Advanced development in chemical analysis of Cordyceps

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

Volumn 87, Issue , 2014, Pages 271-289

  Zhao, J ^a   Xie, J ^a   Wang, L Y ^a   Li, S P ^a  

^a China jack1987168 163com   (Macao)

Author keywords

Carbohydrates; Chemical analysis; Cordyceps; Nucleosides; Saccharide mapping

Indexed keywords

ADENINE; ADENOSINE; CORDYCEPIN; CYTIDINE; CYTOSINE; ERGOSTEROL; GUANINE; GUANOSINE; INOSINE; MANNITOL; NITROGEN OXIDE; NUCLEOSIDE; THYMIDINE; THYMINE; URACIL; URIDINE;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHINESE MEDICINE; CORDYCEPS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROPHILIC INTERACTION CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIGHT SCATTERING; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NONHUMAN; OPHIOCORDYCEPS; PEPTIDE MAPPING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REVIEW; ULTRA PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;

CARBOHYDRATES; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CORDYCEPS; NUCLEOSIDES; SACCHARIDE MAPPING;

CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES, ANALYTICAL; CORDYCEPS; DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL; HUMANS; MEDICINE, CHINESE TRADITIONAL; QUALITY CONTROL;

EID: 84889598594     PISSN: 07317085     EISSN: 1873264X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.04.025     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Li S.P., Yang F.Q., Tsim K.W.K. Quality control of Cordyceps sinensis, a valued traditional Chinese medicine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 41:1571-1584.
2. Shrestha B., Zhang W.M., Zhang Y.J., Liu X.Z. The medicinal fungus Cordyceps militaris: research and development. Mycol. Prog. 2012, 11:599-614.
3. Paterson R.R.M. Cordyceps - a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory?. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:1469-1495.
4. Zhou X., Gong Z., Su Y., Lin J., Tang K. Cordyceps fungi: natural products, pharmacological functions and developmental products. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2009, 61:279-291.
5. Zhong S., Pan H.J., Fan L.F., Lv G.Y., Wu Y.Z., Parmeswaran B., Pandey A., Soccol C.R. Advances in research of polysaccharides in Cordyceps species. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2009, 47:304-312.
6. Das S.K., Masuda M., Sakurai A., Sakakibara M. Medicinal uses of the mushroom Cordyceps militaris: current state and prospects. Fitoterapia 2010, 81:961-968.
7. Lo H.C., Hsieh C., Lin F.Y., Hsu T.H. A systematic review of the mysterious Caterpillar Fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong ChongXiaCao ( dōng chóng xià cǎo) and related bioactive ingredients. J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 2013, 3:1-24.
8. Yue K., Ye M., Zhou Z., Sun W., Lin X. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2013, 65:474-493.
9. Wang Z., Liu J.L. Advances in studies on chemical constituents of Cordyceps. Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs 2009, 40:1157-1160.
10. Xiao J.H., Zhong J.J. Secondary metabolites from Cordyceps species and their antitumor activity studies. Recent Pat. Biotechnol. 2007, 1:123-137.
11. Ng T.B., Wang H.X. Pharmacological actions of Cordyceps, a prized folk medicine. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2005, 57:1509-1519.
12. Jacobson K.A., Gao Z.G. Adenosine receptors as therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2006, 5:247-264.
13. Gessi S., Merighi S., Fazzi D., Stefanelli A., Varani K., Borea P.A. Adenosine receptor targeting in health and disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2011, 20:1591-1609.
14. Yu L., Zhao J., Zhu Q., Li S.P. Macrophage biospecific extraction and high performance liquid chromatography for hypothesis of immunological active components in Cordyceps sinensis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2007, 44:439-443.
