Bioproducts from seaweeds: A review with special focus on the Iberian Peninsula

Current Organic Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2014, Pages 896-917

  Cardoso, Susana M ^a   Carvalho, Loïc G ^b   Silva, Paulo J ^b   Rodrigues, Mara S ^c   Pereira, Olívia R ^a,c   Pereira, Leonel ^b  

^a POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COIMBRA   (Portugal)

^c INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO DE BRAGANÇA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Bioactives; Fucoidans; Hydrocolloids; Laminarans; Macroalgae; Phenolic compounds; Proteins; Seaweeds; Ulvans

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; PHENOLS; POLYSACCHARIDES; SEAWEED;

BIOACTIVES; BIOPRODUCTS; FUCOIDANS; HYDROCOLLOID; IBERIAN PENINSULA; LAMINARANS; LITTORAL ZONE; MACRO-ALGAE; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; ULVAN;

PROTEINS;

EID: 84904506829     PISSN: 13852728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/138527281807140515154116     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Pereira, L.; Amado, A.M.; Critchley, A.T.; van de Velde, F.; Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. Identification of selected seaweed polysaccharides (phycocolloids) by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman). Food Hydrocolloid., 2009a, 23(7), 1903-1909.
2. Pereira, L. Seaweed: An unsuspected gastronomic treasury. Chaîne de Rôtisseurs Magazine, 2010a, 2(50).
3. Pereira, L. Littoral of Viana do Castelo - ALGAE: Uses in agriculture, gastronomy and food industry (Bilingual); Camara Municipal de Viana do Castelo: Viana do Castelo, 2010b.
4. Pereira, L. Guia Ilustrado das Macroalgas - Conhecer e reconhecer algumas espécies da flora portuguesa; Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra: Coimbra, 2009b.
5. Pereira, L. A review of the nutrient composition of selected edible seaweeds. In: Seaweed; Pomin V.H., Ed.; Nova Science Publishers Inc: New York, 2011; pp. 15-47.
6. FAO The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2010, FAO: Rome, 2010; pp. 197.
7. Laurienzo, P. Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications: An Overview. Mar. Drugs, 2010, 8(9), 2435-2465.
8. Harnedy, P.A.; FitzGerald, R.J. Bioactive proteins, peptides, and amino acids from macroalgae. J. Phycol., 2011, 47(2), 218-232.
9. Ale, M.T.; Mikkelsen, J.D.; Meyer, A.S. Important determinants for fucoidan bioactivity: a critical review of structure-function relations and extraction methods for fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweeds. Mar. Drugs, 2011, 9(10), 2106-2130.
10. Sitompul, J.P.; Bayu, A.; Soerawidjaja, T.H.; Lee, H.W. Studies of biogas production from green seaweeds. Int. J. Environ. Bio., 2013, 132-144.
11. Edyvean, R.G.J.; Stanley, I.M.; Stanley, S.O. Biogas Production from Seaweed Waste Following Alginate Extraction. In Biodeterioration 7, Springer: Netherlands, 1988; pp. 819-824.
12. Hughes, A.D.; Black, K.D.; Campbell, I.; Heymans, J.J.; Orr, K.K.; Stanley, M.S.; Kelly, M.S. Comments on Prospects for the use of macroalgae for fuel in Ireland and UK: An overview of marine management issues. Mar. Policy, 2013, 38, 554-556.
13. Daroch, M.; Geng, S.; Wang, G. Recent advances in liquid biofuel production from algal feedstocks. Appl. Energ., 2013, 102, 1371-1381.
14. Jung, K.A.; Lim, S.-R.; Kim, Y.; Park, J.M. Potentials of macroalgae as feedstocks for biorefinery. Bioresourse Technol., 2012, 135, 182-190.
15. Wei, N.; Quarterman, J.; Jin, Y.-S. Marine macroalgae: an untapped resource for producing fuels and chemicals. Trends Biotechnol., 2013, 31(2), 70-77.
16. McHugh, D.J. A Guide to the Seaweed Industry; FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 441: Rome, 2003.
17. FAO, Highlights of special studies. In: The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2004; FAO: Sofia, 2004.
18. Sousa-Pinto, I.; Abreu, H. The seaweed resources of Portugal. In: World Seaweed Resources: an authoritative reference system; Critchley A.T. Ohno, M., and Largo D., Eds.; ETI Information Services Ltd., 2006.
19. Pereira, L. MACOI - Portuguese seaweeds website. http://macoi.ci.uc.pt/(accessed September, 2013).
20. Ardre, F. Contribuição a l'etude des algues marines du Portugal. La flore Port, 1970, 1-4.
21. Gaspar R.; Pereira, L.; Neto, J.M. Ecological reference conditions and quality states of marine macroalgae sensu Water Framework Directive: An example from the intertidal rocky shores of the Portuguese coastal waters. Ecol. Ind., 2012, 24-38.
22. Vieira, V.V.; Santos, M. Directorio de aquacultura e biotecnologia marinha. Escola Superior de Biotecnologia da Universidade Catolica Portuguesa: Porto, 1995; pp. 113.
23. Pereira, L.; Gheda, S.F.; Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. Analysis by vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed polysaccharides with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Int. J. Carbohyd. Chem., 2013c, 1-7.
24. Xunta de Galicia- Conselleria de Pesca y Asuntos Maritimos (CARASEA), Approach to a sustainable exploitation of carrageenan seaweed resources in Galicia and Ireland. European Directory of Marine Environmental Research Projects, 2008.
25. Cremades, J.; Barbara, I.; Veiga, A.J. Intertidal vegetation and its commercial potential on the shores of Galicia (NW Iberian Peninsula). Thalassas, Int. J. Mar. Sci., 2004, 20 (2), 69-80.
26. Holdt, S.L.; Kraan, S. Bioactive compounds in seaweed: functional food applications and legislation. J. Appl. Phycol., 2011, 23(3), 543-597.
27. Chandini, S.K.; Ganesan, P.; Bhaskar, N. In vitro antioxidant activities of three selected brown seaweeds of India. Food Chem., 2008, 107(2), 707-713.
28. Murata, M.; Nakazoe, J. Production and use of marine algae in Japan. Jpn. Agr. Res. Q., 2001, (35), 281-290.
29. Bixler, H.J.; Porse, H. A decade of change in the seaweed hydrocolloids industry. J. Appl. Phycol., 2011, 23(3), 321-335.
