Fish consumption and risk of gastrointestinal cancers: A meta-analysis of cohort studies

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 41, 2014, Pages 15398-15412

  Yu, Xiao Feng ^a   Zou, Jian ^a   Dong, Jie ^a  

^a FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Cancer prevention; Diet; Fish intake; Gastrointestinal cancer

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; COLON CANCER; COLORECTAL CANCER; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; EMBASE; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FISH; FOLLOW UP; FOOD INTAKE; HUMAN; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; PANCREAS CANCER; PUBLICATION; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; RISK REDUCTION; SCISEARCH; STOMACH CANCER; ADVERSE EFFECTS; ANIMAL; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIET; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; INCIDENCE; LIVER NEOPLASMS; PROTECTION; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEA FOOD;

ANIMALS; COHORT STUDIES; DIET; FISHES; GASTROINTESTINAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIVER NEOPLASMS; ODDS RATIO; PROTECTIVE FACTORS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEAFOOD;

EID: 84912059301     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i41.15398     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 225-249 [PMID: 19474385 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20006]
2. Key TJ, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Allen NE, Spencer EA, Travis RC. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer. Public Health Nutr 2004; 7: 187-200 [PMID: 14972060 DOI: 10.1079/PHN2003588]
3. Gonzalez CA. Nutrition and cancer: the current epidemiological evidence. Br J Nutr 2006; 96 Suppl 1: S42-S45 [PMID: 16923250]
4. Wiseman M. The second World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research expert report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Proc Nutr Soc 2008; 67: 253-256 [PMID: 18452640 DOI: 10.1017/S002966510800712X]
5. Pietinen P, Malila N, Virtanen M, Hartman TJ, Tangrea JA, Albanes D, Virtamo J. Diet and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of Finnish men. Cancer Causes Control 1999; 10: 387-396 [PMID: 10530608]
6. Mikoczy Z, Rylander L. Mortality and cancer incidence in cohorts of Swedish fishermen and fishermen's wives: updated findings. Chemosphere 2009; 74: 938-943 [PMID: 19041115 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.006]
7. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer. A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research, 2007
8. Chan JM, Gann PH, Giovannucci EL. Role of diet in prostate cancer development and progression. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8152-8160 [PMID: 16278466 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.1492]
9. Kelavkar UP, Parwani AV, Shappell SB, Martin WD. Conditional expression of human 15-lipoxygenase-1 in mouse prostate induces prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: the FLiMP mouse model. Neoplasia 2006; 8: 510-522 [PMID: 16820097 DOI: 10.1593/neo.06202]
10. Brown MD, Hart CA, Gazi E, Bagley S, Clarke NW. Promotion of prostatic metastatic migration towards human bone marrow stoma by Omega 6 and its inhibition by Omega 3 PUFAs. Br J Cancer 2006; 94: 842-853 [PMID: 16523199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603030]
11. Chen H, Ward MH, Graubard BI, Heineman EF, Markin RM, Potischman NA, Russell RM, Weisenburger DD, Tucker KL. Dietary patterns and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and distal stomach. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75: 137-144 [PMID: 11756071]
12. Hu J, La Vecchia C, DesMeules M, Negri E, Mery L. Meat and fish consumption and cancer in Canada. Nutr Cancer 2008; 60: 313-324 [PMID: 18444165 DOI: 10.1080/0163558070 1759724]
13. Pourfarzi F, Whelan A, Kaldor J, Malekzadeh R. The role of diet and other environmental factors in the causation of gastric cancer in Iran - a population based study. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1953-1960 [PMID: 19569234 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24499]
14. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB. Metaanalysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 2000; 283: 2008-2012 [PMID: 10789670 DOI: 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008]
15. Greenland S, Longnecker MP. Methods for trend estimation from summarized dose-response data, with applications to meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135: 1301-1309 [PMID: 1626547]
16. Orsini N, Bellocco R, Greenland S. Generalized least squares for trend estimation of summarized dose-response data. Stata J 2006; 6: 40-57
17. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1664-1672 [PMID: 2172820 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199012133232404]
