Milk Minor Constituents, Enzymes, Hormones, Growth Factors, and Organic Acids

Milk and Dairy Products in Human Nutrition: Production, Composition and Health

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 220-245

  Rodrigues, Lígia R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Challenges; Dairy industry; Enzymes; Functional food; Growth factors; Hormones; Human nutrition; Milk minor constituents; Organic acids; Personalized nutrition

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888666035     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118534168.ch11     Document Type: Chapter

References (204)

1. Aggett, P., Leach, J.L., Rueda, R. & MacLean, W.C. Jr (2003) Innovation in infant formula development: a reassessment of ribonucleotides in 2002. Nutrition 19, 375-384
2. Aimutis, W.R. (2004) Bioactive properties of milk proteins with particular focus on anticariogenesis. Journal of Nutrition 134, 989S-995S
3. Alles, M.S., Scholtens, P.A.M.J. & Bindels, J.G. (2004) Current trends in the composition of infant milk formulas Current Pediatrics 14, 51-63
4. Amarant, T., Fridkin, M. & Kochm, Y. (1982) Luteinizinghormone releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in human and bovine milk. European Journal of Biochemistry 127, 647-650
5. Andrews, A.T. (1976) Bovine milk acid phosphatase Purification and characterization of the enzyme. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 434, 345-353
6. Andrews, A.T., Anderson, M. & Goodenough, P.W. (1987) A study of the heat stabilities of a number of indigenous milk enzymes. Journal of Dairy Research 54, 237-246
7. Ankrah, N.A., Appiah-Opong, R. & Dzokoto, C. (2000) Human breast milk storage and the glutathione content Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 46, 111-113
8. Atmani, D., Benboubetra, M. & Harrison, R. (2004) Goat's milk xanthine oxidoreductase is greatly deficient in molybdenum Journal of Dairy Research 71, 7-13
9. Avissar, N., Slemmon, J.R., Palmer, I.S. & Cohen, H.J. (1991) Partial sequence of human plasma glutathione peroxidase and immunologic identification of milk glutathione peroxidase as the plasma enzyme. Journal of Nutrition 121, 1243-1249
10. Ballard, F., Nield, M., Francis, G., Dahlenburg, G. & Wallace, J. (1982) The relationship between the insulin content and inhibitory effects of bovine colostrum on protein break down in cultured cells. Journal of Cell Biology 110, 249-254
11. Baram, T., Koch, Y., Hazum, E. & Frikin, M. (1977) Gonadotropin releasing hormone in milk. Science 198, 300-302
12. Baumrucker, C.R. (1980) Purification and identification of ©-glutamyl transpeptidase of milk membranes. Journal of Dairy Science 63, 49-54
13. Beattie, R.M., Bentsen, B.S. & MacDonald, T.T. (1998) Childhood Crohn's disease and the efficacy of enteral diets Nutrition 14, 345-350
14. Beisson, F., Tiss, A., Riviere, C. & Verger, R. (2000) Methods for lipase detection and assay: a critical review. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 102, 133-153
15. Belewu, M.A. & Adewole, A.M. (2009) Goat milk: a feasible dietary based approach to improve the nutrition of orphan and vulnerable children. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8, 1711-1714
16. Bjorck, L. (1978) Antibacterial effect of the lactoperoxidase system on psychotrophic bacteria in milk. Journal of Dairy Research 45, 109-118
17. Brachet, P., Chanson, A., Demigne, C., Batifoulier, F., Alexandre-Gouabau, M.C., Tyssandier, V. & Rock, E. (2004) Age-associated B vitamin deficiency as a determinant of chronic diseases. Nutrition Research Reviews 17, 55-68
18. Branca, F. & Rossi, L. (2002) The role of fermented milk in complementary feeding of young children: lessons from transition countries. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 56, S16-S20
19. Brenner, K., You, L. & Arnold, F.H. (2008) Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in synthetic biology Trends in Biotechnology 26, 483-489
20. Budayr, A., Halloran, B., King, J., Diep, D., Nisseyson, N. & Strewler, G. (1989) High levels of parathyroid hormone-like protein in milk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, 7183-7185
21. Cai, J., Chen, Y., Seth, S., Furukawa, S., Compans, R.W. & Jones, D.P. (2003) Inhibition of influenza infection by glutathione Free Radical Biology and Medicine 34, 928-936
22. Califano, A.N. & Bevilacqua, A.E. (1999) Freezing low moisture Mozzarella cheese: changes in organic acid content Food Chemistry 64, 193-198
23. Cals, M.M., Mailliart, P., Brignon, G., Anglade, P. & Ribadeau Dumas, B. (1991) Primary structure of bovine lactoperoxidase, a fourth member of a mammalian heme peroxidase family. European Journal of Biochemistry 198, 733-739