30. Lorbeer, A.J.; Tham, R.; Zhang, W. Potential products from the highly diverse and endemic macroalgae of Southern Australia and pathways for their sustainable production. J. Appl. Phycol., 2013, 25(3), 717-732.
31. Minghou, J. Processing and extraction of phycocolloids. In: Regional Workshop on the Culture and Utilization of Seaweeds; FAO Technical Resource Papers: Cebu City, 1990; Vol. II.
32. van de Velde, F.; De Ruiter, G.A. Carreganeen. In: Biopolymers. Polysaccharides II, polysaccharides from eukaryotes; VanDamme E. J.; DeBaets S.; Steinbuchel A. Eds.; Wiley Weinheim, 2002; Vol. 6, pp. 245-274.
33. Dhargalkar, V.K.; Pereira, N. Seaweed: Promising plant of the millennium. Sci. Cult., 2005, 71, 60-66.
34. Pereira, L. Estudos em macroalgas carragenófitas (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae) da costa portuguesa - aspectos ecológicos, bioquímicos e citológicos. PhD Thesis; Universidade de Coimbra: Coimbra, November 2004.
35. Pereira, L. As algas marinhas e respectivas utilidades; Departamento de Botanica, Universidade de Coimbra: Coimbra, 2008.
36. Craigie, J.S. The cell wall. In: Biology of the Red Algae; Cole K.M, Sheath R.G. Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1990; pp. 221-257.
37. Jiao, G.; Yu, G.; Zhang, J.; Ewart, H.S. Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from Marine Algae. Mar. Drugs, 2011, 9(2), 196-223.
38. Anderson, N.S.; Dolan, T.C.S.; Rees, D.A. Evidence for a common structural pattern in polysaccharide sulphates of rhodophyceae. Nature, 1965, 205(4976), 1060-1062.
39. Armisen R., Galatas, F. Agar. In: Handbook of Hydrocolloids; Phillips G., Williams P. Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, 2000; pp. 21-40.
40. Araki, C.H. Acetylation of agar like substance of Gelidium amansii. J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 58, 1338-1350.
41. Nussinovitich, A. Hydrocolloid Applications: Gum Technology in the Food and Other Industries,1ft ed; Blackie Academic & Professional: London, 1997.
42. Qi, H.; Li, D.; Zhang, J.; Liu, L.; Zhang, Q. Study on extraction of agaropectin from Gelidium amansii and its anticoagulant activity. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limn., 2008, 26(2), 186-189.
43. Arnott, S.; Selsing, E. Structure of polydeoxyguanylic acid polydeoxycytidylic acid. J.Mol. Biol., 1974, 88(2), 551-552.
44. Labropoulos, K.C.; Niesz, D.E.; Danforth, S.C.; Kevrekidis, P.G. Dynamic rheology of agar gels: theory and experiment Part II. gelation behavior of agar sols and fitting of a theoretical rheological model. In: Carbohydrate Polymers, 2002; Vol. 50, pp. 407-415.
45. Boral, S.; Saxena, A.; Bohidar, H.B. Universal growth of Microdomains and gelation transition in agar hydrogels. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2008, 112(12), 3625-3632.
46. Lahaye, M.; Rochas, C. Chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of agar. In: Hydrobiologia, 1991; Vol. 126.
47. Paolucci M.; Fabbrocin, A.; Volpe, M.G.; Varricchio, E.; Coccia, E.A.F. Development of Biopolymers as Binders for Feed for Farmed Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Sannio: Italy, 2012.
48. Armisen, R.; Galatas, F. Production, Properties and Uses of Agar. In: Production and Utilization of Products from Commercial Seaweeds; McHugh, D.J. Ed.; FAO Fisheries thecnical paper: Rome, 1987.
49. Matsuoka, C. Agar-agar composition and method of producing the same, U.S. Patent 1453848, May, 1923.
50. Costa, L.S.; Fidelis, G.P.; Cordeiro, S.L.; Oliveira, R.M.; Sabry, D.A.; Camara, R.B.G.; Nobre, L.; Costa, M.; Almeida-Lima, J.; Farias, E.H.C.; Leite, E.L.; Rocha, H.A.O. Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2010, 64(1), 21-28.
51. Lahaye, M.; Thibault, J.F. Chemical and physio-chemical properties of fibers from algal extraction by-products. In: Dietary Fibre: Chemical and Biological Aspects; Southgate, D.; Waldron, K.; Johnson, I.; Fenwick, G. Eds.; Royal Society of Chemistry: Cambridge, 1990; pp. 68-72.
52. Lahaye, M. Marine algae as sources of fibres: determination of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber contents in some sea vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agr., 1991, 54, 587-594.
53. Suzuki, N.; Fujimura, A.; Nagai, T.; Mizumoto, I.; Itami, T.; Hatate, H. Antioxidative activity of animal and vegetable dietary fibers. Biofactors, 2004, 21, 329-333.
54. Fernandez, L.E.; Valiente, O.G.; Mainardi, V.; Bello, J.L.; Velez, H.; Rosado, A. Isolation and characterization of an antitumor active agar-type polysaccharide of Gracilaria-dominguensis. Carbohyd. Res., 1989, 190(1), 77-83.
55. Enoki, T., Sagawa, H., Tominaga, T.; Nishiyama, E.; Komyama, N.; Sakai, T., You, F-G., Ikai, K., Kato, I. Drugs, foods or drinks with the use of algae derived physiologically active substances, U.S. Patent 6475990, November, 2002.
56. Higashimura, Y.; Naito, Y.; Takagi, T.; Mizushima, K.; Hirai, Y.; Harusato, A.; Ohnogi, H.; Yamaji, R.; Inui, H.; Nakano, Y.; Yoshikawa, T. Oligosaccharides from agar inhibit murine intestinal inflammation through the induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression. J. Gastroenterol., 2013, 48(8), 897-909.
57. Chen, H.M.; Zheng, L.; Yan, X.J. The preparation and bioactivity research of agaro-oligosaccharides. Food Technol. Biotech., 2005, 43(1), 29-36.
58. Givernaud, T.; Sqali, N.; Barbaroux, O.; Orbi, A.; Semmaoui, Y.; Rezzoum, N.E.; Mouradi, A.; Kaas, R. Mapping and biomass estimation for a harvested population of Gelidium sesquipeddle (Rhodophyta, Gelidiales) along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Phycologia, 2005, 44(1), 66-71.
