Behavior genetics: Past, present, future

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 25, Issue 4 PART 2, 2013, Pages 1225-1242

  Jaffee, Sara R ^a,b   Price, Thomas S ^a   Reyes, Teresa M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR GENETICS; BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; GENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

BRAIN; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETICS, BEHAVIORAL; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS;

EID: 84891479695     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000588     Document Type: Article

References (202)

1. Alia-Klein, N., Goldstein, R. Z., Kriplani, A., Logan, J., Tomasi, D., Williams, B., et al. (2008). Brain monoamine oxidase A activity predicts trait aggression. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 5099-5104.
2. Aschard, H., Lutz, S., Maus, B., Duell, E. J., Fingerlin, T. E., Chatterjee, N., et al. (2012). Challenges and opportunities in genome-wide environmental interaction (GWEI) studies. Human Genetics, 131, 1591-1613.
3. Aristotle. (1942). On the generation of animals (A. L. Peck, trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
4. Atz, M., Walsh, D., Cartagena, P., Li, J., Evans, S., Choudary, P., et al. (2007). Methodological considerations for gene expression profiling of human brain. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 163, 295-309.
5. Baranzini, S. E., Mudge, J., vanVelkinburgh, J. C., Khankhanian, P., Khrebtukova, I., Miller, N. A., et al. (2010). Genome, epigenome and RNA sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for multiple sclerosis. Nature, 464, 1351-1356.
6. Beam, C. R., & Turkheimer, E. (2013). Phenotype-environment correlations in longitudinal twinmodels. Development andPsychopathology, 25, 7-16.
7. Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885-908.
8. Berridge, K. C. (2007). The debate over dopamine's role in reward: The case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacology, 191, 391-431.
9. Betancur, C. (2011). Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: More than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Research, 1380, 42-77.
10. Bick, J., Naumova, O., Hunter, S., Barbot, B., Lee, M., Luthar, S. S., et al. (2012). Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: Whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1417-1425.
11. Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Milberger, S., Curtis, S., Chen, L., Marrs, A., et al. (1996). Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: Results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 343-351.
12. Bigos, K. L., & Weinberger, D. R. (2010). Imaging genetics-Days of future past. NeuroImage, 53, 804-809.
13. Bishop, D. (2009). Genes, cognition, and communication: Insights from neurodevelopmental disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156, 1-15.
14. Boardman, J. D. (2009). State-level moderation of genetic tendencies to smoke. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 480-486.
15. Boardman, J. D., Saint Onge, J. M., Haberstick, B. C., Timberlake, D. S., & Hewitt, J. K. (2008). Do schools moderate the genetic determinants of smoking? Behavior Genetics, 38, 234-246.
16. Borghol, N., Suderman, M., McArdle,W., Racine, A., Hallett, M., Pembrey, M., et al. (2012). Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 62-74.
17. Borkenau, P., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2002). Similarity of childhood experiences and personality resemblance in monozygotic and dizygotic twins: A test of the equal environments assumption. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 261-269.
18. Buckholtz, J. W., Callicott, J. H., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Goldberg, T. E., Genderson, M., et al. (2008). Genetic variation in MAOA modulates ventromedial prefrontal circuitry mediating individual differences in human personality. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 313-324.
19. Caspi, A., Hariri, A. R., Holmes, A., Uher, R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2010). Genetic sensitivity to the environment: The case of the serotonin transporter gene and its implications for studying complex diseases and traits. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 509-527.
20. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., et al. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854.
21. Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (1995). The continuity of maladaptive behavior: From description to understanding in the study of antisocial behavior. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology (1st ed., pp. 472-511). New York: Wiley.
22. Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I.W., Harrington, H. et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 31, 386-389.
23. Charney, E. (2012). Behavior genetics and postgenomics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 331-358.
24. Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Kobor, M. S.,&Cole, S.W. (2011). Maternal warmth buffers the effects of low early-life socioeconomic status on pro-inflammatory signaling in adulthood. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 729-737.
25. Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Walker, H. A., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., & Cole, S. W. (2009). Genome-wide transcriptional profiling linked to social class in asthma. Thorax, 64, 38-43.
26. Cheung, V. G., & Spielman, R. S. (2009). Genetics of human gene expression: Mapping DNA variants that influence gene expression. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10, 595-604.
27. Cicchetti, D. (1984). The emergence of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 1-7.
28. Cicchetti, D. (1993). Developmental psychopathology: Reactions, reflections, projections. Developmental Review, 13, 471-502.
29. Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. A. (1996). Equifinality and multifinality in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 597-600.
30. Cirulli, E. T., & Goldstein, D. B. (2010). Uncovering the roles of rare variants in common disease through whole-genome sequencing. Nature Reviews Genetics, 11, 415-425.
31. Clarren, S. K.,& Smith, D.W. (1978). Fetal alcohol syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine, 298, 1063-1067.
32. Cole, S. W. (2012). Socioenvironmental effects on gene expression. In K. S. Kendler, S. R. Jaffee, & D. Romer (Eds.), The dynamic genome and mental health: The role of genes and environments in youth development (pp. 195-225). New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Cole, S.W., Hawkley, L. C., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., Rose, R. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007). Social regulation of gene expression in human leukocytes. Genome Biology, 8, R189.
34. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
35. Cronk, N. J., Slutske,W. S., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., Reich,W., & Heath, A. C. (2002). Emotional and behavioral problems among female twins: An evaluation of the equal environments assumption. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 829-837.
36. Danese, A., Moffitt, T. E., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A., Poulton, R., & Caspi, A. (2008). Elevated inflammation levels in depressed adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 409-416.
37. Danese, A., Pariante, C. M., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., & Poulton, R. (2007). Childhood maltreatment predicts adult inflammation in a life-course study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 1319-1324.
38. Davies, G., Tenesa, A., Payton, A., Yang, J., Harris, S. E., Liewald, D., et al. (2011). Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic. Molecular Psychiatry, 16, 996-1005.
39. Davies, M. N., Volta, M., Pidsley, R., Lunnon, K., Dixit, A., Lovestone, S., et al. (2012). Functional annotation of the human brain methylome identifies tissue-specific epigenetic variation across brain and blood. Genome Biology, 13, R43.
40. Dick, D. M., Rose, R. J., Viken, R. J., Kaprio, J., & Koskenvuo, M. (2001). Exploring gene-environment interactions: Socioregional moderation of alcohol use. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 625-632.
41. Dick, D. M., Viken, R., Purcell, S., Kaprio, J., Pulkkinen, L., & Rose, R. J. (2007). Parental monitoring moderates the importance of genetic and environmental influences on adolescent smoking. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 213-218.
42. DiLalla, L. F., & Gottesman, I. I. (1991). Biological and genetic contributions to violence: Widom's untold tale. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 125-129.
43. Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E., Schwartz, S., Naveh, G., Link, B. G., et al. (1992). Socioeconomic status and psychiatric disorders: The causation-selection issue. Science, 255, 946-952.
44. Donnelly, P. (2008). Progress and challenges in genome-wide association studies in humans. Nature, 456, 728-731.
45. D'Onofrio, B. M., Turkheimer, E., Emery, R. E., Maes, H. H., Silberg, J., & Eaves, L. J. (2007). A children of twins study of parental divorce and offspring psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 667-675.
46. Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1041-1049.
47. European Journal of Human Genetics, 20, 1037-1043. Ehli, E. A., Abdellaoui, A., Hu, Y. S., Hottenga, J. J., Kattenberg, M., van Beijsterveldt, T., et al. (2012). De novo and inherited CNVs in MZ twin pairs selected for discordance and concordance on attention problems.
48. Essex, M. J., Boyce,W. T., Hertzman, C., Lam, L. L., Armstrong, J. M., Neumann, S. M. A., et al. (2013). Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: Childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Development, 84, 58-75.
49. Feuk, L., Carson, A. R., & Scherer, S. W. (2006). Structural variation in the human genome. Nature Reviews Genetics, 7, 85-97.
50. Fisher, R. A. (1918). The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52, 399-433.
51. Flint, J., & Munafo, M. R. (2007). The endophenotype concept in psychiatric genetics. Psychological Medicine, 37, 163-180.
52. Fontaine, N. M. G., Rijsdijk, F. V., McCrory, E. J. P., & Viding, E. (2010). Etiology of different developmental trajectories of callous-unemotional traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 656-664.
53. Fu, N., Drinnenberg, I., Kelso, J., Wu, J. R., Paabo, S., Zeng, R., et al. (2007). Comparison of protein and mRNA expression evolution in humans and chimpanzees. PloS ONE, 2, e216.
54. Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. London: Macmillan & Co.
55. Gibson, G. (2012). Rare and common variants: Twenty arguments. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13, 135-145.
