-2043.
128. Judex S., Rubin C.T. Is bone formation induced by high-frequency mechanical signals modulated by muscle activity?. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2010, 10:3-11.
129. Juffer P., Jaspers R.T., Lips P., Bakker, Klein-Nulend A.D.J. Expression of muscle anabolic and metabolic factors in mechanically loaded MLO-Y4 osteocytes. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 302:E389-E395.
130. Kaji H. Linkage between muscle and bone: common catabolic signals resulting in osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Current Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013, 16:272-277.
131. Kamel M.A., Picconi J.L., Lara-Castillo N., Johnson M.L. Activation of beta-catenin signaling in MLO-Y4 osteocytic cells versus 2T3 osteoblastic cells by fluid flow shear stress and PGE2: implications for the study of mechanosensation in bone. Bone 2010, 47:872-881.
132. Kanis J.A. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: synopsis of a WHO report WHO Study Group. Osteoporosis Int. 1994, 4:368-381.
133. Kanis J.A., Melton L.J., Christiansen C., Johnston C.C., Khaltaev N. The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 1994, 9:1137-1141.
134. Kanis J.A., McCloskey E.V., Johansson H., Oden A., Melton L.J., Khaltaev N. A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone 2008, 42:467-475.
135. Karasik D. How pleiotropic genetics of the musculoskeletal system can inform genomics and phenomics of aging. Age (Dordr) 2011, 33:49-62.
136. Karpe F., Dickmann J.R., Frayn K.N. Fatty acids, obesity, and insulin resistance: time for a reevaluation. Diabetes 2011, 60:2441-2449.
137. Karpe F. Insulin resistance by adiponectin deficiency: is the action in skeletal muscle?. Diabetes 2013, 62:701-702.
138. Karsenty G., Oury F. Biology without walls: the novel endocrinology of bone. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 2012, 74:87-105.
139. Kaufman H., Reznick A., Stein H., Barak M., Maor G. The biological basis of the bone-muscle inter-relationship in the algorithm of fracture healing. Orthopedics 2008, 31:751.
140. Kido S., Hashimoto Y., Segawa H., Tatsumi S., Miyamoto K. Muscle atrophy in patients wirh ckd results from fgf23/klotho-mediated supression of insulin/igf-i signaling. Kidney Res. Clin. Pract. 2012, 31:A44.
141. Kitase Y., Barragan L., Qing H., Kondoh S., Jiang J.X., Johnson M.L., Bonewald L.F. Mechanical induction of PGE2 in osteocytes blocks glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis through both the beta-catenin and PKA pathways. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2010, 25:2657-2668.
142. Klein-Nulend J., van der Plas A., Semeins C.M., Ajubi N.E., Frangos J.A., Nijweide P.J., Burger E.H. Sensitivity of osteocytes to biomechanical stress in vitro. FASEB J. 1995, 9:441-445.
143. Klein-Nulend J., Bacabac R.G., Bakker A.D. Mechanical loading and how it affects bone cells: the role of the osteocyte cytoskeleton in maintaining our skeleton. Eur. Cells Mater. 2012, 24:278-291.
144. Klein-Nulend J., Bakker A.D., Bacabac R.G., Vatsa A., Weinbaum S. Mechanosensation and transduction in osteocytes. Bone 2012.
145. Klibanski A., Adams-Campbell L., Bassford T., Blair S.N., Boden S.D., Dickersin K., Gifford D.R., Glasse L., Goldring S.R., Hruska K., Johnson S.R., McCauley L.K., Russell W.E. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2001, 285:785-795.
146. Krasnoff J., Painter P. The physiological consequences of bed rest and inactivity. Adv. Renal Replace. Ther. 1999, 6:124-132.
147. Krustrup P., Hansen P.R., Andersen L.J., Jakobsen M.D., Sundstrup E., Randers M.B., Christiansen L., Helge E.W., Pedersen M.T., Sogaard P., Junge A., Dvorak J., Aagaard P., Bangsbo J. Long-term musculoskeletal and cardiac health effects of recreational football and running for premenopausal women. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2010, 20(Suppl. 1):58-71.
148. Kubota T., Michigami T., Ozono K. Wnt signaling in bone metabolism. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 2009, 27:265-271.