59. Ortiz, J.; Uquiche, E.; Robert, P.; Romero, N.; Quitral, V.; Llanten, C. Functional and nutritional value of the Chilean seaweeds Codium fragile, Gracilaria chilensis and Macrocystis pyrifera. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Tech., 2009, 111(4), 320-327.
60. Buggeln, J.S.; Carige, R.G.; The physiology and biochemistry of Chondrus crispus Stackhouse. In: Chondrus crispus; Harvey, M.J.; MacLachlan, J., Eds.; Halifax, Nova scitian Institute of Science: Nova Scotia, 1973, pp. 81-102.
61. Chopin, T., Kerin, B. F, Mazerolle, R. Phycocolloid chemistry as a taxonomic indicator of phylogeny in the Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae: A review and current developments using Fourier transform infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Phycol. Res., 1999, 47(3), 167-188.
62. Pereira, L. Population studies and carrageenan properties in eight Gigartinales (Rhodophyta) from Western Coast of Portugal. The Sci. World J., 2013b, 2013, p. 11.
63. Tecante A.; Santiago, M.C.N. Solution properties of κ-carrageenan and its interaction with other polysaccharide in aqueous media. In: Rheology; In- Tech, 2012.
64. Rudolph, B. Products: red algae of economic significance. In: Marine and Freshwater Products Handbook; Martin R.E., Carter E.P., Davis L.M., G.J. Flich Eds.; Technomic Publishing Company Inc: Lancaster, 2000; pp. 515-529.
65. Pereira, L., Amado, A.M.; Critchley, A.T.; van de Velde, F.; Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. Identification of selected seaweed polysaccharides (phycocolloids) by vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT-Raman). Food Hydrocol., 2009c, 23, 1903-1909.
66. Myslabodski, D.E.; Stancioff, D.; Heckert, R.A. Effect of acid hydrolysis on the molecular weight of kappa carrageenan by GPC-LS. Carbohyd. Polym., 1996, 31(1-2), 83-92.
67. Kennedy, J.F.; White, C.A, Bioactive carbohydrate. In: Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biology; Horwood E. Ed.; John Wiley & Sons/Halsted Press: New York, 1983; pp. 331.
68. Mangione, M.R.; Giacomazza, D.; Bulone, D.; Martorana, V.; San Biagio, P.L. Thermoreversible gelation of kappa-Carrageenan: relation between conformational transition and aggregation. Biophys. Chem., 2003, 104(1), 95-105.
69. Nunez-Santiago, M.C.; Tecante, A.; Durand, S.; Garnier, C.; Doublier, J.L. Viscoelasticity, conformational transition and ultrastructure of kappacarrageenan in the presence of potassium ion around the critical total ion concentration. In: Xvth International Congress on Rheology - the Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting, Monterey, California, August 3-8,2008; Co, A,; Leal, L.G.; Colby, R.H.; Giacomin, A.J., Eds.; California, 2008; pp. 315-317.
70. Kara, S.; Arda, E.; Kavzak, B.; Pekcan, O. Phase transitions of kappa- Carrageenan gels in various types of salts. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2006, 102(3), 3008-3016.
71. Mangione, M.R.; Giacomazza, D.; Bulone, D.; Martorana, V.; Cavallaro, G.; San Biagio, P.L. K+ and Na+ effects on the gelation properties of kappacarrageenan. Biophys. Chem., 2005, 113(2), 129-135.
72. Pereira, L.; Amado, A.M.; Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A.; van de Velde, F. Vibrational spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR and FT-RAMAN), - A Rapid and Useful Tool for Phycocolloid Analysis. In: 2nd International Conference on Biomedical Electronics and Devices, 2009d.
73. Kraan, S. Algal polysaccharides, novel applications and outlook. In: Carbohydrates - Comprehensive Studies on Glycobiology and Glycotechnology, Chang, C.-F. Ed.; InTech, 2012.
74. Hawkins, W.; Leonard, V.; Maxwell, J.; Rastogi, K.S.A. Study of the prolonged intake of small amounts of EDTA on the utilization of low dietary levels of calcium and iron by the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Biochem., 1962, 40, 391-395.
75. Hurtado, A.Q., Genevieve, B.L.; Critchley, A.T. Kappaphycus "cottonii" Farming. In: World Seaweed Resources - An Authoritative Reference System[Online]; Critchley, A.T., Ohno, M. Largo, D.B., Eds.; ETI Information Services Ltd. Hybrid Windows and Mac DVD-ROM: 2006.
76. Vairappan, C.; Chung, C.; Hurtado, A.; Soya, F.; Lhonneur, G.; Critchley, A. Distribution and symptoms of epiphyte infection in major carrageenophyteproducing farms. J. Appl. Phycol., 2008, 20(5), 27-33.
77. Hayashi, L.; Hurtado, A.G.; Msuya, F.E.; Bleicher-Lhonneur G.; Critchley A.T. A Review of Kappaphycus Farming: Prospects and Constraints In Seaweeds and their Role in Globally Changing Environments; Seckbach J., Ed.; Springer: Netherlands, 2010; Vol. 15, pp 251-283.
78. Santos, R.; Duarte P. Marine plant harvest in Portugal. J. Appl. Phycol., 1991, 3(1), 11-18.
79. Pereira, L.; Mesquita, J.F. Carrageenophytes of occidental Portuguese coast: 1- spectroscopic analysis in eight carrageenophytes from Buarcos bay. Biomol. Eng., 2003, 20(4-6), 217-222.
80. Barbara, I.; Cremades, J. Seaweeds of the ria de a Coruna (NW Iberian Peninsula, Spain). Bot. Mar., 1996, 39(4), 371-388.
81. Pereira, L.; Critchley, A.T.; Amado, A.M.; Ribeiro-Claro, P.J.A. A comparative analysis of phycocolloids produced by underutilized versus industrially utilized carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J. Appl. Phycol., 2009e, 21(5), 599-605.
82. Sanford, E.C.C. On Algin: a New Substance Obtained from Some of the Commoner Species of Marine Algae; R. Anderson, Eds.; United States, 1883.
