Recent advances in Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharides: Mycelial fermentation, isolation, structure, and bioactivities: A review

Journal of Functional Foods

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 33-47

  Yan, Jing Kun ^a,b   Wang, Wen Qiang ^a   Wu, Jian Yong ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b JIANGSU UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Bioactivity; Cordyceps sinensis; Extraction; Polysaccharide; Production; Structural elucidation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84895070881     PISSN: 17564646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.11.024     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Akaki J.J., Matsui Y., Kojima H., Nakajima S., Kamei K., Tamesada M. Structural analysis of monocyte activation constituents in cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Fitoterapia 2009, 80:182-187.
2. Au D., Wang L., Yang D., Mok D.K., Chan A.S., Xu H. Application of microscopy in authentication of valuable Chinese medicine I-Cordyceps sinensis, its counterfeits, and related products. Micro Research Technology 2012, 75:54-64.
3. Boukari I., Putaux J.L., Cathala B., Barakat A., Saake B., Rémond C., O'Donohue M., Chabbert B. In vitro model assemblies to study the impact of lignin-carbohydrate interactions on the enzymatic conversion of xylan. Biomacromolecules 2009, 10:2489-2498.
4. Brant D.A. Solution properties of polysaccharides: Based on a symposium 1981, American Chemical Society, Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry.
5. Buenz E.J., Bauer B.A., Osmundson T.W., Motley T.J. The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptosis homeostasis. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005, 96:19-29.
6. Cai L.T., Li P., Lu Z.H. Observation of the structure morphology of Cordyceps polysaccharide by atomic force microscope. Journal of Chinese Electron Microscopy Society 1999, 18:103-105. (in Chinese).
7. Cha S.H., Lim J.S., Yoon C.S., Koh J.H., Chang H.I., Kim S.W. Production of mycelia and exo-biopolymer from molasses by Cordyceps sinensis 16 in submerged culture. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98:165-168.
8. Chen Y.J., Shiao M.S., Lee S.S., Wang S.Y. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells. Life Sciences 1997, 60:2349-2359.
9. Chen S., Siu K.C., Wang W.Q., Liu X.X., Wu J.Y. Structure and antioxidant activity of a novel poly-N-acetylhexosamine produced by a medicinal fungus. Carbohydrate Polymers 2013, 94:332-338.
10. Chen P.X., Wang S., Nie S., Marcone M. Properties of Cordyceps sinensis: A review. Journal of Functional Foods 2013, 5:550-569.
11. Chen W., Yuan F., Wang K., Song D., Zhang W. Modulatory effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction from one of anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis on Ana-1 cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2012, 142:739-745.
12. Chen J.P., Zhang W.Y., Lu T.T., Li J., Zheng Y., Kong L.D. Morphological and genetic characterization of a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis fungus and its polysaccharide component possessing antioxidant property in H22 tumour-bearing mice. Life Sciences 2006, 78:2742-2748.
13. Chen W., Zhang W., Shen W., Wang K. Effects of the acid polysaccharide fraction isolated from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis on macrophages in vitro. Cellular Immunology 2010, 262:69-74.
14. Cheung J.K.H., Li J., Cheung A.W.H., Zhu Y., Zheng K.Y.Z., Bi C.W.C., Duan R., Choi R.C.Y., Lau D.T.W., Dong T.T.X., Lau B.W.C., Tsim K.W.K. Cordysinocan, a polysaccharide isolated from cultured Cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: Signaling cascade and induction of cytokines. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2009, 124:61-68.
15. Chihara G. The antitumour polysaccharide lentinan: An overview. Manipulation of host defense mechanism 1969, 687-694. 222. T. Aoki (Ed.).
16. Choi J.W., Ra K.S., Kim S.Y., Yoon T.J., Yu K.W., Shin K.S., Lee S.P., Suh H.J. Ehancement of anti-complementary and radical scavenging activities in the submerged culture of Cordyceps sinensis by addition of citrus peel. Bioresource Technology 2010, 101:6028-6034.
