Perceptual learning as a possible new approach for remediation and prevention of developmental dyslexia

Vision Research

Volumn 99, Issue , 2014, Pages 78-87

  Gori, Simone ^a,b   Facoetti, Andrea ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^b SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Clinical vision; Dorsal pathway; Perceptual learning; Reading disability remediation; Reading disorder; Visual attention

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION TRAINING; AUDITORY DISCRIMINATION; AUDITORY RESPONSE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSLEXIA; HUMAN; LETTER TO SPEECH INTEGRATION DEFICIT; MAGNOCELLULAR DORSAL PATHWAY; PERCEPTION; PERCEPTUAL LEARNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOTHERAPY; READING; RECREATION; RISK FACTOR; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SPEECH DISORDER; STIMULUS RESPONSE; TASK PERFORMANCE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VISUAL ATTENTION; VISUAL STIMULATION; VISUAL SYSTEM FUNCTION; ATTENTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; VISION; VISUAL CORTEX;

ATTENTION; DYSLEXIA; HUMANS; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 84897606198     PISSN: 00426989     EISSN: 18785646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.11.011     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Agnew J.A., Dorn C., Eden G.F. Effect of intensive training on auditory processing and reading skills. Brain and Language 2004, 88(1):21-25.
2. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Task Force on DSM-iv. DSM-iv: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders and failing reading development. Neuroimage 57, 695-703.
3. Amitay S., Ben-Yehudah G., Banai K., Ahissar M. Disabled readers suffer from visual and auditory impairments but not from a specific magnocellular deficit. Brain 2002, 125:2272-2285.
4. Batson M.A., Beer A.L., Seitz A.R., Watanabe T. Spatial shifts of audio-visual interactions by perceptual learning are specific to the trained orientation and eye. Seeing Perceiving 2011, 24(6):579-594.
5. Blau V., Reithler J., van Atteveldt N., Seitz J., Gerretsen P., Goebel R., et al. Deviant processing of letters and speech sounds as proximate cause of reading failure: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of dyslexic children. Brain 2010, 133:868-879.
6. Blau V., van Atteveldt N., Ekkebus M., Goebel R., Blomert L. Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia. Current Biology 2009, 19:503-508.
7. Blomert L. The neural signature of orthographic-phonological binding in successful and failing reading development. Neuroimage 2011, 57:695-703. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.003.
8. Boden C., Giaschi D. M-stream deficits and reading-related visual processes in developmental dyslexia. Psychological Bulletin 2007, 133:346-366.
9. Boets B., Vandermosten M., Cornelissen P., Wouters J., Ghesquière P. Coherent motion sensitivity and reading development: changing relations in the transition from pre-reading to reading stage. Child Development 2011, 82:854-869.
10. Boets B., Wouters J., van Wieringen A., De Smedt B., Ghesquière P. Modelling relations between sensory processing, speech perception, orthographic and phonological ability, and literacy achievement. Brain and Language 2008, 106(1):29-40.
11. Bosse M.L., Tainturier M.J., Valdois S. Developmental dyslexia: the visual attention span deficit hypothesis. Cognition 2007, 104(2):198-230.
12. Boyer J., Ro T. Attention attenuates metacontrast masking. Cognition 2007, 104(1):135-149.
13. Brannan J.R., Williams M.C. Allocation of visual attention in good and poor readers. Percept Psychophys. 1987, 41(1):23-28.
14. Brem S., Bach S., Kucian K., Guttorm T.K., Martin E., Lyytinen Brain sensitivity to print emerges when children learn letter-speech sound correspondences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107(17):7939-7944.
15. Buchholz J., Aimola-Davies A. Attentional blink deficits observed in dyslexia depend on task demands. Vision Research 2007, 47(10):1292-1302.
16. Buchholz J., McKone E. Adults with dyslexia show deficits on spatial frequency doubling and visual attention tasks. Dyslexia 2004, 10(1):24-43.
17. Carrasco M., Williams P.E., Yeshurun Y. Covert attention increases spatial resolution with or without masks: support for signal enhancement. Journal of Vision 2002, 2(6):467-479.
18. Carreiras M., Seghier M.L., Baquero S., Estévez A., Lozano A., Devlin J.T., et al. An anatomical signature for literacy. Nature 2009, 461(7266):983-986.