83. Larsen, B.; Salem, D.M.S.A.; Sallam, M.A.E.; Misheikey, M.M.; Beltagy, A.I. Characterization of the alginates from algae harvested at the Egyptian Red Sea coast. Carbohydr. Res., 2003, 338(22), 2325-2336.
84. Lee, K.Y.; Mooneya, D.J. Alginate: Properties and biomedical applications. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2012, 37(1), 106-126.
85. George, M.; Abraham, T.E. Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: Alginate and chitosan - a review. J. Control. Release, 2006, 114(1), 1-14.
86. Grant, N.H.C.; Clark D.E.; Rosanoff, E.I. Evidence that Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2, tocinoic acid, and des-Cys-tocinoic acid do not affect secretion of melanocyte stimulating hormone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 1973, 51(1), 100-106.
87. Sikorski, P.; Mo, F.; Skjak-Braek, G.; Stokke, B.T. Evidence for egg-box compatible interactions in calcium-alginate gels from fiber X-ray diffraction. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(7), 2098-2103.
88. Clark, D.E.; Green H.C. Alginic acid and process of making same. US Patent 2036922, 1936.
89. Lobban, C.S.; Chapman, D.J.; Kremer, B.P. Experimental phycology: a laboratory manual, Phycological Society of America, Ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 1988.
90. Lahaye, M. Chemistry and physico-chemistry of phycocolloids. Cah. Biol. Mar., 2001, 42(1-2), 137-157.
91. Kim, I.H., Lee, J.H. Antimicrobial activities against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus from macroalgae. J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2008, (14), 568-572.
92. Khotimchenko, Y.S.; Kovalev, V.V.; Savchenko, O.V.; Ziganshina, O.A. Physical chemical properties, physiological activity, and usage of alginates, the polysaccharides of brown algae. Russ. J. Mar. Biol., 2001, (1), 53-64.
93. Arasaki, S.; Arasaki, T. Low Calorie, High Nutrition Vegetables from the Sea to Help You Look and Feel Better, Japan Publications: Tokyo, 1983.
94. Kimura, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Okuda, H. Effects of soluble sodium alginate on cholesterol excretion and glucose tolerance in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol., 1996, 54(1), 47-54.
95. Draget, K.I.; Smidsrod, O.; Skjak-Broek, S. Alginates from algae. In: Biopolymers, v6, Polysaccharides II: Polysaccharides from Eukaryotes; Van- Damme E.J.; DeBaets S.; Steinbuchel A., Eds.; Wiley: Weinheim, 2004; Vol. 6, pp. 215-224.
96. Paradossi, G.; Cavalieri, F.; Chiessi, E. A conformational study on the algal polysaccharide ulvan. Macromolecules, 2002, 35(16), 6404-6411.
97. Lahaye, M.; Robic, A. Structure and functional properties of Ulvan, a polysaccharide from green seaweeds. Biomacromolecules, 2007, 8(6), 1765-1774.
98. Robic, A.; Rondeau-Mouro, C.; Sassi, J.F.; Lerat, Y.; Lahaye, M. Structure and interactions of ulvan in the cell wall of the marine green algae Ulva rotundata (Ulvales, Chlorophyceae). Carbohyd. Polym., 2009, 77(2), 206-216.
99. Alves, A.S.; Reis, R.L.; Sousa, R.A. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of ulvan, a polysaccharide extracted from green algae. Phytother. Res., 2013, 27(8), 1143-1148.
100. Lahaye, M. NMR spectroscopic characterisation of oligosaccharides from two Ul6a rigida ulvan samples (Ulvales, Chlorophyta) degraded by a lyase. Carbohyd. Res., 1998, (314), 1-12.
101. Haug, A. Influence of borate and calcium on gel formation of a sulfated polysaccharide from ulva-lactuca. Act. Chem. Scandinavica Ser. B-Organ. Chem. Biochem., 1976, 30(6), 562-566.
102. Chiellini, F.; Morelli, A. Ulvan: A Versatile Platform of Biomaterials from Renewable Resources, Biomaterials - Physics and Chemistry, Pignatello R., Ed.; InTech, 2011: Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/biomaterials-physics-and-chemistry/ulvan-a-versatile-platform-ofbiomaterialsfrom-renewable-resources.
103. Vera, J.; Castro, J.; Gonzalez, A.; Moenne, A. Seaweed polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides stimulate defense responses and protection against pathogens in plants. Mar. Drugs, 2011, 9(12), 2514-2525.
104. Alves, A.; Duarte, A.R.C.; Mano, J.F.; Sousa, R.A.; Reis, R.L. PDLLA enriched with ulvan particles as a novel 3D porous scaffold targeted for bone engineering. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 2012, 65, 32-38.
105. Alves, A.; Pinho, E.D.; Neves, N.M.; Sousa, R.A.; Reis, R.L. Processing ulvan into 2D structures: Cross-linked ulvan membranes as new biomaterials for drug delivery applications. Int. J. Pharm., 2012, 426(1-2), 76-81.
106. Nagaoka, M; Shibata, H.; Kimura, I.; Hashimoto, S. Oligossaccharidases derivates and process for producing the same. Patent 6.645.940, 2003.
107. Atala, A.; Lanza, R.P., Eds. Methods of Tissue Engineering; Academic Press: Massachusets, 2002.
108. Cumashi, A.; Ushakova, N.A.; Preobrazhenskaya, M.E.; D'Incecco, A.; Piccoli, A.; Totani, L.; Tinari, N.; Morozevich, G.E.; Berman, A.E.; Bilan, M.I.; Usov, A.I.; Ustyuzhanina, N.E.; Grachev, A.A.; Sanderson, C.J.; Kelly, M.; Rabinovich, G.A.; Iacobelli, S.; Nifantiev, N.E. A comparative study of the anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiangiogenic, and anti-adhesive activities of nine different fucoidans from brown seaweeds. Glycobiology, 2007, 17(5), 541-552.
109. Silva, M.; Vieira, L.; Almeida, A.P.; Kijjoa, A. The marine macroalgae of the genus Ulva: chemistry, biological activities and potential applications. Oceanography, 2013, 1(1), 1-6.
110. Li, B.; Lu, F.; Wei, X.J.; Zhao, R.X. Fucoidan: Structure and bioactivity. Molecules, 2008, 13(8), 1671-1695.
111. Ale, M.T. Fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides from brown seaweed: Extraction technology and biological activity assessment, PhD Thesis, DTU Chemical Engineering: Denmark, 2012.