17. Cui S.W. Structural analysis of polysaccharides. Food carbohydrates: Chemistry, physical properties and applications (1 edition) 2005, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. S.W. Cui (Ed.).
18. Ding Q., Jiang S., Zhang L., Wu C. Laser light-scattering studies of pachyman. Carbohydrate Research 1998, 308:339-343.
19. Ding C., Tian P.X., Xue W., Ding X., Yan H., Pan X., Feng X., Xiang H., Hou J., Tian X. Efficacy of Cordyceps sinensis in long term treatment of renal transplant patients. Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition) 2011, 3:301-307.
20. Dong C.H., Yao Y.J. Nutritional requirements of mycelial growth of Cordyceps sinensis in submerged culture. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2005, 99:483-492.
21. Dong C.H., Yao Y.J. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts from natural and cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. LWT-Food Science and Technology 2008, 41:669-677.
22. Gong M., Zhu Q., Wang T., Wang X.L., Ma J.X., Zhang W.J. Molecular structure and immunoactivity of the polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis (Berk) Sacc. Chinese Biochemical Journal 1990, 6:486-492. (in Chinese).
23. Guan J., Zhao J., Feng K., Hu D.J., Li S.P. Comparison and characterization of polysaccharides from natural and cultured Cordyceps using saccharide mapping. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2011, 399:3465-3474.
24. Gutteridge J.M.C., Halliwell B. Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease 1994, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, NY.
25. Hilliou L., Freitas F., Oliveira R., Reis M.A.M., Lespineux D., Grandfils C., Alves V.D. Solution properties of an exopolysaccharide from a Pseudomonas strain obtained using glycerol as sole carbon source. Carbohydrate Polymers 2009, 78:526-532.
26. Holliday J., Cleaver M. Medicinal value of the caterpillar fungi species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes). A review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2008, 10:219-234.
27. Hsieh C.Y., Tsai M.J., Hsu T.H., Chang D.M., Lo C.T. Medium optimization for polysaccharide production of Cordyceps sinensis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2005, 120:145-157.
28. Hsu T.H., Shiao L.H., Hsieh C., Chang D.M. A comparison of the chemical composition and bioactive ingredients of the Chinese medicinal mushroom DongChongXiaCao, its counterfeit and mimic, and fermented mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Food Chemistry 2002, 78:463-469.
29. Huang Q.L., Siu K.C., Wang W.Q., Cheung Y.C., Wu J.Y. Fractionation, characterization and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from fermentation broth of a Cordyceps sinensis fungus. Process Biochemistry 2013, 48:380-386.
30. Huang J., Song D., Yang A., Yin H., Zhang W. Differentiation and maturation of human dendritic cells modulated by an exopolysaccharide from an anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis. Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition 2011, 1:126-131.
31. Hwang H.J., Kim S.W., Lim J.M., Joo J.H., Kim H.O., Kim H.M., Yun J.W. Hypoglycemic effect of crude exopolysaccharides produced by a medicinal mushroom Phellinus baumii in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Life Sciences 2005, 76:3069-3080.
32. Hwang H.S., Yun J.W. Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides produced by submerged mycelial culture of Laetiporus sulphureus on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering 2010, 15:173-181.
33. Jeffrey G. The 'Viagra' transforming local economies in India. BBC News. Retrieved 2012, 09(07):2012.
34. Ji D.B., Ye J., Li C.L., Wang Y.H., Zhao J., Cai S.Q. Antiaging effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract. Phytotherapy Research 2009, 23:116-122.
35. Kashiwagi Y., Norisuye T., Fujita H. Triple helix of Schizophyllum commune polysaccharide in dilute solution, 4. Light scattering and viscosity in dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide. Macromolecules 1981, 14:1220-1225.
36. Kiho T., Hui J., Yamane A., Ukai S. Polysaccharide in fungi. XXXII. Hypoglycemic activity and chemical properties of a polysaccharide from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1993, 16:1291-1293.
37. Kiho T., Ookubo K., Usui S., Ukai S., Hirano K. Structural features and hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F10) from the cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1999, 22:966-970.