149. Lang T.F., Leblanc A.D., Evans H.J., Lu Y. Adaptation of the proximal femur to skeletal reloading after long-duration spaceflight. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2006, 21:1224-1230.
150. Langley B., Thomas M., Bishop A., Sharma M., Gilmour S., Kambadur R. Myostatin inhibits myoblast differentiation by down-regulating MyoD expression. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:49831-49840.
151. LeBlanc A., Schneider V., Shackelford L., West S., Oganov V., Bakulin A., Voronin L. Bone mineral and lean tissue loss after long duration space flight. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2000, 1:157-160.
152. Lean J.M., Mackay A.G., Chow J.W., Chambers T.J. Osteocytic expression of mRNA for c-fos and IGF-I: an immediate early gene response to an osteogenic stimulus. Am. J. Physiol. 1996, 270:E937-945.
153. Lebrasseur N.K., Achenbach S.J., Melton L.J., Amin S., Khosla S. Skeletal muscle mass is associated with bone geometry and microstructure and serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 levels in adult women and men. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2012, 27:2159-2169.
154. Lee K., Jessop H., Suswillo R., Zaman G., Lanyon L. Endocrinology: bone adaptation requires oestrogen receptor-alpha. Nature 2003, 424:389.
155. Lee N.K., Sowa H., Hinoi E., Ferron M., Ahn J.D., Confavreux C., Dacquin R., Mee P.J., McKee M.D., Jung D.Y., Zhang Z., Kim J.K., Mauvais-Jarvis F., Ducy P., Karsenty G. Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell 2007, 130:456-469.
156. Lee A.M., Sawyer R.K., Moore A.J., Morris H.A., O'Loughlin P.D., Anderson P.H. Adequate dietary vitamin D and calcium are both required to reduce bone turnover and increased bone mineral volume. J. Steroid Biochem. Molecul. Biol. 2013.
157. Li P., Ma Y.C., Shen H.L., Han H., Wang J., Cheng H.J., Wang C.F., Xia Y.Y. Cytoskeletal reorganization mediates fluid shear stress-induced ERK5 activation in osteoblastic cells. Cell Biol. Int. 2012, 36:229-236.
158. Liang H., Pun S., Wronski T.J. Bone anabolic effects of basic fibroblast growth factor in ovariectomized rats. Endocrinology 1999, 140:5780-5788.
159. Liu Z.C., Geisbrecht E.R. Importin signaling roles for import proteins: the function of Drosophila importin-7 (DIM-7) in muscle-tendon signaling. Cell Adhes. Migr. 2012, 6:4-12.
160. Liu Y., Sweeney G. Adiponectin action in skeletal muscle. Best practice and research. Clinical Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 28:33-41.
161. Liu R., Schindeler A., Little D.G. The potential role of muscle in bone repair. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2010, 10:71-76.
162. Lloyd S.A., Lang C.H., Zhang Y., Paul E.M., Laufenberg L.J., Lewis G.S., Donahue H.J. Interdependence of muscle atrophy and bone loss induced by mechanical unloading. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2014, 29(5):1118-1130. [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. 10.1002/jbmr.2113. PMID: 24127218.
163. Lu H.H., Thomopoulos S. Functional attachment of soft tissues to bone: development, healing, and tissue engineering. Ann. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2013, 15:201-226.
164. Lu C., Miclau T., Hu D., Marcucio R.S. Ischemia leads to delayed union during fracture healing: a mouse model. J. Orthop. Res. 2007, 25:51-61.
165. Lu H.F., Mai Z.H., Xu Y., Wang W., Ai H. Mechanical loading induced expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2, alkaline phosphatase activity, and collagen synthesis in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Chin. Med. J. 2012, 125:4093-4097.
166. Ma H.T., Griffith J.F., Xu L., Leung P.C. The functional muscle-bone unit in subjects of varying BMD. Osteoporosis Int. 2013.
167. MacNaughton R.B., Cole J.M., Dalrymple R.W., Braddy S.J., Brigg D.E.G., Lukie T.D. First steps on land: arthropod trackways in Cambrian-Ordovician eolian sandstone, southeastern Ontario, Canada. Geology 2002, 30:391-394.
168. Macias B.R., Swift J.M., Nilsson M.I., Hogan H.A., Bouse S.D., Bloomfield S.A. Simulated resistance training, but not alendronate, increases cortical bone formation and suppresses sclerostin during disuse. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 2012, 112:918-925.