56. Goddard, G. H. M., & Lewis, C. M. (2010). Risk categorization for complex disorders according to genotype relative risk and precision in parameter estimates. Genetic Epidemiology, 34, 624-632.
57. Happé, F. G. E. (1995). The role of age and verbal ability in the theory of mind task performance of subjects with autism. Child Development, 66, 843-855.
58. Hariri, A. R., Mattay, V. S., Tessitore, A., Kolachana, B., Fera, F., Goldman, D., et al. (2002). Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science, 297, 400-403.
59. Harkness, U. F., & Crombleholme, T. M. (2005). Twin-twin transfusion syndrome: Where do we go from here? Seminars in Perinatology, 29, 296-304.
60. Heijmans, B. T., & Mill, J. (2012). Commentary: The seven plagues of epigenetic epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 74-78.
61. Hicks, B. M., Johnson,W., Durbin, C. E., Blonigen, D. M., Iacono,W. G., & McGue, M. (2013). Gene-environment correlation in the development of adolescent substance abuse: Selection effects of child personality and mediation via contextual risk factors. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 119-132.
62. Hicks, B. M., South, S. C., DiRago, A. C., Iacono, W. G., & McGue, M. (2009). Environmental adversity and increasing genetic risk for externalizing disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 640-648.
63. Hugot, J. P., Chamaillard, M., Zouali, H., Lesage, S., Cezard, J. P., Belaiche, J., et al. (2001). Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature, 411, 599-603.
64. Huizink, A. C., & Mulder, E. J. H. (2006). Maternal smoking, drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30, 24-41.
65. Jaenisch, R., & Bird, A. (2003). Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: How the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals. Nature Genetics, 33, 245-254.
66. Jaffee, S. R. (2002). Pathways to adversity in young adulthood among early childbearers. Journal of Family Psychology, 16, 38-49.
67. Jaffee, S. R. (2012). Teasing out the role of genotype in the development of psychopathology in maltreated children. In C. S. Widom (Ed.), Trauma, psychopathology, and violence: Causes, consequences, or correlates? (pp. 49-75). New York: Oxford University Press.
68. Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polo-Tomas, M., Price, T. S.,&Taylor, A. (2004). The limits of child effects: Evidence for genetically mediated child effects on corporal punishment but not on physical maltreatment. Developmental Psychology, 40, 1047-1058.
69. Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E.,& Taylor, A. (2004). Physical maltreatment victim to antisocial child: Evidence of an environmentally mediated process. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 44-55.
70. Jirtle, R. L., & Skinner, M. K. (2007). Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 253-262.
71. Keers, R., & Aitchison, K. J. (2011). Pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 11, 101-125.
72. Kendler, K. S. (2012). A conceptual overview of gene-environment interaction and correlation in a developmental context. In K. S. Kendler, S. R. Jaffee, & D. Romer (Eds.), The dynamic genome and mental health: The role of genes and environments in youth development (pp. 5-28). New York: Oxford University Press.
73. Kendler, K. S., & Baker, J. H. (2007). Genetic influences on measures of the environment: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 37, 615-626.
74. Kendler, K. S., & Eaves, L. J. (1986). Models for the joint effect of genotype and environment on liability to psychiatric illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 279-289.
75. Kendler, K. S., & Gardner, C. O. (2010). Dependent stressful life events and prior depressive episodes in the prediction of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1120-1127.
76. Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C., & Dick, D. M. (2011). Predicting alcohol consumption in adolescence from alcohol-specific and general externalizing genetic risk factors, key environmental exposures and their interaction. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1507-1516.
77. Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I.W., et al. (2006). MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interac-tion predicting children's mental health: New evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 903-913.
78. Klein, A. B., Williamson, R., Santini, M. A., Clemmensen, C., Ettrup, A., Rios, M., et al. (2011). Blood BDNF concentrations reflect brain-tissue BDNF levels across species. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14, 347-353.
79. Knopik, V. S., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T., Slutske, W. S., Bucholz, K. K., Madden, P. A. F., et al. (2006). Maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD: Disentangling genetic and environmental effects using a children-of-twins design. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1461-1471.
80. Kuntsi, J., Rijsdijk, F., Ronald, A., Asherson, P., & Plomin, R. (2005). Genetic influences on the stability of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms from early to middle childhood. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 647-654.
81. Kuratomi, G., Iwamoto, K., Bundo, M., Kusumi, I., Kato, N., Iwata, N., et al. (2008). AberrantDNAmethylation associated with bipolar disorder identified from discordant monozygotic twins. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 429-441.