24. Chen, C.H., Poucher, S.M., Lu, J. & Henry, P.D. (2004) Fibroblast growth factor 2: from laboratory evidence to clinical application. Current Vascular Pharmacology 2, 33-43
25. Chen, L., Daniel, R.M. & Collbear, T. (2003) Detection and impact of protease and lipase activities in milk and milk powders. International Dairy Journal 13, 255-275
26. Clare, D.A. & Swaisgood, H.E. (2000) Bioactive milk peptides: a prospectus. Journal of Dairy Science 83, 1187-1195
27. Clemmons, D.R., Smith-Banks, A. & Underwood, L.E. (1992) Reversal of diet-induced catabolism by infusion of recombinant insulin-like growth factor-I in humans. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 75, 234-238
28. Comin, A., Renaville, E., Marchini, E., Maiero, S., Cairoli, F & Prandi, A. (2005) Technical note: Direct enzyme immunoassay of progesterone in bovine milk whey. Journal of Dairy Science 88, 4239-4242
29. Cox, D.A. & Burk, R. (1991) Isolation and characterization of milk growth factor, a transforming growth-factor-®2-related polypeptide, from bovine milk. European Journal Biochemistry 197, 353-358
30. Cox, D.N. (2008) Understanding consumers' perceptions of functional ingredients: studies of selenium and protein Nutrition and Dietetics 65, S86-S88
31. Csapó, J., Salamon, Sz., Loki, K. & Csapó-Kiss, Zs. (2009) Composition of mare's colostrum and milk II. Protein content, amino acid composition and contents of macro- and micro-elements. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae Alimentaria 2, 133-148
32. Darling, J., Laing, A. & Harkness, R. (1974) A survey of the steroids in cow's milk. Journal of Endocrinology 62, 291-297
33. Deeth, H.C. (2006) Lipoprotein lipase and lipolysis in milk International Dairy Journal 16, 555-562
34. De Vrese, M., Stegelmann, A., Richter, B., Fenselau, S., Laue, C. & Schrezenmeir, J. (2001) Probiotics: compensation for lactase insufficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, 421S-429S
35. Dimitrov, T., Mihaylova, G., Boycheva, S., Naydenova, N. & Tsankova, M. (2007) Changes in the amino acid composition of buffalo milk after chemical activation of its lactoperoxidase system. Italian Journal of Animal Science 6, 1050-1052
36. Donnet-Hughes, A., Duc, N., Serrant, P., Vidal, K. & Schiffrin, E.J. (2000) Bioactive molecules in milk and their role in health and disease: the role of transforming growth factor-beta. Immunology and Cell Biology 78, 74-79
37. Dorhout, B. & Muskiet, F.A.J. (1999) Polyamine homeostasis as target for manipulation of growth. In: Polyamines in Health and Nutrition (eds S. Bardócz & A. White), pp. 293-315. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York
38. Duarte, D.C., Nicolau, A., Teixeira, J.A. & Rodrigues, L.R (2011) The effect of bovine milk lactoferrin on human breast cancer cell lines. Journal of Dairy Science 94, 66-76
39. Dunbar, A.J. & Goddard, C. (2000) Structure-function and biological role of betacellulin. International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology 32, 805-815
40. Dunbar, A.J., Priebe, I.K., Belford, D.A. & Goddard, C (1999) Identification of betacellulin as a major peptide growth factor in milk: purification, characterization and molecular cloning of bovine betacellulin. Biochemical Journal 344, 713-721
41. Elfstrand, L., Lindmark-Mansson, H., Paulsson, M., Nyberg, L & Akesson, B. (2002) Immunoglobulins, growth factors and growth hormone in bovine colostrum and the effects of processing International Dairy Journal 12, 879-887
42. Eliassen, K.A., Reistad, R., Risoen, U. & Ronning, H.F (2002) Dietary polyamines. Food Chemistry 78, 273-280
43. Erba, D., Ciappellano, S. & Testolin, G. (2001) Effect of caseinphosphopeptides on inhibition of calcium intestinal absorption due to phosphate. Nutrition Research 21, 649-656
44. Eriksson, L., Valtonen, M., Laitinen, J.T., Paananen, M. & Kaikkonen, M. (1998) Diurnal rhythm of melatonin in bovine milk: pharmacokinetics of exogeneous melatonin in lactating cows and goats. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 39, 301-310
45. Etienne, L., Girardet, J.M. & Linden, G. (1994) Growth promotion of Bifidobacterium animalis by bovine milk protease-peptone. Lait 74, 313-323
46. Etzel, M.R. (2004) Manufacture and use of dairy protein fractions. Journal of Nutrition 134, 996S-1002S
47. Fang, W. & Sandholm, M. (1995) Inhibition of the proteinase activity in mastitic milk. Journal of Dairy Research 62, 61-68
48. Farkye, N.Y. (2003) Indigenous enzymes in milk; other enzymes. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 1. Proteins (eds P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), pp. 571-603. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York
