Implications of the restricted range of family environments for estimates of heritability and nonshared environment in behavior-genetic adoption studies

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 125, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 392-409

  Stoolmiller, Mike ^a  

^a OREGON SOCIAL LEARNING CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOPTION; ADULT; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHILD; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FAMILY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENETICS; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALITY; INTELLIGENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOPATHY; REVIEW; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT;

ADOPTION; ADULT; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CHILD; FAMILY; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTELLIGENCE; MODELS, GENETIC; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; VARIATION (GENETICS);

EID: 0033163364     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.4.392     Document Type: Article

References (117)

1. Allen, D. A., Affleck, G., McGrade, B. J., & McQueeny, M. (1981). Characteristics of the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment Inventory in a sample of high-risk developmentatly disabled infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 6, 53-60.
2. Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of missing data. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 243-277), Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
3. Bachrach, C. A. (1983). Adoption as a means of family formation: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 45, 859-865.
4. Bachrach, C. A., London, K. A., & Maza, P. L. (1994). On the path to adoption: Adoption seeking in the United States, 1988. In R. P. Barth, J. D. Berrick, & N. Gilbert (Eds.), Child welfare research review (Vol. 1, pp. 250-272). New York: Columbia University Press.
5. Bachrach, C. A., Stolley, K. S., & London, K. A. (1992). Relinquishment of premarital births: Evidence from national survey data. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 27-32.
6. Bates, J. E., Olson, S. L., Pettit, G. S., & Bayles, K. (1982). Dimensions of individuality in the mother-infant relationship at six months of age. Child Development, 53, 446-461.
7. Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64, 1299-1317.
8. Bee, H. L., Barnard, K. E., Eyres, S. J., Gray, C. A., Hammond, M. A., Spietz, A. L., Snyder, C., & Blark, B. (1982). Prediction of IQ and language skill from perinatal status, child performance, family characteristics, and mother-infant interaction. Child Development, 53, 1134-1156.
9. Benasich, A. A., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1996). Maternal attitudes and knowledge of child-rearing: Associations with family and child outcomes. Child Development, 67, 1186-1205.
10. Boomsma, D. I. (1987). Absence or underestimation of shared environment? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 19-20.
11. Bouchard, T. J. J., & McGue, M. (1981, May). Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science, 212, 1055-1059.
12. Bradley, R. H. (1994). The HOME inventory: Review and reflections. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 25, 241-288.
13. Bradley, R. H., Caldwell, B. M., Ramey, C. T., Barnard, K. E., Gray, C., Hammond, M. A., Mitchell, S., Gottfried, A. W., Siegel, L., & Johnson, D. L. (1989). Home environment and cognitive development in the first 3 years of life: A collaborative study involving six sites and three ethnic groups in North America. Developmental Psychology, 25, 217-235.
14. Brestan, E., & Eyberg, S. (1998). Effective psychosocial treatments of conduct-disordered children and adolescents: 29 years, 82 studies and 5,272 kids. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 27, 180-189.
15. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22, 723-742.
16. Cadoret, R. J., Yates, W. R., Troughton, E., Woodworm, G., & Stewart, M. A. (1995). Genetic-environmental interaction in the genesis of aggressivity and conduct disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 916-924.
17. Caldwell, B. M., & Bradley, R. M. (1978). Home observation for measurement of the environment. Little Rock: University of Arkansas.
18. Capaldi, D. M., Crosby, L., & Stoolmiller, M. (1996). Predicting the timing of first sexual intercourse for adolescent males. Child Development, 67, 344-359.
19. Capaldi, D. M., & Patterson, G. R. (1991). Relation of parental transitions to boys' adjustment problems: I. A linear hypothesis. II. Mothers at risk for transitions and unskilled parenting. Developmental Psychology, 27, 489-504.
20. Capron, C., & Duyme, M. (1989, August). Assessment of effects of socio-economic status on IQ in a full cross-fostering study. Nature, 340, 552-554.
21. Chamberlain, P. (1997, April). The effectiveness of group versus family treatment settings for adolescent juvenile offenders. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Washington, DC.
22. Chamberlain, P., & Reid, J. B. (1998). Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 624-633.
23. Cherny, S. S., & Cardon, L. R. (1994). General cognitive ability. In J. C. DeFries, R. Plomin, & D. W. Fulker (Eds.), The Colorado adoption project (pp. 46-56). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
