The immune system and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: From carcinogenesis to new therapeutic opportunities

Immunologic Research

Volumn 57, Issue 1-3, 2013, Pages 52-69

  Freiser, Monika E ^a   Serafini, Paolo ^a   Weed, Donald T ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibody therapies; Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Human papilloma virus; Immunosuppression; Immunotherapy; Tumor vaccines

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTIBODY; ANTIGEN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CALCITRIOL; CHEMOKINE; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; DENDRITIC CELL VACCINE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2; IRX 2; PEPTIDE VACCINE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROSTAGLANDIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; TUMOR VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; WART VIRUS VACCINE; WHOLE TUMOR VACCINE;

ARTICLE; CANCER IMMUNOLOGY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CARCINOGENESIS; CARCINOMA CELL; CELL TRANSFER; DENDRITIC CELL; EFFECTOR CELL; HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; HUMAN; IMMUNE EVASION; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOEDITING; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOSTIMULATION; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; MYELOID DERIVED SUPPRESSOR CELL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTUMOR CELL; REGULATORY T LYMPHOCYTE; SUPPRESSOR CELL; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; TUMOR CELL; WART VIRUS;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM; CANCER VACCINES; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CELL TRANSFORMATION, NEOPLASTIC; HEAD AND NECK NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOMODULATION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; PAPILLOMAVIRIDAE; TUMOR ESCAPE; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

EID: 84891491810     PISSN: 0257277X     EISSN: 15590755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8462-3     Document Type: Article

References (198)

1. Duray A, Demoulin S, Hubert P, Delvenne P, Saussez S. Immune suppression in head and neck cancers: a review. Clin Dev Immunol. 2010;2010:701657. doi: 10.1155/2010/701657.
2. Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, Forman D, Mathers C, Parkin DM. GLOBOCAN 2008 v2.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 10 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer 2010.
3. Hunter AM, LaCasse EC, Korneluk RG the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) as cancer targets. Apoptosis. 2007;12(9):1543-68. doi: 10.1007/s10495-007-0087-3.
4. Burnet FM the concept of immunological surveillance. Prog Exp Tumor Res. 1970;13:1-27.
5. French JD. Revisiting immune-based therapies for aggressive follicular cell-derived thyroid cancers. Thyroid. 2013;23(5):529-42. doi: 10.1089/thy2012.0566.
6. Badoual C, Sandoval F, Pere H, Hans S, Gey A, Merillon N, et al. Better understanding tumor-host interaction in head and neck cancer to improve the design and development of immunotherapeutic strategies. Head Neck. 2010;32(7):946-58. doi: 10.1002/hed.21346.
7. Harris JP, Penn I. Immunosuppression and the development of malignancies of the upper airway and related structures. Laryngoscope. 1981;91(4):520-8.
8. King GN, Healy CM, Glover MT, Kwan JT, Williams DM, Leigh IM, et al. Increased prevalence of dysplastic and malignant lip lesions in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. 1995;332(16):1052-7. doi: 10.1056/ NEJM199504203321602.
9. Avital I, Moreira AL, Klimstra DS, Leversha M, Papadopoulos EB, Brennan M, et al. Donor-derived human bone marrow cells contribute to solid organ cancers developing after bone marrow transplantation. Stem Cells. 2007;25(11):2903-9. doi: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0409.
10. Baker KS, DeFor TE, Burns LJ, Ramsay NK, Neglia JP, Robison LL. New malignancies after blood or marrow stem-cell transplantation in children and adults: incidence and risk factors. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(7):1352-8.
11. Bhatia S, Louie AD, Bhatia R, O'Donnell MR, Fung H, Kashyap A, et al. Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(2):464-71.
12. Haigentz M Jr. Aerodigestive cancers in HIV infection. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005;17(5):474-8.
13. Singh B, Balwally AN, Shaha AR, Rosenfeld RM, Har-El G, Lucente FE. Upper aerodigestive tract squamous cell carcinoma the human immunodeficiency virus connection. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122(6):639-43.
14. Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity's roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science. 2011;331(6024):1565-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1203486.
15. Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol. 2002;3(11):991-8. doi: 10.1038/ni1102-991.
16. Allen CT, Judd NP, Bui JD, Uppaluri R the clinical implications of antitumor immunity in head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 2012;122(1):144-57. doi: 10.1002/lary.21913.
17. Ferris RL, Whiteside TL, Ferrone S. Immune escape associated with functional defects in antigen-processing machinery in head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(13):3890-5.
18. Schuler PJ, Boeckers P, Engers R, Boelke E, Bas M, Greve J, et al. EGFR-specific T cell frequencies correlate with EGFR expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med. 2011;9:168. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-9- 168.
19. Hoffmann TK, Donnenberg AD, Finkelstein SD, Donnenberg VS, Friebe-Hoffmann U, Myers EN, et al. Frequencies of tetramer+ T cells specific for the wild-type sequence p53(264-272) peptide in the circulation of patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(12):3521-9.
20. Uppaluri R, Dunn GP, Lewis JS Jr. Focus on TILs: prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in head and neck cancers. Cancer Immun. 2008;8:16.
21. Schutt C, Bumm K, Mirandola L, Bernardini G, D'Cunha N, Tijani L, et al. Immunological treatment options for locoregionally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int Rev Immunol. 2012;31(1):22-42. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2011.637253.
22. Szczepanski MJ, Czystowska M, Szajnik M, Harasymczuk M, Boyiadzis M, Kruk-Zagajewska A, et al. Triggering of Toll-like receptor 4 expressed on human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma promotes tumor development and protects the tumor from immune attack. Cancer Res. 2009;69(7):3105-13. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3838.
