Hepatic adaptations to sucrose and fructose

Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental

Volumn 54, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 1189-1201

  Bizeau, Michael E ^a   Pagliassotti, Michael J ^a  

^a Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; SUCROSE;

ADAPTATION; AMINO ACID TRANSPORT; CALORIC INTAKE; CARBOHYDRATE ABSORPTION; CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; DIETARY INTAKE; EXTRACTION; FAT INTAKE; FRUCTOSE METABOLISM; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE TRANSPORT; GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS; GLYCOGENOLYSIS; GLYCOLYSIS; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID COMPOSITION; LIPID LIVER LEVEL; LIVER METABOLISM; METABOLIC REGULATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUCROSE METABOLISM;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; DIETARY SUCROSE; FRUCTOSE; HUMANS; LIVER;

EID: 23944443756     PISSN: 00260495     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.04.004     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. S. Soskin The liver and carbohydrate metabolism Endocrinology 26 1940 297 308
2. G.F. Cahill, J. Ashmore, and A.S. Earle Glucose penetration into liver Am J Physiol 192 1958 491 496
3. B.R. Landau, J.R. Leonards, and F.M. Barry Regulation of blood glucose concentration: response of liver to glucose administration Am J Physiol 201 1961 41 46
4. J. Katz, and J.D. McGarry The glucose paradox: is glucose a substrate for liver metabolism? J Clin Invest 74 1984 1901 1909
5. M.J. Pagliassotti, and A.D. Cherrington Regulation of net hepatic glucose uptake in vivo Ann Rev Physiol 54 1992 847 860
6. A.D. Cherrington Control of glucose uptake and release by the liver in vivo Diabetes 48 1999 1198 1214
7. E. van Schaftingen, M. Veiga-da-Cunha, and L. Niculescu The regulatory protein of glucokinase Biochem Soc Trans 25 1997 136 140
8. L.M. Hanover, and J.S. White Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose Am J Clin Nutr 58 1993 724S 732S
9. G.A. Bray, S.J. Nielsen, and B.M. Popkin Consumption of high-fructose corn syrup in beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity Am J Clin Nutr 79 2004 537 543
10. A.H. Underwood, and E.A. Newsholme Properties of phosphofructokinase from rat liver and their relation to the control of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis Biochem J 95 1965 868 875
11. P.A. Mayes Intermediary metabolism of fructose Am J Clin Nutr 58 1993 754S 765S
12. T. Jenssen, N. Nurjhan, and A. Consoli Failure of substrate-induced gluconeogenesis to increase overall glucose appearance in normal humans: demonstration of hepatic autoregulation without a change in plasma glucose concentration J Clin Invest 86 1990 489 497
13. I. Puhakainen, and H. Yki-Jarvinen Inhibition of lipolysis decreases lipid oxidation and gluconeogenesis from lactate but not fasting hyperglycemia or total hepatic glucose production in NIDDM Diabetes 42 1993 1694 1699
14. F. Jahoor, E.J. Peters, and R.R. Wolfe The relationship between gluconeogenic substrate supply and glucose production in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 258 1990 E288 E296
15. M.C. Moore, C.C. Connolly, and A.D. Cherrington Autoregulation of hepatic glucose production Eur J Endocrinol 138 1998 240 248
16. F. Sprangers, J.A. Romijn, and E. Endert The role of free fatty acids (FFA) in the regulation of intrahepatic fluxes of glucose and glycogen metabolism during short-term starvation in healthy volunteers Clin Nutr 20 2001 177 179
17. L. Tappy, and K. Minehira New data and new concepts on the role of the liver in glucose homeostasis Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 4 2001 273 277
18. M.C. Moore, P.J. Flakoll, and P.-S. Hsieh Hepatic glucose disposition during concomitant portal glucose and amino acid infusions in the dog Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 274 1998 E893 E902
19. M. Daly, C. Vale, and M. Walker Acute fuel selection in response to high-sucrose and high-starch meals in healthy men Am J Clin Nutr 71 2000 1516 1524
20. M. Shiota, P. Galassetti, and P. Monohan Small amounts of fructose markedly augment net hepatic glucose uptake in the conscious dog Diabetes 47 1998 867 873
