Food, nutrition, and the health of urban populations

Cities and the Health of the Public

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 106-125

  Yeh, Ming Chin ^a   Katz, David L ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898174173     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (143)

1. Katz DL. Pandemic obesity and the contagion of nutritional nonsense. Public Health Rev. 2003; 31:33-44.
2. Wang Y, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 75:971-77.
3. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. 2002 American community survey profile: Population and housing profile; The United States. Available at www. census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
4. Cooper RS, Kennelly JF, Durazo-Arvizu R, Oh HJ, Kaplan G, Lynch J. Relationship between premature mortality and socioeconomic factors in black and white populations of U.S. metropolitan areas. Public Health Rep. 2001; 116:464-73.
5. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA Dietary Guidelines: Revision 2000; A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000; 102:2284-99.
6. Eyre H, Kahn R, Robertson RM, et al. Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: A common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2004; 109:3244-55.
7. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004; 291:1238-45. [Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Correction: Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2005; 293:293-94].
8. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among U.S. children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA. 2004; 291:2847-50.
9. Goel MS, McCarthy EP, Phillips RS, Wee CC. Obesity among U.S. immigrant subgroups by duration of residence. JAMA. 2004; 292:2860-67.
10. Poston WS 2nd, Foreyt JP. Obesity is an environmental issue. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 146:201-209.
11. Seidell JC. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes: A worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr. 2000; 83(Suppl 1):S5-8.
12. Pi-Sunyer FX. The obesity epidemic: Pathophysiology and consequences of obesity. Obes Res. 2002; 10(Suppl 2):97S-104S.
13. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Surgeon General's call to action to prevent and decrease overweight and obesity. Washington, DC: Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2001.
14. Dreeben O. Health status of African Americans. J Health Soc Policy. 2001; 14:1-17.
15. Paeratakul S, Lovejoy JC, Ryan DH, Bray GA. The relation of gender, race, and socioeconomic status to obesity and obesity comorbidities in a sample of U.S. adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26:1205-10.
16. Zhang Q, Wang Y. Socioeconomic inequality of obesity in the United States: Do gender, age, and ethnicity matter? Soc Sci Med. 2004; 58:1171-80.
17. McCrory MA, Fuss PJ, Hays NP, Vinken AG, Greenberg AS, Roberts SB. Overeating in America: Association between restaurant food consumption and body fatness in healthy adult men and women ages 19 to 80. Obes Res. 1999; 7:564-71.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in intake of energy and macronutrients: United States, 1971-2000. MMWR. 2004; 53:80-82.
19. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM. Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res. 2002; 10:370-78.
20. Lin B, Frazao E, Guthrie J. Contribution of away from home foods to American diet quality. Fam Econ Nutr Rev. 1999; 12:85-89.
21. McConahy KL, Smiciklas-Wright H, Birch LL, Mitchell DC, Picciano MF. Food portions are positively related to energy intake and body weight in early childhood. J Pediatr. 2002; 140:340-47.
22. Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the U.S. obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:246-49.
23. Nestle M. Increasing portion sizes in American diets: More calories, more obesity. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103:39-40.
24. Nestle M. Food politics. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press; 2002.
25. Nestle M. The ironic politics of obesity. Science. 2003; 299:781.
26. Brownell KD, Horgen KB. Food fight: The inside story of the food industry, America's obesity crisis, and what we can do about it. Chicago: McGraw-Hill; 2004.
27. Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Patterns and trends in food portion sizes, 1977-1998. JAMA. 2003; 289:450-53.
28. Rolls BJ. The supersizing of America: Portion size and the obesity epidemic. Nutr Today. 2003; 38:42-53.
29. Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science. 1998; 280:1371-74.
30. Spurlock M. Super size me: A film of epic proportions. Presented by Roadside Attractions, Samuel Goldwyn Film and Showtime Independent films; 2004.
31. Dietz WH Jr, Gortmaker SL. Do we fatten our children at the television set? Obesity and television viewing in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 1985; 75:807-12.
32. Robinson TN. Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999; 282:1561-67.
33. Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN. The 30-second effect: An experiment revealing the impact of television commercials on food preferences of preschoolers. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001; 101:42-46.