49. Farkye, N.Y. & Imafidon, G.T. (1995) Thermal denaturation of indigenous enzymes. In: Heat-induced Changes in Milk (ed. P.F. Fox), pp. 331-348. International Dairy Federation Special Issue No. 9501. International Dairy Federation, Brussels
50. Fennessy, F.M., Moneley, D.S., Wang, J.H., Kelly, C.J. & Bouchier-Hayes, D.J. (2003) Taurine and vitamin C modify monocyte and endothelial dysfunction in young smokers Circulation 107, 410-415
51. Ferguson, L.R. (2006) Nutrigenomics: integrating genomic approaches into nutrition research. Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy 10, 101-108
52. FitzGerald, R.J. (1998) Potential uses of caseinophosphopeptides International Dairy Journal 8, 451-457
53. FitzGerald, R.J. & Meisel, H. (2000) Milk protein-derived peptide inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme British Journal of Nutrition 84, S33-S37
54. FitzGerald, R.J., Murray, B.A. & Walsh, G.J. (2004) Hypotensive peptides from milk proteins. Journal of Nutrition 134, 980S-988S
55. Forssen, K.M., Jagerstad, M.I., Wigertz, K. & Witthoft, C.M (2000) Folates and dairy products: a critical update. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19, 100S-110S
56. Fox, P.F. (2003) Significance of indigenous enzymes in milk and dairy products. In: Handbook of Food Enzymology (eds J.R. Whitaker, A.G.J. Voragen & D.W.S. Wong), pp. 255-277. Marcel Dekker, New York
57. Fox, P.F. & Kelly, A.L. (2006a) Indigenous enzymes in milk: overview and historical aspects. Part 1. International Dairy Journal 16, 500-516
58. Fox, P.F. & Kelly, A.L. (2006b) Indigenous enzymes in milk: overview and historical aspects. Part 2. International Dairy Journal 16, 517-532
59. Frid, A.H., Nilsson, M., Holst, J.J. & Bjorck, I.M. (2005) Effect of whey on blood glucose and insulin responses to composite breakfast and lunch meals in type 2 diabetic subjects American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, 69-75
60. Gauthier, S.F., Pouliot, Y. & Maubois, J.L. (2006) Growth factors from bovine milk and colostrum: composition, extraction and biological activities. Lait 86, 99-125
61. Geerlings, A., Villar, I.C., Hidalgo Zarco, F., Sánchez, M., Vera, R., Zafra Gomez, A., Boza, J. & Duarte, J. (2006) Identification and characterization of novel angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors obtained from goat milk Journal of Dairy Science 89, 3326-3335
62. Gil, A. & Rueda, R. (2002) Interaction of early diet and the development of the immune system. Nutrition Research Reviews 15, 263-292
63. Ginther, O., Nuti, L., Garcia, M., Wentworth, B. & Tyler, W (1976) Factors affecting progesterone concentration in cow's milk and dairy products. Journal of Animal Science 42, 155-159
64. Girardet, J. & Linden, G. (1996) PP3 component of bovine milk: a phosphorylated whey glycoprotein. Journal of Dairy Research 63, 333-350
65. Glimm, D., Baracos, V. & Kennelly, J. (1988) Effect of bovine somatotropin on the distribution of immunoreactive insulinlike growth factor-1 in lactating bovine mammary tissue Journal of Dairy Science 71, 2923-2935
66. Graham, I.M. & O'Callaghan, P. (2000) The role of folic acid in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Current Opinion in Lipidology 11, 577-587
67. Grenby, T.H., Andrews, A.T., Mistry, M. & Williams, R.J.H (2001) Dental caries-protective agents in milk and milk products: investigations in vitro. Journal of Dentistry 29, 83-92
68. Griffiths, M.W. (1986) Use of milk enzymes as indices of heat treatment. Journal of Food Protection 49, 696-705
69. Grimble, R.F. & Grimble, G.K. (1998) Immunonutrition: role of sulfur amino acids, related amino acids, and polyamines Nutrition 14, 605-610
70. Grosvenor, C.E., Picciano, M.F. & Baumrucker, C.R. (1993) Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocrine Reviews 14, 710-728
71. Grufferty, M.B. & Fox, P.F. (1988) Milk alkaline proteinase Journal of Dairy Research 55, 609-630
72. Gugliucci, A. (2004) Polyamines as clinical laboratory tools Clinica Chimica Acta 344, 23-35
73. Guler, H.P., Zapf, J. & Froesch, E.R. (1987) Short-term metabolic effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in healthy adults. New England Journal of Medicine 317, 137-140
74. Guler, H.P., Schmid, C., Zapf, J. & Froesch, E.R. (1989) Effects of recombinant insulin-like growth factor I on insulin secretion and renal function in normal human subjects Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, 2868-2872
75. Gwazdauskas, F., Pappe, M. & McGilliard, M. (1977) Milk and plasma glucocorticoid alterations after injections of hydrocortisone and adrenocorticotropin. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 154, 543-545
76. Haenlein, G.F.W. & Anke, M. (2011) Mineral and trace element research in goats: a review. Small Ruminant Research 95, 2-19