18. Bostick RM, Potter JD, Kushi LH, Sellers TA, Steinmetz KA, McKenzie DR, Gapstur SM, Folsom AR. Sugar, meat, and fat intake, and non-dietary risk factors for colon cancer incidence in Iowa women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 38-52 [PMID: 8123778 DOI: 10.1007/BF01830725]
19. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2390-2397 [PMID: 8162586]
20. Kato I, Akhmedkhanov A, Koenig K, Toniolo PG, Shore RE, Riboli E. Prospective study of diet and female colorectal cancer: the New York University Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer 1997; 28: 276-281 [PMID: 9343837 DOI: 10.1080/01635589709514588]
21. Hsing AW, McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Schuman LM, Co Chien HT, Gridley G, Bjelke E, Wacholder S, Blot WJ. Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men. Int J Cancer 1998; 77: 549-553 [PMID: 9679757]
22. Knekt P, Järvinen R, Dich J, Hakulinen T. Risk of colorectal and other gastro-intestinal cancers after exposure to nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds: a follow-up study. Int J Cancer 1999; 80: 852-856 [PMID: 10074917]
23. Tiemersma EW, Kampman E, Bueno de Mesquita HB, Bunschoten A, van Schothorst EM, Kok FJ, Kromhout D. Meat consumption, cigarette smoking, and genetic susceptibility in the etiology of colorectal cancer: results from a Dutch prospective study. Cancer Causes Control 2002; 13: 383-393 [PMID: 12074508]
24. English DR, MacInnis RJ, Hodge AM, Hopper JL, Haydon AM, Giles GG. Red meat, chicken, and fish consumption and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1509-1514 [PMID: 15342453]
25. Kojima M, Wakai K, Tamakoshi K, Tokudome S, Toyoshima H, Watanabe Y, Hayakawa N, Suzuki K, Hashimoto S, Ito Y, Tamakoshi A. Diet and colorectal cancer mortality: results from the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Nutr Cancer 2004; 50: 23-32 [PMID: 15572294 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5001-4]
26. Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ. Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 118-121 [PMID: 14710217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601441]
27. Larsson SC, Rafter J, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Red meat consumption and risk of cancers of the proximal colon, distal colon and rectum: the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Int J Cancer 2005; 113: 829-834 [PMID: 15499619 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20658]
28. Lüchtenborg M, Weijenberg MP, de Goeij AF, Wark PA, Brink M, Roemen GM, Lentjes MH, de Bruïne AP, Goldbohm RA, van 't Veer P, van den Brandt PA. Meat and fish consumption, APC gene mutations and hMLH1 expression in colon and rectal cancer: a prospective cohort study (The Netherlands). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 1041-1054 [PMID: 16184469 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-0239-0]
29. Norat T, Bingham S, Ferrari P, Slimani N, Jenab M, Mazuir M, Overvad K, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Clavel F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Kesse E, Boeing H, Bergmann MM, Nieters A, Linseisen J, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Tountas Y, Berrino F, Palli D, Panico S, Tumino R, Vineis P, Buenode-Mesquita HB, Peeters PH, Engeset D, Lund E, Skeie G, Ardanaz E, González C, Navarro C, Quirós JR, Sanchez MJ, Berglund G, Mattisson I, Hallmans G, Palmqvist R, Day NE, Khaw KT, Key TJ, San Joaquin M, Hémon B, Saracci R, Kaaks R, Riboli E. Meat, fish, and colorectal cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into cancer and nutrition. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 906-916 [PMID: 15956652 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji164]
30. Engeset D, Andersen V, Hjartåker A, Lund E. Consumption of fish and risk of colon cancer in the Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) study. Br J Nutr 2007; 98: 576-582 [PMID: 17419892 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114507721487]
31. Hall MN, Chavarro JE, Lee IM, Willett WC, Ma J. A 22-year prospective study of fish, n-3 fatty acid intake, and colorectal cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 1136-1143 [PMID: 18483335 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965. EPI-07-2803]
32. Lee SA, Shu XO, Yang G, Li H, Gao YT, Zheng W. Animal origin foods and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Nutr Cancer 2009; 61: 194-205 [PMID: 19235035 DOI: 10.1080/01635580802419780]
33. Sugawara Y, Kuriyama S, Kakizaki M, Nagai M, Ohmori-Matsuda K, Sone T, Hozawa A, Nishino Y, Tsuji I. Fish consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer: the Ohsaki Cohort Study. Br J Cancer 2009; 101: 849-854 [PMID: 19638981 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605217]