169. Malaval L., Aubin J.E. Biphasic effects of leukemia inhibitory factor on osteoblastic differentiation. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 2001, 36:63-70.
170. Mangano K.M., Sahni S., Kerstetter J.E. Dietary protein is beneficial to bone health under conditions of adequate calcium intake: an update on clinical research. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2014, 17:69-74.
171. E.N. Marieb, E.N., 1999. Anatomie et physiologie humaines, traduction de la quatrième édition américaine, de Boeck ed.
172. Mayr W., Bijak M., Girsch W., Hofer C., Lanmuller H., Rafolt D., Rakos M., Sauermann S., Schmutterer C., Schnetz G., Unger E., Freilinger G. MYOSTIM-FES to prevent muscle atrophy in microgravity and bed rest: preliminary report. Artif. Organs 1999, 23:428-431.
173. McCarthy E.F. Perspective: skeletal complications of space flight. Skeletal Radiol. 2011, 40:661-663.
174. McPherron A.C., Lawler A.M., Lee S.J. Regulation of skeletal muscle mass in mice by a new TGF-beta superfamily member. Nature 1997, 387:83-90.
175. Meck J.V., Dreyer S.A., Warren L.E. Long-duration head-down bed rest: project overview, vital signs, and fluid balance. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2009, 80:A1-8.
176. Migliaccio S., Greco E.A., Fornari R., Donini L.M., Lenzi A. Is obesity in women protective against osteoporosis?. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2011, 4:273-282.
177. Miyakoshi N., Richman C., Kasukawa Y., Linkhart T.A., Baylink D.J., Mohan S. Evidence that IGF-binding protein-5 functions as a growth factor. J. Clin. Invest. 2001, 107:73-81.
178. Mo C., Romero-Suarez S., Bonewald L., Johnson M., Brotto M. Prostaglandin E2: from clinical applications to its potential role in bone-muscle crosstalk and myogenic differentiation. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2012, 6:223-229.
179. Moffatt P., Thomas G.P. Osteocrin - beyond just another bone protein?. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2009, 66:1135-1139.
180. Montgomery E., Pennington C., Isales C.M., Hamrick M.W. Muscle-bone interactions in dystrophin-deficient and myostatin-deficient mice. Anat. Rec. A Discov. Mol. cell. Evol. Biol. 2005, 286:814-822.
181. Morgan J.L., Zwart S.R., Heer M., Ploutz-Snyder R., Ericson K., Smith S.M. Bone metabolism and nutritional status during 30-day head-down tilt bed rest. J. Appl. Physiol. (1985) 2012, 113(November (10)):1519-1529. Epub 2012 Sep 20. Erratum in: J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 May 15;116 (10):1343. PMID: 22995395 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01064.2012.
182. Mousavi K., Jasmin B.J. BDNF is expressed in skeletal muscle satellite cells and inhibits myogenic differentiation. J. Neurosci. 2006, 26:5739-5749.
183. Muir J., Judex S., Qin Y.X., Rubin C. Postural instability caused by extended bed rest is alleviated by brief daily exposure to low magnitude mechanical signals. Gait Posture 2011, 33:429-435.
184. Nakamura K., Kurokawa T., Aoyama I., Hanada K., Tamura M., Kawaguchi H. Stimulation of bone formation by intraosseous injection of basic fibroblast growth factor in ovariectomised rats. Int. Orthop. 1998, 22:49-54.
185. Nakamura Y., Tensho K., Nakaya H., Nawata M., Okabe T., Wakitani S. Low dose fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) enhances bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)-induced ectopic bone formation in mice. Bone 2005, 36:399-407.
186. Naot D., Cornish J. Cytokines and hormones that contribute to the positive association between fat and bone. Front. Endocrinol. 2014, 5:70.
187. Nieves J.W. Skeletal effects of nutrients and nutraceuticals: beyond calcium and vitamin D. Osteoporosis Int. 2013, 24:771-786.
188. Nikawa T., Ishidoh K., Hirasaka K., Ishihara I., Ikemoto M., Kano Kominami M.E., Nonaka I., Ogawa T., Adams G.R., Baldwin K.M., Yasui N., Kishi K., Takeda S. Skeletal muscle gene expression in space-flown rats. FASEB J. 2004, 18:522-524.