21. K.F. Petersen, D. Laurent, and C. Yu Stimulating effects of low-dose fructose on insulin-stimulated hepatic glycogen synthesis in humans Diabetes 50 2001 1263 1268
22. E. van Schaftingen, and A. Vandercammen Stimulation of glucose phosphorylation by fructose in isolated hepatocytes Eur J Biochem 179 1989 173 177
23. M.J. Pagliassotti, Y. Wei, and M.E. Bizeau Glucose-6-phosphatase activity is not suppressed but the mRNA level is increased by a sucrose-enriched meal in rats J Nutr 133 2003 32 37
24. Y. Wei, M.E. Bizeau, and M.J. Pagliassotti An acute increase in fructose concentration increases hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase mRNA via mechanisms that are independent of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in rats J Nutr 134 2004 545 551
25. S.S. Elliott, N.L. Keim, and J.S. Stern Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome Am J Clin Nutr 76 2002 911 922
26. F. Heinz, W. Lamprecht, and J. Kirsch Enzymes of fructose metabolism in human liver J Clin Invest 47 1968 1826 1832
27. L.H. Nilsson, and E. Hultman Liver and muscle glycogen in man after glucose and fructose infusion Scand J Clin Lab Invest 33 1974 5 10
28. J.L. Bollman, and F.C. Mann The physiology of the liver. XIX. The utilization of fructose following complete removal of the liver Am J Physiol 96 1931 683 695
29. S. Masson, O. Henriksen, and A. Stengaard Hepatic metabolism during constant infusion of fructose: comparative studies with 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in man and rats Biochim Biophys Acta 1199 1994 166 174
30. J.C. Bode, O. Zelder, and H.J. Rumpelt Depletion of liver adenosine phosphates and metabolic effects of intravenous infusion of fructose or sorbitol in man and in the rat E J Clin Invest 3 1973 436 441
31. C.M. Smith, L.M. Rovamo, and K.O. Raivio Fructose-induced adenine nucleotide catabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes Can J Biochem 55 1977 1237 1240
32. B.M. Wolfe, S.P. Ahuja, and E.B. Marliss Effects of intravenously administered fructose and glucose on splanchnic amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism in hypertriglyceridemic men J Clin Invest 56 1975 970 977
33. H.B. Burch, O.H. Lowry, and L. Meinhardt Effect of fructose, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol and glucose on metabolites and related compounds in liver and kidney J Biol Chem 245 1970 2092 2102
34. J.N. Crossley, and I. Macdonald The influence in male baboons of a high sucrose diet on the portal and arterial levels of glucose and fructose following a sucrose meal Nutr Metab 12 1970 171 178
35. C.D. Holdsworth, and A.M. Dawson Absorption of fructose in man Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 118 1965 142 145
36. D.L. Topping, and P.A. Mayes The concentration of fructose, glucose, and lactate in the splanchnic blood vessels of rats absorbing fructose Nutr Metab 13 1971 331 338
37. M.J. Pagliassotti, and T.J. Horton Sucrose, insulin action and biologic complexity Recent Res Dev Physiol 2 2004 337 353
38. J. Delarue, S. Normand, and C. Pachiaudi The contribution of naturally labelled 13C fructose to glucose appearance in humans Diabetologia 36 1993 338 345
39. P. Tounian, P. Schneiter, and S. Henry Effects of infused fructose on endogenous glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen metabolism Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 267 1994 E710 E717
40. N. Paquot, P.H. Schneiter, and E. Jequier Effects of ingested fructose and infused glucagon on endogenous glucose production in obese NIDDM patients, obese non-diabetic subjects, and healthy subjects Diabetologia 39 1996 580 586
41. M. Dirlewanger, P. Schneiter, and E. Jequier Effects of fructose on hepatic glucose metabolism in humans Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 279 2000 E907 E911
42. F.Q. Nuttall, M.A. Kahn, and M.C. Gannon Peripheral glucose appearance rate following fructose ingestion in normal subjects Metabolism 49 2000 1565 1571
43. S.M. Skoog, and A.E. Bharucha Dietary fructose and gastrointestinal symptoms: a review Am J Gastroenterol 99 2004 2046 2050
44. J.E. Riby, T. Fujisawa, and N. Kretchmer Fructose absorption Am J Clin Nutr 58 1993 748S 753S
45. N.S. Rosensweig, and R.H. Herman Time response of jejunal sucrase and maltase activity to a high sucrose diet in normal man Gastroenterology 56 1969 500 505