19. Castles A., Coltheart M. Is there a causal link from phonological awareness to success in learning to read?. Cognition 2004, 91(1):77-111.
20. Cestnick L., Coltheart M. The relationship between language-processing and visual-processing deficits in developmental dyslexia. Cognition 1999, 71(3):231-255.
21. Choi H., Chang L.H., Shibata K., Sasaki Y., Watanabe T. Resetting capacity limitations revealed by long-lasting elimination of attentional blink through training. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:12242-12247.
22. Choi H., Seitz A.R., Watanabe T. When attention interrupts learning: inhibitory effects of attention on TIPL. Vision Research 2009, 49(21):2586-2590.
23. Chung S.T., Levi D.M., Tjan B.S. Learning letter identification in peripheral vision. Vision Research 2005, 45:1399-1412.
24. Chung S.T., Li R.W., Levi D.M. Learning to identify near-acuity letters, either with or without flankers, results in improved letter size and spacing limits in adults with amblyopia. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e35829.
25. Chung S.T., Truong S.R. Learning to identify crowded letters: does the learning depend on the frequency of training?. Vision Research 2013, 77:41-50.
26. Corbetta M., Shulman G.L. Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain. Nature Review Neuroscience 2002, 3:201-215.
27. Corbetta M., Shulman G.L. Spatial neglect and attention networks. Annual Review Neuroscience 2011, 34:569-599.
28. Cornelissen P., Richardson A., Mason A., Fowler S., Stein J. Contrast sensitivity and coherent motion detection measured at photopic luminance levels in dyslexics and controls. Vision Research 1995, 35:1483-1494.
29. Costanzo F., Menghini D., Caltagirone C., Oliveri M., Vicari S. How to improve reading skills in dyslexics: The effect of high frequency rTMS. Neuropsychologia 2013, 51(14):2953-2959.
30. Cunningham A.E., Stanovich K.E. What reading does for the mind. American Education 1998, 22:8-15.
31. Dehaene S., Pegado F., Braga L.W., Ventura P., Nunes Filho G., et al. How learning to read changes the cortical networks for vision and language. Science 2010, 330:1359-1364.
32. Di Lollo V., Hanson D., McIntyre J.S. Initial stages of visual information processing in dyslexia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception & Performance 1983, 9:923-935.
33. Ding J., Levi D.M. Recovery of stereopsis through perceptual learning in human adults with abnormal binocular vision. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:E733-E741.
34. Dosher B.A., Lu Z.L. Noise exclusion in spatial attention. Psychological Science 2000, 11(2):139-146.
35. Eden G.F., VanMeter J.W., Rumsey J.M., Maisog J.M., Woods R.P., Zeffiro T.A. Abnormal processing of visual motion in dyslexia revealed by functional brain imaging. Nature 1996, 382:66-69.
36. Eden G.F., Zeffiro T.A. Neural systems affected in developmental dyslexia revealed by functional neuroimaging. Neuron 1998, 21(2):279-282.
37. Fabbro F., Pesenti S., Facoetti A., Bonanomi M., Libera L., Lorusso M.L. Callosal transfer in different subtypes of developmental dyslexia. Cortex. 2001, 37(1):65-73.
38. Facoetti Reading and selective spatial attention: evidence from behavioral studies in dyslexic children. 'Trends in Dyslexia Research' by H 2004, 35-71. Nova Biomedical Books, New York, USA. D. Tobias (Ed.).
39. Facoetti A., Corradi N., Ruffino M., Gori S., Zorzi M. Visual spatial attention and speech segmentation are both impaired in preschoolers at familial risk for developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia 2010, 16:226-239.
40. Facoetti A., Lorusso M.L., Cattaneo C., Galli R., Molteni M. Visual and auditory attentional capture are both sluggish in children with developmental dyslexia. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2005, 65:61-72.
41. Facoetti A., Lorusso M.L., Paganoni P., Umiltà C., Mascetti G.G. The role of visuospatial attention in developmental dyslexia: evidence from a rehabilitation study. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 2003, 15(2):154-164.
42. Facoetti A., Molteni M. Is attentional focusing an inhibitory process at distractor location?. Brain Research. Cognitive Brain Research 2000, 10(1-2):185-188.
43. Facoetti A., Ruffino M., Peru A., Paganoni P., Chelazzi L. Sluggish engagement and disengagement of non-spatial attention in dyslexic children. Cortex 2008, 44:1221-1233.
