Autism spectrum disorders and autisticlike traits: Similar etiology in the extreme end and the normal variation

Archives of General Psychiatry

Volumn 69, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 46-52

  Lundström, Sebastian ^a,d   Chang, Zheng ^b   Råstam, Maria ^a   Gillberg, Christopher ^c   Larsson, Henrik ^b   Anckarsäter, Henrik ^a,c   Lichtenstein, Paul ^b  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GOTHENBURG   (Sweden)

^d Research and Development Unit   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AUTISM; BIOLOGICAL TRAIT; CHILD; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; SCHOOL CHILD; SWEDEN; TELEPSYCHIATRY; TWINS;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; COHORT STUDIES; DISEASES IN TWINS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; MALE; SWEDEN; TWINS;

EID: 84855331271     PISSN: 0003990X     EISSN: 15383636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.144     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
2. Baird G, Simonoff E, Pickles A, Chandler S, Loucas T, Meldrum D, Charman T. Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP). Lancet. 2006;368(9531):210-215. (Pubitemid 44037796)
3. Constantino JN, Todd RD. Autistic traits in the general population: a twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(5):524-530. (Pubitemid 36539062)
4. Posserud MB, Lundervold AJ, Gillberg C. Autistic features in a total population of 7-9-year-old children assessed by the ASSQ (Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire). J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47(2):167-175.
5. Gillberg CL. The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1991: autism and autistic-like conditions: subclasses among disorders of empathy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1992;33(5):813-842.
6. Ronald A, Happé F, Plomin R. The genetic relationship between individual differences in social and nonsocial behaviours characteristic of autism. Dev Sci. 2005;8(5):444-458. (Pubitemid 41137417)
7. Constantino JN, Gruber CP, Davis S, Hayes S, Passanante N, Przybeck T. The factor structure of autistic traits. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(4):719-726. (Pubitemid 38559438)
8. Hoekstra RA, Bartels M, Hudziak JJ, Van Beijsterveldt TC, Boomsma DI. Genetic and environmental covariation between autistic traits and behavioral problems. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2007;10(6):853-860. (Pubitemid 350292300)
9. Reiersen AM, Constantino JN, Grimmer M, Martin NG, Todd RD. Evidence for shared genetic influences on self-reported ADHD and autistic symptoms in young adult Australian twins. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2008;11(6):579-585.
10. Folstein S, Rutter M. Infantile autism: a genetic study of 21 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1977;18(4):297-321.
11. Bolton P, Macdonald H, Pickles A, Rios P, Goode S, Crowson M, Bailey A, Rutter M. A case-control family history study of autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1994; 35(5):877-900. (Pubitemid 24213267)
12. Constantino JN, Lajonchere C, Lutz M, Gray T, Abbacchi A, McKenna K, Singh D, Todd RD. Autistic social impairment in the siblings of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(2):294-296. (Pubitemid 44480850)
13. Landa R, Folstein SE, Isaacs C. Spontaneous narrative-discourse performance of parents of autistic individuals. J Speech Hear Res. 1991;34(6):1339-1345.
14. Piven J, Gayle J, Chase GA, Fink B, Landa R, Wzorek MM, Folstein SE. A family history study of neuropsychiatric disorders in the adult siblings of autistic individuals. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29(2):177-183. (Pubitemid 20157065)
15. Lundström S, Haworth CM, Carlström E, Gillberg C, Mill J, Råstam M, Hultman CM, Ronald A, Anckarsäter H, Plomin R, Lichtenstein P, Reichenberg A. Trajectories leading to autism spectrum disorders are affected by paternal age: findings from two nationally representative twin studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010;51(7):850-856.