112. Ale, M.T.; Meyer, A.S. Fucoidans from brown seaweeds: an update on structures, extraction techniques and use of enzymes as tools for structural elucidation. Rsc. Adv., 2013, 3(22), 8131-8141.
113. Holtkamp, A.D.; Kelly, S.; Ulber, R.; Lang, S. Fucoidans and fucoidanases focus on techniques for molecular structure elucidation and modification of marine polysaccharides. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2009, 82(1), 1-11.
114. Peng, J.; Yuan, J.P.; Wu, C.F.; Wang, J.H. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid present in brown seaweeds and diatoms: metabolism and bioactivities relevant to human health. Mar. Drugs, 2011, 9(10), 1806-1828.
115. Thanh-Sang, V.; Kim, S.-K. Fucoidans as a natural bioactive ingredient for functional foods. J. Funct. Foods, 2013, 5(1), 16-27.
116. Anno, K.; Terahata, H.; Hayashi, Y. Isolation and purification of fucoidan from brown seaweed Pelvetia wrightii. Agri. Biol. Chem., 1966, (30), 495-499.
117. Patankar, M.S.; Oehninger, S.; Barnett, T.; Williams, R.L.; Clark, G.F. A revised structure for fucoidan may explain some of its biological-activities. J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268(29), 21770-21776.
118. Chevolot, L.; Foucault, A.; Chaubet, F.; Kervarec, N.; Sinquin, C.; Fisher, A.M.; Boisson-Vidal, C. Further data on the structure of brown seaweed fucans: relationships with anticoagulant activity. Carbohyd. Res., 1999, 319(1- 4), 154-165.
119. Chevolot, L.; Mulloy, B.; Ratiskol, J.; Foucault, A.; Colliec-Jouault, S. A disaccharide repeat unit is the major structure in fucoidans from two species of brown algae. Carbohyd. Res., 2001, 330(4), 529-535.
120. Bilan, M.I.; Grachev, A.A.; Shashkov, A.S.; Nifantiev, N.E.; Usov, A.I. Structure of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus serratus L. Carbohyd. Res., 2006, 341(2), 238-245.
121. Bilan, M.I.; Grachev, A.A.; Ustuzhanina, N.E.; Shashkov, A.S.; Nifantiev, N.E.; Usov, A.I. Structure of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus evanescens C.Ag. Carbohyd. Res., 2002, 337(8), 719-730.
122. Bilan, M.I.; Grachev, A.A.; Ustuzhanina, N.E.; Shashkov, A.S.; Nifantiev, N.E.; Usov, A.I. A highly regular fraction of a fucoidan from the brown seaweed Fucus distichus L. Carbohyd. Res., 2004, 339(3), 511-517.
123. Mian, J.; Percival, E. Carbohydrates of the brown seaweeds Himanthalia lorea and Bifurcaria bifurcata: Part II. structural studies of the "fucans". Carbohydr. Res., 1973, (26), 147-161.
124. Kuznetsova, T.A.; Besednova, N.N.; Mamaev, A.N.; Momot, A.P.; Shevchenko, N.M.; Zvyagintseva, T.N. Anticoagulant activity of fucoidan from brown algae Fucus evanescens of the Okhotsk Sea. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med., 2003, 136(5), 471-473.
125. Koyanagi, S.; Tanigawa, N.; Nakagawa, H.; Soeda, S.; Shimeno, H. Oversulfation of fucoidan enhances its anti-angiogenic and antitumor activities. Biochem. Pharmacol., 2003, 65(2), 173-179.
126. An, C.; Kuda, T.; Yazaki, T.; Takahashi, H.; Kimura, B. FLX pyrosequencing analysis of the effects of the brown-algal fermentable polysaccharides alginate and laminaran on rat cecal microbiotas. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2013, 79(3), 860-866.
127. Peat, S.; Whelan, W.J.; Lawley, H.G. The structure of laminarin.1. The main polymeric linkage.2. The minor structural features. Proc. Chem. Soc. (London), 1957, (12), 340-341.
128. Rioux, L.-E.; Turgeon, S.L.; Beaulieu, M. Structural characterization of laminaran and galactofucan extracted from the brown seaweed Saccharina longicruris. Phytochemistry, 2010, 71(13), 1586-1595.
129. Chizhov, A.O.; Dell, A.; Morris, H.R.; Reason, A.J.; Haslam, S.M.; McDowell, R.A.; Chizhov, O.S.; Usov, A.I. Structural analysis of laminarans by MALDI and FAB mass spectrometry. Carbohyd. Res., 1998, 310(3), 203-210.
130. Xie, J.; Guo, L.; Ruan, Y.; Zhu, H.; Wang, L.; Zhou, L.; Yun, X.; Gu, J. Laminarin-mediated targeting to Dectin-1 enhances antigen-specific immune responses. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2010, 391(1), 958-962.
131. Ji, Y.B.; Ji, C.F.; Zhang, H. Laminarin induces apoptosis of human colon cancer lovo cells through a mitochondrial pathway. Molecules, 2012, 17(8), 9947-9960.
132. Park, H.-K.; Kim, I.-H.; Kim, J.; Nam, T.-J. Induction of apoptosis by laminarin, regulating the insulin-like growth factor-IR signaling pathways in HT- 29 human colon cells. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2012, 30(4), 734-738.
133. Lee, J.Y.; Kim, Y.-J.; Kim, H.J.; Kim, Y.-S.; Park, W. Immunostimulatory effect of Laminarin on RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. Molecules, 2012, 17(5), 5404-5411.
134. Moroney, N.C.; O'Grady, M.N.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Kerry, J.P. Addition of seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extracts containing laminarin and fucoidan to porcine diets: Influence on the quality and shelf-life of fresh pork. Meat Sci., 2012, 92(4), 423-429.
135. Lynch, M.B.; Sweeney, T.; Callan, J.J.; O'Sullivan, J.T.; O'Doherty, J.V. The effect of dietary Laminaria-derived laminarin and fucoidan on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilisation, intestinal microflora and volatile fatty acid concentration in pigs. J. Sci. Food Agr., 2010, 90(3), 430-437.