82. Labonte, B., Suderman, M., Maussion, G., Navaro, L., Yerko, V., Mahar, I., et al. (2012a). Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 722-731.
83. Labonte, B., Yerko, V., Gross, J., Mechawar, N., Meaney, M. J., Szyf, M., et al. (2012b). Differential glucocorticoid receptor exon 1(B), 1(C), and 1(H) expression and methylation in suicide completers with a history of childhood abuse. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 41-48.
84. Lander, E. S. (1996). The new genomics: Global views of biology. Science, 274, 536-539.
85. Larsson, H., Dilshad, R., Lichtenstein, P., & Barker, E. D. (2011). Developmental trajectories of DSM-IV symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Genetic effects, family risk and associated psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 954-963.
86. Latendresse, S. J., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J. A., Lansford, J. E., Budde, J. P., Goate, A., et al. (2011). Differential susceptibility to adolescent externalizing trajectories: Examining the interplay between CHRM2 and peer group antisocial behavior. Child Development, 82, 1797-1814.
87. Lee, M. P. (2012). Allele-specific gene expression and epigenetic modifications and their application to understanding inheritance and cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1819, 739-742.
88. Lee, S. H., Wray, N. R., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2011). Estimating missing heritability for disease from genome-wide association studies. American Journal of Human Genetics, 88, 294-305.
89. Le-Niculescu, H., Kurian, S. M., Yehyawi, N., Dike, C., Patel, S. D., Edenberg, H. J., et al. (2009). Identifying blood biomarkers for mood disorders using convergent functional genomics. Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 1143.
90. Leslie, A. M., & Thaiss, L. (1992). Domain specificity in conceptual development: Neuropsychological evidence from autism. Cognition, 43, 225-251.
91. Leve, L. D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Ge, X., Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R. D., Reid, J. B., et al. (2007). The early growth and development study: A prospective adoption design. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 10, 84-95.
92. Levy, D., Ronennus, M., Yamrom, B., Lee, Y. H., Leotta, A., Kendall, J., et al. (2011). Rare de novo and transmitted copy-number variation in autistic spectrum disorders. Neuron, 70, 886-897.
93. Lewi, L., Debrest, J., Dennes, W. J. B., & Fisk, N. M. (2006). Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. In J. M. G. van Vugt & L. P. Shulman (Eds.), Prenatal medicine (pp. 447-472). New York: Taylor & Francis.
94. Liu, D., Diorio, J., Tannenbaum, B., Caldji, C., Francis, D., Freedman, A., et al. (1997). Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress. Science, 277, 1662.
95. Lubke, G. H., Hottenga, J. J., Walters, R., Laurin, C., de Geus, E. J. C., Willemsen, G., et al. (2012). Estimating the genetic variance of major depressive disorder due to all single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 707-709.
96. Lundstrom, S., Chang, Z., Rastam, M., Gillberg, C., Larsson, H., Anckarsater, H., et al. (2012). Autism spectrum disorders and autistic-like traits: Similar etiology in the extreme end and the normal variation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69, 46-52.
97. Lynam, D. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wikstrom, P. O. H., Loeber, R., & Novak, S. (2000). The interaction between impulsivity and neighborhood context on offending: The effects of impulsivity are stronger in poorer neighborhoods. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 563-574.
98. Machin, G. A., & Keith, L. G. (1999). An atlas of multiple pregnancy: Biology and pathology. Pearl River, NY: Parthenon.
99. Malhotra, A. K., Zhang, J. P., & Lencz, T. (2012). Pharmacogenetics in psychiatry: Translating research into clinical practice. Molecular Psychiatry, 17, 760-769.
100. Malhotra, D., McCarthy, S., Michaelson, J. J., Vacic, V., Burdick, K. E., Yoon, S., et al. (2011). High frequencies of de novo CNVs in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Neuron, 72, 951-963.
101. Malhotra, D., & Sebat, J. (2012). CNVs: Harbingers of a rare variant revolution in psychiatric genetics. Cell, 148, 1223-1241.
102. Mannik, J., Vaas, P., Rull, K., Teesalu, P., Rebane, T., & Laan, M. (2010). Differential expression profile of growth hormone/chorionic somatomammotropin genes in placenta of small-and large-for-gestational-age newborns. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 95, 2433-2442.