44. Facoetti A. Spatial attention disorders in developmental dyslexia: Towards the prevention of reading acquisition deficits. Visual aspect of dyslexia 2012, Oxford University Press. J. Stein, Z. Kapoula (Eds.).
45. Facoetti A., Trussardi A.N., Ruffino M., Lorusso M.L., Cattaneo C., Galli R., et al. Multisensory spatial attention deficits are predictive of phonological decoding skills in developmental dyslexia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2010, 22:1011-1025.
46. Facoetti A., Zorzi M., Cestnick L., Lorusso M.L., Molteni M., Paganoni P., et al. The relationship between visuo-spatial attention and nonword reading in developmental dyslexia. Cognitive Neuropsychology 2006, 23:841-855.
47. Farmer M.E., Klein R.M. The evidence for a temporal processing deficit linked to dyslexia: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1995, 2(4):460-493.
48. Ferretti G., Mazzotti S., Brizzolara D. Visual scanning and reading ability in normal and dyslexic children. Behav Neurol. 2008, 19(1-2):87-92.
49. Finn, E. S., Shen, X., Holahan, J. M., Scheinost, D., Lacadie, C., & Papademetris, X., et al. (2014). Disruption of functional networks in dyslexia: A whole-brain, data-driven analysis of connectivity. Biological Psychiatry, in press. pii:S0006-3223(13)00813-5. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.031.
50. Franceschini S., Gori S., Ruffino M., Pedrolli K., Facoetti A. A causal link between visual spatial attention and reading acquisition. Current Biology 2012, 22:814-819.
51. Franceschini S., Gori S., Ruffino M., Viola S., Molteni M., Facoetti A. Action video games make dyslexic children read better. Current Biology 2013, 23:462-466.
52. Gabrieli J.D. Dyslexia: A new synergy between education and cognitive neuroscience. Science 2009, 325:280-283.
53. Gabrieli J.D., Norton E.S. Reading abilities: importance of visual-spatial attention. Current Biology 2012, 22(9):R298-R299.
54. Galaburda A.M., LoTurco J., Ramus F., Fitch R.H., Rosen G.D. From genes to behavior in developmental dyslexia. Nature Neuroscience 2006, 9:1213-1217.
55. Geiger G., Cattaneo C., Galli R., Pozzoli U., Lorusso M.L., Facoetti A., et al. Wide and diffuse perceptual modes characterize dyslexics in vision and audition. Perception 2008, 37(11):1745-1764.
56. Geiger G., Lettvin J.Y., Fahle M. Dyslexic children learn a new visual strategy for reading: a controlled experiment. Vision Research 1994, 34(9):1223-1233.
57. Goldstone R.L. Perceptual learning. Annual Review Psychology 1998, 49:585-612.
58. Gori, S., Cecchini, P., Bigoni, A., Molteni, M., & Facoetti, A. (2014). Magnocellular-dorsal pathway and sub-lexical route in developmental dyslexia. Frontiers in Human Neurosciences, in press.
59. Gori S., Giora E., Stubbs D.A. Perceptual compromise between apparent and veridical motion indices: The Unchained-Dots illusion. Perception 2010, 39:863-866.
60. Gori S., Giora E., Yazdanbakhsh A., Mingolla E. A new motion illusion based on competition between two kinds of motion processing units: The accordion grating. Neural Network 2011, 24:1082-1092.
61. Gori S., Hamburger K., Spillmann L. Reversal of apparent rotation in the Enigma-figure with and without motion adaptation and the effect of T-junctions. Vision Research 2006, 46:3267-3273.
62. Gori S., Yazdanbakhsh A. The riddle of the Rotating-Tilted-Lines illusion. Perception 2008, 37:631-635.
63. Gormley W.T., Phillips D., Gayer T. The early years. Preschool programs can boost school readiness. Science 2008, 320(5884):1723-1724.
64. Goswami U. Why theories about developmental dyslexia require developmental designs. Trends in Cognitive Science 2003, 7:534-540.
65. Goswami U. A temporal sampling framework for developmental dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Science 2011, 15(1):3-10.
66. Green C.S., Bavelier D. Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature 2003, 423(6939):534-537.
67. Green C.S., Bavelier D. Action-video-game experience alters the spatial resolution of vision. Psychological Science 2007, 18:88-94.