189. Nishizawa H., Matsuda M., Yamada Y., Kawai K., Suzuki E., Makishima M., Kitamura T., Shimomura I. Musclin, a novel skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:19391-19395.
190. Noack S., Seiffart V., Willbold E., Laggies S., Winkel A., Shahab-Osterloh S., Florkemeier T., Hertwig F., Steinhoff C., Nuber U.A., Gross G., Hoffmann A. Periostin secreted by mesenchymal stem cells supports tendon formation in an ectopic mouse model. Stem Cells Dev. 2014, 23:1844-1857.
191. Oden A., McCloskey E.V., Johansson H., Kanis J.A. Assessing the impact of osteoporosis on the burden of hip fractures. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2012.
192. Oh H., Chun C.H., Chun J.S. Dkk-1 expression in chondrocytes inhibits experimental osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2012, 64:2568-2578.
193. Ohlsson C., Mohan S., Sjogren K., Tivesten A., Isgaard J., Isaksson O., Jansson J.O., Svensson J. The role of liver-derived insulin-like growth factor-I. Endocr. Rev. 2009, 30:494-535.
194. Oury F., Sumara G., Sumara O., Ferron M., Chang H., Smith C.E., Hermo L., Suarez S., Roth B.L., Ducy P., Karsenty G. Endocrine regulation of male fertility by the skeleton. Cell 2011, 144:796-809.
195. Park J.H., Park K.H., Cho S., Choi Y.S., Seo S.K., Lee B.S., Park H.S. Concomitant increase in muscle strength and bone mineral density with decreasing IL-6 levels after combination therapy with alendronate and calcitriol in postmenopausal women. Menopause 2013, 20:747-753.
196. Payne K.A., Meszaros L.B., Phillippi J.A., Huard J. Effect of phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition on osteogenic differentiation of muscle-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng. A 2010, 16:3647-3655.
197. Pedersen B.K., Febbraio M.A. Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiol. Rev. 2008, 88:1379-1406.
198. Pedersen B.K., Febbraio M.A. Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2012, 8:457-465.
199. Perel E., Killinger D.W. The interconversion and aromatization of androgens by human adipose tissue. J. Steroid Biochem. 1979, 10:623-627.
200. Philippou A., Bogdanis G., Maridaki M., Halapas A., Sourla A., Koutsilieris M. Systemic cytokine response following exercise-induced muscle damage in humans. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2009, 47:777-782. CCLM/FESCC.
201. Pryce B.A., Watson S.S., Murchison N.D., Staverosky J.A., Dunker N., Schweitzer R. Recruitment and maintenance of tendon progenitors by TGFbeta signaling are essential for tendon formation. Development 2009, 136:1351-1361.
202. Puel C., Coxam V., Davicco M.J. [Mediterranean diet and osteoporosis prevention]. Med. Sci. 2007, 23:756-760.
203. Quarles L.D. Role of FGF23 in vitamin D and phosphate metabolism: implications in chronic kidney disease. Exp. Cell Res. 2012, 318:1040-1048.
204. Quinn L.S., Anderson B.G., Strait-Bodey L., Stroud A.M., Argiles J.M. Oversecretion of interleukin-15 from skeletal muscle reduces adiposity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009, 296:E191-202.
205. Raab-Cullen D.M., Thiede M.A., Petersen D.N., Kimmel D.B., Recker R.R. Mechanical loading stimulates rapid changes in periosteal gene expression. Calcif. Tissue Int. 1994, 55:473-478.
206. Rached M.T., Kode A., Silva B.C., Jung D.Y., Gray S., Ong H., Paik J.H., DePinho R.A., Kim J.K., Karsenty G., Kousteni S. FoxO1 expression in osteoblasts regulates glucose homeostasis through regulation of osteocalcin in mice. J. Clinical Invest. 2010, 120:357-368.
207. Rajaram S., Baylink D.J., Mohan S. Insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in serum and other biological fluids: regulation and functions. Endocr. Rev. 1997, 18:801-831.
208. Rauch F., Bailey D.A., Baxter-Jones A., Mirwald R., Faulkner R. The 'muscle-bone unit' during the pubertal growth spurt. Bone 2004, 34:771-775.
