Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease

American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 295, Issue 2, 2008, Pages

  Douard, Veronique ^a   Ferraris, Ronaldo P ^a  

^a RUTGERS NEW JERSEY MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Diabetes; Diet; Hypertension; Inflammation; Metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

6 PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE; FRUCTOKINASE; FRUCTOSE; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATASE; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATE ALDOLASE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATASE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 1; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 2; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 5; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 1; THYROID HORMONE;

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; ADIPOSE TISSUE; BRAIN; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; CARBOHYDRATE DIET; CELL STRAIN CACO 2; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DEVELOPMENT; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENTERITIS; ENZYME SPECIFICITY; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HEXOSE TRANSPORT; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXIA; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTESTINE; KIDNEY; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PHOSPHATE METABOLISM; PHOSPHATE TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROCESSING; REGULATORY MECHANISM; REVIEW; SEPSIS; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SPERMATOZOON; STREPTOZOCIN DIABETES; TESTIS; WEANING; ANIMAL; BLOOD; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FRUCTOSE; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER TYPE 5; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INTESTINES; OBESITY;

EID: 52649098968     PISSN: 01931849     EISSN: 15221555     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90245.2008     Document Type: Review

References (161)

1. Abraham S, Borrebaek B, Chaikoff IL. Effect of dietary carbohydrate and glucokinase and mannokinase activities of various rat tissues. J Nutr 83: 273-288, 1964.
2. Agbemafle BM, Oesterreicher TJ, Shaw CA, Henning SJ. Immediate early genes of glucocorticoid action on the developing intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G897-G906, 2005.
3. Angulo C, Rauch MC, Droppelmann A, Reyes AM, Slebe JC, Delgado-Lopez F, Guaiquil VH, Vera JC, Concha II. Hexose transporter expression and function in mammalian spermatozoa: cellular localization and transport of hexoses and vitamin C. J Cell Biochem 71: 189-203, 1998.
4. Asada T, Ogawa T, Iwai M, Shimomura K, Kobayashi M. Recombinant insulin-like growth factor I normalizes expression of renal glucose transporters in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 273: F27-F37, 1997.
5. Baba R, Yamami M, Sakuma Y, Fujita M, Fujimoto S. Relationship between glucose transporter and changes in the absorptive system in small intestinal absorptive cells during the weaning process. Med Mol Morphol 38: 47-53, 2005.
6. Bando H, Atsumi T, Nishio T, Niwa H, Mishima S, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Bucala R, Koike T. Phosphorylation of the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase/PFKFB3 family of glycolytic regulators in human cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11: 5784-5792, 2005.
7. Bartrons R, Caro J. Hypoxia, glucose metabolism and the Warburg's effect. J Bioenerg Biomembr 39: 223-229, 2007.
8. Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K. Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2: 5, 2005.
9. Bell GI, Kayano T, Buse JB, Burant CF, Takeda J, Lin D, Fukumoto H, Seino S. Molecular biology of mammalian glucose transporters. Diabetes Care 13: 198-208, 1990.
10. Bell RC, Ryan EA, Finegood DT. Consequences of high dietary fructose in the islet-transplanted rat with suboptimal beta-cell mass. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 270: E292-E298, 1996.
11. Bhosale SH, Rao MB, Deshpande VV. Molecular and industrial aspects of glucose isomerase. Microbiol Rev 60: 280-300, 1996.
12. Bizeau ME, Pagliassotti MJ. Hepatic adaptations to sucrose and fructose. Metabolism 54: 1189-1201, 2005.
13. Blakemore SJ, Aledo JC, James J, Campbell FC, Lucocq JM, Hundal HS. The GLUT5 hexose transporter is also localized to the basolateral membrane of the human jejunum. Biochem J 309 (Pt 1): 7-12, 1995.
14. Blakemore SJ, Rickhuss PK, Watt PW, Rennie MJ, Hundal HS. Effects of limb immobilization on cytochrome c oxidase activity and GLUT4 and GLUT5 protein expression in human skeletal muscle. Clin Sci (Lond) 91: 591-599, 1996.
15. +-dependent glucose absorption and increases GLUT2 expression in the rat jejunal brush-border membrane. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R862-R867, 2007.
16. Bray GA. How bad is fructose? Am J Clin Nutr 86: 895-896, 2007.
17. Buddington RK, Diamond JM. Ontogenetic development of intestinal nutrient transporters. Annu Rev Physiol 51: 601-619, 1989.