23. Saussez S, Camby I, Toubeau G, Kiss R. Galectins as modulators of tumor progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck. 2007;29(9):874-84. doi: 10.1002/hed.20559.
24. Gastman BR, Atarshi Y, Reichert TE, Saito T, Balkir L, Rabinowich H, et al. Fas ligand is expressed on human squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, and it promotes apoptosis of T lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 1999;59(20):5356-64.
25. Gastman BR, Yin XM, Johnson DE, Wieckowski E, Wang GQ, Watkins SC, et al. Tumor-induced apoptosis of T cells: amplification by a mitochondrial cascade. Cancer Res. 2000;60(24):6811-7.
26. Kassouf N, Thornhill MH. Oral cancer cell lines can use multiple ligands, including Fas-L, TRAIL and TNF-alpha, to induce apoptosis in Jurkat T cells: possible mechanisms for immune escape by head and neck cancers. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(7):672-82. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.08.013.
27. Lyford-Pike S, Peng S, Young GD, Taube JM, Westra WH, Akpeng B, et al. Evidence for a role of the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway in immune resistance of HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2013;. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-2384.
28. Zha Y, Blank C, Gajewski TF. Negative regulation of T-cell function by PD-1. Crit Rev Immunol. 2004;24(4):229-37.
29. Kuss I, Hathaway B, Ferris RL, Gooding W, Whiteside TL. Decreased absolute counts of T lymphocyte subsets and their relation to disease in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(11):3755-62. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0054.
30. Turksma A, Bontkes H, van den Heuvel H, de Gruijl T, von Blomberg B, Braakhuis B, et al. Effector memory T-cell frequencies in relation to tumour stage, location and HPV status in HNSCC patients. Oral Dis. 2012;. doi: 10.1111/odi.12037.
31. Junker N, Kvistborg P, Kollgaard T, Straten P, Andersen MH, Svane IM. Tumor associated antigen specific T-cell populations identified in ex vivo expanded TIL cultures. Cell Immunol. 2012;273(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm. 2011.12.004.
32. Ogino T, Shigyo H, Ishii H, Katayama A, Miyokawa N, Harabuchi Y, et al. HLA class I antigen down-regulation in primary laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma lesions as a poor prognostic marker. Cancer Res. 2006;66(18):9281-9. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0488.
33. Wolf GT, Hudson JL, Peterson KA, Miller HL, McClatchey KD. Lymphocyte subpopulations infiltrating squamous carcinomas of the head and neck: correlations with extent of tumor and prognosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1986;95(2):142-52.
34. Kuss I, Hathaway B, Ferris RL, Gooding W, Whiteside TL. Imbalance in absolute counts of T lymphocyte subsets in patients with head and neck cancer and its relation to disease. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;62:161-72.
35. Farace F, Angevin E, Vanderplancke J, Escudier B, Triebel F the decreased expression of CD3 zeta chains in cancer patients is not reversed by IL-2 administration. Int J Cancer. 1994;59(6):752-5.
36. Varilla V, Atienza J, Dasanu CA. Immune alterations and immunotherapy prospects in head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2013.810716.
37. Sinkovics JG, Horvath JC. Human natural killer cells: a comprehensive review. Int J Oncol. 2005;27(1):5-47.
38. Pegram HJ, Andrews DM, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH. Activating and inhibitory receptors of natural killer cells. Immunol Cell Biol. 2011;89(2):216-24. doi: 10.1038/icb.2010.78.
39. Duffey DC, Chen Z, Dong G, Ondrey FG, Wolf JS, Brown K, et al. Expression of a dominant-negative mutant inhibitor-kappaBalpha of nuclear factor-kappaB in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma inhibits survival, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res. 1999;59(14):3468-74.
40. Molling JW, Langius JA, Langendijk JA, Leemans CR, Bontkes HJ, van der Vliet HJ, et al. Low levels of circulating invariant natural killer T cells predict poor clinical outcome in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(7):862-8. doi: 10.1200/jco.2006.08.5787.
41. Liu K, Nussenzweig MC. Origin and development of dendritic cells. Immunol Rev. 2010;234(1):45-54. doi: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00879.x.
42. Valladeau J, Saeland S. Cutaneous dendritic cells. Semin Immunol. 2005;17(4):273-83. doi: 10.1016/j.smim.2005.05.009.
43. Yilmaz T, Gedikoglu G, Celik A, Onerci M, Turan E. Prognostic significance of Langerhans cell infiltration in cancer of the larynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;132(2):309-16. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2004.04. 018.
44. Gallo O, Libonati GA, Gallina E, Fini-Storchi O, Giannini A, Urso C, et al. Langerhans cells related to prognosis in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991;117(9):1007-10.
45. Albuquerque RL Jr, Miguel MC, Costa AL, Souza LB. Correlation of c-erbB-2 and S-100 expression with the malignancy grading and anatomical site in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Exp Pathol. 2003;84(6):259-65.
46. Li X, Takahashi Y, Sakamoto K, Nakashima T. Expression of dendritic cell phenotypic antigens in cervical lymph nodes of patients with hypopharyngeal and laryngeal carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol Suppl. 2009;31:5-10.
47. Almand B, Resser JR, Lindman B, Nadaf S, Clark JI, Kwon ED, et al. Clinical significance of defective dendritic cell differentiation in cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(5):1755-66.
48. Gabrilovich D. Mechanisms and functional significance of tumour-induced dendritic-cell defects. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4(12):941-52.