15. Yang F.Q., Li S.P. Effects of sample preparation methods on the quantification of nucleosides in natural and cultured Cordyceps. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2008, 48:231-235.
16. Ikeda R., Nishimura M., Sun Y., Wada M., Nakashima K. Simple HPLC-UV determination of nucleosides and its application to the authentication of Cordyceps and its allies. Biomed. Chromatogr. 2008, 22:630-636.
17. Yang F.Q., Li D.Q., Feng K., Hu D.J., Li S.P. Determination of nucleotides, nucleosides and their transformation products in Cordyceps by ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217:5501-5510.
18. Feng K., Wang S., Hu D.J., Yang F.Q., Wang H.X., Li S.P. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and the nucleosides assessment of fungal strains isolated from natural Cordyceps sinensis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2009, 50:522-526.
19. Yu L., Zhao J., Li S.P., Fan H., Hong M., Wang Y.T., Zhu Q. Quality evaluation of Cordyceps through simultaneous determination of eleven nucleosides and bases by RP-HPLC. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29:953-958.
20. Gong Y.X., Li S.P., Li P., Liu J.J., Wang Y.T. Simultaneous determination of six main nucleosides and bases in natural and cultured Cordyceps by capillary electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1055:215-221.
21. Teng G.S., Wu Y.C., Wang N.Y., Wang Y.C., Gao L., Liu Y.H. Application of wavelet packet transform-radial basis function neural network in NIR spectroscopy for non-destructive determination of Cordyceps gunnii mycelia powder. ICICTA 2012, 5:114-118.
22. Guo W., Wang D., Song J., Lu J., Du L., Teng L. Simultaneous and rapid quantitative analysis of four components in Cordyceps militaris mycelium powder using near infrared spectroscopy. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Opt. Sin. 2011, 31:0230002.
23. Yang F.Q., Ge L., Yong J.W.H., Tan S.N., Li S.P. Determination of nucleosides and nucleobases in different species of Cordyceps by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2009, 50:307-314.
24. Rao Y.K., Chou C.H., Tzeng Y.M. A simple and rapid method for identification and determination of cordycepin in Cordyceps militaris by capillary electrophoresis. Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 566:253-258.
25. Li J., Feng C.Q., Ni X.M., Zhang W.S. Determination of nucleosides of natural Cordyceps sinensis in Qinghai Province by capillary electrophoresis. Chin. Pharm. J. 2008, 43:1105-1107.
26. Yang F.Q., Li S.P., Li P., Wang Y.T. Optimization of CEC for simultaneous determination of eleven nucleosides and nucleobases in Cordyceps using central composite design. Electrophoresis 2007, 28:1681-1688.
27. Yang F.Q., Guan J., Li S.P. Fast simultaneous determination of 14 nucleosides and nucleobases in cultured Cordyceps using ultra-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 2007, 73:269-273.
28. Rodriguez-Gonzalo E., Garcia-Gomez D., Carabias-Martinez R. Development and validation of a hydrophilic interaction chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method with on-line polar extraction for the analysis of urinary nucleosides. Potential application in clinical diagnosis. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:9055-9063.
29. Treadway J.W., Philibert G.S., Olesik S.V. Enhanced fluidity liquid chromatography for hydrophilic interaction separation of nucleosides. J. Chromatogr. A 2011, 1218:5897-5902.
30. Chen Y., Bicker W.F., Wu J.Y., Xie M.Y., Lindner W.G. Simultaneous determination of 16 nucleosides and nucleobases by hydrophilic interaction chromatography and its application to the quality evaluation of Ganoderma. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2012, 60:4243-4252.