18. Burant CF, Flink S, DePaoli AM, Chen J, Lee WS, Hediger MA, Buse JB, Chang EB. Small intestine hexose transport in experimental diabetes. Increased transporter mRNA and protein expression in enterocytes. J Clin Invest 93: 578-585, 1994.
19. Burant CF, Saxena M. Rapid reversible substrate regulation of fructose transporter expression in rat small intestine and kidney. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 267: G71-G79, 1994.
20. Burant CF, Takeda J, Brot-Laroche E, Bell GI, Davidson NO. Fructose transporter in human spermatozoa and small intestine is GLUT5. J Biol Chem 267: 14523-14526, 1992.
21. Cantuaria G, Fagotti A, Ferrandina G, Magalhaes A, Nadji M, Angioli R, Penalver M, Mancuso S, Scambia G. GLUT-1 expression in ovarian carcinoma: association with survival and response to chemotherapy. Cancer 92: 1144-1150, 2001.
22. Casirola DM, Lan Y, Ferraris RP. Effects of changes in calorie intake on intestinal nutrient uptake and transporter mRNA levels in aged mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 52: B300-B310, 1997.
23. Cassany A, Guillemain G, Klein C, Dalet V, Brot-Laroche E, Leturque A. A karyopherin alpha2 nuclear transport pathway is regulated by glucose in hepatic and pancreatic cells. Traffic 5: 10-19, 2004.
24. Castello A, Guma A, Sevilla L, Furriols M, Testar X, Palacin M, Zorzano A. Regulation of GLUT5 gene expression in rat intestinal mucosa: regional distribution, circadian rhythm, perinatal development and effect of diabetes. Biochem J 309: 271-277, 1995.
25. Chan KK, Chan JY, Chung KK, Fung KP. Inhibition of cell proliferation in human breast tumor cells by antisense oligonucleotides against facilitative glucose transporter 5. J Cell Biochem 93: 1134-1142, 2004.
26. Cheepsunthorn P, Radov L, Menzies S, Reid J, Connor JR. Characterization of a novel brain-derived microglial cell line isolated from neonatal rat brain. Glia 35: 53-62, 2001.
27. Chesney J. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and tumor cell glycolysis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9: 535-539, 2006.
28. Chin E, Zamah AM, Landau D, Gronbcek H, Flyvbjerg A, LeRoith D, Bondy CA. Changes in facilitative glucose transporter messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the diabetic rat kidney. Endocrinology 138: 1267-1275, 1997.
29. Choi HK, Ford ES. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in individuals with hyperuricemia. Am J Med 120: 442-447, 2007.
30. Choi JW, Ford ES, Gao X, Choi HK. Sugar-sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and serum uric acid level: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arthritis Rheum 59: 109-116, 2008.
31. Corpe C, Sreenan S, Burant C. Effects of type-2 diabetes and troglitazone on the expression patterns of small intestinal sugar transporters and PPAR-gamma in the Zucker diabetic fatty rat. Digestion 63: 116-123, 2001.
32. Corpe CP, Basaleh MM, Affleck J, Gould G, Jess TJ, Kellett GL. The regulation of GLUT5 and GLUT2 activity in the adaptation of intestinal brush-border fructose transport in diabetes. Pflügers Arch 432: 192-201, 1996.
33. Corpe CP, Bovelander FJ, Munoz CM, Hoekstra JH, Simpson IA, Kwon O, Levine M, Burant CF. Cloning and functional characterization of the mouse fructose transporter, GLUT5. Biochim Biophys Acta 1576: 191-197, 2002.
34. Corpe CP, Burant CF. Hexose transporter expression in rat small intestine: effect of diet on diurnal variations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 271: G211-G216, 1996.
35. Cui XL, Ananian C, Perez E, Strenger A, Beuve AV, Ferraris RP. Cyclic AMP stimulates fructose transport in neonatal rat small intestine. J Nutr 134: 1697-1703, 2004.
36. Cui XL, Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Regulation of rat intestinal GLUT2 mRNA abundance by luminal and systemic factors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1612: 178-185, 2003.
37. Cui XL, Schlesier AM, Fisher EL, Cerqueira C, Ferraris RP. Fructose-induced increases in neonatal rat intestinal fructose transport involve the PI3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 288: G1310-G1320, 2005.