46. J.J. Rumessen, and E. Gudman-Hoyer Absorption capacity of fructose in healthy adults. Comparison with sucrose and its constituent monosaccharides Gut 27 1986 1161 1168
47. E.M. Wright, M.G. Martin, and E. Turk Intestinal absorption in health and disease-sugars Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17 2003 943 956
48. S. Vuilleumier Worldwide production of high-fructose corn syrup and crystalline fructose Am J Clin Nutr 58 1993 733S 736S
49. J. Katz, S. Golden, and P.A. Wals Glycogen synthesis by rat hepatocytes Biochem J 180 1979 389 402
50. F. Bontemps, L. Hue, and H.-G. Hers Phosphorylation of glucose in isolated rat hepatocytes Biochem J 174 1978 603 611
51. P.O. Seglen Control of glycogen metabolism in hepatocytes by insulin, glucagon, and glucose Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 191 1974 112 119
52. J. Phillips, D. Henly, and M. Berry Long-term maintenance of low concentrations of fructose for the study of hepatic glucose phosphorylation Biochem J 337 1999 497 501
53. J.H. Youn, M.S. Youn, and R.N. Bergman Synergism of glucose and fructose in net glycogen synthesis in perfused rat livers J Biol Chem 261 1986 15960 15969
54. C.B. Niewoehner, and F.Q. Nuttall Mechanisms of stimulation of liver glycogen synthesis by fructose in alloxan diabetic rats Diabetes 35 1986 705 711
55. C.B. Niewoehner, B.Q. Nuttall, and F.Q. Nuttall Effects of graded intravenous doses of fructose on glycogen synthesis in the liver of fasted rats Metabolism 36 1987 338 344
56. C.B. Niewoehner, D.P. Gilboe, and G.A. Nuttall Metabolic effects of oral fructose in the liver of fasted rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 247 1984 E505 E512
57. M. Mukhtar, M. Stubbs, and L. Agius Evidence for glucose and sorbitol-induced nuclear export of glucokinase regulatory protein in hepatocytes FEBS Lett 462 1999 453 458
58. E. van Schaftingen, M. Detheux, and M. Veiga-da-Cunha Short-term control of glucokinase activity: role of a regulatory protein FASEB J 8 1994 414 419
59. M. Veiga-da-Cunha, and E. van Schaftingen Identification of fructose-6-phosphate and fructose-1-phosphate residues in the regulatory protein of glucokinase J Biol Chem 277 2002 8466 8473
60. D.R. Davies, M. Detheux, and E. van Schaftingen Fructose-1-phosphate and the regulation of glucokinase activity in isolated hepatocytes Eur J Biochem 192 1990 283 289
61. M.C. Moore, A.D. Cherrington, and S.L. Mann Acute fructose administration decreases the glycemic response to an oral glucose tolerance test in normal adults J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 2000 4515 4519
62. M.C. Gannon, F.Q. Nuttall, and P.A. Krezowski The serum insulin and plasma glucose responses to milk and fruit products in type 2 diabetic patients Diabetologia 29 1986 784 791
63. M.C. Gannon, F.Q. Nuttall, and C.T. Grant Stimulation of insulin secretion by fructose ingested with protein in people with untreated type 2 diabetes Diabetes Care 21 1998 16 22
64. R.A. DeFronzo, E. Ferrannini, and R. Hendler Influence of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and the route of glucose administration on splanchnic glucose exchange Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 75 1978 5173 5177
65. M.J. Pagliassotti, L.C. Holste, and M.C. Moore Comparison of the time courses of insulin and portal activation on hepatic glucose and glycogen metabolism in the conscious dog J Clin Invest 97 1996 81 91
66. M.K. Hellerstein De novo lipogenesis in humans: metabolic and regulatory aspects Eur J Clin Nutr 53 1999 S53 S65
67. J.P. Casazza, and R.L. Veech The interdependence of glycolytic and pentose cycle intermediates in ad libitum fed rats J Biol Chem 261 1986 690 698
68. S.J. Pilkis, M.R. El-Maghrabi, and T.H. Claus Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in control of hepatic gluconeogenesis: from metabolites to molecular genetics Diabetes Care 13 1990 582 599
69. A. Carmona, P.M. Nishina, and E.H. Avery Time course changes in glycogen accretion, 6-phosphogluconate, fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, and lipogenesis upon refeeding a high sucrose diet to starved rats Int J Biochem 23 1991 455 460
70. Y. Wei, and M.J. Pagliassotti Hepatospecific effects of fructose on c-jun NH2-terminal kinase: implications for hepatic insulin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 287 2004 E926 E933