38. Kiho T., Tabata H., Ukai S., Hara C. Polysaccharide in fungi. 18. A minor, protein-containing galactomannan from a sodium-carbonate extract of Cordyceps sinensis. Carbohydrate Research 1986, 156:189-197.
39. Kiho T., Yamane A., Hui J., Usui S., Ukai S. Polysaccharides in fungi, XXXVI. Hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (CS-F30) from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis and its effect on glucose metabolism in mouse liver. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1996, 19:294-296.
40. Kim S.D. Isolation, structure and cholesterol esterase inhibitory activity of a polysaccharide, PS-A, from C. sinensis. Journal of the Korean Society from Applied Biological Chemistry 2010, 53:784-789.
41. Kim H.O., Yun J.W. A comparative study on the production of exopolysaccharides between two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in submerged mycelial cultures. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2005, 99:728-738.
42. Koh J.H., Yu K.W., Suh H.J., Choi Y.M., Ahn T.S. Activation of macrophages and the intestinal immune system by an orally administered decoction from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 2002, 66:407-411.
43. Kuo M.C., Chang C.Y., Cheng T.L., Wu M.J. Immunomodulatory effect of exo-polysacchrides from submerged cultured Cordyceps sinensis: Enhancement of cytokine synthesis, CD11b expression, and phagocytosis. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2007, 75:769-775.
44. Lang J., Qi X., Hou Y., Zhao S., Jiang G. Production of exopolysaccharides by Cordyceps sinensis in liquid culture. Journal of Dalian Polytechnic University 2009, 28:107-110. (in Chinese).
45. Leung P.H., Wu J.Y. Effects of ammonium feeding on production of bioactive metabolites (cordycepin and exopolysaccharides) in mycelial culture of a Cordyceps sinensis fungus. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2007, 103:1942-1949.
46. Leung P.H., Zhang Q.X., Wu J.Y. Mycelium cultivation, chemical composition and antitumour activity of a Tolypocladium sp. fungus isolated from wild Cordyceps sinensis. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2006, 101:275-283.
47. Leung P.H., Zhao S.N., Ho K.P., Wu J.Y. Chemical properties and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. Food Chemistry 2009, 114:1251-1256.
48. Li S.P., Tsim K.W.K. The biological and pharmacological properties of Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine that has broad clinical applications. Herbal and traditional medicine: Molecular aspects of health 2004, 657-683. Marcel Dekker, New York. L. Packer, C.N. Ong, B. Halliwell (Eds.).
49. Li R., Jiang X.L., Guan H.S. Optimization of mycelium biomass and exopolysaccharides production by Hirsutella sp in submerged fermentation and evaluation of exopolysaccharides antibacterial activity. African Journal of Biotechnology 2010, 9:196-203.
50. Li S.P., Li P., Dong T.T.X., Tsim K.W.K. Anti-oxidation activity of different types of natural Cordyceps sinensis and cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine 2001, 8:207-212.
51. Li S.P., Su Z.R., Dong T.T.X., Tsim K.W.K. The fruiting body and its caterpillar host of Cordyceps sinensis show close resemblance in main constituents and anti-oxidation activity. Phytomedicine 2002, 9:319-324.
52. Li Y., Wang X.L., Jiao L., Jiang Y., Li H., Jiang S.P., Lhosumtseiring N., Fu S.Z., Dong C.H., Zhan Y., Yao Y.J. A survey of the geographic distribution of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. The Journal of Microbiology 2011, 49:913-919.
53. Li S.P., Zhang G.H., Zeng Q., Huang Z.G., Wang Y.T., Dong T.T.X., Tsim K.W.K. Hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharide, with antioxidation, isolated from cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Phytomedicine 2006, 13:428-433.
54. Li S.P., Zhao K.J., Ji Z.N., Song Z.H., Dong T.T.X., Lo C.K., Cheung J.K.H., Zhu S.Q., Tsim K.W.K. A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. Life Sciences 2003, 73:2503-2513.
55. Liu Z., Li P., Zhao D., Tang H., Guo J. Protective effect of extract of Cordyceps sinensis in middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2010, 6:61-68.