38. Cui XL, Soteropoulos P, Tolias P, Ferraris RP. Fructose-responsive genes in the small intestine of neonatal rats. Physiol Genomics 18: 206-217, 2004.
39. Cunningham P, Afzal-Ahmed I, Naftalin RJ. Docking studies show that D-glucose and quercetin slide through the transporter GLUT1. J Biol Chem 281: 5797-5803, 2006.
40. Darakhshan F, Hajduch E, Kristiansen S, Richter EA, Hundal HS. Biochemical and functional characterization of the GLUT5 fructose transporter in rat skeletal muscle. Biochem J 336: 361-366, 1998.
41. Darakhshan F, Kristiansen S, Richter E, Hundal HS. GLUT5 and fructose transport in human skeletal muscle. Biochem Soc Trans 25: 473S, 1997.
42. David ES, Cingari DS, Ferraris RP. Dietary induction of intestinal fructose absorption in weaning rats. Pediatr Res 37: 777-782, 1995.
43. Doege H, Bocianski A, Scheepers A, Axer H, Eckel J, Joost HG, Schurmann A. Characterization of human glucose transporter (GLUT) 11 (encoded by SLC2A11), a novel sugar-transport facilitator specifically expressed in heart and skeletal muscle. Biochem J 359: 443-449, 2001.
44. Douard V, Choi H, Ferraris RP. Overcoming developmental limitations to intestinal sugar transport: the role of glucocorticoids [on CD-ROM] (Abstract). FASEB J 21: #931.937, 2007.
45. Douard V, Cui XL, Soteropoulos P, Ferraris RP. Dexamethasone sensitizes the neonatal intestine to fructose induction of intestinal fructose transporter (Slc2A5) function. Endocrinology 149: 409-423, 2008.
46. Duro D, Rising R, Cedillo M, Lifshitz F. Association between infantile colic and carbohydrate malabsorption from fruit juices in infancy. Pediatrics 109: 797-805, 2002.
47. Dyer J, Wood IS, Palejwala A, Ellis A, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Expression of monosaccharide transporters in intestine of diabetic humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 282: G241-G248, 2002.
48. Elliott SS, Keim NL, Stern JS, Teff K, Havel PJ. Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 76: 911-922, 2002.
49. Ellwood KC, Chatzidakis C, Failla ML. Fructose utilization by the human intestinal epithelial cell line, Caco-2. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 202: 440-446, 1993.
50. Feig DI, Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Mazzali M, Johnson RJ. Uric acid and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 8: 111-115, 2006.
51. Ferraris RP. Dietary and developmental regulation of intestinal sugar transport. Biochem J 360: 265-276, 2001.
52. Ferraris RP, Yasharpour S, Lloyd KC, Mirzayan R, Diamond JM. Luminal glucose concentrations in the gut under normal conditions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 259: G822-G837, 1990.
53. Ford ES, Li C, Cook S, Choi HK. Serum concentrations of uric acid and the metabolic syndrome among US children and adolescents. Circulation 115: 2526-2532, 2007.
54. Fu Y, Maianu L, Melbert BR, Garvey WT. Facilitative glucose transporter gene expression in human lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages: a role for GLUT isoforms 1, 3, and 5 in the immune response and foam cell formation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 32: 182-190, 2004.
55. Funari VA, Herrera VL, Freeman D, Tolan DR. Genes required for fructose metabolism are expressed in Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 142: 115-122, 2005.
56. Gaby AR. Adverse effects of dietary fructose. Altern Med Rev 10: 294-306, 2005.
57. Garcia-Herrera J, Abad B, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ. Effect of lipopolysaccharide on D-fructose transport across rabbit jejunum. Inflamm Res 52: 177-184, 2003.
58. Garcia-Herrera J, Marca MC, Brot-Laroche E, Guillen N, Acin S, Navarro MA, Osada J, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ. Protein kinases, TNF-α and proteasome contribute in the inhibition of fructose intestinal transport by sepsis in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294: G155-G164, 2008.
59. Garcia-Herrera J, Navarro MA, Marca MC, de la Osada J, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ. The effect of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on D-fructose intestinal transport in rabbits. Cytokine 25: 21-30, 2004.
60. Gilbert ER, Li H, Emmerson DA, Webb KE Jr, Wong EA. Developmental regulation of nutrient transporter and enzyme mRNA abundance in the small intestine of broilers. Poult Sci 86: 1739-1753, 2007.