24. Cloninger, C. R., Sigvardsson, S., Bohman, M., & von Knorring, A.-L. (1982). Predisposition to petty criminality in Swedish Adoptees: II. Cross-fostering analysis of gene-environment interaction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 1242-1247.
25. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis in the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Coll, C. T. G., Offman, J., & Oh, W. (1987). The social ecology and early parenting of Caucasian adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, 955-963.
27. Conger, R. D., Patterson, G. R., & Ge, X. (1995). It takes two to replicate: A mediational model for the impact of parents' stress on adolescent adjustment. Child Development, 66, 80-97.
28. Devlin, B., Daniels, M., & Roeder, K. (1997, July). The heritability of IQ. Nature, 388, 468-471.
29. Dolan, C. V., & Molenaar, P. C. M. (1994). Testing specific hypotheses concerning latent group differences in multi-group covariance structure analysis with structured means. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29, 203-222.
30. Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Smith, J. R. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63, 406-423.
31. Duyme, M. (1988). School success and social class: An adoption study. Developmental Psychology, 24, 203-209.
32. Eaves, L. J. (1988). Dominance alone is not enough. Behavior Genetics, 18, 27-33.
33. Fein, G. G., Gariboldi, A., & Boni, R. (1993). Antecedents of maternal separation anxiety. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 39(4), 481-495.
34. Fergusson, D. M., Lynskey, M., & Horwood, L. J. (1995). The adolescent outcomes of adoption: A 16-year longitudinal study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 36, 597-615.
35. Garrett, P., Ng'andu, N., & Ferron, J. (1994). Poverty experiences of young children and the quality of their home environments. Child Development, 65, 331-345.
36. Gottfried, A. W., & Gottfried, A. E. (1984). Home environment and mental development in middle class children in the first three years. In A. W. Gottfried (Ed.), Home environment and early cognitive development: Longitudinal research (pp. 57-115). New York: Academic Press.
37. Grayson, D. A. (1989). Twins reared together: Minimizing shared environmental effects. Behavior Genetics, 19, 593-604.
38. Harris, J. R. (1995). Where is the child's environment? A group socialization theory of development. Psychological Review, 102, 458-489.
39. Hewitt, J. K. (1989). Of biases and more in the study of twins reared together: A reply to Grayson. Behavior Genetics, 19, 605-608.
40. Hoffman, L. W. (1991). The influence of the family environment on personality: Accounting for sibling differences. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 187-203.
41. Holder-Brown, L., Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L., Brisby, J. A., & Parette, H. P., Jr. (1993). Using the HOME inventory with families of children with orthopedic disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 5(3), 181-201.
42. Hollenbeck, A. R. (1978). Early infant home environments: Validation of the home observation for measurement of the environment inventory. Developmental Psychology, 14, 416-418.
43. Horn, J. M., Green, M., Carney, R., & Erickson, M. T. (1975). Bias against genetic hypotheses in adoption studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1365-1367.
44. Horn, J. M., Loehlin, J. C., & Willerman, L. (1979). Intellectual resemblance among adoptive and biological relatives: The Texas adoption project. Behavior Genetics, 9, 177-201.
45. Jackson, J. F. (1993). Human behavioral genetics, Scarr's theory, and her views on interventions: A critical review and commentary on their implications for African American children. Child Development, 64, 1318-1332.
46. Jensen, A. R. (1987). Unconfounding genetic and nonshared environmental effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 26-27.
47. Johnson, D. L., Swank, P., Howie, V. M., Baldwin, C. D., Owen, M., & Luttman, D. (1992). Does HOME add to the prediction of child intelligence over and above SES? The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154, 33-40.
48. Jordan, T. E. (1978). Influences on vocabulary attainment: A five-year prospective study. Child Development, 49, 1096-1106.
49. Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187-203.
50. Kazdin, A. E. (1994). Interventions for aggressive and antisocial children. In L. D. Eron, J. H. Gentry, & P. Schlegel (Eds.), Reason to hope: A psychosocial perspective on violence and youth (pp. 341-382). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
51. Lamb, M. E., Hwang, C.-P., Bookstein, F. L., Broberg, A., Huit, G., & Frodi, M. (1988). Determinants of social competence in Swedish preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 24, 58-70.
52. Leahy, A. (1935). Nature, nurture and intelligence. Genetic Psychology, 17, 241-306.
53. Little, R. J. A., & Rubin, D. B. (1987). Statistical analysis with missing data. New York: Wiley.
54. Locurto, C. (1990). The malleability of IQ as judged from adoption studies. Intelligence, 14, 275-292.
55. Loehlin, J. C., Horn, J. M., & Willerman, L. (1989). Modeling IQ change: Evidence from the Texas Adoption Project. Child Development, 60, 993-1004.