56. Liu Y., Liu N., Han B., Tian X., Su J., Zhao D. Effect of crude polysaccharides from mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis on expression of p53 gene and induction of apoptosis in SP2/0 cells. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica 2009, 40:117-121. (in Chinese).
57. Liu Y.S., Wu J.Y. Effects of Tween 80 and pH on mycelial pellets and exopolysaccharide production in liquid culture of a medicinal fungus. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 2012, 39:623-628.
58. Lo H.C., Hsieh C., Lin F.Y., Hsu T.H. A Systematic Review of the Mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in DongChongXiaCao and Related Bioactive Ingredients. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2013, 3:16-32.
59. Marchbank T., Ojobo E., Playford G., Playford R. Reparative properties of the traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis (Chinese caterpillar mushroom) using HT29 cell culture and rat gastric damage models of injury. British Journal of Nutrition 2011, 105:1303-1310.
60. Medzhitov R., Janeway C. Innate immune recognition: mechanisms and pathways. Immunological Reviews 2000, 173:89-97.
61. Miyazaki T., Oikawa N., Yamada H. Studies on fungal polysaccharides. 20. Galactomannan of Cordyceps sinensis. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 1977, 25:3324-3328.
62. Moradali M., Mostafavi H., Ghods S., Hedjaroude G. Immunomodulating and anticancer agents in the realm of macromycetes fungi (macrofungi). International Immunopharmacology 2007, 7:701-724.
63. Negre-Salvayre A., Coatrieux C., Ingueneau C., Salvayre R. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. British Journal of Pharmacology 2008, 153:6-20.
64. Nie S.P., Cui S.W., Phillips A.O., Xie M.Y., Phillips G.O., Al-Assaf S., Zhang X.L. Elucidation of the structure of a bioactive hydrophobic polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011, 84:894-899.
65. Nie S.P., Cui S.W., Xie M., Phillips A.O., Phillips G.O. Bioactive polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis: isolation, structure features and bioactivities. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber 2013, 1:38-52.
66. Nie S.P., Xie M.Y. A review on the isolation and structure of tea polysaccharides and their bioactivities. Food Hydrocolloids 2011, 25:144-149.
67. Panagiotopoulos C., Sempéré R., Lafont R., Kerhervé P. Sub-ambient temperature effects on the separation of monosaccharide by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulse amperometric detection: application to marine chemistry. Journal of Chromatography A 2001, 920:13-22.
68. Paterson R.R.M. Cordyceps - a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:1469-1495.
69. Pérez S., Kouwijzer M., Mazeau K., Engelsen S.B. Modeling polysaccharides: present status and challenges. Journal of Molecular Graphics 1996, 14:307-321.
70. Pol-Fachin L., Fernandes C.L., Verli H. GROMOS96 43a1 performance on the characterization of glycoprotein conformational ensembles through molecular dynamics simulations. Carbohydrate Research 2009, 344:491-500.
71. Quan W., Wang J., Du S., Liu G. Studies on the production of exopolysaccharides by liquid culture of Cordyceps sinensis. Fajiao Keji Tongxun 2007, 36:2-4. (in Chinese).
72. Sato T., Norisuye T., Fujita H. Double-stranded helix of xanthan: dimensional and hydrodynamic properties in 0.1M aqueous sodium chloride. Macromolecules 1984, 17:2696-2700.
73. Schlesier K., Harwat M., Böhm V., Bitsch R. Assessment of antioxidant activity by using different in vitro methods. Free Radical Research 2002, 36:177-187.
74. Senti F.r., Hellman N.N., Ludwig N.H., Babcock G.E., Tobin R., Glass C.A., Lamberts B.L. Viscosity, sedimentation, and light-scattering properties of fraction of an acid-hydrolyzed dextran. Journal of Polymer Science 1955, 17:527-546.
75. Shashidhar M.G., Giridhar P., Sankar K.U., Manohar B. Bioactive principles from Cordyceps sinensis: A potent food supplement - A review. Journal of Functional Foods 2013, 5:1013-1030.