16. St Pourcain B, Wang K, Glessner JT, Golding J, Steer C, Ring SM, Skuse DH, Grant SF, Hakonarson H, Davey Smith G. Association between a high-risk autism locus on 5p14 and social communication spectrum phenotypes in the general population. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1364-1372.
17. Abrahams BS, Geschwind DH. Advances in autism genetics: on the threshold of a new neurobiology. Nat Rev Genet. 2008;9(5):341-355. (Pubitemid 351556064)
18. Betancur C. Etiological heterogeneity in autism spectrum disorders: more than 100 genetic and genomic disorders and still counting. Brain Res. 2011;1380: 42-77.
19. Reichenberg A, Gross R, Weiser M, Bresnahan M, Silverman J, Harlap S, Rabinowitz J, Shulman C, Malaspina D, Lubin G, Knobler HY, Davidson M, Susser E. Advancing paternal age and autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(9):1026- 1032.
20. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Sinclair L, Kubu CS, Law P, Rezai A, Constantino JN, Eng C. Autism spectrum disorders as a qualitatively distinct category from typical behavior in a large, clinically ascertained sample. Assessment. 2010; 17(3):308-320.
21. Ronald A, Butcher LM, Docherty S, Davis OS, Schalkwyk LC, Craig IW, Plomin R. A genome-wide association study of social and non-social autistic-like traits in the general population using pooled DNA, 500 K SNP microarrays and both community and diagnosed autism replication samples. Behav Genet. 2010; 40(1):31-45.
22. Wang K, Zhang H, Ma D, Bucan M, Glessner JT, Abrahams BS, Salyakina D, Imielinski M, Bradfield JP, Sleiman PM, Kim CE, Hou C, Frackelton E, Chiavacci R, Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Rappaport E, Lajonchere CM, Munson J, Estes A, Korvatska O, Piven J, Sonnenblick LI, Alvarez Retuerto AI, Herman EI, Dong H, Hutman T, Sigman M, Ozonoff S, Klin A, Owley T, Sweeney JA, Brune CW, Cantor RM, Bernier R, Gilbert JR, Cuccaro ML, McMahon WM, Miller J, State MW, Wassink TH, Coon H, Levy SE, Schultz RT, Nurnberger JI, Haines JL, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Minshew NJ, Buxbaum JD, Dawson G, Grant SF, Geschwind DH, Pericak- Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Hakonarson H. Common genetic variants on 5p14.1 associate with autism spectrum disorders. Nature. 2009;459(7246):528-533.
23. Ronald A, Happé F, Bolton P, Butcher LM, Price TS, Wheelwright S, Baron- Cohen S, Plomin R. Genetic heterogeneity between the three components of the autism spectrum: a twin study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006; 45(6):691-699. (Pubitemid 43833102)
24. DeFries JC, Fulker DW. Multiple regression analysis of twin data. Behav Genet. 1985;15(5):467-473. (Pubitemid 16168923)
25. Anckarsater H, Larson T, Hansson SL, Carlstrom E, Stahlberg O, Gillberg C, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Lichtenstein P. Child neurodevelopmental and behavioural problems are intercorrelated and dimensionally distributed in the general population. Open Psychiatry J. 2008;2:5-11. doi:10.2174/ 1874354400802010005.
26. Lichtenstein P, Carlström E, Råstam M, Gillberg C, Anckarsäter H. The genetics of autism spectrum disorders and related neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(11):1357- 1363.
27. Lichtenstein P, Sullivan PF, Cnattingius S, Gatz M, Johansson S, Carlström E, Björk C, Svartengren M, Wolk A, Klareskog L, de Faire U, Schalling M, Palmgren J, Pedersen NL. The Swedish Twin Registry in the third millennium: an update. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2006;9(6):875-882. (Pubitemid 46093773)
28. Hansson SL, Svanström Röjvall A, Rastam M, Gillberg C, Gillberg C, Anckarsäter H. Psychiatric telephone interview with parents for screening of childhood autism: tics, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and other comorbidities (A-TAC): preliminary reliability and validity. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187(3): 262-267. (Pubitemid 41306108)