61. Godoy A, Ulloa V, Rodriguez F, Reinicke K, Yanez AJ, Garcia Mde L, Medina RA, Carrasco M, Barberis S, Castro T, Martinez F, Koch X, Vera JC, Poblete MT, Figueroa CD, Peruzzo B, Perez F, Nualart F. Differential subcellular distribution of glucose transporters GLUT1-6 and GLUT9 in human cancer: ultrastructural localization of GLUT1 and GLUT5 in breast tumor tissues. J Cell Physiol 207: 614-627, 2006.
62. Gouyon F, Onesto C, Dalet V, Pages G, Leturque A, Brot-Laroche E. Fructose modulates GLUT5 mRNA stability in differentiated Caco-2 cells: role of cAMP-signalling pathway and PABP (polyadenylated-binding protein)-interacting protein (Paip) 2. Biochem J 375: 167-174, 2003.
63. Gross LS, Li L, Ford ES, Liu S. Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment. Am J Clin Nutr 79: 774-779, 2004.
64. Haber RS, Rathan A, Weiser KR, Pritsker A, Itzkowitz SH, Bodian C, Slater G, Weiss A, Burstein DE. GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in colorectal carcinoma: a marker for poor prognosis. Cancer 83: 34-40, 1998.
65. Hajduch E, Darakhshan F, Hundal HS. Fructose uptake in rat adipocytes: GLUT5 expression and the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia 41: 821-828, 1998.
66. Hajduch E, Litherland GJ, Turban S, Brot-Laroche E, Hundal HS. Insulin regulates the expression of the GLUT5 transporter in L6 skeletal muscle cells. FEBS Lett 549: 77-82, 2003.
67. Hallfrisch J. Metabolic effects of dietary fructose. FASEB J 4: 2652-2660, 1990.
68. Hanover LM, White JS. Manufacturing, composition, and applications of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 58: 724S-732S, 1993.
69. Havel PJ. Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism. Nutr Rev 63: 133-157, 2005.
70. Henning SJ. Postnatal development: coordination of feeding, digestion, and metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 241: G199-G214, 1981.
71. Hundal HS, Ahmed A, Guma A, Mitsumoto Y, Marette A, Rennie MJ, Klip A. Biochemical and immunocytochemical localization of the "GLUT5 glucose transporter" in human skeletal muscle. Biochem J 286: 339-343, 1992.
72. Inukai K, Asano T, Katagiri H, Ishihara H, Anai M, Fukushima Y, Tsukuda K, Kikuchi M, Yazaki Y, Oka Y. Cloning and increased expression with fructose feeding of rat jejunal GLUT5. Endocrinology 133: 2009-2014, 1993.
73. Jenkins SL, Wang J, Vazir M, Vela J, Sahagun O, Gabbay P, Hoang L, Diaz RL, Aranda R, Martin MG. Role of passive and adaptive immunity in influencing enterocyte-specific gene expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285: G714-G725, 2003.
74. Jiang L, David ES, Espina N, Ferraris RP. GLUT-5 expression in neonatal rats: crypt-villus location and age-dependent regulation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 281: G666-G674, 2001.
75. Jiang L, Ferraris R. Developmental reprogramming of rat GLUT-5 requires de novo mRNA and protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280: G113-G120, 2001.
76. Joost HG, Thorens B. The extended GLUT-family of sugar/polyol transport facilitators: nomenclature, sequence characteristics, and potential function of its novel members (review). Mol Membr Biol 18: 247-256, 2001.
77. Jurjus A, Barada K, Khoury N, Assef MD, Foltzer CJ, Reimund JM, Kedinger M. Morphological and biochemical alterations in the jejunum following iodoacetamide-induced colitis in rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 84: 1191-1203, 2006.
78. Kamari Y, Grossman E, Oron-Herman M, Peleg E, Shabtay Z, Shamiss A, Sharabi Y. Metabolic stress with a high carbohydrate diet increases adiponectin levels. Horm Metab Res 39: 384-388, 2007.
79. Kane S, Seatter MJ, Gould GW. Functional studies of human GLUT5: effect of pH on substrate selection and an analysis of substrate interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 238: 503-505, 1997.
80. Kawasaki T, Akanuma H, Yamanouchi T. Increased fructose concentrations in blood and urine in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25: 353-357, 2002.