34. Coon KA, Goldberg J, Rogers BL, Tucker KL. Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics. 2001; 107: E7.
35. Matheson DM, Killen JD, Wang Y, Varady A, Robinson TN. Children's food consumption during television viewing. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79:1088-94.
36. Robinson TN. Television viewing and childhood obesity. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2001; 48:1017-25.
37. Jakes RW, Day NE, Khaw KT, et al. Television viewing and low participation in vigorous recreation are independently associated with obesity and markers of cardiovascular disease risk: EPIC-Norfolk population-based study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57:1089-96.
38. Dong L, Block G, Mandel S. Activities contributing to total energy expenditure in the United States: Results from the NHAPS Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2004; 1-4.
39. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity and health: A report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1996.
40. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health: A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273:402-7.
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of no leisure-time physical activity: 35 states and the District of Columbia, 1988-2002. MMWR. 2004; 53:82-86.
42. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Caulfield L, Tyroler HA, Watson RL, Szklo M. Neighbourhood differences in diet: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999; 53:55-63.
43. Cummins S, Macintyre S. A systematic study of an urban foodscape: The price and availability of food in Grater Glasgow. Urban Studies. 2002; 39:2115-30.
44. Wardle J, Steptoe A. Socioeconomic differences in attitudes and beliefs about healthy lifestyles. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003; 57:440-43.
45. Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A, Poole C. Neighborhood characteristics associated with the location of food stores and food service places. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22:23-29.
46. Morland K, Wing S, Diez Roux A. The contextual effect of the local food environment on residents' diets: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:1761-67.
47. Molnar BE, Gortmaker SL, Bull FC, Buka SL. Unsafe to play? Neighborhood disorder and lack of safety predict reduced physical activity among urban children and adolescents. Am J Health Promot. 2004; 18:378-86.
48. Ewing R, Schmid T, Killingsworth R, Zlot A, Raudenbush S. Relationship between urban sprawl and physical activity, obesity, and morbidity. Am J Health Promot. 2003; 18:47-57.
49. Frank LD, Andresen MA, Schmid TL. Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. Am J Prev Med. 2004; 27:87-96.
50. Emberson JR, Whincup PH, Morris RW, Walker M. Social class differences in coronary heart disease in middle-aged British men: Implications for prevention. Int J Epidemiol. 2004; 33:289-96.
51. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Tyroler HA, Crum LD, Szklo M. Social inequalities and atherosclerosis: The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am J Epidemiol. 1995; 141:960-72.
52. Schwartz S. The fallacy of the ecological fallacy: The potential misuse of a concept and the consequences. Am J Public Health. 1994; 84:819-24.
53. Kaplan GA. People and places: Contrasting perspectives on the association between social class and health. Int J Health Serv. 1996; 26:507-19.
54. Diez-Roux AV, Nieto FJ, Muntaner C, et al. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: A multilevel analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 146:48-63.
55. Yen IH, Kaplan GA. Neighborhood social environment and risk of death: Multilevel evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999; 149:898-907.
56. Diez-Roux AV, Northridge ME, Morabia A, Bassett MT, Shea S. Prevalence and social correlates of cardiovascular disease risk factors in Harlem. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89:302-7.
57. Cummins S, Macintyre S. The location of food stores in urban area: A case study in Glasgow. British Food Journal. 1999; 101:545-53.
58. Shaw SA, Nisbet DJ, Dawson JA. Economies of scale in U.K. supermarkets: Some preliminary findings. Int J Retailing. 1989; 4:12-26.
59. Wrigley, N. How British retailers have shaped food choice. In Murcott A, ed., The Nation's diet: The social science of food choice. London: Addison Wesley; 1998.
60. Guy, CM. The retail development process: Location, property, and planning. London: Routledge; 1994.
61. Curtis KA, McClellan S. Falling through the safety net: Poverty, food assistance, and shopping constraints in an American city. Urban Anthropol. 1995; 24:93-135.
62. Sallis JF, Nader PR, Rupp JW, Atkins CJ, Wilson WC. San Diego surveyed for hearthealthy foods and exercise facilities. Public Health Rep. 1986; 101:216-19.