103. Manolio, T. A., Collins, F. S., Cox, N. J., Goldstein, D. B., Hindorff, L. A., Hunter, D. J., et al. (2009). Finding the missing heritability of complex diseases. Nature, 461, 747-753.
104. McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonte, B., Szyf, M., et al. (2009). Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 342-348.
105. McGue, M., Keyes, M., Sharma, A., Elkins, I., Legrand, L., Johnson, W., et al. (2007). The environments of adopted and non-adopted youth: Evidence on range restriction from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study. Behavior Genetics, 37, 449-462.
106. McMahon, F. J., & Insel, T. R. (2012). Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine in neuropsychiatry. Neuron, 74, 773-776.
107. Meaburn, E. L., Schalkwyk, L. C., & Mill, J. (2010). Allele-specific methylation in the human genome: Implications for genetic studies of complex disease. Epigenetics, 5, 578-582.
108. Mericq, V., Medina, P., Kakarieka, E., Marquez, L., Johnson, M., & Iniguez, G. (2009). Differences in expression and activity of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 in human placentas of term pregnancies according to birth weight and gender. European Journal of Endocrinology, 161, 419-425.
109. Meyer, J. M., Rutter, M., Silberg, J. L., Maes, H. H., Simonoff, E., Shillady, L. L., et al. (2000). Familial aggregation for conduct disorder symptomatology: The role of genes, marital discord and family adaptability. Psychological Medicine, 30, 759-774.
110. Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2012). The future of fMRI and genetics research. NeuroImage, 62, 1286-1292.
111. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J.W., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., et al. (2006). Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 6269-6274.
112. Mill, J. (2012). Epigenetic effects on gene function and their role in mediating gene-environment interactions. In K. S. Kendler, S. R. Jaffee, & D., Romer (Eds.), The dynamic genome and mental health: The role of genes and environments in youth development (pp. 145-171). New York: Oxford University Press.
113. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Fok, A. K.,Walker, H., Lim, A., Nicholls, E. F., et al. (2009). Low early-life social class leaves a biological residue manifested by decreased glucocorticoid and increased proinflammatory signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 14716-14721.
114. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959-997.
115. Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., & Rutter, M. (2005). Strategy for investigating interactions between measured genes and measured environments. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 473-481.
116. Morozov, A. (2008). Conditional gene expression and targeting in neuroscience research. Current Protocols in Neuroscience, 44, 4.31.1-4.31.10.
117. Mueller, B. R., & Bale, T. L. (2008). Sex-specific programming of offspring emotionality after stress early in pregnancy. Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 9055-9065.
118. Mulle, J. G. (2012). Schizophrenia genetics: Progress, at last. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development, 22, 238-244.
119. Müller, U. (1999). Ten years of gene targeting: Targeted mouse mutants, from vector design to phenotype analysis. Mechanisms of Development, 82, 3-21.
120. Munafo, M. R., Brown, S. M., & Hariri, A. R. (2008). Serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and amygdala activation: A meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 852-857.
121. Murgatroyd, C., Patchev, A. V., Wu, Y., Micale, V., Bockmuhl, Y., Fischer, D., et al. (2009). Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 1559-U108.
122. Neiderhiser, J. M., Leve, L. D., Ge, X., Scaramella, L. V., Conger, R. D., Reid, J. B., et al. (2007). The impact of prenatal drug exposure on toddler behavior: Distinguishing genetic effects from exposure using an adoption design. Behavior Genetics, 37, 780.
123. Newman, T. K., Syagailo,Y. V., Barr, C. S.,Wendland, J. R., Champoux, M., Graessle, M., et al. (2005). Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter variation and rearing experience influences aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 167-172.
124. Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M. (2008). Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses. Epigenetics, 3, 97-106.
125. Ogura, Y., Bonen, D. K., Inohara, N., Nicolae, D. L., Chen, F. F., Ramos, R., et al. (2001). A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease. Nature, 411, 603-606.
126. Ouellet-Morin, I., Danese, A., Bowes, L., Shakoor, S., Ambler, A., Pariante, C. M., et al. (2011). A discordant monozygotic twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 574-582.
127. Passamonti, L., Fera, F., Magariello, A., Cerasa, A., Gioia, M. C., Muglia, M., et al. (2006). Monoamine oxidase A genetic variations influence brain activity associated with inhibitory control: New insight into the neural correlates of impulsivity. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 334-340.
128. Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329-335.
129. Pennisi, E. (2003). Human genome-A low number wins the GeneSweep pool. Science, 300, 1484.
130. Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., & Leibenluft, E. (2010). Imaging genetics applications in child psychiatry. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 772-782.