77. Hagiwara, K., Kataoka, S., Yamanaka, H., Kirisawa, R. & Iwai, H. (2000) Detection of cytokines in bovine colostrum Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 76, 183-190
78. Hara, H., Adachi, T. & Hirano, K. (2003) Superoxide dismutase In: Handbook of Food Enzymology (eds J.R Whitaker, A.G.J. Voragen & D.W.S. Wong), pp. 503-508 Marcel Dekker, New York
79. Harrison, R. (2004) Physiological roles of xanthine oxidoreductase Drug Metabolism Reviews 36, 363-375
80. Haug, A., Høstmark, A.T. & Harstad, O.M. (2007) Bovine milk in human nutrition: a review. Lipids in Health and Disease 6, 25
81. Hironaka, T., Ohishi, H. & Masaki, T. (1997) Identification and partial purification of a basic fibroblast growth factorlike growth factor derived from bovine colostrums. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 488-495
82. Hirschberg, R., Brunori, G., Kopple, J.D. & Guler, H.P. (1993) Effects of insulin-like growth factor I on renal function in normal men. Kidney International 43, 387-397
83. Hirvi Y. & Griffiths. M.W. (1998) Milk catalase activity as an indicator of thermization treatments used in the manufacture of Cheddar cheese. Journal of Dairy Science 81, 338-345
84. Holt, C. (1995) Effect of heating and cooling on the milk salts and their interaction with casein. In: Heat-induced Changes in Milk (ed. P.F. Fox), pp. 105-133. International Dairy Federation Special Issue No. 9501. International Dairy Federation, Brussels
85. Hugenholtz, J., Sybesma, W., Groot, M.N., Wisselink, W., Ladero, V., Burgess, K., van Sinderen, D., Piard, J.P., Eggink, G., Smid, E., Savoy, F., Sesma, F., Jansen, T., Hols, P. & Kleerebezem, M. (2002) Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria for the production of nutraceuticals Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 82, 217-235
86. Huppertz, T. & Kelly, A.L. (2009) Properties and constituents of cow's milk. In: Milk Processing and Quality Management (ed. A.Y. Tamine), pp. 24-47. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford
87. Hurley, M.J., Larsen, L.B., Kelly, A.L. & McSweeney, P.L.H (2000) The milk acid proteinase, cathepsin D: a review International Dairy Journal 10, 673-681
88. Innocente, N., Corradini, C., Blecker, C. & Paquot, M. (1999) Emulsifying properties of the total fraction and the hydrophobic fraction of bovine milk proteose-peptones International Dairy Journal 8, 981-985
89. Insel, P., Turner, R.E. & Ross, D. (eds) (2004) Nutrition. American Dietetic Association, Jones and Bartlett, Burlington, MA
90. Ito, O. & Akuzawa, R. (1983a) Purification crystallisation, and properties of bovine milk catalase. Journal of Dairy Science 66, 967-973
91. Ito, O. & Akuzawa, R. (1983b) Isoenzymes of bovine milk catalase. Journal of Dairy Science 66, 2468-2473
92. Jeevanandam, M., Holaday, N.J., Begay, C.K. & Petersen, S.R. (1997) Nutritional efficacy of a spermidine supplemented diet. Nutrition 13, 788-794
93. Jin, Y., Cox, D.A., Knecht, R., Raschdorf, F. & Cerletti, N (1991) Separation, purification, and sequence identification of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 from bovine milk. Journal of Protein Chemistry 10, 565-575
94. Johnson, H.A. (1974) The composition of milk. In: Fundamentals of Dairy Chemistry (eds B.H. Webb, A.H. Johnson & J.A Alford), pp. 1-57. AVI Publishing, Westport, CT
95. Jones, J.I. & Clemmons, D.R. (1995) Insulin-like growth factors and their binding proteins: biological actions. Endocrine Reviews 16, 3-34
96. Jouan, P.N., Pouliot, Y., Gauthier, S.F. & Laforest, J.P. (2006) Hormones in bovine milk and milk products: a survey International Dairy Journal 16, 1408-1414
97. Kacsoh, B., Toth, B., Avery, L., Deaver, D., Baumrucker, C. & Grosvenor, C. (1991) Biological and immunological activities of glycosylated and molecular weight variants of bovine prolactin in colostrum, and milk. Journal of Animal Science 69, 456
98. Kaput, J. (2008) Nutrigenomics research for personalized nutrition and medicine. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 19, 110-120
99. Karatzas, C.N. & Turner, J.D. (1997) Toward altering milk composition by genetic manipulation: current status and challenges. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 2225-2232
100. Keenan, T.W. & Mather, I.H. (2006) Intracellular origin of milk fat globules and the nature of the milk fat globule membrane. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 2. Lipids (eds P.F. Fox & P.L.H. McSweeney), pp.137-171. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York
101. Keenan, T.W. & Patton, S. (1995) The structure of milk. In: Handbook of Milk Composition (ed. R.G. Jensen), pp. 5-50 Academic Press, San Diego, CA