209. Rikkonen T., Sirola J., Salovaara K., Tuppurainen M., Jurvelin J.S., Honkanen R., Kroger H. Muscle strength and body composition are clinical indicators of osteoporosis. Calcif. Tissue Int. 2012, 91:131-138.
210. Rittweger J., Frost H.M., Schiessl H., Ohshima H., Alkner B., Tesch P., Felsenberg D. Muscle atrophy and bone loss after 90 days' bed rest and the effects of flywheel resistive exercise and pamidronate: results from the LTBR study. Bone 2005, 36:1019-1029.
211. Rittweger J. Ten years muscle-bone hypothesis: what have we learned so far? - Almost a festschrift. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 2008, 8:174-178.
212. Roberts T.J. The integrated function of muscles and tendons during locomotion. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol. 2002, 133:1087-1099.
213. Robling A.G. Is bone's response to mechanical signals dominated by muscle forces?. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2009, 41:2044-2049.
214. Romero-Suarez S., Mo C., Lara N., Jaehn K., Johnson M., Bonewald L., Brotto M. The b-catenin activating factor, Wnt3a, stimulates skeletal myogenesis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2011, http://www.asbmr.org/Meetings/AnnualMeeting/AbstractDetail.aspx?aid=66f3febf-aef0-4024-88f8-9ab20bd63ba1.
215. Sambandam Y., Blanchard J.J., Daughtridge G., Kolb R.J., Shanmugarajan S., Pandruvada S.N., Bateman T.A., Reddy S.V. Microarray profile of gene expression during osteoclast differentiation in modelled microgravity. J. Cell. Biochem. 2010, 111:1179-1187.
216. Santos A., Bakker A.D., Zandieh-Doulabi B., Semeins C.M., Klein-Nulend J. Pulsating fluid flow modulates gene expression of proteins involved in Wnt signaling pathways in osteocytes. J. Orthop. Res. 2009, 27:1280-1287.
217. Sassoli C., Pini A., Chellini F., Mazzanti B., Nistri S., Nosi D., Saccardi R., Quercioli F., Zecchi-Orlandini S., Formigli L. Bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells stimulate skeletal myoblast proliferation through the paracrine release of VEGF. PloS One 2012, 7:e37512.
218. Sawakami K., Robling A.G., Ai M., Pitner N.D., Liu D., Warden S.J., Li J., Maye P., Rowe D.W., Duncan R.L., Warman M.L., Turner C.H. The Wnt co-receptor LRP5 is essential for skeletal mechanotransduction but not for the anabolic bone response to parathyroid hormone treatment. J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281:23698-23711.
219. Sbardella D., Tundo G.R., Fasciglione G.F., Gioia M., Bisicchia S., Gasbarra E., Ippolito E., Tarantino U., Coletta M., Marini S. Role of metalloproteinases in tendon pathophysiology. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2014, 14:978-987.
220. Schaefer I., Norton R.A., Scheu S., Maraun M. Arthropod colonization of land-linking molecules and fossils in oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2010, 57:113-121.
221. Schiaffino S., Mammucari C. Regulation of skeletal muscle growth by the IGF1-Akt/PKB pathway: insights from genetic models. Skeletal Muscle 2011, 1:4.
222. Scotece M., Conde J., Abella V., Lopez V., Pino J., Lago F., Gomez-Reino J.J., Gualillo O. Bone metabolism and adipokines: are there perspectives for bone diseases drug discovery?. Expert Opin. Drug Discov. 2014, 9:945-957.
223. Seabra A., Marques E., Brito J., Krustrup P., Abreu S., Oliveira J., Rego C., Mota J., Rebelo A. Muscle strength and soccer practice as major determinants of bone mineral density in adolescents. Joint Bone Spine 2012, 79:403-408.
224. Selim A.A., Abdelmagid S.M., Kanaan R.A., Smock S.L., Owen T.A., Popoff S.N., Safadi F.F. Anti-osteoactivin antibody inhibits osteoblast differentiation and function in vitro. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 2003, 13:265-275.
225. Semenov M., Tamai K., He X. SOST is a ligand for LRP5/LRP6 and a Wnt signaling inhibitor. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:26770-26775.
226. Sharir A., Stern T., Rot C., Shahar R., Zelzer E. Muscle force regulates bone shaping for optimal load-bearing capacity during embryogenesis. Development 2011, 138:3247-3259.