63. McDonald JM, Nelson PE. Do the poor still pay more? Food price variations in large metropolitan areas. J Urban Econ. 1991; 30:344-59.
64. House Select Committee on Hunger. Urban grocery gap: Committee report. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1992.
65. Sloane DC, Diamant AL, Lewis LB, et al. Improving the nutritional resource environment for healthy living through community-based participatory research. J Gen Intern Med. 2003; 18:568-75.
66. Horowitz CR, Colson KA, Hebert PL, Lancaster K. Barriers to buying healthy foods for people with diabetes: Evidence of environmental disparities. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94:1549-54.
67. Kozyrskyj AL, Fergusson P, Bodnarchuk J, Brownell M, Burchill C, Mayer T. Community resources and determinants of the future health of Manitobans. Can J Public Health. 2002; 93(Suppl 2):S70-76.
68. Mackerras D. Disadvantage, and the cost of food. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1997; 21:218.
69. Hinkle AJ. Community-based nutrition interventions: Reaching adolescents from low-income communities. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1997; 817:83-93.
70. Alwitt LF, Donley TD. Retail stores in poor urban neighborhoods. J Consumer Affairs. 1997; 31:139-64.
71. Klinenberg, E. Heat Wave: A social autopsy of disaster in Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002.
72. Pucher J, Evans T, Wenger J. Socioeconomics of urban travel: Evidence from the 1995 NPTS. Transportation Quarterly. 1998; 52:15-33.
73. Turrell G. Structural, material, and economic influences on the food-purchasing choices of socioeconomic groups. Aust N Z J Public Health. 1996; 20:611-17.
74. National Restaurant Association. Quickservice restaurant trends. Available at www.restaurant.org/research.
75. French SA, Harnack L, Jeffery RW. Fast food restaurant use among women in the Pound of Prevention study: Dietary, behavioral, and demographic correlates. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24:1353-59.
76. Paeratakul S, Ferdinand DP, Champagne CM, Ryan DH, Bray GA. Fast-food consumption among U.S. adults and children: Dietary and nutrient intake profile. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103:1332-38.
77. Guthrie JF, Lin BH, Frazao E. Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977-78 versus 1994-96: Changes and consequences. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002; 34:140-50.
78. Putnam J, Allshouse J. Food consumption, price, and expenditures. Publication SB-928. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 1996.
79. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). USDA continuing survey of food intakes by individuals, 1994-1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 1997.
80. Reidpath DD, Burns C, Garrard J, Mahoney M, Townsend M. An ecological study of the relationship between social and environmental determinants of obesity. Health Place. 2002; 8:141-45.
81. Block JP, Scribner RA, DeSalvo KB. Fast food, race/ethnicity, and income: A geographic analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2004; 27:211-17.
82. French SA, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Fulkerson JA, Hannan P. Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: Associations with nutrient intake, food choices, and behavioral and psychosocial variables. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25:1823-33.
83. Maddock J. The relationship between obesity and the prevalence of fast food restaurants: State-level analysis. Am J Health Promot. 2004; 19:137-43.
84. Hamilton WL, Cook J, Thompson WW, et al. Household food security in the United States in 1995: Summary report of the food security measurement project. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food, and Consumer Service; 1997.
85. Nord M, Andrews M, Carlson S. Household food security in the United States, 2002. Food and Rural Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2003. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 35.
86. Cook JT, Frank DA, Berkowitz C, et al. Food insecurity is associated with adverse health outcomes among human infants and toddlers. J Nutr. 2004; 134:1432-38.
87. Kasper J, Gupta SK, Tran P, Cook JT, Meyers AF. Hunger in legal immigrants in California, Texas, and Illinois. Am J Public Health. 2000; 90:1629-33.
88. Campbell CC. Food insecurity: A nutritional outcome or a predictor variable? J Nutr. 1991; 121:408-15.
89. Matheson DM, Varady J, Varady A, Killen JD. Household food security and nutritional status of Hispanic children in the fifth grade. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 76:210-17.
90. Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA Jr, Briefel RR. Food insufficiency, family income, and health in U.S. preschool and school-aged children. Am J Public Health. 2001; 91:781-86.
91. Kaiser LL, Melgar-Quinonez H, Townsend MS, et al. Food insecurity and food supplies in Latino households with young children. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2003; 35:148-53.
92. Murphy JM, Wehler CA, Pagano ME, Little M, Kleinman RE, Jellinek MS. Relationship between hunger and psychosocial functioning in low-income American children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 37:163-70.
93. Wehler C, Weinreb LF, Huntington N, et al. Risk and protective factors for adult and child hunger among low-income housed and homeless female-headed families. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94:109-15.
94. Olson CM. Nutrition and health outcomes associated with food insecurity and hunger. J Nutr. 1999; 129(Suppl 2):521S-24S.
95. Kleinman RE, Murphy JM, Little M, et al. Hunger in children in the United States: Potential behavioral and emotional correlates. Pediatrics. 1998; 101:1-6.
96. Nelson K, Brown ME, Lurie N. Hunger in an adult patient population. JAMA. 1998; 279:1211-14. [Erratum in JAMA. 1998; 280:604.]
97. Dietz WH. Does hunger cause obesity? Pediatrics. 1995; 95:766-67.
98. Townsend MS, Peerson J, Love B, Achterberg C, Murphy SP. Food insecurity is positively related to overweight in women. J Nutr. 2001; 131:1738-45.
99. Adams EJ, Grummer-Strawn L, Chavez G. Food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity in California women. J Nutr. 2003; 133:1070-74.
100. DiGioacchino R, Sargent RG. Binge eating and its relationship to multiple weight control program attendance and alternative methods of weight control. Eat Weight Disord. 1998; 3:173-78.
101. Polivy J. Psychological consequences of food restriction. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:589-92.
102. Wilde PE, Ranney CK. The monthly food stamp cycle: Shopping frequency and food intake decisions in an endogenous switching regression framework. Am J Agric Econ. 2000; 82:200-213.
103. Rose D, Basiotis PP, Klein BW. Improving federal efforts to assess hunger and food insecurity. Food Rev. 1995; 18:18-23.
104. Basiotis PP. Validity of the self-reported food sufficiency status item in the U.S. In Haldeman VA, ed., American Council on Consumer Interests 38th annual conference, Columbia, MO. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 1992.
105. Cox DN, Mela DJ. Determination of energy density of freely selected diets: Methodological issues and implications Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24:49-54.
106. Drewnowski A, Specter SE. Poverty and obesity: The role of energy density and energy costs. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79:6-16.
107. Galea S, Freudenberg N, Vlahov D. Cities and population health. Soc Sci Med. 2005; 60:1017-33.
108. Kahn EB, Ramsey LT, Brownson RC, et al. The effectiveness of interventions to increase physical activity. A systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2002; 22(Suppl 4):73-107.
109. Kuchler F, Lin BH. The influence of individual choices and attitudes on adiposity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26:1017-22.
110. Bowen DJ, Beresford SA. Dietary interventions to prevent disease. Annu Rev Public Health. 2002; 23:255-86.
111. Contento IR, Randell JS, Basch CE. Review and analysis of evaluation measures used in nutrition education intervention research. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2002; 34:2-25.
112. Jacobson MF, Hurley J. Restaurant confidential. New York: Workman; 2002.
113. Katz DL, Gonzalez M. The Way to eat: A six-step path to lifelong weight control. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks; 2002.
114. Yeh MC, Rodriguez E, Nawaz H, Gonzalez M, Nakamoto D, Katz DL. Technical skills for weight loss: 2-y follow-up results of a randomized trial. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27:1500-1506.
115. King AC, Jeffery RW, Fridinger F, et al. Environmental and policy approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through physical activity: Issues and opportunities. Health Educ Q. 1995; 22:499-511.
116. Dora C. A different route to health: Implications of transport policies. BMJ. 1999; 318:1686-89.
117. Koplan JP, Dietz WH. Caloric imbalance and public health policy. JAMA. 1999; 282:1579-81.
118. Saelens BE, Sallis JF, Black JB, Chen D. Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: An environment scale evaluation. Am J Public Health. 2003; 93:1552-58.