136. Smith, A.G.; O'Doherty, J.V.; Reilly, P.; Ryan, M.T.; Bahar, B.; Sweeney, T. The effects of laminarin derived from Laminaria digitata on measurements of gut health: selected bacterial populations, intestinal fermentation, mucin gene expression and cytokine gene expression in the pig. Brit. J. Nutr., 2011, 105(5), 669-677.
137. Vivekanand, V.; Eijsink, V.G.H.; Horn, S.J. Biogas production from the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima: thermal pretreatment and codigestion with wheat straw. J. Appl. Phycol., 2012, 24(5), 1295-1301.
138. Ferreiro, U.V.; Filgueira, M.I.; Otero, R.F.; Leal, J.M. Valorizacion de su biomasa. In: Macroalgas en la acuicultura multitrófica integrada peninsular, Centro Tecnologico del Mar - Fundacion CETMAR: Spain, 2011.
139. Murphya, P.; Dal Belloa, F.; O'Dohertya, J.; Arendta, E. K.; Sweeneya, T.; Coffeya, A. Analysis of bacterial community shifts in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed diets supplemented with -glucan from Laminaria digitata, Laminaria hyperborea and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Animal, 2013, 7(7), 1079-1087.
140. Kadam, S.U.; Tiwari, B.K.; O'Donnell, C.P. Application of novel extraction technologies for bioactives from marine algae. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2013, 61(20), 4667-4675.
141. Dembitsky, V.M.; Maoka, T. Allenic and cumulenic lipids. Prog. Lip. Res., 2007, 46(6), 328-375.
142. Hosokawa, M.; Okada, T.; Mikami, N.; Konishi, I.; Miyashita, K. Biofunctions of marine carotenoids. Food Sci. Biotechnol., 2009, 18(1), 1-11.
143. Rajauria, G.; Abu-Ghannam, N. Isolation and partial characterization of bioactive fucoxanthin from Himanthalia elongata brown seaweed: A TLC based approach. Int. J. Anal. Chem., 2013, 2013, 1-6.
144. Kim, S.M.; Shang, Y.F.; Um, B.H. A preparative method for isolation of fucoxanthin from Eisenia bicyclis by centrifugal partition chromatography. Phytochem. Anal., 2011, 22(4), 322-329.
145. Willstatter, R.; Page, H.J. Tests on chlorophyll, XXIV. The pigments of brown algae. Justus Liebigs Annalen Der Chemie, 1914, 404(1/3), 237-271.
146. Englert, G.; Bjornland, T.; Liaaenjensen, S. 1D and 2D NMR-study of some allenic carotenoids of the fucoxanthin series. Magn. Reson. Chem., 1990, 28(6), 519-528.
147. Yan, X.J.; Chuda, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Nagata, T. Fucoxanthin as the major antioxidant in Hijikia fusiformis, a common edible seaweed. Bioscience Biotechnol. Biochem., 1999, 63(3), 605-607.
148. Peng, J.; Yuan, J.P.; Wu, C.F.; Wang, J.H. Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid present in brown seaweeds and diatoms: metabolism and bioactivities relevant to human health. Mar. Drugs, 2011, 9(10), 1806-1828.
149. Nakazawa, Y.; Sashima, T.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Comparative evaluation of growth inhibitory effect of stereoisomers of fucoxanthin in human cancer cell lines. J. Funct. Foods, 2009, 1(1), 88-97.
150. Miyashita, K.; Hosokawa, M., Beneficial health effects of seaweed carotenoid, fucoxanthin In Marine nutraceuticals and functional foods; Shahid, F.; Barrow, C., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: 2008; pp. 297-308.
151. Hii, S.-L.; Choong, P.-Y.; Woo, K.-K.; Wong, C.-L. Stability studies of fucoxanthin from Sargassum Binderi. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2010, 4(10), 4580-4584.
152. Fung, A.; Hamid, N.; Lu, J. Fucoxanthin content and antioxidant properties of Undaria pinnatifida. Food Chem., 2013, 136(2), 1055-1062.
153. Mori, K.; Ooi, T.; Hiraoka, M.; Oka, N.; Hamada, H.; Tamura, M.; Kusumi, T. Fucoxanthin and its metabolites in edible brown algae cultivated in deep seawater. Mar. Drugs, 2004, 2(2), 63-72.
154. Kanazawa, K.; Ozaki, Y.; Hashimoto, T.; Das, S.K.; Matsushita, S.; Hirano, M.; Okada, T.; Komoto, A.; Mori, N.; Nakatsuka, M. Commercial-scale preparation of biofunctional fucoxanthin from waste parts of brown sea algae Laminalia japonica. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 2008, 14(6), 573-582.
155. Terasaki, M.; Hirose, A.; Narayan, B.; Baba, Y.; Kawagoe, C.; Yasui, H.; Saga, N.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Evaluation of recoverable functional lipid components of several brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta) from Japan with special reference to fucoxanthin and fucosterol contents. J. Phycol., 2009, 45(4), 974-980.
156. Nomura, M.; Kamogawa, H.; Susanto, E.; Kawagoe, C.; Yasui, H.; Saga, N.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Seasonal variations of total lipids, fatty acid composition, and fucoxanthin contents of Sargassum horneri (Turner) and Cystoseira hakodatensis (Yendo) from the northern seashore of Japan. J. Appl. Phycol., 2013, 25(4), 1159-1169.
157. Piovan, A.; Seraglia, R.; Bresin, B.; Caniato, R.; Filippini, R. Fucoxanthin from Undaria pinnatifida: Photostability and coextractive effects. Molecules, 2013, 18(6), 6298-6310.
158. Sachindra, N.M.; Sato, E.; Maeda, H.; Hosokawa, M.; Niwano, Y.; Kohno, M.; Miyashita, K. Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2007, 55(21), 8516-8522.
159. Maeda, H.; Tsukui, T.; Sashima, T.; Hosokawa, M.; Miyashita, K. Seaweed carotenoid, fucoxanthin, as a multi-functional nutrient. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2008, 17, 196-199.
160. Hosikian, A.; Lim, S.; Halim, R.; Danquah, M.K. Chlorophyll extraction from microalgae: A review on the process engineering aspects. Int. J. Chem. Eng., 2010, 1-11.