102. Kelly, A.L. & Fox, P.F. (2006) Indigenous enzymes in milk: a synopsis of future research requirements. International Dairy Journal 16, 707-715
103. Kelly, A.L. & McSweeney, P.L.H. (2003) Indigenous proteinases in milk. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 1. Proteins (eds P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), pp. 495-521. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York
104. Kelly, A.L., O'Flaherty, F. & Fox, P.F. (2006) Indigenous proteolytic enzymes in milk: a brief overview of the present state of knowledge. International Dairy Journal 16, 563-572
105. Kilara, A. & Panyam, D. (2003) Peptides from milk proteins and their properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 43, 607-633
106. Kim, D.S. & Park, D.J. (2003) Method for producing taurineenriched milk. US Patent 6645519
107. Kitchen, B.J. (1985) Indigenous milk enzymes. In: Developments in Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 3. Lactose and Minor Constituents (ed. P.F. Fox), pp. 239-279. Elsevier Applied Science, London
108. Kitchen, B.J., Taylor, G.C. & White, I.C. (1970) Milk enzymes: their distribution and activity. Journal of Dairy Research 37, 279-288
109. Kleerebezem, M. & Hugenholtz, J. (2003) Metabolic pathway engineering in lactic acid bacteria. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 14, 232-237
110. Knowles, S.O., Grace, N.D., Knight, T.W., McNabba, W.C & Lee, J. (2006) Reasons and means for manipulating the micronutrient composition of milk from grazing dairy cattle. Animal Feed Science Technology 131, 154-167
111. Koldovsky, O. (1989) Search for role of milk-borne biologically active peptides for the suckling. Journal of Nutrition 119, 1543-1551
112. Koldovsky, O. & Thornburg, W. (1987) Hormones in milk Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 6, 172-196
113. Korhonen, H. & Pihlanto-Leppala, A. (2006) Bioactive peptides: production and functionality. International Dairy Journal 16, 945-960
114. Kussendrager, K.D. & van Hooijdonk, A.C. (2000) Lactoperoxidase: physico-chemical properties, occurrence, mechanism of action and applications. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S19-S25
115. Kussmann, M. & Fay, L.B. (2008) Nutrigenomics and personalized nutrition: science and concept. Personalized Medicine 5, 447-455
116. Larqué, E., Sabater-Molina, M. & Zamora, S. (2007) Biological significance of dietary polyamines. Nutrition 23, 87-95
117. Larsen, L.B., Benfeldt, C., Rasmussen, L.K. & Petersen, T.E (1996) Bovine milk procathepsin D and cathepsin D, coagulation and milk protein degradation. Journal of Dairy Research 63, 119-130
118. Larsen, L.B., Wium, H., Benfeldt, C., Heegaard, C., Ardo, Y., Qvist, K.B. & Petersen, T.E. (2000) Bovine milk procathepsin D: presence and activity in heated milk and in extracts of rennet-free UF-Feta cheese. International Dairy Journal 10, 67-73
119. Layman, D.K. (2003) The role of leucine in weight loss diets and glucose homeostatis. Journal of Nutrition 133, 261S-267S
120. Lazarus, L.H., Gaunido, G., Wilson, W.E. & Erspamer, V (1986) An immunoreactive peptide in milk contains bombesin-like bioactivity. Experientia 42, 822-823
121. Li, F., Obrosova, I.G., Abatan, O., Tian, D., Larkin, D., Stuenkel, E.L. & Stevens, M.J. (2005) Taurine replacement attenuates hyperalgesia and abnormal calcium signaling in sensory neurons of STZ-D rats. American Journal of Physiology 288, E29-E36
122. Liu, J.-Q. & Luo, G.-M. (2003) Glutathione peroxidase. In: Handbook of Food Enzymology (eds J.R. Whitaker, A.G.J. Voragen & D.W.S. Wong), pp. 413-424. Marcel Dekker, New York
123. Lopez-Fandino, R., Otte, J. & van Camp, J. (2006) Physiological, chemical and technological aspects of milk-protein-derived peptides with antihypertensive and ACE-inhibitory activity International Dairy Journal 16, 1277-1293
124. Löser, C. (2000) Polyamines in human and animal milk British Journal of Nutrition 84, S55-S58
125. Lourenco, R. & Camilo, M.E. (2002) Taurine: a conditionally essential amino acid in humans? An overview in health and disease. Nutricion Hospitalaria 17, 262-270
126. Lund, M.N., Olsen, K., Sorensen, J. & Skibsted, L.H. (2005) Kinetics and mechanism of lactosylation of alpha-lactalbumin Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53, 2095-2102
127. Malven, P. (1977) Prolactin and other hormones in milk Journal of Animal Science 45, 609-616
128. Malven, P. & McMurtry, J. (1974) Measurement of prolactin in milk by radio immunoassay. Journal of Dairy Science 57, 411-415
129. Mansbridge, R.J. & Blake, J.S. (1997) Nutritional factors affecting the fatty acid composition of bovine milk. British Journal of Nutrition 78, S37-S47
130. Massague, J. (1990) The transforming growth factor-beta family Annual Review of Cell Biology 6, 597-641