71. M.J. Pagliassotti, and P.A. Prach Quantity of sucrose alters the tissue pattern and time course of insulin resistance in young rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 269 1995 R641 R646
72. M.J. Pagliassotti, P.A. Prach, and T.A. Koppenhafer Changes in insulin action, triglycerides, and lipid composition during sucrose feeding in rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 271 1996 R1319 R1326
73. D.A. Podolin, E. Sutherland, and M. Iwahashi A high sucrose diet alters the lipid composition and fluidity of liver sinusoidal membranes Horm Metab Res 30 1998 195 199
74. M.J. Pagliassotti, K.A. Shahrokhi, and M. Moscarello Involvement of liver and skeletal muscle in sucrose-induced insulin resistance: dose-response studies Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 266 1994 R1637 R1644
75. S.R. Commerford, M.E. Bizeau, and H. McRae Hyperglycemia compensates for diet-induced insulin resistance in liver and skeletal muscle of rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281 2001 R1380 R1389
76. S.R. Commerford, J.B. Ferniza, and M.E. Bizeau Diets enriched in sucrose or fat increase gluconeogenesis and G-6-Pase but not basal glucose production in rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 2002 E545 E555
77. J.S. Thresher, D.A. Podolin, and Y. Wei Comparison of the effects of sucrose and fructose on insulin action and glucose tolerance Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 2000 R1334 R1340
78. J. Busserolles, E. Gueux, and E. Rock High fructose feeding of magnesium deficient rats is associated with increased plasma triglyceride concentration and increased oxidative stress Magn Reson 16 2003 7 12
79. A. Chicco, M.E. D'Alessandro, and L. Karabatas Muscle lipid metabolism and insulin secretion are altered in insulin-resistant rats fed a high sucrose diet J Nutr 133 2003 127 133
80. S.K. Fried, and S.P. Rao Sugars, hypertriglyceridemia, and cardiovascular disease Am J Clin Nutr 78 2003 873S 880S
81. T. Funatsu, H. Kakuta, and T. Takasu Atorvastatin increases hepatic fatty acid beta-oxidation in sucrose-fed rats: comparison with an MTP inhibitor Eur J Pharmacol 455 2002 161 167
82. R.A. Gutman, M.Z. Basilico, and C.A. Bernal Long-term hypertriglyceridemia and glucose intolerance in rats fed chronically an isocaloric sucrose-rich diet Metabolism 36 1987 1013 1020
83. A. Soria, M.E. D'Alessandro, and Y.B. Lombardo Duration of feeding on a sucrose-rich diet determines metabolic and morphological changes in rat adipocytes J Appl Physiol 91 2001 2109 2116
84. A. Vrana, A. Zak, and L. Kazdova Inhibition of sucrose-induced hypertriglyceridemia and increase of the adipose tissue insulin response by dietary n-3 fatty acids in the rat Nutr Rep Int 38 1988 687 690
85. J. Hallfrisch Metabolic effects of dietary fructose FASEB J 4 1990 2652 2660
86. Y. Nagai, Y. Nishio, and T. Nakamura Amelioration of high fructose-induced metabolic derangements by activation of PPAR-alpha Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282 2002 E1180 E1190
87. F. Nassir, A. Mazur, and C. Felgines Age-related response to dietary fructose in the rat: discrepancy in triglyceride and apolipoprotein B synthesis as a possible mechanism for fatty liver induction in adult rats Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 204 1993 180 183
88. A.W. Thorburn, L.H. Storlien, and A.B. Jenkins Fructose-induced in vivo insulin resistance and elevated plasma triglyceride levels in rats Am J Clin Nutr 49 1989 1155 1163
89. M. Waddell, and H.J. Fallon The effects of high-carbohydrate diets on liver triglyceride formation in the rat J Clin Invest 52 1973 2725 2731
90. D.A. Podolin, E.C. Gayles, and Y. Wei Menhaden oil prevents but does not reverse sucrose-induced insulin resistance in rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 274 1998 R840 R848
91. M.J. Pagliassotti, E.C. Gayles, and D.A. Podolin Developmental stage modifies diet-induced peripheral insulin resistance in rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278 2000 R66 R73
92. S. Reiser, E. Bohn, and J. Hallfrisch Serum insulin and glucose in hyperinsulinemic subjects fed three different levels of sucrose Am J Clin Nutr 34 1981 2348 2358