49. Sica A, Larghi P, Mancino A, Rubino L, Porta C, Totaro MG, et al. Macrophage polarization in tumour progression. Semin Cancer Biol. 2008;18(5):349-55. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2008.03.004.
50. Coussens LM, Tinkle CL, Hanahan D, Werb Z. MMP-9 supplied by bone marrow-derived cells contributes to skin carcinogenesis. Cell. 2000;103(3):481-90.
51. Pahler JC, Tazzyman S, Erez N, Chen YY, Murdoch C, Nozawa H, et al. Plasticity in tumor-promoting inflammation: impairment of macrophage recruitment evokes a compensatory neutrophil response. Neoplasia. 2008;10(4):329-40.
52. Xiang M, Gu Y, Zhao F, Lu H, Chen S, Yin L. Mast cell tryptase promotes breast cancer migration and invasion. Oncol Rep. 2010;23(3):615-9.
53. Neuchrist C. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Otolaryngol. 1999;119(6):732-8.
54. Salven P, Heikkilä P, Anttonen A, Kajanti M, Joensuu H. Vascular endothelial growth factor in squamous cell head and neck carcinoma: expression and prognostic significance. Mod Pathol. 1997;10(11):1128.
55. Liss C, Fekete MJ, Hasina R, Lam CD, Lingen MW. Paracrine angiogenic loop between head-and-neck squamous-cell carcinomas and macrophages. Int J Cancer. 2001;93(6):781-5.
56. Marcus B, Arenberg D, Lee J, Kleer C, Chepeha DB, Schmalbach CE, et al. Prognostic factors in oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;101(12):2779-87. doi: 10.1002/cncr.20701.
57. Bárdos H, Juhász A, Répássy G, Ádány R. Fibrin deposition in squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx and hypopharynx. Thromb Haemost. 1998;80:767-72.
58. Mazzoni A, Bronte V, Visintin A, Spitzer JH, Apolloni E, Serafini P, et al. Myeloid suppressor lines inhibit T cell responses by an NO-dependent mechanism. J Immunol. 2002;168(2):689-95.
59. Pak AS, Wright MA, Matthews JP, Collins SL, Petruzzelli GJ, Young MR. Mechanisms of immune suppression in patients with head and neck cancer: presence of CD34(+) cells which suppress immune functions within cancers that secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 1995;1(1):95-103.
60. Rodriguez PC, Quiceno DG, Zabaleta J, Ortiz B, Zea AH, Piazuelo MB, et al. Arginase I production in the tumor microenvironment by mature myeloid cells inhibits T-cell receptor expression and antigen-specific T-cell responses. Cancer Res. 2004;64(16):5839-49.
61. Bogdan C. Nitric oxide and the immune response. Nat Immunol. 2001;2(10):907-16.
62. Wu G, Morris SM Jr. Arginine metabolism: nitric oxide and beyond. Biochem J. 1998;336(Pt 1):1-17.
63. Bronte V, Serafini P, De Santo C, Marigo I, Tosello V, Mazzoni A, et al. IL-4-induced arginase 1 suppresses alloreactive T cells in tumor- bearing mice. J Immunol. 2003;170(1):270-8.
64. Nagaraj S, Gupta K, Pisarev V, Kinarsky L, Sherman S, Kang L, et al. Altered recognition of antigen is a mechanism of CD8(+) T cell tolerance in cancer. Nat Med. 2007;13(7):828-35.
65. Bentz BG, Haines GK III, Radosevich JA. Increased protein nitrosylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinogenesis. Head Neck. 2000;22(1):64-70.
66. Rosbe KW, Prazma J, Petrusz P, Mims W, Ball SS, Weissler MC. Immunohistochemical characterization of nitric oxide synthase activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113(5):541-9.
67. Pandit R, Lathers DM, Beal NM, Garrity T, Young MR. CD34+ immune suppressive cells in the peripheral blood of patients with head and neck cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2000;109(8 Pt 1):749-54.
68. Wiers K, Wright MA, Vellody K, Young MR. Failure of tumor-reactive lymph node cells to kill tumor in the presence of immune-suppressive CD34+ cells can be overcome with vitamin D3 treatment to diminish CD34+ cell levels. Clin Exp Metastasis. 1998;16(3):275-82.
69. Young MR, Cigal M. Tumor skewing of CD34+ cell differentiation from a dendritic cell pathway into endothelial cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006;55(5):558-68.
70. Zou W. Regulatory T cells, tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(4):295-307. doi: 10.1038/nri1806.
71. Schmidt A, Oberle N, Krammer PH. Molecular mechanisms of treg-mediated T cell suppression. Front Immunol. 2012;3:51. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00051.
72. Curiel TJ. Tregs and rethinking cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(5):1167-74. doi: 10.1172/JCI31202.
73. Pretscher D, Distel LV, Grabenbauer GG, Wittlinger M, Buettner M, Niedobitek G. Distribution of immune cells in head and neck cancer: CD8+ T-cells and CD20+ B-cells in metastatic lymph nodes are associated with favourable outcome in patients with oro- and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2009;9:292. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-292.
74. Badoual C, Hans S, Rodriguez J, Peyrard S, Klein C. Agueznay Nel H, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ T-cell subpopulations in head and neck cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):465-72. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-05-1886.
75. Zhang YL, Li J, Mo HY, Qiu F, Zheng LM, Qian CN, et al. Different subsets of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes correlate with NPC progression in different ways. Mol Cancer. 2010;9:4. doi: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-4.
76. Distel LV, Fickenscher R, Dietel K, Hung A, Iro H, Zenk J, et al. Tumour infiltrating lymphocytes in squamous cell carcinoma of the oro- and hypopharynx: prognostic impact may depend on type of treatment and stage of disease. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(10):e167-74. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2009.05.640.