119. Siegel PZ, Brackbill RM, Heath GW. The epidemiology of walking for exercise: Implications for promoting activity among sedentary groups. Am J Public Health. 1995; 85:706-10.
120. Ross CE. Walking, exercising, and smoking: Does neighborhood matter? Soc Sci Med. 2000; 51:265-74.
121. Owen N, Humpel N, Leslie E, Bauman A, Sallis JF. Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda. Am J Prev Med. 2004; 27:67-76.
122. Wilde BE, Sidman CL, Corbin CB. A 10,000-step count as a physical activity target for sedentary women. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2001; 72:411-14.
123. Welk GJ, Differding JA, Thompson RW, Blair SN, Dziura J, Hart P. The utility of the Digi-walker step counter to assess daily physical activity patterns. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(Suppl 9):S481-88.
124. Croteau KA. Strategies used to increase lifestyle physical activity in a pedometerbased intervention. J Allied Health. 2004; 33:278-81.
125. Croteau KA. A preliminary study on the impact of a pedometer-based intervention on daily steps. Am J Health Promot. 2004; 18:217-20.
126. Israel B, Schulz AJ, Parker EA, Becker AB. Review of community-based research: Assessing partnership approaches to improve public health. Annu Rev Public Health. 1998; 19:173-202.
127. Kunkel ME, Luccia B, Moore AC. Evaluation of the South Carolina seniors farmers' market nutrition education program. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003; 103:880-83.
128. Ashman L, de la Vega J, Dohan M, et al. Seeds of change: Strategies for food security in the inner city. Venice, CA: Community Food Security Coalition of the UCLA Graduate School of Architecture and Urban Planning; 1993.
129. Festing, H. Farmers' markets: An American success story. Bath, UK: Ecologic Books; 1998.
130. Cassady D, Mohan V. Doing well by doing good? A supermarket shuttle feasibility study. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2004; 36:67-70.
131. Lee RE, Cubbin C. Neighborhood context and youth cardiovascular health behaviors. Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:428-36.
132. Yeh MC, Schultz KE, Katz DL. Understanding determinates of and barriers to fruits and vegetables consumption in multi-ethnic adults populations. Poster presented at the 7th Annual Community-Campus Partnerships for Health conference, San Diego, April 26-29, 2003.
133. McMillan, T. The action diet: The food justice movement looks to change more than just what New York kids eat. City Limits Monthly. 2004 July/Aug. www.citylimits. org/content/articles/articleView.cfm?articlenumber=1156.
134. Centers for Disease Control. Self-reported physical inactivity by degree of urbanization-United States, 1996. MMWR. 1998; 47:1097-100.
135. Crane R. The influence of urban form on travel: An interpretive review. J Planning Literature. 2000; 15:3-23.
136. Perez-Escamilla R, Ferris AM, Drake L, et al. Food stamps are associated with food security and dietary intake of inner-city preschoolers from Hartford, Connecticut. J Nutr. 2000; 130:2711-17.
137. Siega-Riz AM, Kranz S, Blanchette D, Haines PS, Guilkey DK, Popkin BM. The effect of participation in the WIC program on preschoolers' diets. J Pediatr. 2004; 144:229-34.
138. McKinney S. Improving WIC usage: Office procedures, food package, and nutrition education. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004; 104:743-45.
139. Jones SJ, Jahns L, Laraia BA, Haughton B. Lower risk of overweight in school-aged food insecure girls who participate in food assistance: Results from the panel study of income dynamics child development supplement. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003; 157:780-84.
140. Gibson D. Food stamp program participation is positively related to obesity in low income women. J Nutr. 2003; 133:2225-31.
141. Buzby JC, Guthrie JF, Kantor LS. Evaluation of the USDA Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service; 2003.
142. Jacobson MF, Brownell KD. Small taxes on soft drinks and snack foods to promote health. Am J Public Health. 2000; 90:854-57.
143. Koplan JP, Liverman CT, and Kraak VA, eds. Preventing childhood obesity: Health in the balance. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2004.