93. D.W. Wright, R.I. Hansen, and C.E. Mondon Sucrose-induced insulin resistance in the rat: modulation by exercise and diet Am J Clin Nutr 38 1983 879 883
94. G.K. Grimditch, R.J. Barnard, and L. Hendricks Peripheral insulin sensitivity as modified by diet and exercise training Am J Clin Nutr 48 1988 38 43
95. L.H. Storlien, E.W. Kraegen, and A.B. Jenkins Effects of sucrose vs. starch diets on in vivo insulin action, thermogenesis, and obesity in rats Am J Clin Nutr 47 1988 420 427
96. K.C. Eiffert, R.B. McDonald, and J.S. Stern High sucrose diet and exercise: Effects on insulin-receptor function of 12- and 24-mo-old Sprague-Dawley rats J Nutr 121 1991 1081 1089
97. S. Hulman, and B. Falkner The effect of excess dietary sucrose on growth, blood pressure, and metabolism in developing Sprague-Dawley rats Pediatr Res 36 1994 95 101
98. T.A. Tobey, C.E. Mondon, and I. Zavaroni Mechanism of insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats Metabolism 31 1982 608 612
99. R. Donnelly, M.J. Reed, and S. Azhar Expression of the major isoenzyme of protein kinase-C in skeletal muscle, nPKC0, varies with muscle type and in response to fructose-induced insulin resistance Endocrinology 135 1994 2369 2374
100. J. Luo, S.W. Rizkalla, and M. Lerer-Metzger A fructose-rich diet decreases insulin-stimulated glucose incorporation into lipids but not glucose transport in adipocytes of normal and diabetic rats J Nutr 125 1995 164 171
101. P.V.G. Katakam, M.R. Ujhelyi, and M.E. Hoenig Endothelial dysfunction precedes hypertension in diet-induced insulin resistance Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 275 1988 R788 R792
102. K. Higashiura, N. Ura, and T. Takada Alteration of muscle fiber composition linking to insulin resistance and hypertension in fructose-fed rats Am J Hypertens 12 1999 596 602
103. S. Bhanot, B.S. Salh, and S. Verma In vivo regulation of protein-serine kinases by insulin in skeletal muscle of fructose-hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 277 1999 E299 E307
104. R.M.N. Bezerra, M. Ueno, and M.S. Silva A high fructose diet affects the early steps of insulin action in muscle and liver of rats J Nutr 130 2000 1531 1535
105. A. Suga, T. Hirano, and H. Kageyama Effects of fructose and glucose on plasma leptin, insulin, and insulin resistance in lean and VMH-lesioned obese rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 278 2000 E677 E683
106. M. Hyakukoku, K. Higashiura, and N. Ura Tissue-specific impairment of insulin signaling in vasculature and skeletal muscle of fructose-fed rats Hypertens Res 26 2003 169 176
107. A.L. Vallerand, J. Lupien, and L.J. Bukowiecki Synergistic improvement of glucose tolerance by sucrose feeding and exercise training Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 250 1986 E607 E614
108. H. Maegawa, M. Kobayashi, and O. Ishibashi Effect of diet change on insulin action: difference between muscle and adipocytes Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 251 1986 E616 E623
109. A.H. Stark, B. Timar, and Z. Madar Adaptation of Sprague-Dawley rats to long-term feeding of high fat or high fructose diets Eur J Nutr 39 2000 229 234
110. M.J. Pagliassotti, and P.A. Prach Increased net hepatic glucose output from gluconeogenic precursors after high-sucrose diet feeding in male rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272 1997 R526 R531
111. M.J. Pagliassotti, J. Kang, and J.S. Thresher Elevated basal PI 3-kinase activity and reduced insulin signaling in sucrose-induced hepatic insulin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282 2002 E170 E176
112. M. Ader, and R.N. Bergman Peripheral effects of insulin dominate suppression of fasting hepatic glucose production Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 258 1990 E1020 E1032
113. A.D. Cherrington, D. Edgerton, and D. Sindelar The direct and indirect effects of insulin on hepatic glucose production in vivo Diabetologia 41 1998 987 996
114. S. Obici, B. Zhang, and G. Karkanias Hypothalamic insulin signaling is required for inhibition of glucose production Nat Med 8 2002 1376 1382
115. C. Anderwald, G. Muller, and G. Koca Short-term leptin-dependent inhibition of hepatic gluconeogenesis is mediated by insulin receptor substrate-2 Mol Endocrinol 16 2002 1612 1628