68. Green C.S., Li R., Bavelier D. Perceptual learning during action video game playing. Top Cognitive Science 2009, 2:1-15.
69. Hari R., Renvall H. Impaired processing of rapid stimulus sequences in dyslexia. Trends in Cognitive Science 2001, 5:525-532.
70. Hari R., Renvall H., Tanskanen T. Left minineglect in dyslexic adults. Brain 2001, 124(Pt 7):1373-1380.
71. Hari R., Valta M., Uutela K. Prolonged attentional dwell time in dyslexic adults. Neuroscience Letters 1999, 271:202-204.
72. Hawelka S., Huber C., Wimmer H. Impaired visual processing of letter and digit strings in adult dyslexic readers. Vision Research 2005, 46(5):718-723.
73. Hoeft F., Hernandez A., McMillon G., Taylor-Hill H., Martindale J.L., Meyler A., et al. Neural basis of dyslexia: a comparison between dyslexic and nondyslexic children equated for reading ability. Journal of Neuroscience 2006, 26:10700-10708.
74. Hornickel J., Kraus N. Unstable representation of sound: A biological marker of dyslexia. Journal of Neuroscience 2013, 33:3500-3504.
75. Hussain Z., Webb B.S., Astle A.T., McGraw P.V. Perceptual learning reduces crowding in amblyopia and in the normal periphery. Journal of Neuroscience 2012, 32:474-480.
76. Jaśkowski P., Rusiak P. Temporal order judgment in dyslexia. Psychological Research 2008, 72(1):65-73.
77. Jiménez J.E., Rodríguez C., Ramírez G. Spanish developmental dyslexia: prevalence, cognitive profile, and home literacy experiences. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 2009, 103(2):167-185.
78. Johnson M.H. Interactive specialization: a domain-general framework for human functional brain development?. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 2011, 1(1):7-21.
79. Jones M.W., Branigan H.P., Kelly M.L. Visual deficits in developmental dyslexia: relationships between non-linguistic visual tasks and their contribution to components of reading. Dyslexia 2008, 14(2):95-115.
80. Karmiloff-Smith A. Development itself is the key to understanding developmental disorders. Trends in Cognitive Science 1998, 2(10):389-398.
81. Kevan A., Pammer K. Visual deficits in pre-readers at familial risk for dyslexia. Vision Research 2008, 48:2835-2839.
82. Kevan A., Pammer K. Predicting early reading skills from pre-reading measures of dorsal stream functioning. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47:3174-3181.
83. Kinsey K., Rose M., Hansen P., Richardson A., Stein J. Magnocellular mediated visual-spatial attention and reading ability. NeuroReport 2004, 15(14):2215-2218.
84. Lallier M., Donnadieu S., Valdois S. Visual attentional blink in dyslexic children: Parameterizing the deficit. Vision Research 2010, 50:1855-1861.
85. Laycock R., Crewther S.G. Towards an understanding of the role of the 'magnocellular advantage' in fluent reading. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2008, 32(8):1494-1506.
86. Levi D.M. Crowding-an essential bottleneck for object recognition: a mini-review. Vision Research 2008, 48(5):635-654.
87. Levi D.M. Prentice award lecture 2011: Removing the brakes on plasticity in the amblyopic brain. Optometry Vision Science 2012, 89:827-838.
88. Levi D.M., Li R.W. Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia: A mini-review. Vision Research 2009, 49:2535-2549.
89. Liddle E.B., Jackson G.M., Rorden C., Jackson S.R. Lateralized temporal order judgement in dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2009, 47(14):3244-3254.
90. Livingstone M.S., Hubel D.H. Psychophysical evidence for separate channels for the perception of form, color, movement, and depth. Journal of Neuroscience 1987, 7:3416-3468.
91. Livingstone M.S., Rosen G.D., Drislane F.W., Galaburda A.M. Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991, 88:7943-7947.
92. Lovegrove W., Martin F., Slaghuis W. A theoretical and experimental case for a visual deficit in specific reading disability. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1986, 3:225-267.
93. Maniglia M., Pavan A., Cuturi L.F., Campana G., Sato G., Casco C. Reducing crowding by weakening inhibitory lateral interactions in the periphery with perceptual learning. PLoS ONE 2011, 2011(6):e25568.