31. Zhang L., Dai X., Xu F., Wang F., Gong B., Wei Y. Preparation of imidazole-functionalized silica by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization and its application for hydrophilic interaction chromatography. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2012, 404:1477-1484.
32. Gika H.G., Theodoridis G.A., Wilson I.D. Hydrophilic interaction and reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography TOF-MS for metabonomic analysis of Zucker rat urine. J. Sep. Sci. 2008, 31:1598-1608.
33. Chen J., Wang W., Lv S., Yin P., Zhao X., Lu X., Zhang F., Xu G. Metabonomics study of liver cancer based on ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with HILIC and RPLC separations. Anal. Chim. Acta 2009, 650:3-9.
34. Gika H.G., Theodoridis G.A., Vrhovsek U., Mattivi F. Quantitative profiling of polar primary metabolites using hydrophilic interaction ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2012, 1259:121-127.
35. Xie J.W., Huang L.F., Hu W., He Y.B., Wong K.P. Analysis of the main nucleosides in Cordyceps Sinensis by LC/ESI-MS. Molecules 2010, 15:305-314.
36. Zhou J., Huang L., Guo F. Rapid simultaneous determination of main nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis with LC-ESI-MS. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 2009, 34:2349-2352.
37. Fan H., Li S.P., Xiang J.J., Lai C.M., Yang F.Q., Gao J.L., Wang Y.T. Qualitative and quantitative determination of nucleosides, bases and their analogues in natural and cultured Cordyceps by pressurized liquid extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Anal. Chim. Acta 2006, 567:218-228.
38. Wang S., Yang F.Q., Feng K., Li D.Q., Zhao J., Li S.P. Simultaneous determination of nucleosides, myriocin, and carbohydrates in Cordyceps by HPLC coupled with diode array detection and evaporative light scattering detection. J. Sep. Sci. 2009, 32:4069-4076.
39. Yang C., Guan J., Zhang J.S., Li S.P. Use of HPTLC to differentiate among the crude polysaccharides in six traditional Chinese medicines. J. Planar Chromatogr. Mod. TLC 2010, 23:46-49.
40. Guan J., Li S.P. Discrimination of polysaccharides from traditional Chinese medicines using saccharide mapping-enzymatic digestion followed by chromatographic analysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2010, 51:590-598.
41. Guan J., Zhao J., Feng K., Hu D.J., Li S.P. Comparison and characterization of polysaccharides from natural and cultured Cordyceps using saccharide mapping. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 399:3465-3474.
42. Xiao J.H., Xiao D.M., Xiong Q., Liang Z.Q., Zhong J.J. Optimum extraction and high-throughput detection of cordycepic acid from medicinal macrofungi Cordyceps jiangxiensis, Cordyceps taii and Cordyceps gunnii. J. Food Agr. Environ. 2009, 7:328-333.
43. Guan J., Yang F.Q., Li S.P. Evaluation of carbohydrates in natural and cultured Cordyceps by pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Molecules 2010, 15:4227-4241.
44. Miyake Y., Kozutsumi Y., Nakamura S., Fujita T., Kawasaki T. Serine palmitoyltransferase is the primary target of a sphingosine-like immunosuppressant, ISP-1/myriocin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995, 211:396-403.
45. Yu J., Xu H., Mo Z., Zhu H., Mao X. Determination of myriocin in natural and cultured Cordyceps cicadae using 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-detection. Anal. Sci. 2009, 25:855-859.
46. Yu J.W., Zhao J., Xiao Q., Yang F.Q., Mao X.B. Simultaneous determination of myriocin-like long-chain bases in Cordyceps by HPLC-UV with pre-column derivatization. Anal. Methods 2012, 4:2134-2140.
47. Matsuda H., Akaki J., Nakamura S., Okazaki Y., Kojima H., Tamesada M., Yoshikawa M. Apoptosis-inducing effects of sterols from the dried powder of cultured mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2009, 57:411-414.
48. Krzyczkowski W., Malinowska E., Suchocki P., Kleps J., Olejnik M., Herold F. Isolation and quantitative determination of ergosterol peroxide in various edible mushroom species. Food Chem. 2009, 113:351-355.