116. L.K. Heilbronn, S.R. Smith, and E. Ravussin The insulin-sensitizing role of the fat derived hormone adiponectin Curr Pharm Des 9 2003 1411 1418
117. E.D. Muse, S. Obici, and S. Bhanot Role of resistin in diet-induced hepatic insulin resistance J Clin Invest 114 2004 232 239
118. B.A. Zinker, C.M. Rondinone, and J.M. Trevillyan PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide lowers PTP1B protein, normalizes blood glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity in diabetic mice Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 11357 11362
119. R.J. Gum, L.L. Gaede, and M.A. Heindel Reduction of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B increases insulin-dependent signaling in ob/ob mice Diabetes 52 2003 21 28
120. A. Minden, and M. Karin Regulation and function of the JNK subgroup of MAP kinases Biochim Biophys Acta 1333 1997 F85 F104
121. J. Hirosumi, G. Tuncman, and L. Chang A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance Nature 420 2002 333 336
122. C. Taghibiglou, F. Rashid-Kolvear, and S.C. Van Iderstine Hepatic very low density lipoprotein-ApoB overproduction is associated with attenuated hepatic insulin signaling and overexpression of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in a fructose-fed hamster model of insulin resistance J Biol Chem 277 2002 793 803
123. G.L. Kelley, G. Allan, and S. Azhar High dietary fructose induces a hepatic stress response resulting in cholesterol and lipid dysregulation Endocrinology 145 2004 548 555
124. M.J. Pagliassotti, M.E. Bizeau, and Y. Wei Fructose produces hepatic insulin resistance via activation of c-Jun terminal kinase activity in vivo FASEB J 18 2004 A136
125. D.L. Vander Jagt, B. Robinson, and K.K. Taylor Reduction of trioses by NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductases: aldose reductase, methylglyoxal, and diabetic complications J Biol Chem 267 1992 4364 4369
126. S. Vasdev, L. Longerich, and V. Gill Prevention of fructose-induced hypertension by dietary vitamins Clin Biochem 37 2004 1 9
127. B. Levi, and M.J. Werman Fructose and related phosphate derivatives impose DNA damage and apoptosis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells J Nutr Biochem 14 2003 49 60
128. P.J. Thornalley, A. Langborg, and H.S. Minhas Formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and 3-deoxyglucosane in the glycation of proteins by glucose Biochem J 344 1999 109 116
129. H.F. Bunn, and P.J. Higgins Reaction of monosaccharides with proteins: possible evolutionary significance Science 213 1981 222 224
130. P.J. Beisswenger, S.K. Howell, and A.D. Touchette Metformin reduces systemic methylglyoxal levels in type 2 diabetes Diabetes 48 1999 198 202
131. K. Dutta, D.A. Podolin, M.B. Davidson, and A.J. Davidoff Cardiomyocyte dysfunction in sucrose-fed rats is associated with insulin resistance Diabetes 50 2001 1186 1192
132. L. Sestoft Regulation of fructose metabolism in the perfused rat liver: interrelation with inorganic phosphate, glucose, ketone body and ethanol metabolism Biochim Biophys Acta 343 1974 1 16
133. T. Kabashima, T. Kawaguchi, and B.E. Wadzinski Xylulose-5-phosphate mediates glucose-induced lipogenesis by xylulose-5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase in rat liver Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 5107 5112
134. C. Wu, D.A. Okar, and A.K. Stoechman A potential role for fructose-2,6-bisphosphate in the stimulation of hepatic glucokinase gene expression Endocrinology 145 2004 650 658
135. M. Nishimura, and K. Uyeda Purification and characterization of a novel xylulose-5-phosphate-activated protein phosphatase catalyzing dephosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, 2-kinase: fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase J Biol Chem 270 1995 26341 26346
136. M.J. Brosnan, L. Chen, and C.E. Wheeler Phosphocreatine protects ATP from a fructose load in transgenic mouse liver expressing creatine kinase Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 260 1991 C1191 C1200
137. D. Meisse, M. Van de Casteele, and C. Beauloye Sustained activation of AMP-activated protein kinase induces c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and apoptosis in liver cells FEBS Lett 526 2002 38 42