161. Humphrey, A.M. Chlorophyll as a color and functional ingredient. J. Food Sci., 2004, 69(5), C422-C425.
162. Billakanti, J.M.; Catchpole, O.J.; Fenton, T.A.; Mitchell, K.A.; MacKenzie, A.D. Enzyme-assisted extraction of fucoxanthin and lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids from Undaria pinnatifida using dimethyl ether and ethanol. Proc. Biochem., 2013, 48(12), 1999-2008.
163. Pasquet, V.; Cherouvrier, J.-R.; Farhat, F.; Thiery, V.; Piot, J.-M.; Berard, J.- B.; Kaas, R.; Serive, B.; Patrice, T.; Cadoret, J.-P.; Picot, L. Study on the microalgal pigments extraction process: Performance of microwave assisted extraction. Proc. Biochem., 2011, 46(1), 59-67.
164. Glazer, A.N. Light harvesting by phycobilisomes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Chem., 1985, 14, 47-77.
165. Niu, J.-F.; Wang, G.-C.; Tseng, C.-K. Method for large-scale isolation and purification of R-phycoerythrin from red alga Polysiphonia urceolata Grev. Protein Expres. Purif., 2006, 49(1), 23-31.
166. Chronakis, I.S.; Galatanu, A.N.; Nylander, T.; Lindman, B. The behaviour of protein preparations from blue-green algae (Spirulina platensis strain Pacifica) at the air/water interface. Colloid. Surface. A., 2000, 173(1-3), 181-192.
167. Cai, C.; Li, C.; Wu, S.; Wang, Q.; Guo, Z.; He, P. Large scale preparation of phycobiliproteins from Porphyra yezoensis using co-precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Natural Sci., 2012, 4(8), 536-543.
168. Wang, G.C. Isolation and purification of phycoerythrin from red alga Garcilaria verrucosa by expanded-bed-adsorption and ion-exchange chromatogaphy. Chromatographia, 2002, 56(7-8), 509-513.
169. Kim, D.-H.; Eom, S.-H.; Kim, T.H.; Kim, B.-Y.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kim, S.-B. Deodorizing effects of phlorotannins from edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis on methyl mercaptan. J. Agr. Sci., 2013, 5(1), 1-9.
170. Lamparter, T.; Michael, N.; Mittmann, F.; Esteban, B. Phytochrome from Agrobacterium tumefaciens has unusual spectral properties and reveals an Nterminal chromophore attachment site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 2002, 99(18), 11628-33.
171. Jespersen, L.; Stromdahl, L.D.; Olsen, K.; Skibsted, L.H. Heat and light stability of three natural blue colorants for use in confectionery and beverages. Eur. Food Res. Technol., 2005, 220(3-4), 261-266.
172. Sekar, S.; Chandramohan, M. Phycobiliproteins as a commodity: trends in applied research, patents and commercialization. J. Appl. Phycol., 2008, 20(2), 113-136.
173. Romay, C.; Gonzalez, R.; Ledon, N.; Remirez, D.; Rimbau, V. Cphycocyanin: A biliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci., 2003, 4(3), 207-216.
174. Chang, C.-J.; Yang, Y.-H.; Liang, Y.-C.; Chiu, C.-J.; Chu, K.-H.; Chou, H.- N.; Chiang, B.-L. A novel phycobiliprotein alleviates allergic airway inflammation by modulating immune responses. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care, 2011, 183(1), 15-25.
175. Fleurence, J. Seaweed proteins: biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends Food Sci. Tech., 1999, 10(1), 25-28.
176. Kaliaperumal, K. Products from seaweeds. SDMRI Res. Publ., 2003, (3), 33-42.
177. Khairy, H.M.; El-Shafay, S.M. Seasonal variations in the biochemical composition of some common seaweed species from the coast of Abu Qir Bay, Alexandria, Egypt. Oceanologia, 55(2), 435-452.
178. Food additive in the form of its sodium salt Numbers. http://www.food.gov.uk/, (accessed september, 2010).
179. Butler, A.; Sandy, M. Mechanistic considerations of halogenating enzymes. Nature, 2009, 460(7257), 848-854.
180. Fu, G.; Pang, H.; Wong, Y.H. Naturally occurring phenylethanoid glycosides: potential leads for new therapeutics. Curr. Med. Chem., 2008, 15(25), 2592-2613.
181. El Gharras, H. Polyphenols: food sources, properties and applications - a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2009, 44(12), 2512-2518.
182. Lule, S.U.; Xia, W.S. Food phenolics, pros and cons: A review. Food Rev. Int., 2005, 21(4), 367-388.
183. Randhir, R.; Lin, Y.T.; Shetty, K. Phenolics, their antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in dark germinated fenugreek sprouts in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 2004, 13(3), 295-307.
184. Li, Y.-X.; Wijesekara, I.; Li, Y.; Kim, S.-K. Phlorotannins as bioactive agents from brown algae. Proc. Biochem., 2011, 46(12), 2219-2224.
185. Kwon, H.-J.; Ryu, Y.B.; Kim, Y.-M.; Song, N.; Kim, C.Y.; Rho, M.-C.; Jeong, J.-H.; Cho, K.-O.; Lee, W.S.; Park, S.-J. In vitro antiviral activity of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava against porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus infection and hemagglutination. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2013, 21(15), 4706-4713.
186. Yoon, N.Y.; Chung, H.Y.; Kim, H.R.; Choi, J.S. Acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of sterols and phlorotannins from Ecklonia stolonifera. Fisheries Sci., 2008, 74(1), 200-207.
187. Liu, H.; Gu, L. Phlorotannins from brown algae (Fucus vesiculosus) inhibited the formation of advanced glycation endproducts by scavenging reactive carbonyls. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2012, 60(5), 1326-1334.
188. Pavia, H.; Toth, G.B. Influence of light and nitrogen on the phlorotannin content of the brown seaweeds Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus. Hydrobiologia, 2000, 440(1-3), 299-305.
189. Eom, S.-H.; Kim, Y.-M.; Kim, S.-K. Antimicrobial effect of phlorotannins from marine brown algae. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(9), 3251-3255.
190. Lee, S.-H.; Jeon, Y.-J. Anti-diabetic effects of brown algae derived phlorotannins, marine polyphenols through diverse mechanisms. Fitoterapia, 2013, 86(0), 129-136.