49. Yuan J.P., Wang J.H., Liu X., Kuang H.C., Zhao S.Y. Simultaneous determination of free ergosterol and ergosteryl esters in Cordyceps sinensis by HPLC. Food Chem. 2007, 105:1755-1759.
50. Chen L.C., Hseu R.S., Guo J.H. Determination of ergosterol and its derivatives in Cordyceps Sinensis-associated products by high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chin. J. Anal. Chem. 2011, 39:1380-1386.
51. Yang F.Q., Feng K., Zhao J., Li S.P. Analysis of sterols and fatty acids in natural and cultured Cordyceps by one-step derivatization followed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2009, 49:1172-1178.
52. Rayasam G.V., Tulasi V.K., Davis J.A., Bansal V.S. Fatty acid receptors as new therapeutic targets for diabetes. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 2007, 11:661-671.
53. Bernard J. Free fatty acid receptor family: novel targets for the treatment of diabetes and dyslipidemia. Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs 2008, 9:1078-1083.
54. Xiao J.H., Xiao D.M., Sun Z.H., Xiong Q., Liang Z.Q., Zhong J.J. Chemical compositions and antimicrobial property of three edible and medicinal Cordyceps species. J. Food Agr. Environ. 2009, 7:91-100.
55. Guo L.X., Xu X.M., Wu C.F., Lin L., Zou S.C., Luan T.G., Yuan J.P., Wang J.H. Fatty acid composition of lipids in wild Cordyceps sinensis from major habitats in China. Biomed. Prev. Nutr. 2012, 2:42-50.
56. Hu F.L., Li Z.Z. Secondary metabolites and their bioactivities of Cordyceps and its related fungi. Mycosystema 2007, 26:607-632.
57. Zhu Z.Y., Si C.L., Zhong Y.R., Zhu C.M., Zhou J.P., Liu A.J., Zhang Y.M. The purification and antioxidative activities in d-galactose-induced aging mice of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Cordyceps gunnii (berk.) berk. Mycelium. J. Food Biochem. 2011, 35:303-322.
58. Bernabé M., Salvachúa D., Jiménez-Barbero J., Leal J.A., Prieto A. Structures of wall heterogalactomannans isolated from three genera of entomopathogenic fungi. Fungal Biol. 2011, 115:862-870.
59. Lee J.S., Kwon J.S., Yun J.S., Pahk J.W., Shin W.C., Lee S.Y., Hong E.K. Structural characterization of immunostimulating polysaccharide from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010, 80:1011-1017.
60. Wu F., Yan H., Ma X., Jia J., Zhang G., Guo X., Gui Z. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of purified polysaccharide from cultured Cordyceps militaris. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2011, 5:2743-2751.
61. Wang Y., Wang M., Ling Y., Fan W., Yin H. Structural determination and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps sinensis. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2009, 37:977-989.
62. Akaki J., Matsui Y., Kojima H., Nakajima S., Kamei K., Tamesada M. Structural analysis of monocyte activation constituents in cultured mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Fitoterapia 2009, 80:182-187.
63. Isaka M., Srisanoh U., Lartpornmatulee N., Boonruangprapa T. ES-242 derivatives and cycloheptapeptides from Cordyceps sp. strains BCC 16173 and BCC 16176. J. Nat. Prod. 2007, 70:1601-1604.
64. Kim J.H., Park D.K., Lee C.H., Yoon D.Y. A new isoflavone glycitein 7-O-beta-d-glucoside 4-O-methylate, isolated from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans extract, inhibits EGF-induced mucus hypersecretion in the human lung mucoepidermoid cells. Phytother. Res. 2012, 26:1807-1812.
65. Hsu T.H., Shiao L.H., Hsieh C., Chang D.M. A comparison of the chemical composition and bioactive ingredients of the Chinese medicinal mushroom DongChongXiaCao, its counterfeit and mimic, and fermented mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Food Chem. 2002, 78:463-469.
66. Yang Z., Chi S.Y., Zhang C.H., Wu A. Quantitative analysis of adenosine and cordycepin in Cordyceps sinensis and its substitutes with LC-MS-MS. Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi 2007, 32:2018-2021.