138. I. Leclerc, A. Kahn, and B. Doiron The 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase inhibits the transcriptional stimulation by glucose in liver cells, acting through the glucose response complex FEBS Lett 431 1998 180 184
139. D.M. Muoio, K. Seefeld, and L.A. Witters AMP-activated kinase reciprocally regulates triacylglycerol synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in liver and muscle: evidence that sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase is a novel target Biochem J 338 1999 783 791
140. S. Soboll, M.H. Oh, and G.C. Brown Control of oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and ATP turnover in isolated perfused rat liver analyzed by top-down metabolic control analysis Eur J Biochem 254 1998 194 201
141. P. Angulo Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease N Eng J Med 346 2002 1221 1231
142. J. Clark, and A. Diehl Hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus Curr Diab Rep 2 2002 210 215
143. D.E. Kelley, T.M. McKolanis, and R.A. Hegazi Fatty liver in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relation to regional adiposity, fatty acids, and insulin resistance Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285 2003 E906 E916
144. N.D. Oakes, G.J. Cooney, and S. Camilleri Mechanisms of liver and muscle insulin resistance induced by chronic high-fat feeding Diabetes 46 1997 1768 1774
145. G. Boden, P. Cheung, and T.P. Stein FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 2002 E12 E19
146. R.N. Bergman, and M. Ader Free fatty acids and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus Trends Endocrinol Metab 11 2000 351 356
147. M.E. Bizeau, C. Short, and J.S. Thresher Increased pyruvate flux capacities account for diet-induced increases in gluconeogenesis in vitro Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 281 2001 R427 R433
148. V.T. Samuel, Z.-X. Liu, and X. Qu Mechanism of hepatic insulin resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease J Biol Chem 279 2004 32345 32353
149. T.K.T. Lam, H. Yoshii, and A.C. Haber Free fatty acid-induced hepatic insulin resistance: a potential role for protein kinase C-delta Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 283 2002 E682 E691
150. T. Nishiwaka, D. Edelstein, and X.L. Du Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage Nature 404 2000 787 790
151. J.P. Kehrer, and L.G. Lund Cellular reducing equivalents and oxidative stress Free Radic Biol Med 17 1994 65 75
152. L.P. Peters, and R.W. Teel Effects of high sucrose diets on body and liver weight and hepatic enzyme content and activity in the rat In Vivo 17 2003 61 66
153. J. Busserolles, A. Mazur, and E. Gueux Metabolic syndrome in the rat: females are protected against the pro-oxidant effect of a high sucrose diet Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 227 2002 837 842
154. Z. Spolarics, and M. Meyenhofer Augmented resistance to oxidative stress in fatty rat livers induced by a short-term sucrose-rich diet Biochim Biophys Acta 1487 2000 190 200
155. P. Faure, E. Rossini, and J.L. Lafond Vitamin E improves the free radical defense system potential and insulin sensitivity of rats fed high fructose diets J Nutr 127 1997 103 107
156. T.J. Horton, E.C. Gayles, and P.A. Prach Female rats do not develop sucrose-induced insulin resistance Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 272 1997 R1571 R1576
157. C.K. Roberts, N.D. Vaziri, and R.J. Barnard Protective effects of estrogen on gender specific development of diet-induced hypertension J Appl Physiol 91 2001 2005 2009
158. M. Chevalier, J.H. Wiley, and G.A. Leveille The age-dependent response of serum triglyceride to dietary fructose Proc Soc Exp Bio Med 139 1972 220 222
159. S.L. Hara, R.C. Ruhe, and D.L. Curry Dietary sucrose enhances insulin secretion of aging Fischer 344 rats J Nutr 122 1992 2196 2203
160. R. Nagata, Y. Nishio, and O. Sekine Single nucleotide polymorphism (-468 G to A) at the promoter region of SREBP-1c associates with genetic defect of fructose-induced hepatic lipogenesis J Biol Chem 279 2004 29031 29042
161. N. Stahlberg, E. Rico-Bautista, and R.M. Fisher Female-predominant expression of fatty acid translocase/CD36 in rat and human liver Endocrinology 145 2004 1972 1979
162. T. Hajri, and N.A. Abumrad Fatty acid transport across membranes: relevance to nutrition and metabolic pathology Ann Rev Nutr 22 2002 383 415
163. N.A. Higley, and J.S. White Trends in fructose availability and consumption in the United States Food Technol 45 1991 118 122
164. L.S. Gross, L. Li, and E.S. Ford Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment Am J Clin Nutr 79 2004 774 779
165. S. Higginbotham, Z.-F. Zhang, and I.-M. Lee Dietary glycemic load and risk of colorectal cancer in the women's health study J Natl Cancer Inst 96 2004 229 233
166. M.G. Tordoff, and A.M. Alleva Effect of drinking soda sweetened with aspartame or high-fructose corn syrup on food intake and body weight Am J Clin Nutr 51 1990 963 969
167. J.W. Anderson, N.C. Zettwoch, and N.J. Gustafson Metabolic effects of fructose supplementation in diabetic individuals Diabetes Care 12 1989 337 344
168. A. Raben, T.H. Vasilaras, and A.C. Moller Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects Am J Clin Nutr 76 2002 721 729
169. C. Bolton-Smith, and M. Woodward Dietary composition and fat to sugar ratios in relation to obesity Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 18 1994 820 828
170. S.A. Gibson Consumption and sources of sugars in the diets of British school children: are high-sugar diets nutritionally inferior? J Hum Nutr Diet 6 1993 355 371
171. D.J. Naismith, M. Nelson, and V. Burley Does a high-sugar diet promote overweight in children and lead to nutrient deficiencies? J Hum Nutr Diet 8 1995 249 254
172. W.H.M. Saris, A. Astrup, and A.M. Prentice Randomized controlled trial of changes in dietary carbohydrate/fat ratio and simple vs. complex carbohydrates on body weight and blood lipids: the CARMEN study Int J Obesity 24 2000 1310 1318
173. S.D. Poppitt, G.F. Keogh, and A.M. Prentice Long-term effects of ad libitum low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on body weight and serum lipids in overweight subjects with metabolic syndrome Am J Clin Nutr 75 2002 11 20
174. M.G. Dunnigan, T. Fyfe, and M.T. McKiddie The effects of isocaloric exchange of dietary starch and sucrose on glucose tolerance, plasma insulin and serum lipids in man Clin Sci 38 1970 1 9
175. J.I. Mann, and A.S. Truswell Effects of isocaloric exchange of dietary sucrose and starch on fasting serum lipids, postprandial insulin secretion and alimentary lipaemia in human subjects Br J Nutr 27 1972 395 405
176. J.W. Anderson, R.H. Herman, and D. Zakim Effect of high glucose and high sucrose diets on glucose tolerance of normal men Am J Clin Nutr 26 1973 600 607
177. E.A. Chantelau, G. Gosseringer, and G.E. Sonnenberg Moderate intake of sucrose does not impair metabolic control in pump-treated diabetic out-patients Diabetologia 28 1985 204 207
178. C. Abraira, and J. Derler Large variations of sucrose in constant carbohydrate diets in type II diabetes Am J Med 84 1988 193 200
179. S. Colagiuri, J.J. Miller, and R.A. Edwards Metabolic effects of adding sucrose and aspartame to the diet of subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Am J Clin Nutr 50 1989 474 478
180. J.P. Bantle, J.E. Swanson, and W. Thomas Metabolic effects of dietary sucrose in type II diabetic subjects Diabetes Care 16 1993 1301 1305
181. A. Raben, J.J. Holst, and J. Madsen Diurnal metabolic profiles after 14 d of an ad libitum high-starch, high-sucrose, or high-fat diet in normal-weight never-obese and postobese women Am J Clin Nutr 73 2001 177 189
182. C.B. Hollenbeck, A.M. Coulston, and G.M. Reaven Glycemic effects of carbohydrates: a different perspective Diabetes Care 9 1986 641 647
183. M. Daly Sugars, insulin sensitivity, and the postprandial state Am J Clin Nutr 78 2003 865S 872S
184. M.E. Daly, C. Vale, and M. Walker Dietary carbohydrates and insulin sensitivity: a review of the evidence and clinical implications Am J Clin Nutr 66 1997 1072 1085
185. J.J. Putnam, and J.E. Allshouse Food consumption, prices and expenditures Economic research service 1999 USDA Washington (DC) [1970-1997]
186. S.J. Janket, J.E. Manson, and H. Sesso A prospective study of sugar intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women Diabetes Care 26 2003 1008 1015
187. H. Nishina, K. Nakagawa, and N. Azuma Activation mechanism and physiological roles of stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in mammalian cells J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 17 2003 295 302