131. Massey, V. & Harris, C.M. (1997) Milk xanthine oxidoreductase: the first one hundred years. Biochemical Society Transactions 25, 750-755
132. Meisel, H. & FitzGerald, R.J. (2000) Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S27-S31
133. Mellander, O. (1950) The physiological importance of the casein phosphopeptide calcium salts. II. Peroral calcium dosage of infants. Acta Societatis Medicorum Upsaliensis 55, 247-255
134. Mel'uchová, B., Blasko, J., Kubinec, R., Górová, R., Dubravská, J., Margetín, M. & Soják, L. (2008) Seasonal variations in fatty acid composition of pasture forage plants and CLA content in ewe milk fat. Small Ruminant Research 78, 56-65
135. Meyer, D.H., Kunin, A.S., Maddalena, J. & Meyer, W.L (1987) Ribonuclease activity and isoenzymes in raw and processed cows' milk and infant formulas. Journal of Dairy Science 70, 1797-1803
136. Michaelidou, A.M. (2008) Factors influencing nutritional and health profile of milk and milk products. Small Ruminant Research 79, 42-50
137. Michaelidou, A. & Steijns, J. (2006) Nutritional and technological aspects of minor bioactive components in milk and whey: growth factors, vitamins and nucleotides. International Dairy Journal 16, 1421-1426
138. Molloy, A.M. (2002) Folate bioavailability and health. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 72, 46-52
139. Moscatelli, D. (1987) High and low affinity binding sites for basic fibroblast growth factor on cultured cells: absence of a role for low affinity binding in the stimulation of plasminogen activator production by bovine capillary endothelial cells. Journal of Cell Physiology 131, 123-130
140. Muller, M. & Kersten, S. (2003) Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nature Reviews 4, 315-322
141. Mullin, W.J. & Emmons, D.B. (1997) Determination of organic acids and sugars in cheese, milk and whey by high performance liquid chromatography. Food Research International 30, 147-151
142. Nilsson, M., Holst, J.J. & Bjorck, I.M. (2007) Metabolic effects of amino acid mixtures and whey protein in healthy subjects: studies using glucose-equivalent drinks. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 85, 996-1004
143. Nishimura, K., Shiina, R., Kashiwagi, K. & Igarashi, K. (2006) Decrease in polyamines with aging and their ingestion from food and drink. Journal of Biochemistry 139, 81-90
144. Olivecrona, T. & Bengtsson, G. (1984) Lipases in milk. In: Lipases (eds B. Borgstrom & H.L. Brockman), pp. 205-261 Elsevier, Amsterdam
145. Olivecrona, T., Vilaro, S. & Olivecrona, G. (2003) Lipases in milk. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 1. Proteins (eds P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), pp. 473-494. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York
146. Ontsouka, C.E., Bruckmaier, R.M. & Blum, J.W. (2003) Fractionized milk composition during removal of colostrum and mature milk. Journal of Dairy Science 86, 2005-2011
147. Pakkanen, R. & Aalto, J. (1997) Growth factors and antimicrobial factors of bovine colostrum. International Dairy Journal 7, 285-297
148. Pandya, A.J. & Khan, M.M.H. (2006) Buffalo milk. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals (eds Y.W. Park & G.F.W. Haenlein), pp. 195-214. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA
149. Park, E., Jia, J., Quinn, M.R. & Schuller-Levis, G. (2002) Taurine chloramine inhibits lymphocyte proliferation and decreases cytokine production in activated human leukocytes Clinical Immunology 102, 179-184
150. Park, J.H. & Lee, S.Y. (2008) Towards systems metabolic engineering of microorganisms for amino acid production Current Opinion in Biotechnology 19, 454-460
151. Park, Y.W. & Guo, M. (2006) Goat milk products: types of products, manufacturing technology, chemical composition and marketing. In: Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals (eds Y.W. Park & G.F.W. Haenlein), pp. 59-106 Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA
152. Park, Y.W. & Haenlein, G.F.W. (eds) (2006) Handbook of Milk of Non-bovine Mammals. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA
153. Park, Y.W., Juarez, M., Ramos, M. & Haenlein, G.F.W. (2007) Physico-chemical characteristics of goat and sheep milk Small Ruminant Research 68, 88-113
154. Parodi, P.W. (1999) Conjugated linoleic acid and other anticarcinogenic agents of bovine milk fat. Journal of Dairy Science 82, 1339-1349
155. Pereira, M.A., Jacobs, D.R. Jr, Van Horn, L., Slattery, M.L., Kartashov, A.I. & Ludwig, D.S. (2002) Dairy consumption, obesity, and the insulin resistance syndrome in young adults: the CARDIA Study. JAMA 287, 2081-2089
156. Playford, R.J., MacDonald, C.E. & Johnson, W.S. (2000) Colostrum and milk-derived peptide growth factors for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72, 5-14