227. Sharma A.R., Jagga S., Lee S.S., Nam J.S. Interplay between cartilage and subchondral bone contributing to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14:19805-19830.
228. Sheng M.H., Wergedal J.E., Mohan S., Lau K.H. Osteoactivin is a novel osteoclastic protein and plays a key role in osteoclast differentiation and activity. FEBS Lett. 2008, 582:1451-1458.
229. Sheng M.H., Zhou X.D., Bonewald L.F., Baylink D.J., Lau K.H. Disruption of the insulin-like growth factor-1 gene in osteocytes impairs developmental bone growth in mice. Bone 2013, 52:133-144.
230. Sims N.A., Johnson R.W. Leukemia inhibitory factor: a paracrine mediator of bone metabolism. Growth Factors 2012, 30:76-87.
231. Six I., Okazaki H., Gross P., Cagnard J., Boudot C., Maizel J., Drueke T.B., Massy Z.A. Direct, acute effects of Klotho and FGF23 on vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. PLoS One 2014, 9:e93423.
232. Sjoblom S., Suuronen J., Rikkonen T., Honkanen R., Kroger H., Sirola J. Relationship between postmenopausal osteoporosis and the components of clinical sarcopenia. Maturitas 2013, 75:175-180.
233. Smith S.M., Heer M.A., Shackelford L.C., Sibonga J.D., Ploutz-Snyder L., Zwart S.R. Benefits for bone from resistance exercise and nutrition in long-duration spaceflight: evidence from biochemistry and densitometry. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2012, 27:1896-1906.
234. Sondag G.R., Salihoglu S., Lababidi S.L., Crowder D.C., Moussa F.M., Abdelmagid S.M., Safadi F.F. Osteoactivin induces transdifferentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 2013.
235. Spector E.R., Smith S.M., Sibonga J.D. Skeletal effects of long-duration head-down bed rest. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 2009, 80:A23-28.
236. St-Jacques B., Hammerschmidt M., McMahon A.P. Indian hedgehog signaling regulates proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and is essential for bone formation. Genes Dev. 1999, 13:2072-2086.
237. Steelman C.A., Recknor J.C., Nettleton D., Reecy J.M. Transcriptional profiling of myostatin-knockout mice implicates Wnt signaling in postnatal skeletal muscle growth and hypertrophy. FASEB J. 2006, 20:580-582.
238. Stuempfle K.J., Drury D.G. The physiological consequences of bed rest. JEP online 2007, 10:32-41.
239. Sunters A., Armstrong V.J., Zaman G., Kypta R.M., Kawano Y., Lanyon L.E., Price J.S. Mechano-transduction in osteoblastic cells involves strain-regulated estrogen receptor alpha-mediated control of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I receptor sensitivity to ambient IGF, leading to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT-dependent Wnt/LRP5 receptor-independent activation of beta-catenin signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:8743-8758.
240. Szulc P., Blaizot S., Boutroy S., Vilayphiou N., Boonen S., Chapurlat R. Impaired bone microarchitecture at the distal radius in older men with low muscle mass and grip strength: the STRAMBO study. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2013, 28:169-178.
241. Tagaya Y., Kurys G., Thies T.A., Losi J.M., Azimi N., Hanover J.A., Bamford R.N., Waldmann T.A. Generation of secretable and nonsecretable interleukin 15 isoforms through alternate usage of signal peptides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1997, 94:14444-14449.
242. Tagliaferri C., Salles J., Landrier J.F., Giraudet C., Patrac V., Lebecque P., Davicco M.J., Chanet A., Pouyet C., Dhaussy A., Huertas A., Boirie Y., Wittrant Y., Coxam V., Walrand S. Increased body fat mass and tissue lipotoxicity associated with ovariectomy or high-fat diet differentially affects bone and skeletal muscle metabolism in rats. Eur. J. Nutr. 2014, (November 5). [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 25370302 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher].
243. Tahimic C.G., Wang Y., Bikle D.D. Anabolic effects of IGF-1 signaling on the skeleton. Front. Endocrinol. 2013, 4:6.
244. Tamma R., Colaianni G., Camerino C., Di Benedetto A., Greco G., Strippoli M., Vergari R., Grano A., Mancini L., Mori G., Colucci S., Grano M., Zallone A. Microgravity during spaceflight directly affects in vitro osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. FASEB J. 2009, 23:2549-2554.