76. Shen Y., Shao X., Ni Y., Xu H., Tong X. Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide enhances apoptosis of HL-60 cells induced by triptolide. Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) 2009, 38:158-162. (in Chinese).
77. Shen W., Song D., Wu J., Zhang W. Protective effects of a polysaccharide isolated from a cultured Cordyceps mycelia on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells. Phytotherapy Research 2011, 25:675-680.
78. Sheng L., Chen J., Li J., Zhang W. An exopolysaccharide from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on cytokine expression of immunocytes. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2011, 163:669-678.
79. Song D., He Z., Wang C., Yuan F., Dong P., Zhang W. Regulation of the exopolysaccharide from an anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis on dendritic cell sarcoma (DCS) cell line. European Journal of Nutrition 2013, 52:687-694.
80. Song D., Lin J., Yuan F., Zhang W. Ex vivo stimulation of murine dendritic cells by an exopolysaccharide from one of the anamorph of Cordyceps sinensis. Cell Biochemistry and Function 2011, 29:555-561.
81. Song L.Q., Ming Y.S., Peng M.X., Xia J.L. The protective effects of Cordyceps sinensis extract on extracellular matrix accumulation of glomerular sclerosis in rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2010, 4:471-478.
82. Strlegel A.M., Plattner R.D., Willett J.L. Dilute solution behavior of dendrimers and polysaccharides: SEC, ESI-MS, and computer modeling. Analytical Chemistry 1999, 71:978-986.
83. Velickovic D.T., Milenovic D.M., Ristic M.S., Veljkovic V.B. Kinetics of ultrasonic extraction of extractive substances from garden (Salvia officinalis L.) and glutinous (Salvia glutinosa L.) sage. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 2006, 13:150-156.
84. Wang Z.M., Cheung Y.C., Leung P.H., Wu J.Y. Ultrasonic treatment for improved solution properties of a high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide produced by a medicinal fungus. Bioresource Technology 2010, 101:5517-5522.
85. Wang X.L., Liu G.Q., Zhu C.Y., Kuang S.M. Enhanced production of mycelial biomass and extracellular polysaccharides in caterpillar-shaped medicinal mushroom Cordyceps sinensis CS001 by the addition of palmitic acid. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 2011, 5:2873-2878.
86. Wang Z.M., Peng X., Lee K.L.D., Tang J.C., Cheung P.C.K., Wu J.Y. Structural characterisation and immunomodulatory property of an acidic polysaccharide from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. Food Chemistry 2011, 125:637-643.
87. Wang S.Y., Shiao M.S. Pharmacological functions of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis and related species. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 2000, 8:248-257.
88. Wang Y., Wang M., Ling Y., Fan W.Q., Wang Y.F., Yin H.P. Structural determination and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2009, 37:977-989.
89. Wang L., Wang G., Zhang J., Zhang G., Jia L., Liu X., Deng P., Fan K. Extraction optimization and antioxidant activity of intracellular selenium polysaccharide by Cordyceps sinensis SU-02. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011, 86:1745-1750.
90. Wang Y., Yin H., Chen T., Wang M. Preliminary structural identification and protection on renal cell injury of acidic polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis. Journal of China Pharmaceutical University 2009, 40:559-564. (in Chinese).
91. Wang Y., Yin H., Lv X., Wang Y., Gao H., Wang M. Protection of chronic renal failure by a polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis. Fitoterapia 2010, 81:397-402.
92. Wasser S.P. Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumour and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2002, 10:13-32.
93. Wasser S.P., Weis A.L. Medicinal properties of substances occurring in higher basidiomycetes mushroom: current perspective. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 1999, 1:31-51.
94. Winkler D. Caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) production and sustainability on the Tibetan Plateau and in the Himanayas. Asian Medicines 2009, 5:291-316.
95. Winkler D. Cordyceps sinensis - a previous parasitic fungus infecting Tibet. Field Mycology 2010, 11:60-67.
96. Wong W.C., Wu J.Y., Benzie I.F.F. Photoprotective potential of Cordyceps polysaccharides against ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA damage to human skin cells. British Journal of Dermatology 2011, 164:980-986.