191. Cho, S.; Yang, H.; Jeon, Y.-J.; Lee, C.J.; Jin, Y.-H.; Baek, N.-I.; Kim, D.; Kang, S.-M.; Yoon, M.; Yong, H.; Shimizu, M.; Han, D. Phlorotannins of the edible brown seaweed Ecklonia cava Kjellman induce sleep via positive allosteric modulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid type benzodiazepine receptor: A novel neurological activity of seaweed polyphenols. Food Chem., 2012, 132(3), 1133-1142.
192. Kang, M.-C.; Ahn, G.; Yang, X.; Kim, K.-N.; Kang, S.-M.; Lee, S.-H.; Ko, S.-C.; Ko, J.-Y.; Kim, D.; Kim, Y.-T.; Jee, Y.; Park, S.-J.; Jeon, Y.-J. Hepatoprotective effects of dieckol-rich phlorotannins from Ecklonia cava, a brown seaweed, against ethanol induced liver damage in BALB/c mice. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(6), 1986-1991.
193. Shin, H.C.; Hwang, H.J.; Kang, K.J.; Lee, B.H. An antioxidative and antiinflammatory agent for potential treatment of osteoarthritis from Ecklonia cava. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2006, 29(2), 165-171.
194. Wijesinghe, W.A.J.P.; Ko, S.-C.; Jeon, Y.-J. Effect of phlorotannins isolated from Ecklonia cava on angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. Nutr. Res. Pract., 2011, 5(2), 93-100.
195. Heo, S.J.; Hwang, J.Y.; Choi, J.I.; Han, J.S.; Kim, H.J.; Jeon, Y.J. Diphlorethohydroxycarmalol isolated from Ishige okamurae, a brown algae, a potent alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase inhibitor, alleviates postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic. Eur. J. Pharmacol., 2009, 615(1-3), 252-256.
196. Isaza Martinez, J.H.; Torres Castaneda, H.G. Preparation and chromatographic analysis of phlorotannins. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 2013, 51(8), 825-38.
197. Lim, S.N.; Cheung, P.C.K.; Ooi, V.E.C.; Ang, P.O. Evaluation of antioxidative activity of extracts from a brown seaweed, Sargassum siliquastrum. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2002, 50(13), 3862-3866.
198. Grossedamhues, J.; Glombitza, K.W. Antibiotics from algae.30. isofuhalols, a type of phlorotannin from the brown alga chorda-filum. Phytochemistry, 1984, 23(11), 2639-2642.
199. Ruperez, P. Mineral content of edible marine seaweeds. Food Chem., 2002, (79), 23-26.
200. Ito, K.; Hori, K. Seaweed: chemical composition and potential uses. Food Rev. Int., 1989, 5(1), 101-144.
201. Fleury, N.; Lahaye, M. Chemical and physiochemical characterization of fibres from Laminaria digitata (Konbu Breton): a physiological approach. J. Sci. Food Agr., 1991, 55(3), (389-400).
202. Hou, X.L.; Yan, X.J. Study on the concentration and seasonal variation of inorganic elements in 35 species of marine algae. Sci. Total Environ., 1998, 222(3), 141-156.
203. Bocanegra, A.; Bastida, S.; Benedi, J.; Rodenas, S.; Sanchez-Muniz, F.J. Characteristics and nutritional and cardiovascular-health properties of seaweeds. J. Med. Food, 2009, 12(2), 236-258.
204. Indergaard, M.M. Animal and human nutrition. In: Seaweed Resources in Europe. Uses and Potential; Guiry, M.D.; Blunden G., Eds.; Wiley & Sons: New York, 1991; pp. 21-64.
205. MacArtain, P.; Gill, C.I.R.; Brooks, M.; Campbell, R.; Rowland, I.R Nutritional value of edible seaweeds. Nutr. Rev., 2007, 65, 535-543.
206. Jimenez-Escrig, A.; Goni, I. Evaluacion nutricional y efectos fisiologicos de macroalgas marinas comestibles. Arch.s Latinoamerican. Nutric., 1999, 49, 114-120.
207. Teas, J.; Pino, S.; Critchley, A.; Braverman, L.E. Variability of iodine content in common commercially available edible seaweeds. Thyroid, 2004, 14, 836-841.
208. Bartsch, I.; Wiencke, C.; Bischof, K.; Buchholz, C.M.; Buck, B.H.; Eggert, A.; Feuerpfeil, P.; Hanelt, D.; Jacobsen, S.; Karez, R.; Karsten, U.; Molis, M.; Roleda, M.Y.; Schubert, H.; Schumann, R.; Valentin, K.; Weinberger, F.; Wiese, J. The genus Laminaria sensu lato: recent insights and developments. Eur. J. Phycol., 2008, 43(1), 1-86.
209. Mussig, K. Iodine-induced toxic effects due to seaweed consumption. In: Comprehensive handbook of iodine; Preedy, V.R.; Burrow, G.N., Watson, R. Eds.; Elsevier: New York, 2009; pp. 897-908.
210. Funahashi, I.; Himai, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Tsukamura, K.; Hayakawa, Y; Kikumori, T.; Mase, T.; Itoh, T.; Nishikawa, M.; Hayashi, H.; Shibata, A.; Hibi, Y.; Takahashi M.; Narita, T. Wakame seaweed suppresses the proliferation of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (+)-anthracene-induced mammary tumors in rats.aweed suppresses the proliferation of 7, 12-dimethylbenz (+)-anthraceneinduced mammary tumors in rats. Cancer Sci., 1999, 90(9), 922-927.
211. Dawczynski, C.; Schafer, U.; Leiterer, M.; Jahreis, G. Nutritional and toxicological importance of macro, trace, and ultra-trace elements in algae food products. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2007, 55, 10470-10475.
212. Figueira, M.M.; Volesky, V. B.; Ciminelli, V.S.T.; Roddick, F.A. Biosorption of metals in brown seaweed biomass. Water Res., 2000, 34(1), 196-204.
213. Munoz, O.; Devesa, V.; Suner, M.A.; Velez, D.; Montoro, R.; Urieta, I.; Macho, M.L.; Jalon, M. Total and inorganic arsenic in fresh and processed fish products. J. Agr. Food Chem., 2000, 48, 4369-4376.
214. Phaneuf, D.; Cote, I.; Dumas, P.; Ferron, L.A.; LeBlanc, A. Evaluation of the contamination of marine algae (seaweed) from the St. Lawrence River and likely to be consumed by humans. Environ. Res., 1999, 80, 175-182.