94. Marino C., Meng H., Mascheretti S., Rusconi M., Cope N., Giorda R., et al. DCDC2 genetic variants and susceptibility to developmental dyslexia. Psychiatry Genetic 2012, 22:25-30.
95. Martelli M., Di Filippo G., Spinelli D., Zoccolotti P. Crowding, reading, and developmental dyslexia. Journal of Vision 2009, 9:1-18.
96. Mascheretti S., Bureau A., Battaglia M., Simone D., Quadrelli E., Croteau J., et al. An assessment of gene-by-environment interactions in developmental dyslexia-related phenotypes. Genes, Brain and Behavior 2013, 12:47-55.
97. Mascheretti, S., Marino, C., Simone, D., Quadrelli, E., Riva, V., Cellino, M. R., et al. (2014). Putative risk factors in developmental dyslexia: A case-control study of Italian children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, in press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219413492853.
98. Maunsell J.H.R., Newsome W.T. Visual processing in monkey extrastriate cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1987, 10:363-401.
99. McCandliss B.D. Helping dyslexic children attend to letters within visual word forms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109(28):11064-11065.
100. McCandliss B.D., Cohen L., Dehaene S. The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Science 2003, 7(7):293-299.
101. McLean G.M., Stuart G.W., Coltheart V., Castles A. Visual temporal processing in dyslexia and the magnocellular deficit theory: the need for speed?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2011, 37(6):1957-1975.
102. Menghini D., Finzi A., Benassi M., Bolzani R., Facoetti A., Giovagnoli S., et al. Different underlying neurocognitive deficits in developmental dyslexia: a comparative study. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48(4):863-872.
103. Merigan W.H., Maunsell J.H. How parallel are the primate visual pathways?. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1993, 16:369-402.
104. Montgomery C.R., Morris R.D., Sevcik R.A., Clarkson M.G. Auditory backward masking deficits in children with reading disabilities. Brain and Language 2005, 95(3):450-456.
105. Moores E., Cassim R., Talcott J.B. Adults with dyslexia exhibit large effects of crowding, increased dependence on cues, and detrimental effects of distractors in visual search tasks. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:3881-3890.
106. Morrone M.C., Tosetti M., Montanaro D., Fiorentini A., Cioni G., Burr D.C. A cortical area that responds specifically to optic flow, revealed by fMRI. Nature Neuroscience 2000, 3(12):1322-1328.
107. Oei A.C., Patterson M.D. Enhancing cognition with video games: A multiple game training study. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e58546.
108. Olulade O.A., Napoliello E.M., Eden G.F. Abnormal visual motion processing is not a cause of dyslexia. Neuron 2013, 79:1-11.
109. Op de Beeck H.P., Wagemans J., Vogels R. Effects of perceptual learning in visual backward masking on the responses of macaque inferior temporal neurons. Neuroscience 2007, 145:775-789.
110. Pack C.C., Born R.T. Temporal dynamics of a neural solution to the aperture problem in visual area MT of macaque brain. Nature 2001, 409:1040-1042.
111. Pelli D.G., Tillman K.A. The uncrowded window of object recognition. Nature Neuroscience 2008, 11(10):1129-1135.
112. Perea M., Gomez P. Subtle increases in interletter spacing facilitate the encoding of words during normal reading. PLoS ONE 2012, 7(10):e47568.
113. Pérez-Bellido A., Soto-Faraco S., López-Moliner J. Sound-driven enhancement of vision: disentangling detection-level from decision-level contributions. Neurophysiology 2013, 109(4):1065-1077.
114. Peterson R.L., Pennington B.F. Developmental dyslexia. Lancet 2012, 379(9830):1997-2007.
115. Plaza M., Cohen H. The contribution of phonological awareness and visual attention in early reading and spelling. Dyslexia 2007, 13:67-76.
116. Polat U. Making perceptual learning practical to improve visual functions. Vision Research 2009, 49:2566-2573.
117. Polat U., Ma-Naim T., Belkin M., Sagi D. Improving vision in adult amblyopia by perceptual learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:6692-6697.
118. Powers A.R., Hillock A.R., Wallace M.T. Perceptual training narrows the temporal window of multisensory binding. Journal of Neuroscience 2009, 29:12265-12274.