131. Plomin, R., & Kovas, Y. (2005). Generalist genes and learning disabilities. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 592-617.
132. Plomin, R., &Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 10, 1-16.
133. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., & Loehlin, J. C. (1977). Genotype-environment interaction and correlation in the analysis of human behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 309-322.
134. Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., McClearn, G. E., & McGuffin, P. (2008). Behavioral genetics. (5 ed.) New York: Worth Publishers.
135. Price, T. S., Simonoff, E.,Asherson, P., Curran, S.,Kuntsi, J.,Waldman, I., et al. (2005).Continuity and change in preschoolADHDsymptoms:Longitudinal genetic analysis with contrast effects. Behavior Genetics, 35, 121-132.
136. Pritchard, J. K., & Cox, N. J. (2002). The allelic architecture of human disease genes: Common disease-Common variant. or not? Human Molecular Genetics, 11, 2417-2423.
137. Raison, C. L., Lowry, C. A., & Rook, G. A. (2010). Inflammation, sanitation, and consternation: Loss of contact with coevolved, tolerogenic microorganisms and the pathophysiology and treatment of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 1211-1224.
138. Reiss, D., Neiderhiser, J. M., Hetherington, E. M., & Plomin, R. (2000). The relationship code: Deciphering genetic and social influences on adolescent development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
139. Relton, C. L., & Smith, G. D. (2012). Is epidemiology ready for epigenetics? International Journal of Epidemiology, 41, 5-9.
140. Rietveld, M. J. H., Hudziak, J. J., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2004). Heritability of attention problems in children: Longitudinal results from a study of twins, age 3 to 12. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 577-588.
141. Rijsdijk, F. V., & Sham, P. (2002). Analytic approaches to twin data using structural equation models. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 3, 119-133.
142. Roberts, A. D., Moor, C. F., DeJesus, O. T., Barnhart, T. E., Larson, J. A., Mukherjee, J., et al. (2004). Prenatal stress, moderate fetal alcohol, and dopamine system function in rhesus monkeys. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26, 169-178.
143. Robinson, E. B., Koenen, K. C., McCormick, M. C., Munir, K., Hallett, V., Happe, F., et al. (2011). Evidence that autistic traits show the same etiology in the general population and at the quantitative extremes (5%, 2.5%, and 1%). Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 1113-1121.
144. Rollins, B., Martin, M. V., Morgan, L., & Vawter, M. P. (2010). Analysis of whole genome biomarker expression in blood and brain. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 153B, 919-936.
145. Ronald, A. (2011). Is the child "father of the man"? Evaluating the stability of genetic influences across development. Developmental Science, 14, 1471-1478.
146. Ronald, A., Happe, F., Price, T. S., Baron-Cohen, S., & Plomin, R. (2006). Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1206-1214.
147. Rosa, A., Picchioni, M. M., Kalidindi, S., Loat, C. S., Knight, J., Toulopoulou, T., et al. (2008). Differential methylation of the X-chromosome is a possible source of discordance for bipolar disorder female monozygotic twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 147B, 459-462.
148. Roth, T. L., & Sweatt, J. (2011). Epigenetic mechanisms and environmental shaping of the brain during sensitive periods of development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 398-408.
149. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (2008). Modern epidemiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
150. Rucker, J. J. H., & McGuffin, P. (2012). Genomic structural variation in psychiatric disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 1335-1344.
151. Rutter, M., & Silberg, J. (2002). Gene-environment interplay in relation to emotional and behavioral disturbance. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 463-490.
152. Sabol, S., Hu, S., & Hamer, D. (1998). A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetics, 103, 273-279.
153. Schneider, M. L., Moore, C. F., & Adkins, M. M. (2011). The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on behavior: Rodent and primate studies. Neuropsychology Review, 21, 186-203.
154. Shonkoff, J. P., Garner, A. S., Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health, Committee on Early Childhood, Adoption, and Dependent Care, Section on Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, et al. (2012). The lifelong effects of childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129, e232-e246.
155. Shulman, L. P., &Cohen, L. (2006). Prenatal diagnosis of multifetal pregnancies. In J. M. G. van Vugt&L. P. Shulman (Eds.), Prenatal medicine (pp. 205-218). New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
156. Shumay, E., Logan, J., Volkow, N. D., & Fowler, J. S. (2012). Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAOA enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics, 7, 1151-1160.
157. Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22, 1359-1366.
158. Sroufe, L. A., & Rutter, M. (1984). The domain of developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, 17-29.
159. Stankiewicz, P., & Lupski, J. R. (2010). Structural variation in the human genome and its role in disease. Annual Review of Medicine, 437-455.
160. State, M., & Levitt, P. (2011). The conundrums of understanding genetic risks for autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 14, 1499-1506.
161. Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., Cichon, S., Pietilainen, O. P. H., Ingason, A., Steinberg, S., et al. (2008). Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature, 455, 232-U61.
162. Stoolmiller, M. (1999). Implications of the restricted range of family environments for estimates of heritability and nonshared environment in behavior-genetic adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 392-409.
163. Sullivan, E. L., Grayson, B., Takahashi, D., Robertson, N., Maier, A., Bethea, C. L., et al. (2010). Chronic consumption of a high-fat diet during pregnancy causes perturbations in the serotonergic system and increased anxiety-like behavior in nonhuman primate offspring. Journal of Neuroscience, 30, 3826-3830.
164. Susser, E. S.,&Lin, S. P. (1992). Schizophrenia after prenatal exposure to the Dutch HungerWinter of 1944-1945. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 983-988.
165. Talmud, P. J., Hingorani, A. D., Cooper, J. A., Marmot, M. G., Brunner,
166. Taylor, M. J., Sen, S., & Bhagwagar, Z. (2010). Antidepressant response and the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region. Biological Psychiatry, 68, 536-543.
167. Timberlake, D. S., Hopfer, C. J., Rhee, S. H., Friedman, N. P., Haberstick, B. C., Lessem, J. M., et al. (2007). College attendance and its effect on drinking behaviors in a longitudinal study of adolescents. Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 31, 1020-1030.
168. Timberlake, D. S., Rhee, S. H., Haberstick, B. C., Hopfer, C., Ehringer, M., Lessem, J. M., et al. (2006). The moderating effects of religiosity on the genetic and environmental determinants of smoking initiation. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 8, 123-133.
169. Torres, K. C. L., Souza, B. R., Miranda, D. M., Nicolato, R., Neves, F. S., Barros, A. G. A., et al. (2009). The leukocytes expressing DARPP-32 are reduced in patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33, 214-219.
170. Tung, J., Akinyi, M. Y., Mutura, S., Altmann, J., Wray, G. A., & Alberts, S. C. (2011). Allele-specific gene expression in a wild nonhuman primate population. Molecular Ecology, 20, 725-739.
171. Tung, J., Barreiro, L. B., Johnson, Z. P., Hansen, K. D., Michopoulos, V., Toufexis, D., et al. (2012). Social environment is associated with gene regulatory variation in the rhesus macaque immune system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6490-6495.
172. Turkheimer, E. (2000). Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 160-164.
173. Turkheimer, E., & Waldron, M. (2000). Non-shared environment: A theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 78-108.
174. Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2010). The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the etiology of depression: 2009 update. Molecular Psychiatry, 15, 18-22.
175. Uher, R., Perroud, N., Ng, M. Y. M., Hauser, J., Henigsberg, N., Maier, W., et al. (2010). Genome-wide pharmacogenetics of antidepressant response in the GENDEP project. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 555-564.
176. Uher, R., Caspi, A., Houts, R., Sugden, K., Williams, B., Poulton, R., et al. (2011). Serotonin transporter gene moderates childhood maltreatment's effects on persistent but not single-episode depression: Replications and implications for resolving inconsistent results. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135, 56-65.
177. van Dongen, J., Slagboom, P., Draisma, H. H., Martin, N. G., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012). The continuing value of twin studies in the omics era. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13, 640-653.
178. Veenma, D., Brosens, E., de Jong, E., van de Ven, C., Meeussen, C., Cohen-Overbeek, T., et al. (2012). Copy number detection in discordant monozygotic twins of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and esophageal atresia (EA) cohorts. European Journal of Human Genetics, 20, 298-304.
179. Veltman, J. A., & Brunner, H. G. (2012). De novo mutations in human genetic disease. Nature Reviews Genetics, 13, 565-575.
180. Victoria, A., Mora, G., & Arias, F. (2001). Perinatal outcome, placental pathology, and severity of discordance in monochorionic and dichorionic twins. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 97, 310-315.
181. Viding, E., Jones, A. P., Frick, P. J., Moffitt, T. E., & Plomin, R. (2008). Heritability of antisocial behaviour at 9: Do callous-unemotional traits matter? Developmental Science, 11, 17-22.
182. Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Pedersen, N. L., Yang, J., Lee, S. H., Magnusson, P. K. E., Iacono, W. G., et al. (2012). Common SNPs explain some of the variation in the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion. Translational Psychiatry, 2, e102.
183. Visscher, P. M., Medland, S. E., Ferreira, M. A. R., Morley, K. I., Zhu, G., Cornes, B. K., et al. (2006). Assumption-free estimation of heritability from genome-wide identity-by-descent sharing between full siblings. PLoS Genetics, 2, 316-325.
184. Vissers, L. E., de Ligt, J., Gilissen, C., Janssen, I., Steehouwer, M., de Vries, P., et al. (2010). A de novo paradigm for mental retardation. Nature Genetics, 42, 1109-1112.
185. Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M., & Arsenault, L. (2009). The discordant MZ-twin method: One step closer to the holy grail of causality. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 376-382.
186. Vlietinck, R., Derom, R., Neale, M. C., Maes, H., Vanloon, H., Derom, C., et al. (1989). Genetic and environmental variation in the birth-weight of twins. Behavior Genetics, 19, 151-161.
187. Vucetic, Z., Kimmel, J., Totoki, K., Hollenbeck, E., & Reyes, T. M. (2010). Maternal high-fat diet al.ters methylation and gene expression of dopamine and opioid-related genes. Endocrinology, 151, 4756-4764.
188. Weaver, I. C. G., Cervoni, N., Champagne, F. A., D'Alessio, A. C., Sharma, S., Seckl, J. R., et al. (2004). Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 847-854.
189. Weaver, I. C. G., Champagne, F. A., Brown, S. E., Dymov, S., Sharma, S., Meaney, M. J., et al. (2005). Reversal of maternal programming of stress responses in adult offspring throughmethyl supplementation: Altering epigenetic marking later in life. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 11045-11054.
190. Weaver, I. C. G., Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2006). Maternal care effects on the hippocampal transcriptome and anxiety-mediated behaviors in the offspring that are reversible in adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 3480-3485.
191. Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., &Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory-ofmind development: The truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655-684.
192. Willeit, M., & Praschak-Rieder, N. (2010). Imaging the effects of genetic polymorphisms on radioligand binding in the living human brain: A review on genetic neuroreceptor imaging of monoaminergic systems in psychiatry. NeuroImage, 53, 878-892.
193. Williams, H. J., Moskvina, V., Smith, R. L., Dwyer, S., Russo, G., Owen, M. J., et al. (2011). Association between TCF4 and schizophrenia does not exert its effect by common nonsynonymous variation or by influencing cis-acting regulation of mRNA expression in adult human brain. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 156B, 781-784.
194. Williams-Gray, C. H., Hampshire, A., Barker, R. A., & Owen, A. M. (2008). Attentional control in Parkinson's disease is dependent on COMT val(158)met genotype. Brain, 131, 397-408.
195. Wise, R. A. (2004). Dopamine, learning and motivation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 483-494.
196. Wray, N. R., Goddard, M. E., & Visscher, P. M. (2007). Prediction of individual genetic risk to disease from genome-wide association studies. Genome Research, 17, 1520-1528.
197. Wray, N. R., Purcell, S. M., & Visscher, P. M. (2011). Synthetic associations created by rare variants do not explain most GWAS results. PLoS Biology, 9(1), e1000579.
198. Wright, S. (1921). Systems of mating. II. The effects of inbreeding on the genetic composition of a population. Genetics, 6, 124-143.
199. Wu, K., O'Keeffe, D., Politis, M., O'Keeffe, G. C., Robbins, T.W., Bose, S. K., et al. (2012). The catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(158)Met polymorphism modulates fronto-cortical dopamine turnover in early Parkinson's disease: A PET study. Brain, 135, 2449-2457.
200. Xu, B., Ionita-Laza, I., Roose, S. P., Boone, B., Woodrick, S., Sun, Y., et al. (2012). De novo gene mutations highlight patterns of genetic and neural complexity in schizophrenia. Nature Genetics, 44, 1365-1369.
201. Yang, J. A., Benyamin, B., Mcevoy, B. P., Gordon, S., Henders, A. K., Nyholt, D. R., et al. (2010). Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Nature Genetics, 42, 565-U131.
202. Zhang, T. Y., & Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the environmental regulation of the genome and its function. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 439-466.