157. Playford, R.J., Ghosh, S. & Mahmood, A. (2004) Growth factors and trefoil peptides in gastrointestinal health and disease. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 4, 567-571
158. Pouliot, Y. & Gauthier, S.F. (2006) Milk growth factors as health products: some technological aspects. International Dairy Journal 16, 1415-1420
159. oC. Journal of Dairy Research 56, 185-192
160. Pruitt, K. (2003) Lactoperoxidase. In: Advanced Dairy Chemistry, Vol. 1. Proteins (eds P.F. Fox & P.L.H McSweeney), pp. 563-570. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press, New York
161. Rampersaud, G.C., Bailey, L.B. & Kauwell, G.P.A. (2002) Relationship of folate to colorectal and cervical cancer: Review and recommendations for practitioners. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102, 1273-1282
162. Ratcliffe, W., Green, E., Emly, J., Norbury, S., Lindsay, M., Heath, D. & Ratcliffe, J.G. (1990) Identification and partial characterization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human and bovine milk. Journal of Endocrinology 127, 167-176
163. Regester, G.O. & Belford, D.A. (1999) New therapeutics from a dairy byproduct: cheese whey. Drug Development Research 46, 286-291
164. Renner, E. (1988) Storage stability and some nutritional aspects of milk powders and ultra high temperature products at high ambient temperatures. Journal of Dairy Research 55, 125-142
165. Rodrigues, L.R. & Teixeira, J.A. (2009) Potential applications of whey proteins in the medical field. In: Engineering Aspects of Milk and Dairy Products (eds J. Coimbra & J.A Teixeira), pp. 221-252. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
166. Rodrigues, L.R., Venâncio, A. & Teixeira, J.A. (2003) Recovery of the proteose peptone component 3 from cheese whey in Reppal PES 100/polyethylene glycol aqueous twophase systems. Biotechnology Letters 25, 651-655
167. Rodrigues, L.R., Teixeira, J.A., Schmitt, F., Paulsson, M. & Lindmark Masson, H. (2009) Lactoferrin and cancer disease prevention. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49, 203-217
168. Rogers, M.L., Belford, D.A., Francis, G.L. & Ballard, F.J (1995) Identification of fibroblast growth factors in bovine cheese whey. Journal of Dairy Research 62, 501-507
169. Rollema, H.S., Visser, S. & Poll, J.K. (1981) On the determination, purification and characterization of the alkaline proteinase from bovine milk. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal 35, 396-399
170. Rossland, E., Langsrud, T., Granum, P.E. & Sorhaug, T. (2005) Production of antimicrobial metabolites by strains of Lactobacillus or Lactococcus co-cultured with Bacillus cereus in milk. International Journal of Food Microbiology 98, 193-200
171. Ryhanen, E.L., Pihlanto-Leppala, A. & Pahkala, E. (2001) A new type of ripened, low-fat cheese with bioactive properties International Dairy Journal 11, 441-447
172. Sanchez-Pozo, A. & Gil, A. (2002) Nucleotides as semiessential nutritional components. British Journal of Nutrition 87, S135-S137
173. Sanggaard, K.M., Holst, J.J., Rehfeld, J.F., Sandstrom, B., Raben, A. & Tholstrup, T. (2004) Different effects of whole milk and a fermented milk with the same fat and lactose content on gastric emptying and postprandial lipaemia, but not on glycaemic response and appetite. British Journal of Nutrition 92, 447-459
174. Sanz Sampelayo, M.R., Chilliard, Y., Schmidely, Ph. & Boza, J. (2007) Influence of type of diet on the fat constituents of goat and sheep milk. Small Ruminant Research 68, 42-63
175. Schlimme, E., Martin, D. &, Meisel, H. (2000) Nucleosides and nucleotides: natural bioactive substances in milk and colostrum. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S59-S68
176. Seifu, E., Buys, E.M. & Donkin, E.F. (2005) Significance of the lactoperoxidase system in the dairy industry and its potential applications: a review. Trends in Food Science and Technology 16, 137-154
177. Seshadri, S., Beiser, A., Selhub, J., Jacques, P.F., Rosenberg, I.H., D'Agostino, R.B., Wilson, P.W.F. & Wolf, P.H. (2002) Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine 346, 476-483
178. Sievers, G. (1980) Structure of milk peroxidase. A study using circular dichroism and difference absorption spectroscopy Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 624, 249-259
179. Silva, M.A., Cunha, G.M., Viana, G.S. & Rao, V.S. (1993) Taurine modulates chemical nociception in mice. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 26, 1319-1324
180. Smithers, G.W. (2004) Isolation of growth factors from whey and their application in the food and biotechnology industries: a brief review. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation 389, 16-19