97. Wu C., Chen Y., Hao Y. Production of mycelia and polysaccharides by liquid fermentation of Cordyceps sinensis. Food Science 2009, 30:171-174. (in Chinese).
98. Wu Y.L., Hu N., Pan Y.J., Zhou L.J., Zhou X.X. Isolation and characterization of a mannoglucan from edible Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. Carbohydrate Research 2007, 342:870-875.
99. Wu Y.L., Ishurd O., Sun C.R., Pan Y.J. Structure analysis and antitumour activity of (1→3)-beta-d-glucans (Cordyglucans) from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Planta Medica 2005, 71:381-384.
100. Wu Y.L., Sun C.R., Pan Y.J. Structural analysis of a neutral (1→3), (1→4)-β-d-glucan from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Journal of Natural Products 2005, 68:812-814.
101. Wu Y.L., Sun C.R., Pan Y.J. Studies on isolation and structural features of a polysaccharide from the mycelium of a Chinese edible fungus (Cordyceps sinensis). Carbohydrate Polymers 2006, 63:251-256.
102. Wu Y.L., Sun H.X., Qin F., Pan Y.J., Sun C.R. Effect of various extracts and a polysaccharide from the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice. Phytotherapy Research 2006, 20:646-652.
103. Xiao J.H. Current status and ponderation on preparations and chemical structures of polysaccharide in fungi of Cordyceps (Fr.) Link. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 2008, 39:454-460.
104. Xie J., Shan B., Zhang W. Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from fermented Cordyceps sinensis mycelium optimized by response surface analysis. Chinese Journal of Bioprocess Engineering 2009, 7:34-38. (in Chinese).
105. Yamac M., Kanbak G., Zeytinoglu M., Bayramoglu G., Senturk H., Uyanoglu M. Hypoglycemic effect of Lentinus strigosus (Schwein.) fr. crude exopolysaccharide in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Food 2008, 11:513-517.
106. Yamada H., Kawaguchi N., Ohmori T., Takeshita Y., Taneya S., Miyazaki T. Strucrual and antitumour activity of an alkali-soluble polysaccharide from Cordyceps ophioglossoides. Carbohydrate Research 1984, 125:107-115.
107. Yan J.K., Li L., Wang Z.M., Leung P.H., Wang W.Q., Wu J.Y. Acidic degradation and enhanced antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis mycelial culture. Food Chemistry 2009, 117:641-646.
108. Yan J.K., Li L., Wang Z.M., Wu J.Y. Structural elucidation of an exopolysaccharide form mycelial fermentation of a Tolypocladium sp. fungus isolated from wild Cordyceps sinensis. Carbohydrate Polymers 2010, 79:125-130.
109. Yan J.K., Wang W.Q., Li L., Wu J.Y. Physiochemical properties and antitumour activities of two α-glucans isolated from hot water and alkaline extracts of Cordyceps (Cs-HK1) fungal mycelia. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011, 85:753-758.
110. Yan J.K., Wang W.Q., Ma H.L., Wu J.Y. Sulfation and enhanced antioxidant capacity of an exopolysaccharide produced by the medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis. Molecules 2013, 18:167-177.
111. Yan F., Zhang Y., Wang B. Effects of polysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis mycelium on physical fatigue in mice. Bangladesh Journal of Pharmacology 2012, 7:217-221.
112. Yang L.Y., Chen A., Kuo Y.C., Lin C.Y. Efficacy of a pure compound H1-A extracted from Cordyceps sinensis on autoimmune disease of MRL LPR/LPR mice. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1999, 134:492-500.
113. Yang L.Y., Huang W.J., Hsieh H.G., Lin C.Y. H1-A extracted from Cordyceps sinensis suppresses the proliferation of human mesangial cells and promotes apoptosis, probably by inhibiting the tyrosine phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 2003, 141:74-83.
114. Yang L., Zhang L.M. Chemical structural and chain conformational characterization of some bioactive polysaccharides isolated from natural sources. Carbohydrate Polymers 2009, 76:349-361.