34. Spencer EA, Key TJ, Appleby PN, Dahm CC, Keogh RH, Fentiman IS, Akbaraly T, Brunner EJ, Burley V, Cade JE, Greenwood DC, Stephen AM, Mishra G, Kuh D, Luben R, Mulligan AA, Khaw KT, Rodwell SA. Meat, poultry and fish and risk of colorectal cancer: pooled analysis of data from the UK dietary cohort consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2010; 21: 1417-1425 [PMID: 20437091 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-010-9569-7]
35. Daniel CR, Cross AJ, Graubard BI, Hollenbeck AR, Park Y, Sinha R. Prospective investigation of poultry and fish intake in relation to cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4: 1903-1911 [PMID: 21803982 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0241]
36. Nomura A, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN, Severson RK. A prospective study of stomach cancer and its relation to diet, cigarettes, and alcohol consumption. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 627-631 [PMID: 2297702]
37. Ngoan LT, Mizoue T, Fujino Y, Tokui N, Yoshimura T. Dietary factors and stomach cancer mortality. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 37-42 [PMID: 12085253 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600415]
38. Sauvaget C, Lagarde F, Nagano J, Soda M, Koyama K, Kodama K. Lifestyle factors, radiation and gastric cancer in atomicbomb survivors (Japan). Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16: 773-780 [PMID: 16132787 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-005-5385-x]
39. Tokui N, Yoshimura T, Fujino Y, Mizoue T, Hoshiyama Y, Yatsuya H, Sakata K, Kondo T, Kikuchi S, Toyoshima H, Hayakawa N, Kubo T, Tamakoshi A. Dietary habits and stomach cancer risk in the JACC Study. J Epidemiol 2005; 15 Suppl 2: S98-108 [PMID: 16127240 DOI: 10.2188/jea.15.S98]
40. Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Processed meat consumption, dietary nitrosamines and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 915-919 [PMID: 16550597 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21925]
41. Zheng W, McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, Bjelke E, Schuman LM, Silverman DT, Wacholder S, Co-Chien HT, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF. A cohort study of smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary factors for pancreatic cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 477-482 [PMID: 8218880 DOI: 10.1007/BF00050867]
42. Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Pietinen P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, Albanes D. Prospective study of diet and pancreatic cancer in male smokers. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155: 783-792 [PMID: 11978580 DOI: 10.1093/aje/155.9.783]
43. Michaud DS, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Fuchs CS. Dietary meat, dairy products, fat, and cholesterol and pancreatic cancer risk in a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 2003; 157: 1115-1125 [PMID: 12796048 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwg098]
44. Nöthlings U, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP, Hankin JH, Henderson BE, Kolonel LN. Meat and fat intake as risk factors for pancreatic cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 1458-1465 [PMID: 16204695 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji292]
45. Larsson SC, Håkanson N, Permert J, Wolk A. Meat, fish, poultry and egg consumption in relation to risk of pancreatic cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 2866-2870 [PMID: 16385571 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21732]
46. Lin Y, Kikuchi S, Tamakoshi A, Yagyu K, Obata Y, Inaba Y, Kurosawa M, Kawamura T, Motohashi Y, Ishibashi T. Dietary habits and pancreatic cancer risk in a cohort of middleaged and elderly Japanese. Nutr Cancer 2006; 56: 40-49 [PMID: 17176216 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc5601-6]
47. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Meat and fat intake and pancreatic cancer risk in the Netherlands Cohort Study. Int J Cancer 2009; 125: 1118-1126 [PMID: 19452526 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24387]
48. Rohrmann S, Linseisen J, Nöthlings U, Overvad K, Egeberg R, Tjønneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Cottet V, Pala V, Tumino R, Palli D, Panico S, Vineis P, Boeing H, Pischon T, Grote V, Teucher B, Khaw KT, Wareham NJ, Crowe FL, Goufa I, Orfanos P, Trichopoulou A, Jeurnink SM, Siersema PD, Peeters PH, Brustad M, Engeset D, Skeie G, Duell EJ, Amiano P, Barricarte A, Molina-Montes E, Rodríguez L, Tormo MJ, Sund M, Ye W, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Ferrari P, Jenab M, Slimani N, Ward H, Riboli E, Norat T, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB. Meat and fish consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Int J Cancer 2013; 132: 617-624 [PMID: 22610753 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27637]