119. Pugh K.R., Mencl W.E., Shaywitz B.A., Shaywitz S.E., Fulbright R.K., Constable R.T., et al. The angular gyrus in developmental dyslexia: task-specific differences in functional connectivity within posterior cortex. Psychological Science 2000, 11(1):51-56.
120. Reynolds J.H., Chelazzi L. Attentional modulation of visual processing. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2004, 27:611-647.
121. Reynolds J.H., Heeger D.J. The normalization model of attention. Neuron 2009, 61(2):168-185.
122. Roelfsema P.R., van Ooyen A., Watanabe T. Perceptual learning rules based on reinforcers and attention. Trends in Cognitive Science 2010, 14(2):64-71.
123. Ronconi, L., Basso, D., Gori, S., & Facoetti, A. (2014). TMS on right frontal eye fields induces an inflexible focus of attention. Cerebral Cortex, in press. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs319.
124. Ronconi L., Gori S., Giora E., Ruffino M., Molteni M., Facoetti A. Deeper attentional masking by lateral objects in children with autism. Brain and Cognition 2013, 82:213-218.
125. Ronconi L., Gori S., Ruffino M., Franceschini S., Urbani B., Molteni M., et al. Decreased coherent motion discrimination in autism spectrum disorder: the role of attentional zoom-out deficit. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e49019. 10.1371/journal.pone.0049019.
126. Ronconi L., Gori S., Ruffino M., Molteni M., Facoetti A. Zoom-out attentional impairment in children with autism spectrum disorder. Cortex 2013, 49:1025-1033.
127. Rosenberg J., Pennington B.F., Willcutt E.G., Olson R.K. Gene by environment interactions influencing reading disability and the inattentive symptom dimension of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2012, 53:243-251.
128. Ruffino M., Trussardi A.N., Gori S., Finzi A., Giovagnoli S., Menghini, et al. Attentional engagement deficits in dyslexic children. Neuropsychologia 2010, 8:3793-3801.
129. Ruffino, M., Gori, S., Boccardi D., Molteni, M., & Facoetti, A. (2014). Spatial and temporal attention are both sluggish in poor phonological decoders with developmental dyslexia. Frontiers in Human Neurosciences (in press).
130. Ruzzoli M., Gori S., Pavan A., Pirulli C., Marzi C.A., Miniussi C. The neural basis of the Enigma illusion: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Neuropsychologia 2011, 49:3648-3655.
131. Sagi D. Perceptual learning in Vision Research. Vision Research 2011, 51:1552-1566.
132. Schlaggar B.L., McCandliss B.D. Development of neural systems for reading. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2007, 30:475-503.
133. Schneps, M. H., Thomson, J. M., Chen, C., Sonnert, G., & Pomplun, M. (2013). E-readers are more effective than paper for some with dyslexia. PLoS One, e75634 (2013 September 18).
134. Schneps M.H., Thomson J.M., Sonnert G., Pomplun M., Chen C., Heffner-Wong A. Shorter lines facilitate reading in those who struggle. PLoS ONE 2013, 8:e71161.
135. Seitz A.R., Protopapas A., Tsushima Y., Viahou E.L., Gori S., Grossberg S., et al. Unattended exposure to components of speech sounds yields same benefits as explicit auditory training. Cognition 2010, 115:435-443.
136. Seitz A.R., Watanabe T. Is subliminal learning really passive?. Nature 2003, 422:36-40.
137. Seitz A.R., Watanabe T. A unified model for perceptual learning. Trends in Cognitive Science 2005, 9:329-334.
138. Seitz A.R., Watanabe T. The phenomenon of task-irrelevant perceptual learning. Vision Research 2009, 49:2604-2610.
139. Shams L., Seitz A.R. Benefits of multisensory learning. Trends in Cognitive Science 2008, 12(11):411-417.
140. Shaywitz S.E., Escobar M.D., Shaywitz B.A., Fletcher J.M., Makuch R. Evidence that dyslexia may represent the lower tail of a normal distribution of reading ability. New England Journal of Medicine 1992, 326(3):145-150.
141. Sperling A.J., Lu Z.L., Manis F.R., Seidenberg M.S. Deficits in perceptual noise exclusion in developmental dyslexia. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8(7):862-863.
142. Sperling A.J., Lu Z.L., Manis F.R., Seidenberg M.S. Motion-perception deficits and reading impairment: it's the noise, not the motion. Psychological Science 2006, 17(12):1047-1053.