67. Guo F.Q., Li A., Huang L.F., Liang Y.Z., Chen B.M. Identification and determination of nucleosides in Cordyceps sinensis and its substitutes by high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2006, 40:623-630.
68. Huichun X., Liang Y., Lao D., Zhang T., Ito Y. Preparative separation of high-purity cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris (L.) link by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2011, 34:491-499.
69. Zhu Z.Y., Liu N., Si C.L., Liu Y., Ding L.N., Jing C., Liu A.J., Zhang Y.M. Structure and anti-tumor activity of a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide from cultured mycelium of Cordyceps gunnii. Carbohydr. Polym. 2012, 88:1072-1076.
70. Ni H., Zhou X.H., Li H.H., Huang W.F. Column chromatographic extraction and preparation of cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris waster medium. J. Chromatogr. B 2009, 877:2135-2141.
71. Mao N., Zhang L.Y., Zhang F.M., Chen X.J. Study on the technical parameters for extracting and purifying cordycepin with ion exchange resin. Pharm. Biotechnol. 2010, 17:400-403.
72. Yuan J.P., Zhao S.Y., Wang J.H., Kuang H.C., Liu X. Distribution of nucleosides and nucleobases in edible fungi. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2008, 56:809-815.
73. Ju X., Sun Y., Cao X., Jiang J., Zhang T., Ito Y. Two-step purification of cordycepin from Cordyceps millitaris by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. 2009, 32:2417-2423.
74. Song J.F., Liu C.Q., Li D.J., Jin B.Q. Optimization of cordycepin extraction from cultured Cordyceps militaris by HPLC-DAD coupled with uniform design. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 2007, 82:1122-1126.
75. Wang Y., Guo Y., Zhang L., Wu J. Characterizations of a new Cordyceps cicadae isolate and production of adenosine and cordycepin. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2012, 43:449-455.
76. Ling J.Y., Zhang G.Y., Lin J.Q., Cui Z.J., Zhang C.K. Supercritical fluid extraction of cordycepin and adenosine from Cordyceps kyushuensis and purification by high-speed counter-current chromatography. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2009, 66:625-629.
77. Li C., Yan A., Cai C., Liu Z. Fast determination of adenosine and cordycepin in Cordyceps and its deserted solid medium. Chin. J. Chromatogr. (Se Pu) 2012, 30:711-715.
78. Fan H., Yang F.Q., Li S.P. Determination of purine and pyrimidine bases in natural and cultured Cordyceps using optimum acid hydrolysis followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 2007, 45:141-144.
79. Lei N., Du S.S., Ni X.M., Zhang W.S., Guo E.R., Li Q. Determination of nucleosides in natural Cordyceps sinensis and cultured Cordyceps by RP-HPLC. Chin. Pharm. J. 2006, 41:948-951.
80. Huang L., Li Q., Chen Y., Wang X., Zhou X. Determination and analysis of cordycepin and adenosine in the products of Cordyceps spp. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. 2009, 3:957-961.
81. Meena H., Mohsin M., Pandey H.K., Negi P.S., Ahmed Z. Estimation of cordycepin by improved HPLC method in the natural and cultured mycelia of high medicinal value Himalayan entomogenous fungus Cordyceps sinensis. Electron. J. Environ. Agric. Food. Chem. 2010, 9:1598-1603.
82. Xiao J., Sun J., Yao L., Zhao Q., Wang L., Wang X., Yuan X., Zhao B. Physicochemical characteristics of ultrasonic extracted polysaccharides from Cordyceps cephalosporium mycelia. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 51:64-69.
83. Yan J.K., Wang W.Q., Li L., Wu J.Y. Physiochemical properties and antitumor activities of two α-glucans isolated from hot water and alkaline extracts of Cordyceps (Cs-HK1) fungal mycelia. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 85:753-758.