49. Kjaerheim K, Gaard M, Andersen A. The role of alcohol, tobacco, and dietary factors in upper aerogastric tract cancers: a prospective study of 10,900 Norwegian men. Cancer Causes Control 1998; 9: 99-108 [PMID: 9486469]
50. Kinjo Y, Cui Y, Akiba S, Watanabe S, Yamaguchi N, Sobue T, Mizuno S, Beral V. Mortality risks of oesophageal cancer associated with hot tea, alcohol, tobacco and diet in Japan. J Epidemiol 1998; 8: 235-243 [PMID: 9816815 DOI: 10.2188/jea.8.235]
51. Kurozawa Y, Ogimoto I, Shibata A, Nose T, Yoshimura T, Suzuki H, Sakata R, Fujita Y, Ichikawa S, Iwai N, Fukuda K, Tamakoshi A. Dietary habits and risk of death due to hepatocellular carcinoma in a large scale cohort study in Japan. Univariate analysis of JACC study data. Kurume Med J 2004; 51: 141-149 [PMID: 15373231 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.51.141]
52. Sawada N, Inoue M, Iwasaki M, Sasazuki S, Shimazu T, Yamaji T, Takachi R, Tanaka Y, Mizokami M, Tsugane S. Consumption of n-3 fatty acids and fish reduces risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 1468-1475 [PMID: 22342990 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.018]
53. Larsson SC, Kumlin M, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Wolk A. Dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids for the prevention of cancer: a review of potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79: 935-945 [PMID: 15159222]
54. Chapkin RS, McMurray DN, Lupton JR. Colon cancer, fatty acids and anti-inflammatory compounds. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2007; 23: 48-54 [PMID: 17133085 DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32801145d7]
55. Calder PC, Yaqoob P, Thies F, Wallace FA, Miles EA. Fatty acids and lymphocyte functions. Br J Nutr 2002; 87 Suppl 1: S31-S48 [PMID: 11895154 DOI: 10.1079/BJN2001455]
56. Serhan CN, Savill J. Resolution of inflammation: the beginning programs the end. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 1191-1197 [PMID: 16369558 DOI: 10.1038/ni1276]
57. Karin M. Nuclear factor-kappaB in cancer development and progression. Nature 2006; 441: 431-436 [PMID: 16724054 DOI: 10.1038/nature04870]
58. Clevers H. At the crossroads of inflammation and cancer. Cell 2004; 118: 671-674 [PMID: 15369667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.005]
59. Sauer LA, Blask DE, Dauchy RT. Dietary factors and growth and metabolism in experimental tumors. J Nutr Biochem 2007; 18: 637-649 [PMID: 17418560 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.009]
60. Novak TE, Babcock TA, Jho DH, Helton WS, Espat NJ. NFkappa B inhibition by omega -3 fatty acids modulates LPSstimulated macrophage TNF-alpha transcription. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284: L84-L89 [PMID: 12388359]
61. Schley PD, Brindley DN, Field CJ. (n-3) PUFA alter raft lipid composition and decrease epidermal growth factor receptor levels in lipid rafts of human breast cancer cells. J Nutr 2007; 137: 548-553 [PMID: 17311938]
62. Stoll BA. N-3 fatty acids and lipid peroxidation in breast cancer inhibition. Br J Nutr 2002; 87: 193-198 [PMID: 12064327]
63. Fan YY, Spencer TE, Wang N, Moyer MP, Chapkin RS. Chemopreventive n-3 fatty acids activate RXRalpha in colonocytes. Carcinogenesis 2003; 24: 1541-1548 [PMID: 12844485 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgg110]
64. Aktas H, Halperin JA. Translational regulation of gene expression by omega-3 fatty acids. J Nutr 2004; 134: 2487S-2491S [PMID: 15333747]
65. Center MM, Jemal A, Ward E. International trends in colorectal cancer incidence rates. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18: 1688-1694 [PMID: 19505900 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965. EPI-09-0090]
66. Geelen A, Schouten JM, Kamphuis C, Stam BE, Burema J, Renkema JM, Bakker EJ, van't Veer P, Kampman E. Fish consumption, n-3 fatty acids, and colorectal cancer: a metaanalysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Epidemiol 2007; 166: 1116-1125 [PMID: 17823383 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwm197]
67. Wu S, Feng B, Li K, Zhu X, Liang S, Liu X, Han S, Wang B, Wu K, Miao D, Liang J, Fan D. Fish consumption and colorectal cancer risk in humans: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Med 2012; 125: 551-559.e5 [PMID: 22513196 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.01.022]
68. Li M, Li JY, Zhao AL, Gu J. Colorectal cancer or colon and rectal cancer? Clinicopathological comparison between colonic and rectal carcinomas. Oncology 2007; 73: 52-57 [PMID: 18334831 DOI: 10.1159/000120628]
69. Wu S, Liang J, Zhang L, Zhu X, Liu X, Miao D. Fish consumption and the risk of gastric cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2011; 11: 26 [PMID: 21247502 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-26]
70. Tsugane S. Salt, salted food intake, and risk of gastric cancer: epidemiologic evidence. Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 1-6 [PMID: 15649247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00006.x]
71. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Processed meat consumption and stomach cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98: 1078-1087 [PMID: 16882945 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj301]
72. Jakszyn P, Gonzalez CA. Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4296-4303 [PMID: 16865769]
73. Chen W, Weisburger JH, Fiala ES, Spratt TE, Carmella SG, Chen D, Hecht SS. Gastric carcinogenesis: 2-chloro-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, a novel mutagen in salted, pickled Sanma hiraki fish, or similarly treated methionine. Chem Res Toxicol 1996; 9: 58-66 [PMID: 8924617 DOI: 10.1021/tx9500585]
74. Chavarro JE, Stampfer MJ, Campos H, Kurth T, Willett WC, Ma J. A prospective study of trans-fatty acid levels in blood and risk of prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17: 95-101 [PMID: 18199715 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965. EPI-07-0673]
75. Li D, Day RS, Bondy ML, Sinha R, Nguyen NT, Evans DB, Abbruzzese JL, Hassan MM. Dietary mutagen exposure and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16: 655-661 [PMID: 17416754 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965. EPI-06-0993]
76. Ohba S, Nishi M, Miyake H. Eating habits and pancreas cancer. Int J Pancreatol 1996; 20: 37-42 [PMID: 8872522]
77. Norell SE, Ahlbom A, Erwald R, Jacobson G, Lindberg-Navier I, Olin R, Törnberg B, Wiechel KL. Diet and pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 894-902 [PMID: 3776972]
78. He K, Xun P, Brasky TM, Gammon MD, Stevens J, White E. Types of fish consumed and fish preparation methods in relation to pancreatic cancer incidence: the VITAL Cohort Study. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 177: 152-160 [PMID: 23221729 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws232]
79. Freedman ND, Cross AJ, McGlynn KA, Abnet CC, Park Y, Hollenbeck AR, Schatzkin A, Everhart JE, Sinha R. Association of meat and fat intake with liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in the NIH-AARP cohort. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102: 1354-1365 [PMID: 20729477 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq301]
80. Talamini R, Polesel J, Montella M, Dal Maso L, Crispo A, Tommasi LG, Izzo F, Crovatto M, La Vecchia C, Franceschi S. Food groups and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A multicenter case-control study in Italy. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 2916-2921 [PMID: 16998792 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22267]
81. Wang MP, Thomas GN, Ho SY, Lai HK, Mak KH, Lam TH. Fish consumption and mortality in Hong Kong Chinese - the LIMOR study. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21: 164-169 [PMID: 21109449 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.10.010]
82. Srivatanakul P, Parkin DM, Khlat M, Chenvidhya D, Chotiwan P, Insiripong S, L'Abbé KA, Wild CP. Liver cancer in Thailand. II. A case-control study of hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 329-332 [PMID: 1645698 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910480303]
83. Fukuda K, Shibata A, Hirohata I, Tanikawa K, Yamaguchi G, Ishii M. A hospital-based case-control study on hepatocellular carcinoma in Fukuoka and Saga Prefectures, northern Kyushu, Japan. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84: 708-714 [PMID: 8396564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02033.x]
84. Cooper AL, Gibbons L, Horan MA, Little RA, Rothwell NJ. Effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on fever and cytokine production in human volunteers. Clin Nutr 1993; 12: 321-328 [PMID: 16843333 DOI: 10.1016/0261-5614(93)90027-2]
85. Vedin I, Cederholm T, Freund Levi Y, Basun H, Garlind A, Faxén Irving G, Jönhagen ME, Vessby B, Wahlund LO, Palmblad J. Effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich n-3 fatty acid supplementation on cytokine release from blood mononuclear leukocytes: the OmegAD study. Am J Clin Nutr 2008; 87: 1616-1622 [PMID: 18541548]
86. Berasain C, Castillo J, Perugorria MJ, Latasa MU, Prieto J, Avila MA. Inflammation and liver cancer: new molecular links. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1155: 206-221 [PMID: 19250206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03704.x]
87. Wall R, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, Stanton C. Fatty acids from fish: the anti-inflammatory potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Nutr Rev 2010; 68: 280-289 [PMID: 20500789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00287.x]
88. Ngoan le T, Thu NT, Lua NT, Hang LT, Bich NN, Hieu NV, Quyet HV, Tai le T, Van do D, Khan NC, Mai le B, Tokudome S, Yoshimura T. Cooking temperature, heat-generated carcinogens, and the risk of stomach and colorectal cancers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2009; 10: 83-86 [PMID: 19469630]