143. Spinelli- D., De Luca M., Judica A., Zoccolotti P. Crowding effects on word identification in developmental dyslexia. Cortex 2002, 38:179-200.
144. Stein J. The magnocellular theory of developmental dyslexia. Dyslexia 2001, 7:12-36.
145. Stein J., Walsh V. To see but not to read; the magnocellular theory of dyslexia. Trends in Neuroscience 1997, 20:147-152.
146. Sterkin A., Yehezkel O., Polat U. Learning to be fast: Gain accuracy with speed. Vision Research 2012, 61:115-124.
147. Stevens W.D., Hasher L., Chiew K.S., Grady C.L. A neural mechanism underlying memory failure in older adults. Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28(48):12820-12824.
148. Strong G.K., Torgerson C.J., Torgerson D., Hulme C. A systematic meta-analytic review of evidence for the effectiveness of the 'Fast ForWord' language intervention program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2011, 52(3):224-235.
149. Talcott J.B., Witton C., Hebb G.S., Stoodley C.J., Westwood E.A., France S.J., et al. On the relationship between dynamic visual and auditory processing and literacy skills; results from a large primary-school study. Dyslexia 2002, 8:204-225.
150. Talcott J.B., Witton C., McLean M.F., Hansen P.C., Rees A., Green G.G., et al. Dynamic sensory sensitivity and children's word decoding skills. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000, 97:2952-2957.
151. Talcott J.B., Witton C., Stein J.F. Probing the neurocognitive trajectories of children's reading skills. Neuropsychologia 2013, 51:472-481.
152. Tallal P., Miller S.L., Bedi G., Byma G., Wang X., Nagarajan S.S., et al. Language comprehension in language-learning impaired children improved with acoustically modified speech. Science 1996, 271(5245):81-84.
153. Tsushima Y., Sasaki Y., Watanabe T. Greater disruption due to failure of inhibitory control on an ambiguous distractor. Science 2006, 314:1786-1788.
154. Turkeltaub P.E., Gareau L., Flowers D.L., Zeffiro T.A., Eden G.F. Development of neural mechanisms for reading. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6(7):767-773.
155. Valdois S., Bosse M.L., Tainturier M.J. The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder. Dyslexia 2004, 10(4):339-363.
156. Vellutino F.R., Fletcher J.M., Snowling M.J., Scanlon D.M. Specific reading disability (dyslexia): What have we learned in the past four decades?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004, 45:2-40.
157. Vidyasagar T.R., Pammer K. Dyslexia: A deficit in visuo-spatial attention, not in phonological processing. Trends in Cognitive Science 2010, 14:57-63.
158. Visser T.A., Boden C., Giaschi D.E. Children with dyslexia: Evidence for visual attention deficits in perception of rapid sequences of objects. Vision Research 2004, 44:2521-2535.
159. Watanabe T., Sasaki Y., Nanez J. Perceptual learning without perception. Nature 2001, 413:844-848.
160. Whitney D., Levi D.M. Visual crowding: a fundamental limit on conscious perception and object recognition. Trends in Cognitive Science 2011, 15(4):160-168.
161. Witton C., Talcott J., Hansen P., Richardson A., Griffiths T., Rees A., et al. Sensitivity to dynamic auditory and visual stimuli predicts nonword reading ability in both dyslexic and normal readers. Current Biology 1998, 8:791-797.
162. Wong Y.K., Folstein J.R., Gauthier I. Task-irrelevant perceptual expertise. Journal of Vision 2011, 11:3.
163. Yazdanbakhsh A., Gori S. A new psychophysical estimation of the receptive field size. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 438:246-251.
164. Yazdanbakhsh A., Gori S. Mathematical analysis of the Accordion Grating illusion: A differential geometry approach to introduce the 3D aperture problem. Neural Network 2011, 24:1093-1101.
165. Yeshurun Y., Rashal E. Precueing attention to the target location diminishes crowding and reduces the critical distance. Journal of Vision 2010, 10(10):16.
166. Ziegler J.C., Pech-Georgel C., George F., Lorenzi C. Speech-perception-in-noise deficits in dyslexia. Developmental Science 2009, 12(5):732-745.
167. Zorzi M., Barbiero C., Facoetti A., Lonciari I., Carrozzi M., Montico M., et al. Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2012, 109:11455-11459.