56. Lozoff, B., Park, A. M., Radan, A. E., & Wolf, A. W. (1995). Using the HOME Inventory with infants in Costa Rica. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 18, 277-295.
57. Luster, T., & Dubow, E. (1992). Home environment and maternal intelligence as predictors of verbal intelligence: A comparison of preschool and school-age children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 151-175.
58. Luster, T., & Rhoades, K. (1989). The relation between child-rearing beliefs and the home environment in a sample of adolescent mothers. Family Relations, 38, 317-322.
59. Luster, T., Rhoades, K., & Haas, B. (1989). The relation between parental values and parenting behavior: A test of the Kohn hypothesis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 139-147.
60. Lykken, D. T., McGue, M., & Tellegen, A. (1987). Recruitment bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds reconsidered. Behavior Genetics, 17, 343-362.
61. Lykken, D. T., Tellegen, A., & DeRubeis, R. (1978). Volunteer bias in twin research: The rule of two-thirds. Social Biology, 25, 1-9.
62. Martin, N. G., & Wilson, S. R. (1982). Bias in the estimation of heritability from truncated samples of twins. Behavior Genetics, 12, 467-472.
63. McCall, R. B. (1981). Nature-nurture and the two realms of development: A proposed integration with respect to mental development. Child Development, 52, 1-12.
64. McCall, R. B. (1983). Environmental effects on intelligence: The forgotten realm of discontinuous nonshared within-family factors. Child Development, 54, 408-415.
65. Mednick, S., Gabrielli, W. F. J., & Hutchings, B. (1984, May). Genetic influences in criminal convictions: Evidence from an adoption cohort. Science, 224, 891-893.
66. Meredith, W. (1964). Notes on factorial invariance. Psychometrika, 29, 177-185.
67. Metzl, M. N. (1980). Teaching parents a strategy for enhancing infant development. Child Development, 51, 583-586.
68. Miles, D. R., & Carey, G. (1997). Genetic and environmental architecture of human aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 207-217.
69. Morton, N. E. (1987). Shared environment and cultural inheritance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 33-34.
70. Murray, A. D., Johnson, J., & Peters, J. (1990). Fine-tuning of utterance length to preverbal infants: Effects on later language development. Journal of Child Language, 17, 511-525.
71. Neale, M. C., & Cardon, L. R. (1992). Methodology for genetic studies of twins and families. Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic.
72. Neale, M. C., Eaves, L. J., Kendler, K. S., & Hewitt, J. K. (1989). Bias in correlations from selected samples of relatives: The effects of soft selection. Behavior Genetics, 19, 163-169.
73. Palti, H., Otrakul, A., Belmaker, E., Tamir, D., & Tepper, D. (1984). Children's home environments: Comparison of a group exposed to a stimulation intervention program with controls. Early Child Development and Care, 13, 193-212.
74. Parks, P. L., & Smeriglio, V. L. (1986). Relationships among parenting knowledge, quality of stimulation in the home and infant development. Family Relations, 35, 411-416.
75. Pearson, J. S., & Amacher, P. L. (1954). Intelligence test results and observations of personality disorder among 3594 unwed mothers in Minnesota. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 12, 16-21.
76. Plomin, R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1991). The nature of nurture: Genetic influence on "environmental" measures. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 14, 373-386.
77. Plomin, R., Chipuer, H. M., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (1994). Behavioral genetic evidence for the importance of nonshared environment. In E. M. Hetherington, D. Reiss, & R. Plomin (Eds.), Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development (pp. 1-31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
78. Plomin, R., Corley, R., Caspi, A., Fulker, D. W., & DeFries, J. (1998). Adoption results for self-reported personality: Evidence for nonadditive genetic effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 211-218.
79. Plomin, R., & Daniels, D. (1987). Why are children in the same family so different from one another? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 1-16.
80. Plomin, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1985). Origins of individual differences in infancy. New York: Academic Press.
81. Plomin, R., Fulker, D. W., Corley, R., & DeFries, J. C. (1997). Nature, nurture, and cognitive development from 1 to 16 years: A parent-offspring adoption study. Psychological Science, 8, 442-447.
82. Ramey, C. T., Farran, D. C., & Campbell, F. A. (1979). Predicting IQ from mother-infant interactions. Child Development, 50, 804-814.
83. Ramey, S. L., & Ramey, C. T. (1992). Early educational intervention with disadvantaged children - To what effect? Applied and Preventative Psychology, 1, 131-140.
84. Reis, J., Barbera-Stein, L., & Bennett, S. (1986). Ecological determinants of parenting. Family Relations, 35, 547-554.
85. Rhea, S.-A., & Corley, R. P. (1994). Applied issues. In J. C. DeFries, R. Plomin, & D. W. Fulker (Eds.), Nature and nurture during middle childhood (pp. 295-309). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