77. Weed DT, Walker G, De La Fuente AC, Nazarian R, Vella JL, Gomez-Fernandez CR, et al. FOXP3 subcellular localization predicts recurrence in oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8):e71908. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071908.
78. Wang J, Ioan-Facsinay A, van der Voort EI, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Transient expression of FOXP3 in human activated nonregulatory CD4+ T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2007;37(1):129-38. doi: 10.1002/eji.200636435.
79. Magg T, Mannert J, Ellwart JW, Schmid I, Albert MH. Subcellular localization of FOXP3 in human regulatory and nonregulatory T cells. Eur J Immunol. 2012;42(6):1627-38. doi: 10.1002/eji.201141838.
80. Agada FO, Alhamarneh O, Stafford ND, Greenman J. Immunotherapy in head and neck cancer: current practice and future possibilities. J Laryngol Otol. 2009;123(1):19-28. doi: 10.1017/S0022215108003356.
81. Rutkowski MJ, Sughrue ME, Kane AJ, Mills SA, Parsa AT. Cancer and the complement cascade. Mol Cancer Res. 2010;8(11):1453-65. doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0225.
82. Bronte V, Chappell DB, Apolloni E, Cabrelle A, Wang M, Hwu P, et al. Unopposed production of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by tumors inhibits CD8+ T cell responses by dysregulating antigen-presenting cell maturation. J Immunol. 1999;162(10):5728-37.
83. Young MR, Wright MA, Lozano Y, Prechel MM, Benefield J, Leonetti JP, et al. Increased recurrence and metastasis in patients whose primary head and neck squamous cell carcinomas secreted granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and contained CD34+ natural suppressor cells. Int J Cancer. 1997;74(1):69-74.
84. Adeegbe D, Serafini P, Bronte V, Zoso A, Ricordi C, Inverardi L. In vivo induction of myeloid suppressor cells and CD4Foxp3 T regulatory cells prolongs skin allograft survival in mice. Cell Transplant. 2011;. doi: 10.3727/096368910X540621.
85. Serafini P, Carbley R, Noonan KA, Tan G, Bronte V, Borrello I. High-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-producing vaccines impair the immune response through the recruitment of myeloid suppressor cells. Cancer Res. 2004;64(17):6337-43. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0757.
86. Young MR, Wright MA, Young ME. Antibodies to colony-stimulating factors block Lewis lung carcinoma cell stimulation of immune-suppressive bone marrow cells. Cancer ImmunolImmunother. 1991;33:146-52.
87. Dranoff G. GM-CSF-based cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev. 2002;188:147-54.
88. Dranoff G. GM-CSF-secreting melanoma vaccines. Oncogene. 2003;22(20):3188-92.
89. Biron P, Sebban C, Gourmet R, Chvetzoff G, Philip I, Blay JY. Research controversies in management of oral mucositis. Support Care Cancer. 2000;8(1):68-71.
90. Parmiani G, Castelli C, Pilla L, Santinami M, Colombo MP, Rivoltini L. Opposite immune functions of GM-CSF administered as vaccine adjuvant in cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2007;18(2):226-32.
91. Itoh S, Matsui K, Furuta I, Takano Y. Immunohistochemical study on overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: its importance as a prognostic predictor. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):829-35.
92. Nathan CO, Leskov IL, Lin M, Abreo FW, Shi R, Hartman GH, et al. COX-2 expression in dysplasia of the head and neck: correlation with elF4E. Cancer. 2001;92(7):1888-95.
93. Rapidis AD, Wolf GT. Immunotherapy of head and neck cancer: current and future considerations. J Oncol. 2009;2009:346345. doi: 10.1155/2009/346345.
94. Serafini P. Editorial: PGE2-producing MDSC: a role in tumor progression? J Leukoc Biol. 2010;88(5):827-9. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0510303.
95. Hoshikawa H, Goto R, Mori T, Mitani T, Mori N. Expression of prostaglandin E2 receptors in oral squamous cell carcinomas and growth inhibitory effects of an EP3 selective antagonist, ONO-AE3-240. Int J Oncol. 2009;34(3):847-52.
96. Jain RK. Normalization of tumor vasculature: an emerging concept in antiangiogenic therapy. Science. 2005;307(5706):58-62.
97. Liang X, Yang D, Hu J, Hao X, Gao J, Mao Z. Hypoxia inducible factor-alpha expression correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression and lymphangiogenesis/angiogenesis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2008;28(3A):1659-66.
98. Shang ZJ, Li ZB, Li JR. VEGF is up-regulated by hypoxic stimulation and related to tumour angiogenesis and severity of disease in oral squamous cell carcinoma: in vitro and in vivo studies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;35(6):533-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2005.09.006.
99. Gabrilovich D, Ishida T, Oyama T, Ran S, Kravtsov V, Nadaf S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibits the development of dendritic cells and dramatically affects the differentiation of multiple hematopoietic lineages in vivo. Blood. 1998;92(11):4150-66.
100. Yang L, DeBusk LM, Fukuda K, Fingleton B, Green-Jarvis B, Shyr Y, et al. Expansion of myeloid immune suppressor Gr+CD11b+ cells in tumor-bearing host directly promotes tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell. 2004;6(4):409-21.
101. Strauss L, Volland D, Kunkel M, Reichert TE. Dual role of VEGF family members in the pathogenesis of head and neck cancer (HNSCC): possible link between angiogenesis and immune tolerance. Med Sci Monit. 2005;11(8):BR280-92.