84. Wang Z.M., Peng X., Lee K.L.D., Tang J.C.O., Cheung P.C.K., Wu J.Y. Structural characterisation and immunomodulatory property of an acidic polysaccharide from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. Food Chem. 2011, 125:637-643.
85. Yan J.K., Li L., Wang Z.M., Wu J.Y. Structural elucidation of an exopolysaccharide from mycelial fermentation of a Tolypocladium sp. fungus isolated from wild Cordyceps sinensis. Carbohydr. Polym. 2010, 79:125-130.
86. Yan J.K., Li L., Wang Z.M., Leung P.H., Wang W.Q., Wu J.Y. Acidic degradation and enhanced antioxidant activities of exopolysaccharides from Cordyceps sinensis mycelial culture. Food Chem. 2009, 117:641-646.
87. Zhang A.L., Lu J.H., Zhang N., Zheng D., Zhang G.R., Teng L.R. Extraction, purification and anti-tumor activity of polysaccharide from mycelium of mutant Cordyceps militaris. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 2010, 26:798-802.
88. Wang Z.M., Cheung Y.C., Leung P.H., Wu J.Y. Ultrasonic treatment for improved solution properties of a high-molecular weight exopolysaccharide produced by a medicinal fungus. Bioresour. Technol. 2010, 101:5517-5522.
89. Wang Y., Yin H., Lv X., Gao H., Wang M. Protection of chronic renal failure by a polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis. Fitoterapia 2010, 81:397-402.
90. Leung P.H., Zhao S., Ho K.P., Wu J.Y. Chemical properties and antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from mycelial culture of Cordyceps sinensis fungus Cs-HK1. Food Chem. 2009, 114:1251-1256.
91. Cheung J.K.H., Li J., Cheung A.W.H., Zhu Y., Zheng K.Y.Z., Bi C.W.C., Duan R., Choi R.C.Y., Lau D.T.W., Dong T.T.X., Lau B.W.C., Tsim K.W.K. Cordysinocan a polysaccharide isolated from cultured Cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: signaling cascade and induction of cytokines. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 124:61-68.
92. Wu Y., Hu N., Pan Y., Zhou L., Zhou X. Isolation and characterization of a mannoglucan from edible Cordyceps sinensis mycelium. Carbohydr. Res. 2007, 342:870-875.
93. Ohta Y., Lee J.B., Hayashi K., Fujita A., Dong K.P., Hayashi T. In vivo anti-influenza virus activity of an immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps militaris grown on germinated soybeans. J. Agr. Food Chem. 2007, 55:10194-10199.
94. Sheng L., Chen J., Li J., Zhang W. An exopolysaccharide from cultivated Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on cytokine expressions of immunocytes. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2011, 163:669-678.
95. Yu R., Yin Y., Yang W., Ma W., Yang L., Chen X., Zhang Z., Ye B., Song L. Structural elucidation and biological activity of a novel polysaccharide by alkaline extraction from cultured Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr. Polym. 2009, 75:166-171.
96. Yu R., Yang W., Song L., Yan C., Zhang Z., Zhao Y. Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris. Carbohydr. Polym. 2007, 70:430-436.
97. Yalin W., Cuirong S., Yuanjiang P. Studies on isolation and structural features of a polysaccharide from the mycelium of an Chinese edible fungus (Cordyceps sinensis). Carbohydr. Polym. 2006, 63:251-256.
98. Wu F., Yan H., Ma X., Jia J., Zhang G., Guo X., Gui Z. Comparison of the structural characterization and biological activity of acidic polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris cultured with different media. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2012, 28:2029-2038.
99. Yan H., Zhu D., Xu D., Wu J., Bian X. A study on Cordyceps militaris polysaccharide purification, composition and activity analysis. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2008, 7:4004-4009.
100. Nie S.P., Cui S.W., Phillips A.O., Xie M.Y., Phillips G.O., Al-Assaf S., Zhang X.L. Elucidation of the structure of a bioactive hydrophilic polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis by methylation analysis and NMR spectroscopy. Carbohydr. Polym. 2011, 84:894-899.