86. Rock, S. L., Head, D. N., Bradley, R. H., Whiteside, L., & Brisby, J. (1994). Use of the HOME inventory with families of young visually impaired children. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness (March-April), 140-151.
87. Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. (1987). Shared experience and similarity of personality: Positive data from Finnish and American twins. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 10, 35-36.
88. Rose, S. J. (1986). The American Profile Poster. New York: Pantheon Books.
89. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1975). The volunteer subject. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
90. Ross, G. S. (1984). Home intervention for premature infants of low-income families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 263-270.
91. Rovine, M. (1994). Estimating nonshared environment using sibling discrepancy scores. In E. M. Hetherington, D. Reiss, & Plomin R. (Eds.), Separate social worlds of siblings: The impact of nonshared environment on development (pp. 33-61). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
92. Rowe, D. C. (1994). The limits of family influence: Genes, experience, and behavior. New York: Guilford Press.
93. Sagi, A., Jaffe, M., Tirosh, E., Findler, L., & Harel, J. (1988). Maternal risk status and outcome measures: A three-stage study in Israel. Child Psychology and Human Development, 19, 145-157.
94. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Development and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19.
95. Scarr, S. (1993). Biological and cultural diversity: The legacy of Darwin for development. Child Development, 64, 1333-1353.
96. Scarr, S., & Weinberg, R. A. (1978). The influence of "family background" on intellectual attainment. American Sociological Review, 43, 674-692.
97. Scarr, S., & Weinberg, R. A. (1983). The Minnesota adoption studies: Genetic differences and malleability. Child Development, 54, 260-267.
98. Scarr-Salapatek, S. (1971, December). Race, social class, and IQ. Science, 174, 1285-1295.
99. Schiff, M., & Lewontin, R. (1986). Education and class. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
100. Shonkoff, J. P., Hauser-Cram, P., Krauss, M. W., & Upshur, C. C. (1992). Development of infants with disabilities and their families: Implications for theory and service delivery. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 57(6), 1-163.
101. Simmons, R. L., Whitbeck, L. B., Melby, J. N., & Wu, C. (1994). Economic pressure and harsh parenting. In R. D. Conger & G. H. Elder, Jr. (Eds.), Families in troubled times: Adapting to change in rural America (pp. 3-19). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
102. Stevens, J. H., Jr. (1988). Social support, locus of control, and parenting in three low-income groups of mothers: Black teenagers, Black adults, and White adults. Child Development, 59, 635-642.
103. Stoolmiller, M. (1998). Correcting estimates of shared environmental variance for range restriction in adoption studies using a truncated multivariate normal model. Behavior Genetics, 28, 429-441.
104. Teasdale, T. W., & Owen, D. R. (1984, June). Heredity and familial environment in intelligence and educational level: A sibling study. Nature, 309, 620-622.
105. Teasdale, T. W., & Sorensen, T. I. A. (1983). Educational attainment and social class in adoptees: Genetic and environmental contributions. Journal of Biosocial Science, 15, 509-518.
106. Turkheimer, E. (1991). Individual and group differences in adoption studies. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 392-405.
107. Turkheimer, E., & Waldron, M. C. (1998). Nonshared environment: A theoretical, methodological, and quantitative review. Manuscript submitted for publication.
108. Unger, D. G., & Wandersman, L. P. (1988). The relation of family and partner support to the adjustment of adolescent mothers. Child Development, 59, 1056-1060.
109. Wachs, T. D. (1983). The use and abuse of environment in behavior -genetic research. Child Development, 54, 396-407.
110. Wachs, T. D. (1987). The relevance of the concept of nonshared environment to the study of environmental influences: A paradigmatic shift or just some gears slipping? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 10, 41-42.
111. Wachs, T. D. (1991). Nature and nurture: A shaky alliance. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 411-412.
112. Wachs, T. D. (1996). Known and potential processes underlying developmental trajectories in childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 32, 796-801.
113. Weinberg, R. A., Scarr, S., & Waldman, I. D. (1992). The Minnesota transracial adoption study: A follow-up of IQ test performance at adolescence. Intelligence, 16, 117-135.
114. Weisglas-Kuperus, N., Baerts, W., Smrkovsky, M., & Sauer, P. J. J. (1993). Effects of biological and social factors on the cognitive development of very low birth weight children. Pediatrics, 92, 658-665.
115. Widmayer, S. M., Peterson, L. M., Larner, M., Carnahan, S., Calderon, A., Wingerd, J., & Marshall, R. (1990). Predictors of Haitian-American infant development at twelve months. Child Development, 61, 410-415.
116. Wilson, R. S. (1983). The Louisville twin study: Developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Development, 54, 298-316.
117. Wilson, R. S., & Matheny, A. P., Jr. (1983). Mental development: Family environment and genetic influences. Intelligence, 7, 195-215.