181. Sorensen, E.S., Rasmussen, L.K., Moller, L. & Petersen, T.E (1997) The localization and multimeric nature of component PP3 in bovine milk: purification and characterization of PP3 from caprine and ovine milks. Journal of Dairy Science 80, 3176-3181
182. Sousa, A., Passarinha, L.A., Rodrigues, L.R., Teixeira, J.A., Mendonça, A. & Queiroz, J.A. (2007) Separation of different forms of PP3 by hydrophobic interaction chromatography with a dual salt system. Biomedical Chromatography 22, 447-449
183. Sprietsma, J.E. (1999) Modern diets and diseases: NO-zinc balance. Under Th1, zinc and nitrogen monoxide (NO) collectively protect against viruses, AIDS, autoimmunity, diabetes, allergies, asthma, infectious diseases, atherosclerosis and cancer. Medical Hypotheses 53, 6-16
184. Stelwagen, K., Carpenter, E., Haigh, B., Hodgkinson, A. & Wheeler, T.T. (2009) Immune components of bovine colostrum and milk. Journal of Animal Science 87, 3-9
185. Stover, P.J. & Garza, C. (2002) Bringing individuality to public health recommendations. Journal of Nutrition 132, 2476S-2480S
186. Sugahara, T., Onda, H., Shinohara, Y., Horii, M., Akiyama, K., Nakamoto, K. & Hara, K. (2005) Immunostimulation effects of proteose-peptone component 3 fragment on human hybridomas and peripheral blood lymphocytes Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1725, 233-240
187. Swaisgood, H.E. (2003) Mammalian sulphydryl oxidase. In: Handbook of Food Enzymology (eds J.R. Whitaker, A.G.J Voragen & D.W.S Wong), pp. 539-546. Marcel Dekker, New York
188. Sybesma, W., Burgess, C., Starrenburg, M., van Sinderen, D & Hugenholtz, J. (2004) Multivitamin production in Lactococcus lactis using metabolic engineering. Metabolic Engineering 6, 109-115
189. Takeyama, M., Yanaga, N., Yarimizu, K., Ono, J., Takaki, R., Fujii, M. & Yajima, H. (1990) Enzyme immunoassay of somatostatin (SS)-like immunoreactive substance in bovine milk. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38, 456-459
190. Torkelson, A. (1987) Radioimmunoassay of somatotropin in milk from cows administered recombinant bovine somatotropin Proceedings of the American Dairy Science Association 70, 146
191. Torres, D., Gonçalves, M.P.F., Teixeira, J.A. & Rodrigues, L.R (2010) Galacto-oligosaccharides: production, properties, applications, and significance as prebiotics. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9, 438-454
192. Tucker, H. & Schwalm, J. (1977) Glucocorticoids in mammary tissue and milk. Journal of Animal Science 45, 627-634
193. Valtonen, M., Kangas, A.P., Voutilainen, M. & Eriksson, L (2003) Diurnal rhythm of melatonin in young calves and intake of melatonin in milk. Journal of Animal Science 77, 149-154
194. Van Ommen, B. & Stierum, R. (2002) Nutrigenomics: exploiting systems biology in the nutrition and health arena Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13, 517-521
195. Vegarud, G.E., Langsrud, T. & Svenning, C. (2000) Mineralbinding milk proteins and peptides; occurrence, biochemical and technological characteristics. British Journal of Nutrition 84, S91-S98
196. Villamiel, M., Schutyser, M.A.I. & de Jong, P. (2009) Novel methods of milk processing. In: Milk Processing and Quality Management (ed. A.Y. Tamine), pp. 206-236 Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford
197. Vinderola, C.G., Duarte, J., Thangavel, D., Perdigon, G., Farnworth, E. & Matar, C. (2005) Immunomodulating capacity of kefir. Journal of Dairy Research 72, 195-202
198. Visser, S. (1981) Proteolytic enzymes and their action on milk proteins. A review. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal 35, 65-88
199. Wolfe, R.R. (2002) Regulation of muscle protein by amino acids. Journal of Nutrition 132, 3219S-3224S
200. Wolford, S. & Argoudelis, C. (1979) Measurement of estrogen in cow's milk, human milk and dietary products. Journal of Dairy Science 62, 1458-1463
201. Yamamoto, S., Wang, M.F., Adjei, A.A. & Ameho, C.K (1997) Role of nucleosides and nucleotides in the immnune system, gut reparation after injury, and brain function Nutrition 13, 372-374
202. Yu, V. (2002) Scientific rationale and benefits of nucleotide supplementation of infant formula. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 38, 543-549
203. Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ounpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J. & Lisheng, L. (2004) Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 364, 937-952
204. Zuniga, A.D., Coimbra, J., Rodrigues, L.R. & Teixeira, J.A (2009) Aqueous two-phase systems applied to whey protein separation. In: Engineering Aspects of Milk and Dairy Products (eds J. Coimbra & J.A. Teixeira), pp. 57-79. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL