Fructose, pregnancy and later life impacts

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology

Volumn 40, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 824-837

  Regnault, Timothy Rh ^a   Gentili, Sheridan ^b   Sarr, Ousseynou ^a   Toop, Carla R ^b   Sloboda, Deborah M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA   (Australia)

^c MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Fetus; Fructose; Liver; Offspring; Placenta; Pregnancy; Sucrose

Indexed keywords

FAT; FRUCTOSE; SUCROSE;

ABSORPTION; ARTICLE; DIETARY INTAKE; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; LIVER METABOLISM; MATERNAL NUTRITION; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; PHYSIOLOGY; PLACENTA DEVELOPMENT; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PROGENY; RISK ASSESSMENT;

FETUS; FRUCTOSE; LIVER; OFFSPRING; PLACENTA; PREGNANCY; SUCROSE;

ANIMALS; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIET, HIGH-FAT; DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES; DIETARY SUCROSE; FATTY LIVER; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FRUCTOSE; HUMANS; INFANT; LIVER; MALE; MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; OBESITY; PLACENTATION; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84886777622     PISSN: 03051870     EISSN: 14401681     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12162     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Hanover LM, White JS. Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993; 58 (Suppl.): S724-32.
2. Cordain L, Miller JB, Eaton SB, Mann N, Holt SH, Speth JD. Plant-animal subsistence ratios and macronutrient energy estimations in worldwide hunter-gatherer diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 682-92.
3. Cordain L, Eaton SB, Sebastian A et al. Origins and evolution of the Western diet: Health implications for the 21st century. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005; 81: 341-54.
4. Bayol SA, Simbi BH, Stickland NC. A maternal cafeteria diet during gestation and lactation promotes adiposity and impairs skeletal muscle development and metabolism in rat offspring at weaning. J. Physiol. 2005; 567: 951-61.
5. Bayol SA, Simbi BH, Fowkes RC, Stickland NC. A maternal 'junk food' diet in pregnancy and lactation promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rat offspring. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 1451-61.
6. Siega-Riz AM, Bodnar LM, Savitz DA. What are pregnant women eating? Nutrient and food group differences by race. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2002; 186: 480-6.
7. Subar AF, Krebs-Smith SM, Cook A, Kahle LL. Dietary sources of nutrients among US children, 1989-91. Pediatrics 1998; 102: 913-23.
8. Watts V, Rockett H, Baer H, Leppert J, Colditz G. Assessing diet quality in a population of low-income pregnant women. A comparison between Native Americans and Whites. Matern. Child Health J. 2007; 11: 127-36.
9. George GC, Hanss-Nuss H, Milani TJ, Freeland-Graves JH. Food choices of low-income women during pregnancy and postpartum. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2005; 105: 899-907.
10. Inskip HM, Crozier SR, Godfrey KM et al. Women's compliance with nutrition and lifestyle recommendations before pregnancy: General population cohort study. BMJ 2009; 338: b481.
11. Crozier SR, Robinson SM, Borland SE et al. Do women change their health behaviours in pregnancy? Findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2009; 23: 446-53.
12. Block G, Dresser CM, Hartman AM, Carroll MD. Nutrient sources in the american diet: Quantitative data from the NHANES II survey. II. Macronutrients and fats. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1985; 122: 27-40.
13. Ong ZY, Muhlhausler BS. Maternal 'junk-food' feeding of rat dams alters food choices and development of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring. FASEB J. 2011; 25: 2167-79.
14. Brion MJ, Ness AR, Rogers I et al. Maternal macronutrient and energy intakes in pregnancy and offspring intake at 10 y: Exploring parental comparisons and prenatal effects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010; 91: 748-56.
15. Heerwagen MJ, Miller MR, Barbour LA, Friedman JE. Maternal obesity and fetal metabolic programming: A fertile epigenetic soil. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2010; 299: R711-22.
16. Niinikoski H, Ruottinen S. Is carbohydrate intake in the first years of life related to future risk of NCDS? Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012; 22: 770-4.
17. Jin R, Le NA, Liu S et al. Children with NAFLD are more sensitive to the adverse metabolic effects of fructose beverages than children without NAFLD. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012; 97: E1088-98.
18. Ambrosini GL, Oddy WH, Huang RC, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Jebb SA. Prospective associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intakes and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 98: 327-34.
19. Debosch BJ, Chi M, Moley KH. Glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8) regulates enterocyte fructose transport and global mammalian fructose utilization. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 4181-91.
20. Douard V, Ferraris RP. The role of fructose transporters in diseases linked to excessive fructose intake. J. Physiol. 2012; 591: 401-16.
21. Putkonen L, Yao CK, Gibson PR. Fructose malabsorption syndrome. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013; 16: 473-7.
22. Cui XL, Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Regulation of rat intestinal GLUT2 mRNA abundance by luminal and systemic factors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2003; 1612: 178-85.
23. Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Høyer E. Absorption capacity of fructose in healthy adults. Comparison with sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides. Gut 1986; 27: 1161-8.
24. Castello A, Guma A, Sevilla L et al. Regulation of GLUT5 gene expression in rat intestinal mucosa: Regional distribution, circadian rhythm, perinatal development and effect of diabetes. Biochem. J. 1995; 309: 271-7.
25. Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Developmental reprogramming of rat GLUT-5 requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2001; 280: G113-20.
26. Suzuki T, Douard V, Mochizuki K, Goda T, Ferraris RP. Diet-induced epigenetic regulation in vivo of the intestinal fructose transporter GLUT5 during development of rat small intestine. Biochem. J. 2011; 435: 43-53.
27. Shu R, David ES, Ferraris RP. Luminal fructose modulates fructose transport and GLUT-5 expression in small intestine of weaning rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1998; 274: G232-9.
28. Bizeau ME, Pagliassotti MJ. Hepatic adaptations to sucrose and fructose. Metabolism 2005; 54: 1189-201.
29. Rippe JM, Angelopoulos TJ. Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and fructose, their metabolism and potential health effects: What do we really know? Adv. Nutr. 2013; 4: 236-45.
30. Douard V, Ferraris RP. Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2008; 295: E227-37.
31. Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Le MT et al. Opposing effects of fructokinase C and A isoforms on fructose-induced metabolic syndrome in mice. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2012; 109: 4320-5.
32. Mayes PA. Intermediary metabolism of fructose. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1993; 58 (Suppl.): S754-65.
33. Asipu A, Hayward BE, O'Reilly J, Bonthron DT. Properties of normal and mutant recombinant human ketohexokinases and implications for the pathogenesis of essential fructosuria. Diabetes 2003; 52: 2426-32.
34. Cleave TL. The saccharine disease. Trans. Med. Soc. Lond. 1975; 91: 63-4.
35. Bray GA. Fructose: Pure, white, and deadly? Fructose, by any other name, is a health hazard. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2010; 4: 1003-7.
36. Lustig RH. Fructose. It's 'alcohol without the buzz'. Adv. Nutr. 2013; 4: 226-35.
37. Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009; 120: 1011-20.
38. Sun SZ, Anderson GH, Flickinger BD, Williamson-Hughes PS, Empie MW. Fructose and non-fructose sugar intakes in the US population and their associations with indicators of metabolic syndrome. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2011; 49: 2875-82.
39. Bray GA. Fructose and risk of cardiometabolic disease. Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 2012; 14: 570-8.
40. Ahmed SH, Guillem K, Vandaele Y. Sugar addiction: Pushing the drug-sugar analogy to the limit. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013; 16: 434-9.
41. Vartanian LR, Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Effects of soft drink consumption on nutrition and health. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am. J. Public Health 2007; 97: 667-75.
42. Aeberli I, Hochuli M, Gerber PA et al. Moderate amounts of fructose consumption impair insulin sensitivity in healthy young men: A randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2012; 36: 150-6.
43. Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Intake of calorically sweetened beverages and obesity. Obes. Rev. 2009; 10: 68-75.
44. Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Carbohydrate intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2013; 16: 446-52.
45. Sun SZ, Empie MW. Lack of findings for the association between obesity risk and usual sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in adults: A primary analysis of databases of CSFII-1989-91, CSFII-1994-98, NHANES III, and combined NHANES 1999-2002. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2007; 45: 1523-36.
46. Wiebe N, Padwal R, Field C, Marks S, Jacobs R, Tonelli MA. Systematic review on the effect of sweeteners on glycemic response and clinically relevant outcomes. BMC Med. 2011; 9: 123.
47. Ha V, Jayalath VH, Cozma AI, Mirrahimi A, de Souza RJ, Sievenpiper JL. Fructose-containing sugars, blood pressure, and cardiometabolic risk: A critical review. Curr. Hypertens. Rep. 2013; 15: 281-97.
48. Petersen KF, Laurent D, Yu C, Cline GW, Shulman GI. Stimulating effects of low-dose fructose on insulin-stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis in humans. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1263-8.
49. Stanhope KL. Role of fructose-containing sugars in the epidemics of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Annu. Rev. Med. 2012; 63: 329-43.
50. van den Berghe G, Bronfman M, Vanneste R, Hers HG. The mechanism of adenosine triphosphate depletion in the liver after a load of fructose. A kinetic study of liver adenylate deaminase. Biochem. J. 1977; 162: 601-9.
51. Abdelmalek MF, Lazo M, Horska A et al. Higher dietary fructose is associated with impaired hepatic adenosine triphosphate homeostasis in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hepatology 2012; 56: 952-60.
52. Romsos DR, Leveille GA. Effect of dietary fructose on in vitro and in vivo fatty acid synthesis in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1974; 360: 1-11.
53. Cortez-Pinto H, Chatham J, Chacko VP, Arnold C, Rashid A, Diehl AM. Alterations in liver ATP homeostasis in human nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A pilot study. JAMA 1999; 282: 1659-64.
54. Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S et al. A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2006; 290: F625-31.
55. Cox CL, Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM et al. Consumption of fructose- but not glucose-sweetened beverages for 10 weeks increases circulating concentrations of uric acid, retinol binding protein-4, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in overweight/obese humans. Nutr. Metab. 2012; 9: 68.
56. Lanaspa MA, Sanchez-Lozada LG, Cicerchi C et al. Uric acid stimulates fructokinase and accelerates fructose metabolism in the development of fatty liver. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e47948.
57. Choi HK, Curhan G. Soft drinks, fructose consumption, and the risk of gout in men: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008; 336: 309-12.
58. Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G. Fructose-rich beverages and risk of gout in women. JAMA 2010; 304: 2270-8.
59. Bobridge KS, Haines GL, Mori TA et al. Dietary fructose in relation to blood pressure and serum uric acid in adolescent boys and girls. J. Hum. Hypertens. 2013; 27: 217-24.
60. Sun SZ, Flickinger BD, Williamson-Hughes PS, Empie MW. Lack of association between dietary fructose and hyperuricemia risk in adults. Nutr. Metab. 2010; 7: 16.
61. Wang DD, Sievenpiper JL, de Souza RJ et al. The effects of fructose intake on serum uric acid vary among controlled dietary trials. J. Nutr. 2012; 142: 916-23.
62. Taghibiglou C, Rashid-Kolvear F, Van Iderstine SC et al. Hepatic very low density lipoprotein-ApoB overproduction is associated with attenuated hepatic insulin signaling and overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in a fructose-fed hamster model of insulin resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 793-803.
63. Kelley GL, Allan G, Azhar S. High dietary fructose induces a hepatic stress response resulting in cholesterol and lipid dysregulation. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 548-55.
64. Wei Y, Wang D, Topczewski F, Pagliassotti MJ. Fructose-mediated stress signaling in the liver: Implications for hepatic insulin resistance. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2007; 18: 1-9.
65. Wei Y, Wang D, Pagliassotti MJ. Fructose selectively modulates c-jun N-terminal kinase activity and insulin signaling in rat primary hepatocytes. J. Nutr. 2005; 135: 1642-6.
66. Hirosumi J, Tuncman G, Chang L et al. A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance. Nature 2002; 420: 333-6.
67. Wei Y, Bizeau ME, Pagliassotti MJ. An acute increase in fructose concentration increases hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA via mechanisms that are independent of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in rats. J. Nutr. 2004; 134: 545-51.
68. Mayes PA, Laker ME. Effects of acute and long-term fructose administration on liver lipid metabolism. Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986; 21: 33-58.
69. Heinz F. The enzymes of carbohydrate degradation. Prog. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1973; 8: 1-56.
70. Hellerstein MK, Schwarz JM, Neese RA. Regulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis in humans. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 1996; 16: 523-57.
71. Stanhope KL, Bremer AA, Medici V et al. Consumption of fructose and high fructose corn syrup increase postprandial triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein-B in young men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011; 96: E1596-605.
72. Le MT, Frye RF, Rivard CJ et al. Effects of high-fructose corn syrup and sucrose on the pharmacokinetics of fructose and acute metabolic and hemodynamic responses in healthy subjects. Metabolism 2012; 61: 641-51.
73. Nomura K, Yamanouchi T. The role of fructose-enriched diets in mechanisms of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2012; 23: 203-8.
74. Spruss A, Kanuri G, Wagnerberger S, Haub S, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. Toll-like receptor 4 is involved in the development of fructose-induced hepatic steatosis in mice. Hepatology 2009; 50: 1094-104.
75. Spruss A, Kanuri G, Stahl C, Bischoff SC, Bergheim I. Metformin protects against the development of fructose-induced steatosis in mice: Role of the intestinal barrier function. Lab. Invest. 2012; 92: 1020-32.
76. Bray GA, Nielsen SJ, Popkin BM. Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004; 79: 537-43.
77. Erion DM, Popov V, Hsiao JJ et al. The role of the carbohydrate response element-binding protein in male fructose-fed rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 36-44.
78. Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K. Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia. Nutr. Metab. 2005; 2: 5.
79. Chen CY, Crott J, Liu Z, Smith DE. Fructose and saturated fats predispose hyperinsulinemia in lean male rat offspring. Eur. J. Nutr. 2010; 49: 337-43.
80. Meeprom A, Sompong W, Suwannaphet W, Yibchok-anun S, Adisakwattana S. Grape seed extract supplementation prevents high-fructose diet-induced insulin resistance in rats by improving insulin and adiponectin signalling pathways. Br. J. Nutr. 2011; 106: 1173-81.
81. Wilson RD, Islam MS. Fructose-fed streptozotocin-injected rat: An alternative model for type 2 diabetes. Pharmacol. Rep. 2012; 64: 129-39.
82. Briand F, Thièblemont Q, Muzotte E, Sulpice T. High-fat and fructose intake induces insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and liver steatosis and alters in vivo macrophage-to-feces reverse cholesterol transport in hamsters. J. Nutr. 2012; 142: 704-9.
83. Egli L, Lecoultre V, Theytaz F et al. Exercise prevents fructose-induced hypertriglyceridemia in healthy young subjects. Diabetes 2013; 62: 2259-65.
84. Crescenzo R, Bianco F, Coppola P et al. Adipose tissue remodeling in rats exhibiting fructose-induced obesity. Eur. J. Nutr. 2013; Epub 2 June 2013; doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0538-2.
85. Ouyang X, Cirillo P, Sautin Y et al. Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 2008; 48: 993-9.
86. Vos MB, Lavine JE. Dietary fructose in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur. J. Nutr. 2013; 57: 2525-31.
87. White JS. Straight talk about high-fructose corn syrup: What it is and what it ain't. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 88 (Suppl.): S1716-21.
88. Klurfeld DM, Foreyt J, Angelopoulos TJ, Rippe JM. Lack of evidence for high fructose corn syrup as the cause of the obesity epidemic. Int. J. Obes. 2012; 37: 771-3.
89. Pagliassotti MJ, Prach PA. Quantity of sucrose alters the tissue pattern and time course of insulin resistance in young rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1995; 269: R641-6.
90. Jen KL, Rochon C, Zhong SB, Whitcomb L. Fructose and sucrose feeding during pregnancy and lactation in rats changes maternal and pup fuel metabolism. J. Nutr. 1991; 121: 1999-2005.
91. Teff KL, Elliott SS, Tschöp M et al. Dietary fructose reduces circulating insulin and leptin, attenuates postprandial suppression of ghrelin, and increases triglycerides in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004; 89: 2963-72.
92. Lê KA, Faeh D, Stettler R et al. A 4-wk high-fructose diet alters lipid metabolism without affecting insulin sensitivity or ectopic lipids in healthy humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006; 84: 1374-9.
93. Yilmaz Y. Review article: Fructose in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2012; 35: 1135-44.
94. Mori T, Kondo H, Hase T, Murase T. Dietary phospholipids ameliorate fructose-induced hepatic lipid and metabolic abnormalities in rats. J. Nutr. 2011; 141: 2003-9.
95. Ghezzi AC, Cambri LT, Ribeiro C, Botezelli JD, Mello MA. Impact of early fructose intake on metabolic profile and aerobic capacity of rats. Lipids Health Dis. 2011; 10: 3.
96. Serra A, Bryant N, Motilva MJ, Blumberg JB, Chen CY. Fetal programming of dietary fructose and saturated fat on hepatic quercetin glucuronidation in rats. Nutrition 2012; 28: 1165-71.
97. Cambri LT, Ghezzi AC, Ribeiro C, Dalia RA, de Mello MA. Recovery of rat growth and lipid profiles in adult rats subjected to fetal protein malnutrition with a fructose-rich diet. Nutr. Res. 2010; 30: 156-62.
98. Axelsen LN, Lademann JB, Petersen JS et al. Cardiac and metabolic changes in long-term high fructose-fat fed rats with severe obesity and extensive intramyocardial lipid accumulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2010; 298: R1560-70.
99. Alzamendi A, Castrogiovanni D, Gaillard RC, Spinedi E, Giovambattista A. Increased male offspring's risk of metabolic-neuroendocrine dysfunction and overweight after fructose-rich diet intake by the lactating mother. Endocrinology 2010; 151: 4214-23.
100. Vickers MH, Clayton ZE, Yap C, Sloboda DM. Maternal fructose intake during pregnancy and lactation alters placental growth and leads to sex-specific changes in fetal and neonatal endocrine function. Endocrinology 2011; 152: 1378-87.
101. Flynn ER, Alexander BT, Lee J, Hutchens ZM, Maric-Bilkan C. High-fat/fructose feeding during prenatal and postnatal development in female rats increases susceptibility to renal and metabolic injury later in life. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2013; 304: R278-85.
102. Lê KA, Faeh D, Stettler R et al. Effects of four-week high-fructose diet on gene expression in skeletal muscle of healthy men. Diabetes Metab. 2008; 34: 82-5.
103. Stanhope KL, Schwarz JM, Keim NL et al. Consuming fructose-sweetened, not glucose-sweetened, beverages increases visceral adiposity and lipids and decreases insulin sensitivity in overweight/obese humans. J. Clin. Invest. 2009; 119: 1322-34.
104. Bravo S, Lowndes J, Sinnett S, Yu Z, Rippe J. Consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup does not increase liver fat or ectopic fat deposition in muscles. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2013; 38: 681-8.
105. Silbernagel G, Machann J, Unmuth S et al. Effects of 4-week very-high-fructose/glucose diets on insulin sensitivity, visceral fat and intrahepatic lipids: An exploratory trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2011; 106: 79-86.
106. Maersk M, St Belza A, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H et al. Sucrose-sweetened beverages increase fat storage in the liver, muscle, and visceral fat depot: A 6-mo randomized intervention study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012; 95: 283-9.
107. Crescenzo R, Bianco F, Coppola P et al. Increased skeletal muscle mitochondrial efficiency in rats with fructose-induced alteration in glucose tolerance. Br. J. Nutr. 2013; 22: 1-8.
108. Borgen I, Aamodt G, Harsem N, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Brantsæter AL. Maternal sugar consumption and risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous norwegian women. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012; 66: 920-5.
109. Brantsaeter AL, Haugen M, Samuelsen SO et al. A dietary pattern characterized by high intake of vegetables, fruits, and vegetable oils is associated with reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous pregnant norwegian women. J. Nutr. 2009; 139: 1162-8.
110. Englund-Ögge L, Brantsêter AL, Haugen M et al. Association between intake of artificially sweetened and sugar-sweetened beverages and preterm delivery: A large prospective cohort study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2012; 96: 552-9.
111. Halldorsson TI, Strøm M, Petersen SB, Olsen SF. Intake of artificially sweetened soft drinks and risk of preterm delivery: A prospective cohort study in 59, 334 Danish pregnant women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010; 92: 626-33.
112. Wong AC, Ko CW. Carbohydrate intake as a risk factor for biliary sludge and stones during pregnancy. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2013; 47: 700-75.
113. Alzamendi A, Del Zotto H, Castrogiovanni D, Romero J, Giovambattista A, Spinedi E. Oral metformin treatment prevents enhanced insulin demand and placental dysfunction in the pregnant rat fed a fructose-rich diet. ISRN Endocrinol. 2012; 2012: 757913.
114. Zou M, Arentson EJ, Teegarden D, Koser SL, Onyskow L, Donkin SS. Fructose consumption during pregnancy and lactation induces fatty liver and glucose intolerance in rats. Nutr. Res. 2012; 32: 588-98.
115. Bazer FW, Kim J, Song G, Ka H, Tekwe CD, Wu G. Select nutrients, progesterone, and interferon tau affect conceptus metabolism and development. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2012; 1271: 88-96.
116. Kim J, Song G, Wu G, Bazer FW. Functional roles of fructose. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 2012; 109: E1619-28.
117. Gray C, Long S, Green C, Gardiner SM, Craigon J, Gardner DS. Maternal fructose and/or salt intake and reproductive outcome in the rat. Effects on growth, fertility, sex ratio, and birth order. Biol. Reprod. 2013; Epub 12 June 2013; doi:10.1095/biolreprod.113.109595.
118. Pagliassotti MJ, Gayles EC, Podolin DA, Wei Y, Morin CL. Developmental stage modifies diet-induced peripheral insulin resistance in rats. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2000; 278: R66-73.
119. Pagliassotti MJ, Prach PA, Koppenhafer TA, Pan DA. Changes in insulin action, triglycerides, and lipid composition during sucrose feeding in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 1996; 271: R1319-26.
120. Kasim-Karakas SE, Vriend H, Almario R, Chow LC, Goodman MN. Effects of dietary carbohydrates on glucose and lipid metabolism in golden syrian hamsters. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1996; 128: 208-13.
121. Nagata R, Nishio Y, Sekine O et al. Single nucleotide polymorphism (-468 Gly to A) at the promoter region of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c associates with genetic defect of fructose-induced hepatic lipogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 29031-42.
122. Augustin R, Carayannopoulos MO, Dowd LO, Phay JE, Moley JF, Moley KH. Identification and characterization of human glucose transporter-like protein-9 (GLUT9): Alternative splicing alters trafficking. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 16229-36.
123. Bibee KP, Illsley NP, Moley KH. Asymmetric syncytial expression of GLUT9 splice variants in human term placenta and alterations in diabetic pregnancies. Reprod. Sci. 2011; 18: 20-7.
124. Holmberg NG, Kaplan B, Karvonen MJ, Lind J, Malm M. Permeability of human placenta to glucose, fructose, and xylose. Acta Physiol. Scand. 1956; 36: 291-9.
125. Hagerman DD, Villee CA. The transport of fructose by human placenta. J. Clin. Invest. 1952; 31: 911-3.
126. Goran MI, Dumke K, Bouret SG, Kayser B, Walker RW, Blumberg B. The obesogenic effect of high fructose exposure during early development. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2013; 9: 494-500.
127. Teng CC, Tjoa S, Fennessey PV, Wilkening RB, Battaglia FC. Transplacental carbohydrate and sugar alcohol concentrations and their uptakes in ovine pregnancy. Exp. Biol. Med. 2002; 227: 189-95.
128. Jauniaux E, Hempstock J, Teng C, Battaglia FC, Burton GJ. Polyol concentrations in the fluid compartments of the human conceptus during the first trimester of pregnancy: Maintenance of redox potential in a low oxygen environment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005; 90: 1171-5.
129. Regnault TR, Teng C, de Vrijer B, Galan HL, Wilkening RB, Battaglia FC. The tissue and plasma concentration of polyols and sugars in sheep intrauterine growth retardation. Exp. Biol. Med. 2010; 235: 999-1006.
130. Doblado M, Moley KH. Facilitative glucose transporter 9, a unique hexose and urate transporter. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009; 297: E831-5.
131. Mukai Y, Kumazawa M, Sato S. Fructose intake during pregnancy up-regulates the expression of maternal and fetal hepatic sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c in rats. Endocrine 2012; 44: 79-86.