29. Larson T, Anckarsäter H, Gillberg C, Ståhlberg O, Carlström E, Kadesjö B,Råstam M, Lichtenstein P, Gillberg C. The autism-tics, AD/HD and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC): further validation of a telephone interview for epidemiological research. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:1. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-10-1.
30. Reich T, Rice J, Cloninger CR, Wette R, James J. The use of multiple thresholds and segregation analysis in analyzing the phenotypic heterogeneity of multifactorial traits. Ann Hum Genet. 1979;42(3):371-390.
31. Plomin R, DeFries JC, McClearn GE, McGuffin P. Behavioral Genetics. 5th ed. New York, NY: Worth Publishers; 2008.
32. Neale M, Boker SM, Xie G, Maes HH. Mx Statistical Modeling. 6th ed. Richmond, VA: Dept of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University; 2003.
33. Sullivan PF, Eaves LJ. Evaluation of analyses of univariate discrete twin data. Behav Genet. 2002;32(3):221-227. (Pubitemid 34755947)
34. DeFries JC, Fulker DW. Multiple regression analysis of twin data: etiology of deviant scores versus individual differences. Acta Genet Med Gemellol (Roma). 1988; 37(3-4):205-216. (Pubitemid 20091864)
35. Bishop DV. DeFries-Fulker analysis of twin data with skewed distributions: cautions and recommendations from a study of children's use of verb inflections. Behav Genet. 2005;35(4):479-490. (Pubitemid 40848176)
36. Kendell R, Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. Am J Psychiatry. 2003;160(1):4-12. (Pubitemid 36042419)
37. Robins E, Guze SB. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1970;126(7):983-987.
38. Kendler KS. The nosologic validity of paranoia (simple delusional disorder): a review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(6):699-706. (Pubitemid 10124003)
39. Anckarsäter H. Beyond categorical diagnostics in psychiatry: scientific and medicolegal implications. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2010;33(2):59-65.
40. Plomin R, Haworth CM, Davis OS. Common disorders are quantitative traits. Nat Rev Genet. 2009;10(12):872-878.
41. Baron-Cohen S, Richler J, Bisarya D, Gurunathan N, Wheelwright S. The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003;358(1430):361-374. (Pubitemid 36257608)
42. Ronald A, Hoekstra RA. Autism spectrum disorders and autistic traits: a decade of new twin studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156B(3): 255-274.
43. Gardener H, Spiegelman D, Buka SL. Prenatal risk factors for autism: comprehensive meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2009;195(1):7-14.
44. Hoekstra RA, Bartels M, Verweij CJ, Boomsma DI. Heritability of autistic traits in the general population. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(4):372-377. (Pubitemid 46556368)
45. Ronald A, Larsson H, Anckarsater H, Lichtenstein P. A twin study of autism symptoms in Sweden. Mol Psychiatry. 2011;16(10):1039-1047.
46. Durand CM, Betancur C, Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Chaste P, Fauchereau F, Nygren G, Rastam M, Gillberg IC, Anckarsäter H, Sponheim E, Goubran-Botros H, Delorme R, Chabane N, Mouren-Simeoni MC, de Mas P, Bieth E, Rogé B, Héron D, Burglen L, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T. Mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 are associated with autism spectrum disorders. Nat Genet. 2007;39(1):25-27. (Pubitemid 46026497)
47. Vernes SC, Newbury DF, Abrahams BS, Winchester L, Nicod J, Groszer M, Alarcón M, Oliver PL, Davies KE, Geschwind DH, Monaco AP, Fisher SE. A functional genetic link between distinct developmental language disorders. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(22):2337-2345.
48. Cederlund M, Hagberg B, Billstedt E, Gillberg IC, Gillberg C. Asperger syndrome and autism: a comparative longitudinal follow-up study more than 5 years after original diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord. 2008;38(1):72-85.
49. Hultman CM, Sparén P, Cnattingius S. Perinatal risk factors for infantile autism. Epidemiology. 2002;13(4):417-423. (Pubitemid 34627840)
50. Tsuang MT, Bar JL, Stone WS, Faraone SV. Gene-environment interactions in mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2004;3(2):73-83.