245. Tanaka H., Swensen T. Impact of resistance training on endurance performance. A new form of cross-training?. Sports Med. 1998, 25:191-200.
246. Tanaka K., Inoue Y., Hendy G.N., Canaff L., Katagiri T., Kitazawa R., Komori T., Sugimoto T., Seino S., Kaji H. Interaction of Tmem119 and the bone morphogenetic protein pathway in the commitment of myoblastic into osteoblastic cells. Bone 2012, 51:158-167.
247. Tanaka K., Matsumoto E., Higashimaki Y., Katagiri T., Sugimoto T., Seino S., Kaji H. Role of osteoglycin in the linkage between muscle and bone. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:11616-11628.
248. Tanaka K., Matsumoto E., Higashimaki Y., Sugimoto T., Seino S., Kaji H. FAM5C is a soluble osteoblast differentiation factor linking muscle to bone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 418:134-139.
249. Tappenden P., Campbell F., Rawdin A., Wong R., Kalita N. The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of home-based, nurse-led health promotion for older people: a systematic review. Health Technol. Assess. 2012, 16:1-72.
250. Tatsumi S., Ishii K., Amizuka N., Li M., Kobayashi T., Kohno K., Ito M., Takeshita S., Ikeda K. Targeted ablation of osteocytes induces osteoporosis with defective mechanotransduction. Cell Metab. 2007, 5:464-475.
251. Terracciano C., Celi M., Lecce D., Baldi J., Rastelli E., Lena E., Massa R., Tarantino U. Differential features of muscle fiber atrophy in osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Osteop. Int. 2013, 24:1095-1100.
252. Tinetti M.E. Clinical practice. Preventing falls in elderly persons. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003, 348:42-49.
253. Trappe S., Costill D., Gallagher P., Creer A., Peters J.R., Evans H., Riley D.A., Fitts R.H. Exercise in space: human skeletal muscle after 6 months aboard the International Space Station. J. Appl. Physiol. 2009, 106:1159-1168.
254. Trappe T. Influence of aging and long-term unloading on the structure and function of human skeletal muscle. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2009, 34:459-464.
255. Trayhurn P., Drevon C.A., Eckel J. Secreted proteins from adipose tissue and skeletal muscle - adipokines, myokines and adipose/muscle cross-talk. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 2011, 117:47-56.
256. Turner C.H. Three rules for bone adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Bone 1998, 23:399-407.
257. Utvag S.E., Grundnes O., Rindal D.B., Reikeras O. Influence of extensive muscle injury on fracture healing in rat tibia. J. Orthop. Trauma 2003, 17:430-435.
258. Valdes J.A., Flores S., Fuentes E.N., Osorio-Fuentealba C., Jaimovich E., Molina A. IGF-1 induces IP3 -dependent calcium signal involved in the regulation of myostatin gene expression mediated by NFAT during myoblast differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 2013, 228:1452-1463.
259. Vandenburgh H., Chromiak J., Shansky J., Del Tatto M., Lemaire J. Space travel directly induces skeletal muscle atrophy. FASEB J. 1999, 13:1031-1038.
260. van Bezooijen R.L., Svensson J.P., Eefting D., Visser A., van der Horst G., Karperien M., Quax P.H., Vrieling H., Papapoulos S.E., ten Dijke P., Lowik C.W. Wnt but not BMP signaling is involved in the inhibitory action of sclerostin on BMP-stimulated bone formation. J. Bone Miner. Res. 2007, 22:19-28.
261. van Driel M., Koedam M., Buurman C.J., Roelse M., Weyts F., Chiba H., Uitterlinden A.G., Pols H.A., van Leeuwen J.P. Evidence that both 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 24-hydroxylated D3 enhance human osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. J. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 99:922-935.
262. Visvanathan R., Macintosh C., Callary M., Penhall R., Horowitz M., Chapman I. The nutritional status of 250 older Australian recipients of domiciliary care services and its association with outcomes at 12 months. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2003, 51:1007-1011.
263. Volkmann D., Baluska F. Gravity: one of the driving forces for evolution. Protoplasma 2006, 229:143-148.
264. Vortkamp A., Lee K., Lanske B., Segre G.V., Kronenberg H.M., Tabin C.J. Regulation of rate of cartilage differentiation by Indian hedgehog and PTH-related protein. Science 1996, 273:613-622.