102. Karatzanis AD, Koudounarakis E, Papadakis I, Velegrakis G. Molecular pathways of lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;269(3):731-7. doi: 10.1007/s00405-011-1809-2.
103. Pries R, Thiel A, Brocks C, Wollenberg B. Secretion of tumor-promoting and immune suppressive cytokines by cell lines of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In Vivo. 2006;20(1):45-8.
104. Squarize CH, Castilho RM, Sriuranpong V, Pinto DS Jr, Gutkind JS. Molecular cross-talk between the NFkappaB and STAT3 signaling pathways in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia. 2006;8(9):733-46. doi: 10.1593/neo.06274.
105. Kawakami K, Leland P, Puri RK. Structure, function, and targeting of interleukin 4 receptors on human head and neck cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2000;60(11):2981-7.
106. Gallina G, Dolcetti L, Serafini P, Santo CD, Marigo I, Colombo MP, et al. Tumors induce a subset of inflammatory monocytes with immunosuppressive activity on CD8 T cells. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(10):2777-90.
107. Roth F, De La Fuente AC, Vella JL, Zoso A, Inverardi L, Serafini P. Aptamer-mediated blockade of IL4Ralpha triggers apoptosis of MDSCs and limits tumor progression. Cancer Res. 2012;72(6):1373-83. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN- 11-2772.
108. Riedel F, Zaiss I, Herzog D, Gotte K, Naim R, Hormann K. Serum levels of interleukin-6 in patients with primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2005;25(4):2761-5.
109. Park SJ, Nakagawa T, Kitamura H, Atsumi T, Kamon H, Sawa S, et al. IL-6 regulates in vivo dendritic cell differentiation through STAT3 activation. J Immunol. 2004;173(6):3844-54.
110. Ratta M, Fagnoni F, Curti A, Vescovini R, Sansoni P, Oliviero B, et al. Dendritic cells are functionally defective in multiple myeloma: the role of interleukin-6. Blood. 2002;100(1):230-7.
111. Hayashi T, Hideshima T, Akiyama M, Raje N, Richardson P, Chauhan D, et al. Ex vivo induction of multiple myeloma-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Blood. 2003;102(4):1435-42.
112. Marigo I, Bosio E, Solito S, Mesa C, Fernandez A, Dolcetti L, et al. Tumor-induced tolerance and immune suppression depend on the C/EBPbeta transcription factor. Immunity. 2010;32(6):790-802. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010. 05.010.
113. Hong DS, Angelo LS, Kurzrock R. Interleukin-6 and its receptor in cancer: implications for translational therapeutics. Cancer. 2007;110(9):1911-28. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22999.
114. Azenshtein E, Luboshits G, Shina S, Neumark E, Shahbazian D, Weil M, et al the CC chemokine RANTES in breast carcinoma progression: regulation of expression and potential mechanisms of promalignant activity. Cancer Res. 2002;62(4):1093-102.
115. Sun Y, Cheng Z, Ma L, Pei G. Beta-arrestin2 is critically involved in CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis, and this is mediated by its enhancement of p38 MAPK activation. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(51):49212-9. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207294200.
116. Zlotnik A. Involvement of chemokine receptors in organ-specific metastasis. Contrib Microbiol. 2006;13:191-9. doi: 10.1159/000092973.
117. Nath A, Chattopadhya S, Chattopadhyay U, Sharma NK. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1alpha and MIP1beta differentially regulate release of inflammatory cytokines and generation of tumoricidal monocytes in malignancy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006;55(12):1534-41. doi: 10.1007/s00262-006-0149-3.
118. Vaday GG, Peehl DM, Kadam PA, Lawrence DM. Expression of CCL5 (RANTES) and CCR5 in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2006;66(2):124-34. doi: 10.1002/pros.20306.
119. Viola A, Sarukhan A, Bronte V, Molon B the pros and cons of chemokines in tumor immunology. Trends Immunol. 2012;. doi: 10.1016/j.it.2012.05.007.
120. Nesbeth Y, Scarlett U, Cubillos-Ruiz J, Martinez D, Engle X, Turk MJ, et al. CCL5-mediated endogenous antitumor immunity elicited by adoptively transferred lymphocytes and dendritic cell depletion. Cancer Res. 2009;69(15):6331-8. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4329.
121. Shields JD, Fleury ME, Yong C, Tomei AA, Randolph GJ, Swartz MA. Autologous chemotaxis as a mechanism of tumor cell homing to lymphatics via interstitial flow and autocrine CCR7 signaling. Cancer Cell. 2007;11(6):526-38. doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2007.04.020.
122. Wang J, Xi L, Hunt JL, Gooding W, Whiteside TL, Chen Z, et al. Expression pattern of chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) and CCR7 in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck identifies a novel metastatic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2004;64(5):1861-6.
123. Brown CE, Vishwanath RP, Aguilar B, Starr R, Najbauer J, Aboody KS, et al. Tumor-derived chemokine MCP-1/CCL2 is sufficient for mediating tumor tropism of adoptively transferred T cells. J Immunol. 2007;179(5):3332-41.
124. Bailey C, Negus R, Morris A, Ziprin P, Goldin R, Allavena P, et al. Chemokine expression is associated with the accumulation of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and progression in human colorectal cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2007;24(2):121-30. doi: 10.1007/s10585-007-9060-3.
125. Huang B, Lei Z, Zhao J, Gong W, Liu J, Chen Z, et al. CCL2/CCR2 pathway mediates recruitment of myeloid suppressor cells to cancers. Cancer Lett. 2007;252(1):86-92. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.12.012.
126. Loberg RD, Day LL, Harwood J, Ying C, St John LN, Giles R, et al. CCL2 is a potent regulator of prostate cancer cell migration and proliferation. Neoplasia. 2006;8(7):578-86. doi: 10.1593/neo.06280.
127. Ueno T, Toi M, Saji H, Muta M, Bando H, Kuroi K, et al. Significance of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in macrophage recruitment, angiogenesis, and survival in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(8):3282-9.
128. Molon B, Viola A, Bronte V. Smoothing T cell roads to the tumor: chemokine post-translational regulation. Oncoimmunology. 2012;1(3):390-2. doi: 10.4161/onci.19069.
129. Molon B, Ugel S, Del Pozzo F, Soldani C, Zilio S, Avella D, et al. Chemokine nitration prevents intratumoral infiltration of antigen-specific T cells. J Exp Med. 2011;208(10):1949-62. doi: 10.1084/jem.20101956.
130. Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tan PF, et al. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24-35. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0912217.
131. Williams R, Lee DW, Elzey BD, Anderson ME, Hostager BS, Lee JH. Preclinical models of HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC in mice: an immune clearance of HPV+ HNSCC. Head Neck. 2009;31(7):911-8. doi: 10.1002/hed.21040.
132. Marty R, Roze S, Bresse X, Largeron N, Smith-Palmer J. Estimating the clinical benefits of vaccinating boys and girls against HPV-related diseases in Europe. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:10. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-10.
133. Fishman MN, Thompson JA, Pennock GK, Gonzalez R, Diez LM, Daud AI, et al. Phase I trial of ALT-801, an interleukin-2/T-cell receptor fusion protein targeting p53 (aa264-272)/HLA-A0201 complex, in patients with advanced malignancies. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17(24):7765-75. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR- 11-1817.
134. Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Yang JC, Aebersold PM, Linehan WM, Seipp CA, et al. Experience with the use of high-dose interleukin-2 in the treatment of 652 cancer patients. Ann Surg. 1989;210(4):474-84 (discussion 84-85).
135. Rossig C, Brenner MK. Genetic modification of T lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy. Mol Ther. 2004;10(1):5-18. doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.04.014.
136. Shirakura Y, Mizuno Y, Wang L, Imai N, Amaike C, Sato E, et al. T-cell receptor gene therapy targeting melanoma-associated antigen-A4 inhibits human tumor growth in non-obese diabetic/SCID/gammacnull mice. Cancer Sci. 2012;103(1):17-25. doi: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.02111.x.
137. van Herpen CM, van der Laak JA, de Vries IJ, van Krieken JH, de Wilde PC, Balvers MG, et al. Intratumoral recombinant human interleukin-12 administration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients modifies locoregional lymph node architecture and induces natural killer cell infiltration in the primary tumor. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11(5):1899-909. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1524.
138. Ochi T, Fujiwara H, Yasukawa M. Application of adoptive T-cell therapy using tumor antigen-specific T-cell receptor gene transfer for the treatment of human leukemia. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2010;2010:521248. doi: 10.1155/2010/521248.
139. Richtsmeier WJ, Koch WM, McGuire WP, Poole ME, Chang EH. Phase I-II study of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients treated with recombinant human interferon gamma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116(11):1271-7.
140. Mahjoubi R, Bachouchi M, Munck JN, Busson P, Gasmi J, Azli N, et al. Phase II trial of recombinant interferon gamma in refractory undifferentiated carcinoma of the nasopharynx. Head Neck. 1993;15(2):115-8.
141. Urba SG, Forastiere AA, Wolf GT, Amrein PC. Intensive recombinant interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon therapy in patients with advanced head and neck squamous carcinoma. Cancer. 1993;71(7):2326-31.
142. Burtness B, Bauman JE, Galloway T. Novel targets in HPV-negative head and neck cancer: overcoming resistance to EGFR inhibition. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(8):e302-9. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(13)70085-8.
143. Ozao-Choy J, Ma G, Kao J, Wang GX, Meseck M, Sung M, et al the novel role of tyrosine kinase inhibitor in the reversal of immune suppression and modulation of tumor microenvironment for immune-based cancer therapies. Cancer Res. 2009;69(6):2514-22. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4709.
144. Porta C, Paglino C, Imarisio I, Ganini C, Pedrazzoli P. Immunological effects of multikinase inhibitors for kidney cancer: a clue for integration with cellular therapies? J Cancer. 2011;2:333-8.
145. Choong NW, Kozloff M, Taber D, Hu HS, Wade J III, Ivy P, et al. Phase II study of sunitinib malate in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2010;28(5):677-83. doi: 10.1007/s10637-009-9296-7.
146. Fountzilas G, Fragkoulidi A, Kalogera-Fountzila A, Nikolaidou M, Bobos M, Calderaro J, et al. A phase II study of sunitinib in patients with recurrent and/or metastatic non-nasopharyngeal head and neck cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;65(4):649-60. doi: 10.1007/s00280-009-1070-1.
147. Machiels JP, Henry S, Zanetta S, Kaminsky MC, Michoux N, Rommel D, et al. Phase II study of sunitinib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: GORTEC 2006-01. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(1):21-8. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.8584.
148. Garrity T, Pandit R, Wright MA, Benefield J, Keni S, Young MR. Increased presence of CD34+ cells in the peripheral blood of head and neck cancer patients and their differentiation into dendritic cells. Int J Cancer. 1997;73(5):663-9.
149. Young MR, Wright MA, Vellody K, Lathers DM. Skewed differentiation of bone marrow CD34+ cells of tumor bearers from dendritic toward monocytic cells, and the redirection of differentiation toward dendritic cells by 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1999;21(10):675-88.