115. Yang J.Y., Zhang W.Y., Shi P.H., Chen J.P., Han X.D., Wang Y. Effects of exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated Cordyceps sinensis fungus on c-Myc, c-Fos, and VEGF expression in B16 melanoma-bearing mice. Pathology, Research and Practice 2005, 201:745-750.
116. Yao Y.J. Conservation and rational use of the natural resources of Cordyceps sinensis. Science News 2004, 15:28-29. (in Chinese).
117. Yao X., Meran S., Fang Y., Martin J., Midgley A., Pan M.M., Liu B.C., Cui S.W., Phillips G.O., Phllips A.O. Cordyceps sinensis: in vitro anti-fibrotic bioactivity of natural and cultured preparations. Food Hydrocolloids 2014, 35:444-452.
118. Yin H., Qiao C., Qin S., Tang W., Jia S. Optimization of fermentation medium for Cordyceps sinensis. Food Research & Development 2013, 34:5-8. (in Chinese).
119. Yin D.H., Tang X.M. Progresses of cultivation research of Cordyceps sinensis. China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 1995, 20:707-709.
120. Yoon T.J., Yu K.W., Shin K.S., Suh H.J. Innate immune stimulation of exo-polymers prepared from Cordyceps sinensis by submerged culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2008, 80:1087-1093.
121. Yue K., Ye M., Zhou Z., Sun W., Lin X. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2013, 65:474-493.
122. Zhang X.L., Cheung L.B., Al-Assaf S., Phillips G.O., Phillips A.O. Cordyceps sinensis decreases TGF-β1 dependent epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation and attenuates renal fibrosis. Food Hydrocolloids 2012, 28:200-212.
123. Zhang M., Cui S., Cheung P., Wang Q. Antitumour polysaccharides from mushrooms: a review on their isolation process, structural characteristics and antitumour activity. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2007, 18:4-19.
124. Zhang G.Q., Huang Y.D., Bian Y., Wong J.H., Ng T.B., Wang H.X. Hypoglycemic activity of the fungi Cordyceps militaris, Cordyceps sinensis, Tricholoma mongolicum, and Omphalia lapidescens in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2006, 72:1152-1156.
125. Zhang W., Li J., Qiu S., Chen J., Zheng Y. Effects of the exopolysaccharide fraction (EPSF) from a cultivated C. sinensis on immunocytes of H22 tumour bearing mice. Fitoterapia 2008, 79:168-173.
126. Zhang Y., Li E., Wang C., Li Y., Liu X. Ophiocordyceps sinensis, the flagship fungus of China: terminology, life strategy and ecology. Mycology 2012, 3:2-10.
127. Zhang Z., Wang X., Zhang Y., Ye G. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on renal function of patients with chronic allograft nephropathy. Urologia Internationalis 2011, 86:298-301.
128. Zhang L., Yang L. Solution properties of pachyman from Poria cocos mycelia in dimenthyl sulfoxide. Biopolymers 1995, 36:695-700.
129. Zhang W.Y., Yang J.Y., Chen J.P., Hou Y.Y., Han X.D. Immunomodulatory and antitumour effects of an exopolysaccharide fraction from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis (Chinese caterpillar fungus) on tumour-bearing mice. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 2005, 42:9-15.
130. Zhao J., Xie J., Wang L.Y., Li S.P. Advanced development in chemical analysis of Cordyceps. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.025.
131. Zhong S., Pan H.J., Fan L.F., Lv G., Wu Y., Parmeswaran B., Pandey A., Soccol C.R. Advances in research of polysaccharides in Cordyceps species. Food Technology and Biotechnology 2009, 47:304-312.
132. Zhou X.W., Gong Z.H., Su Y., Lin J., Tang K. Cordyceps fungi: natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2009, 61:279-291.
133. Zhu J.S., Halpern G.M., Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of an ancient Chinese herbal medicine: Cordyceps sinensis. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 1998, 4:289-303. (Part I); 4 429-457 (Part II).