265. von Maltzahn J., Chang N.C., Bentzinger C.F., Rudnicki M.A. Wnt signaling in myogenesis. Trends Cell Biol. 2012, 22:602-609.
266. Walrand S., Guillet C., Salles J., Cano N., Boirie Y. Physiopathological mechanism of sarcopenia. Clin. Geriatr. Med. 2011, 27:365-385.
267. Wang H., Wan Y., Tam F., Ling S., Bai Y., Deng Y., Liu Y., Zhang H., Cheung W.H., Qin L., Cheng J.C., Leung K.S., Li Y. Resistive vibration exercise retards bone loss in weight-bearing skeletons during 60 days bed rest. Osteoporosis Int. 2012, 23:2169-2178.
268. Wauquier F., Leotoing L., Coxam V., Guicheux J., Wittrant Y. Oxidative stress in bone remodelling and disease. Trends Mol. Med. 2009, 15:468-477.
269. Weigert C., Hennige A.M., Brodbeck K., Haring H.U., Schleicher E.D. Interleukin-6 acts as insulin sensitizer on glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscle cells by phosphorylation of Ser473 of Akt. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005, 289:E251-E257.
270. Welch A.A. Nutritional influences on age-related skeletal muscle loss. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 2014, 73:16-33.
271. Wicherts I.S., van Schoor N.M., Boeke A.J., Visser M., Deeg D.J., Smit J., Knol D.L., Lips P. Vitamin D status predicts physical performance and its decline in older persons. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92:2058-2065.
272. Widrick J.J., Knuth S.T., Norenberg K.M., Romatowski J.G., Bain J.L., Riley D.A., Karhanek M., Trappe S.W., Trappe T.A., Costill D.L., Fitts R.H. Effect of a 17 day spaceflight on contractile properties of human soleus muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 1999, 516(Pt 3):915-930.
273. Wild C.P. The exposome: from concept to utility. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 41:24-32.
274. Winkler D.G., Sutherland M.K., Geoghegan J.C., Yu C., Hayes T., Skonier J.E., Shpektor D., Jonas M., Kovacevich B.R., Staehling-Hampton K., Appleby M., Brunkow M.E., Latham J.A. Osteocyte control of bone formation via sclerostin, a novel BMP antagonist. EMBO J. 2003, 22:6267-6276.
275. Woo S.L., Kuei S.C., Amiel D., Gomez M.A., Hayes W.C., White F.C., Akeson W.H. The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 1981, 63:780-787.
276. Wronski T.J., Morey-Holton E.R., Doty S.B., Maese A.C., Walsh C.C. Histomorphometric analysis of rat skeleton following spaceflight. Am. J. Physiol. 1987, 252:R252-255.
277. Yang W., Chen Y., Zhang Y., Wang X., Yang N., Zhu D. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in myostatin-regulated differentiation repression. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:1320-1326.
278. Yasui A., Nishizawa H., Okuno Y., Morita K., Kobayashi H., Kawai K., Matsuda M., Kishida K., Kihara S., Kamei Y., Ogawa Y., Funahashi T., Shimomura I. Foxo1 represses expression of musclin, a skeletal muscle-derived secretory factor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 364:358-365.
279. Zacks S.I., Sheff M.F. Periosteal and metaplastic bone formation in mouse minced muscle regeneration. Lab. Investig. 1982, 46:405-412.
280. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
281. Zhang J., Cheng J., Tu Q., Chen J.J. Effects of Irisin on Bone Metabolism and its Signal Mechanism, ASBMR 2013 Annual Meeting 2013, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, MD.
282. Zhu J., Li Y., Shen W., Qiao C., Ambrosio F., Lavasani M., Nozaki M., Branca M.F., Huard J. Relationships between transforming growth factor-beta1, myostatin, and decorin: implications for skeletal muscle fibrosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:25852-25863.
283. Zimmers T.A., Davies M.V., Koniaris L.G., Haynes P., Esquela A.F., Tomkinson K.N., McPherron A.C., Wolfman N.M., Lee S.J. Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin. Science 2002, 296:1486-1488.
284. Zuloaga R., Fuentes E.N., Molina A., Valdes J.A. The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) is activated by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and regulates myostatin gene expression in skeletal myoblast. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2013, 440:258-264.