150. Ben-Shoshan M, Amir S, Dang DT, Dang LH, Weisman Y, Mabjeesh NJ. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol) inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther. 2007;6(4):1433-9. doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-06-0677.
151. Walsh JE, Clark AM, Day TA, Gillespie MB, Young MR. Use of alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 treatment to stimulate immune infiltration into head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Hum Immunol. 2010;71(7):659-65. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.04.008.
152. Ochoa AC, Zea AH, Hernandez C, Rodriguez PC. Arginase, prostaglandins, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 Pt 2):721s-6s. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2197.
153. Kao J, Genden EM, Chen CT, Rivera M, Tong CC, Misiukiewicz K, et al. Phase 1 trial of concurrent erlotinib, celecoxib, and reirradiation for recurrent head and neck cancer. Cancer. 2011;117(14):3173-81. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25786.
154. Wirth LJ, Haddad RI, Lindeman NI, Zhao X, Lee JC, Joshi VA, et al. Phase I study of gefitinib plus celecoxib in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(28):6976-81. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2005.02.4182.
155. Dajani EZ, Islam K. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal toxicity of selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors in man. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59(Suppl 2):117-33.
156. Serafini P, Meckel K, Kelso M, Noonan K, Califano J, Koch W, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition augments endogenous antitumor immunity by reducing myeloid-derived suppressor cell function. J Exp Med. 2006;203(12):2691-702.
157. Serafini P, Mgebroff S, Noonan K, Borrello I. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote cross-tolerance in B-cell lymphoma by expanding regulatory T cells. Cancer Res. 2008;68(13):5439-49. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6621.
158. Airoldi M, Cortesina G, Giordano C, Pedani F, Bumma C. Ifosfamide in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Oncology. 2003;65(Suppl 2):37-43. doi: 73356.
159. Ghiringhelli F, Menard C, Puig PE, Ladoire S, Roux S, Martin F, et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide regimen selectively depletes CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and restores T and NK effector functions in end stage cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007;56(5):641-8. doi: 10.1007/s00262-006-0225-8.
160. Recchia F, Lalli A, Lombardo M, De Filippis S, Saggio G, Fabbri F, et al. Ifosfamide, cisplatin, and 13-Cis retinoic acid for patients with advanced or recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase I-II study. Cancer. 2001;92(4):814-21.
161. Czystowska M, Han J, Szczepanski MJ, Szajnik M, Quadrini K, Brandwein H, et al. IRX-2, a novel immunotherapeutic, protects human T cells from tumor-induced cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16(5):708-18. doi: 10.1038/cdd.2008.197.
162. Wolf GT, Fee WE Jr, Dolan RW, Moyer JS, Kaplan MJ, Spring PM, et al. Novel neoadjuvant immunotherapy regimen safety and survival in head and neck squamous cell cancer. Head Neck. 2011;33(12):1666-74. doi: 10.1002/hed.21660.
163. Baselga J, Pfister D, Cooper MR, Cohen R, Burtness B, Bos M, et al. Phase I studies of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor chimeric antibody C225 alone and in combination with cisplatin. J Clin Oncol. 2000;18(4):904-14.
164. Ferris RL, Jaffee EM, Ferrone S. Tumor antigen-targeted, monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy: clinical response, cellular immunity, and immunoescape. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(28):4390-9. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.6360.
165. Lopez-Albaitero A, Lee SC, Morgan S, Grandis JR, Gooding WE, Ferrone S, et al. Role of polymorphic Fc gamma receptor IIIa and EGFR expression level in cetuximab mediated, NK cell dependent in vitro cytotoxicity of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2009;58(11):1853-64. doi: 10.1007/s00262-009-0697-4.
166. Kurai J, Chikumi H, Hashimoto K, Yamaguchi K, Yamasaki A, Sako T, et al. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by cetuximab against lung cancer cell lines. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(5):1552-61. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1726.
167. Lopez-Albaitero A, Ferris RL. Immune activation by epidermal growth factor receptor specific monoclonal antibody therapy for head and neck cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(12):1277-81. doi: 10.1001/archotol. 133.12.1277.
168. Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Azarnia N, Shin DM, Cohen RB, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(6):567-78. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa053422.
169. Bonner JA, Harari PM, Giralt J, Cohen RB, Jones CU, Sur RK, et al. Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer: 5-year survival data from a phase 3 randomised trial, and relation between cetuximab-induced rash and survival. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(1):21-8. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70311-0.
170. da Silva SD, Hier M, Mlynarek A, Kowalski LP, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Recurrent oral cancer: current and emerging therapeutic approaches. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:149. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00149.
171. Russell JS, Colevas AD the use of epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Chemother Res Pract. 2012;2012:761518. doi: 10.1155/2012/761518.
172. Borjesson PK, Postema EJ, Roos JC, Colnot DR, Marres HA, van Schie MH, et al. Phase I therapy study with (186)Re-labeled humanized monoclonal antibody BIWA 4 (bivatuzumab) in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 2):3961S-72S.
173. Goldenberg DM, Sharkey RM. Using antibodies to target cancer therapeutics. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(9):1173-90. doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.693472.
174. To WC, Wood BG, Krauss JC, Strome M, Esclamado RM, Lavertu P, et al. Systemic adoptive T-cell immunotherapy in recurrent and metastatic carcinoma of the head and neck: a phase 1 study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;126(10):1225-31.
175. Riechelmann H, Wiesneth M, Schauwecker P, Reinhardt P, Gronau S, Schmitt A, et al. Adoptive therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma with antibody coated immune cells: a pilot clinical trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007;56(9):1397-406. doi: 10.1007/s00262-007-0283-6.