132. Rawana S, Clark K, Zhong S, Buison A, Chackunkal S, Jen KL. Low dose fructose ingestion during gestation and lactation affects carbohydrate metabolism in rat dams and their offspring. J. Nutr. 1993; 123: 2158-65.
133. Rodrìguez L, Panadero MI, Roglans N et al. Fructose during pregnancy affects maternal and fetal leptin signaling. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2013; Epub 2 May 2013; doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.02.011.
134. Lim JS, Mietus-Snyder M, Valente A, Schwarz JM, Lustig RH. The role of fructose in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the metabolic syndrome. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 7: 251-64.
135. Campbell WJ, Brendemuhl JH, Bazer FW. Effect of fructose consumption during lactation on sow and litter performance and sow plasma constituents. J. Anim. Sci. 1990; 68: 1378-88.
136. 3 synthesis and calcium transport. FASEB J. 2012; 26: 707-21.
137. Samuelsson AM, Matthews PA, Jansen E, Taylor PD, Poston L. Sucrose feeding in mouse pregnancy leads to hypertension, and sex-linked obesity and insulin resistance in female offspring. Front. Physiol. 2013; 4: 14.
138. Balbus JM, Barouki R, Birnbaum LS et al. Early-life prevention of non-communicable diseases. Lancet 2013; 381: 3-4.
139. Tarry-Adkins JL, Ozanne SE. Mechanisms of early life programming: Current knowledge and future directions. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2011; 94 (Suppl.): S1765-71.
140. Malo E, Saukko M, Santaniemi M et al. Plasma lipid levels and body weight altered by intrauterine growth restriction and postnatal fructose diet in adult rats. Pediatr. Res. 2013; 73: 155-62.
141. Seki Y, Williams L, Vuguin PM, Charron MJ. Minireview: Epigenetic programming of diabetes and obesity: Animal models. Endocrinology 2012; 153: 1031-8.
142. Berends LM, Fernandez-Twinn DS, Martin-Gronert MS, Cripps RL, Ozanne SE. Catch-up growth following intra-uterine growth-restriction programmes an insulin-resistant phenotype in adipose tissue. Int. J. Obes. 2012; 37: 1051-7.
143. Matthiesen CF, Blache D, Thomsen PD, Tauson AH. Foetal life protein restriction in male mink (Neovison vison) kits lowers post-weaning protein oxidation and the relative abundance of hepatic fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase mRNA. Animal 2012; 6: 50-60.
144. Fuente-Martìn E, García-Cáceres C, Granado MS et al. Early postnatal overnutrition increases adipose tissue accrual in response to a sucrose-enriched diet. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012; 302: E1586-98.
145. D'Alessandro ME, Oliva ME, Ferreira MR, Selenscig D, Lombardo YB, Chicco A. Sucrose-rich feeding during rat pregnancy-lactation and/or after weaning alters glucose and lipid metabolism in adult offspring. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2012; 39: 623-9.
146. Stanhope KL, Griffen SC, Bair BR, Swarbrick MM, Keim NL, Havel PJ. Twenty-four-hour endocrine and metabolic profiles following consumption of high-fructose corn syrup-, sucrose-, fructose-, and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008; 87: 1194-203.
147. Moore MC, Coate KC, Winnick JJ, An Z, Cherrington AD. Regulation of hepatic glucose uptake and storage in vivo. Adv. Nutr. 2012; 3: 286-94.
148. Coate KC, Smith MS, Shiota M et al. Hepatic glucose metabolism in late pregnancy: Normal versus high-fat and -fructose diet. Diabetes 2012; 62: 753-61.
149. Moore MC, Menon R, Coate KC et al. Diet-induced impaired glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes in the dog. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011; 110: 458-67.
150. Jackson CM, Alexander BT, Roach L et al. Exposure to maternal overnutrition and a high-fat diet during early postnatal development increases susceptibility to renal and metabolic injury later in life. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2012; 302: F774-83.
151. Zhang ZY, Zeng JJ, Kjaergaard M et al. Effects of a maternal diet supplemented with chocolate and fructose beverage during gestation and lactation on rat dams and their offspring. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2011; 38: 613-22.