176. Yamasaki K, Horiguchi S, Kurosaki M, Kunii N, Nagato K, Hanaoka H, et al. Induction of NKT cell-specific immune responses in cancer tissues after NKT cell-targeted adoptive immunotherapy. Clin Immunol. 2011;138(3):255-65. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.11.014.
177. Dudley ME, Rosenberg SA. Adoptive-cell-transfer therapy for the treatment of patients with cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2003;3(9):666-75. doi: 10.1038/nrc1167.
178. Govers C, Sebestyen Z, Coccoris M, Willemsen RA, Debets R. T cell receptor gene therapy: strategies for optimizing transgenic TCR pairing. Trends Mol Med. 2010;16(2):77-87. doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2009.12.004.
179. Jorritsma A, Schotte R, Coccoris M, de Witte MA, Schumacher TN. Prospects and limitations of T cell receptor gene therapy. Curr Gene Ther. 2011;11(4):276-87.
180. Cohen CJ, Zheng Z, Bray R, Zhao Y, Sherman LA, Rosenberg SA, et al. Recognition of fresh human tumor by human peripheral blood lymphocytes transduced with a bicistronic retroviral vector encoding a murine anti-p53 TCR. J Immunol. 2005;175(9):5799-808.
181. Balz V, Scheckenbach K, Gotte K, Bockmuhl U, Petersen I, Bier H. Is the p53 inactivation frequency in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck underestimated? Analysis of p53 exons 2-11 and human papillomavirus 16/18 E6 transcripts in 123 unselected tumor specimens. Cancer Res. 2003;63(6):1188-91.
182. Boyle JO, Hakim J, Koch W, van der Riet P, Hruban RH, Roa RA, et al the incidence of p53 mutations increases with progression of head and neck cancer. Cancer Res. 1993;53(19):4477-80.
183. Turksma AW, Braakhuis BJ, Bloemena E, Meijer CJ, Leemans CR, Hooijberg E. Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer patients: shifting the balance. Immunotherapy. 2013;5(1):49-61. doi: 10.2217/imt.12.135.
184. Bontkes HJ, Kramer D, Ruizendaal JJ, Meijer CJ, Hooijberg E. Tumor associated antigen and interleukin-12 mRNA transfected dendritic cells enhance effector function of natural killer cells and antigen specific T-cells. Clin Immunol. 2008;127(3):375-84. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.02.001.
185. Gholamin M, Moaven O, Farshchian M, Mahmoudi M, Sankian M, Memar B, et al. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed with tumor RNA-loaded dendritic cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: preliminary step for DC vaccine design. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:261. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-261.
186. Chikamatsu K, Albers A, Stanson J, Kwok WW, Appella E, Whiteside TL, et al. P53(110-124)-specific human CD4+ T-helper cells enhance in vitro generation and antitumor function of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res. 2003;63(13):3675-81.
187. Andrade P, Deleo A, Visus C, Butterfield L, Argiris A, Ferris RL. Phase I adjuvant trial of multi-epitope p53 vaccine for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:15s.
188. Voskens CJ, Strome SE, Sewell DA. Synthetic peptide-based cancer vaccines: lessons learned and hurdles to overcome. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(6):683-93.
189. Voskens CJ, Sewell D, Hertzano R, DeSanto J, Rollins S, Lee M, et al. inducTION of mage-A3 and HPV-16 immunity by Trojan vaccines in patients with head and neck carcinoma. Head Neck. 2012;34(12):1734-46. doi: 10.1002/hed.22004.
190. Hu JC, Coffin RS, Davis CJ, Graham NJ, Groves N, Guest PJ, et al. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6737-47. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0759.
191. Coffin R, Hingorani M, McNeish I, Sibtain A, Hamilton B, Love C, et al. Phase I/II trial of OncoVEXGM-CSF combined with radical chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with newly diagnosed node-positive stage III/IV head and neck cancer (HNC). J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18S):14095.
192. Harrington KJ, Hingorani M, Tanay MA, Hickey J, Bhide SA, Clarke PM, et al. Phase I/II study of oncolytic HSV GM-CSF in combination with radiotherapy and cisplatin in untreated stage III/IV squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(15):4005-15. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0196.
193. Ma B, Yijie X, Hung C-F, Wu T-C. HPV and therapeutic vaccines: where we stand in 2010. Curr Cancer Ther Rev. 2010;6:81-103.
194. Best SR, Niparko KJ, Pai SI. Biology of human papillomavirus infection and immune therapy for HPV-related head and neck cancers. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2012;45(4):807-22. doi: 10.1016/j.otc.2012.04.005.
195. Wallecha A, French C, Petit R, Singh R, Amin A, Rothman J. Lm-LLO-based immunotherapies and HPV-associated disease. J Oncol. 2012;2012:542851. doi: 10.1155/2012/542851.
196. Gunn GR, Zubair A, Peters C, Pan ZK, Wu TC, Paterson Y. Two Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vectors that express different molecular forms of human papilloma virus-16 (HPV-16) E7 induce qualitatively different T cell immunity that correlates with their ability to induce regression of established tumors immortalized by HPV-16. J Immunol. 2001;167(11):6471-9.
197. Maciag PC, Radulovic S, Rothman J the first clinical use of a live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine: a Phase I safety study of Lm-LLO-E7 in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Vaccine. 2009;27(30):3975-83. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.041.
198. Ma B, Maraj B, Tran NP, Knoff J, Chen A, Alvarez RD, et al. Emerging human papillomavirus vaccines. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2012;17(4):469-92. doi: 10.1517/14728214.2012.744393.