81. Kayano T, Burant CF, Fukumoto H, Gould GW, Fan YS, Eddy RL, Byers MG, Shows TB, Seino S, Bell GI. Human facilitative glucose transporters. Isolation, functional characterization, and gene localization of cDNAs encoding an isoform (GLUT5) expressed in small intestine, kidney, muscle, and adipose tissue and an unusual glucose transporter pseudogene-like sequence (GLUT6). J Biol Chem 265: 13276-13282, 1990.
82. Kellett GL, Brot-Laroche E. Apical GLUT2: a major pathway of intestinal sugar absorption. Diabetes 54: 3056-3062, 2005.
83. Kim HR, Park SW, Cho HJ, Chae KA, Sung JM, Kim JS, Landowski CP, Sun D, Abd El-Aty AM, Amidon GL, Shin HC. Comparative gene expression profiles of intestinal transporters in mice, rats and humans. Pharmacol Res 56: 224-236, 2007.
84. Kirchner S, Kwon E, Muduli A, Cerqueira C, Cui XL, Ferraris RP. Vanadate but not tungstate prevents the fructose-induced increase in GLUT5 expression and fructose uptake by neonatal rat intestine. J Nutr 136: 2308-2313, 2006.
85. Kirchner S, Muduli A, Casirola D, Prum K, Douard V, Ferraris RP. Luminal fructose inhibits rat intestinal sodium-phosphate cotransporter gene expression and phosphate uptake. Am J Clin Nutr in press, 2008.
86. Le KA, Tappy L. Metabolic effects of fructose. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 9: 469-475, 2006.
87. Lertanekawattana S, Wichatrong T, Chaisiri K, Uchikawa R, Arizono N. Expression of cytokines and monosaccharide transporters in the duodenal mucosa of patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in rural Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 36: 923-930, 2005.
88. Leturque A, Brot-Laroche E, Le Gall M, Stolarczyk E, Tobin V. The role of GLUT2 in dietary sugar handling. J Physiol Biochem 61: 529-537, 2005.
89. Levi J, Cheng Z, Gheysens O, Patel M, Chan CT, Wang Y, Namavari M, Gambhir SS. Fluorescent fructose derivatives for imaging breast cancer cells. Bioconjug Chem 18: 628-634, 2007.
90. Li Q, Manolescu A, Ritzel M, Yao S, Slugoski M, Young JD, Chen XZ, Cheeseman CI. Cloning and functional characterization of the human GLUT7 isoform SLC2A7 from the small intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287: G236-G242, 2004.
91. Litherland GJ, Hajduch E, Gould GW, Hundal HS. Fructose transport and metabolism in adipose tissue of Zucker rats: diminished GLUT5 activity during obesity and insulin resistance. Mol Cell Biochem 261: 23-33, 2004.
92. Macdonald I, Keyser A, Pacy D. Some effects, in man, of varying the load of glucose, sucrose, fructose, or sorbitol on various metabolites in blood. Am J Clin Nutr 31: 1305-1311, 1978.
93. Mahraoui L, Rodolosse A, Barbat A, Dussaulx E, Zweibaum A, Rousset M, Brot-Laroche E. Presence and differential expression of SGLT1, GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3 and GLUT5 hexose-transporter mRNAs in Caco-2 cell clones in relation to cell growth and glucose consumption. Biochem J 298: 629-633, 1994.
94. Mahraoui L, Takeda J, Mesonero J, Chantret I, Dussaulx E, Bell GI, Brot-Laroche E. Regulation of expression of the human fructose transporter (GLUT5) by cyclic AMP. Biochem J 301: 169-175, 1994.
95. Malide D, Davies-Hill TM, Levine M, Simpson IA. Distinct localization of GLUT-1, -3, and -5 in human monocyte-derived macrophages: effects of cell activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 274: E516-E526, 1998.
96. Manolescu A, Salas-Burgos AM, Fischbarg J, Cheeseman CI. Identification of a hydrophobic residue as a key determinant of fructose transport by the facilitative hexose transporter SLC2A7 (GLUT7). J Biol Chem 280: 42978-42983, 2005.
97. Manolescu AR, Witkowska K, Kinnaird A, Cessford T, Cheeseman C. Facilitated hexose transporters: new perspectives on form and function. Physiology (Bethesda) 22: 234-240, 2007.
98. Mantych GJ, James DE, Devaskar SU. Jejunal/kidney glucose transporter isoform (Glut-5) is expressed in the human blood-brain barrier. Endocrinology 132: 35-40, 1993.
99. Marshall RO, Kooi ER. Enzymatic conversion of D-glucose to D-fructose. Science 125: 648-649, 1957.
100. Mate A, Barfull A, Hermosa AM, Planas JM, Vazquez CM. Regulation of D-fructose transporter GLUT5 in the ileum of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Membr Biol 199: 173-179, 2004.
101. Mate A, de la Hermosa MA, Barfull A, Planas JM, Vazquez CM. Characterization of D-fructose transport by rat kidney brush-border membrane vesicles: changes in hypertensive rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 58: 1961-1967, 2001.
102. Matosin-Matekalo M, Mesonero JE, Laroche TJ, Lacasa M, Brot-Laroche E. Glucose and thyroid hormone co-regulate the expression of the intestinal fructose transporter GLUT5. Biochem J 339: 233-239, 1999.
103. Mayes PA. Intermediary metabolism of fructose. Am J Clin Nutr 58: 754S-765S, 1993.
104. Merediz EF, Dyer J, Salmon KS, Shirazi-Beechey SP. Molecular characterisation of fructose transport in equine small intestine. Equine Vet J 36: 532-538, 2004.
105. Mesonero J, Matosin M, Cambier D, Rodriguez-Yoldi MJ, Brot-Laroche E. Sugar-dependent expression of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in Caco-2 cells. Biochem J 312: 757-762, 1995.
106. Messier C, Whately K, Liang J, Du L, Puissant D. The effects of a high-fat, high-fructose, and combination diet on learning, weight, and glucose regulation in C57BL/6 mice. Behav Brain Res 178: 139-145, 2007.
107. Miura T, Kako M, Ishihara E, Seino Y, Tanigawa K. Antidiabetic mechanism of Bakumondo-inshi. Biol Pharm Bull 22: 388-390, 1999.
108. Miyamoto K, Hase K, Taketani Y, Minami H, Oka T, Nakabou Y, Hagihira H. Diabetes and glucose transporter gene expression in rat small intestine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 181: 1110-1117, 1991.
109. Miyamoto K, Tatsumi S, Morimoto A, Minami H, Yamamoto H, Sone K, Taketani Y, Nakabou Y, Oka T, Takeda E. Characterization of the rabbit intestinal fructose transporter (GLUT5). Biochem J 303: 877-883, 1994.
110. Mochizuki K, Sakaguchi N, Goda T. Triiodothyronine (T3) and fructose coordinately enhance expression of the GLUT5 gene in the small intestine of rats during weaning period. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71: 1345-1347, 2007.
111. Mochizuki K, Sakaguchi N, Takabe S, Goda T. De-phosphorylation of TRalpha-1 by p44/42 MAPK inhibition enhances T(3)-mediated GLUT5 gene expression in the intestinal cell line Caco-2 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 359: 979-984, 2007.
112. Monteiro IM, Ferraris RP. Precocious enhancement of intestinal fructose uptake by diet in adrenalectomized rat pups. Pediatr Res 41: 353-358, 1997.
113. Monteiro IM, Jiang L, Ferraris RP. Dietary modulation of intestinal fructose transport and GLUT5 mRNA expression in hypothyroid rat pups. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 29: 563-570, 1999.
114. Montonen J, Jarvinen R, Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Reunanen A. Consumption of sweetened beverages and intakes of fructose and glucose predict type 2 diabetes occurrence. J Nutr 137: 1447-1454, 2007.
115. Nakagawa T, Hu H, Zharikov S, Tuttle KR, Short RA, Glushakova O, Ouyang X, Feig DI, Block ER, Herrera-Acosta J, Patel JM, Johnson RJ. A causal role for uric acid in fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 290: F625-F631, 2006.
116. Nobigrot T, Chasalow FI, Lifshitz F. Carbohydrate absorption from one serving of fruit juice in young children: age and carbohydrate composition effects. J Am Coll Nutr 16: 152-158, 1997.
117. Nualart F, Godoy A, Reinicke K. Expression of the hexose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT2 during the early development of the human brain. Brain Res 824: 97-104, 1999.
118. Ogawa J, Inoue H, Koide S. Glucose-transporter-type-I-gene amplification correlates with sialyl-Lewis-X synthesis and proliferation in lung cancer. Int J Cancer 74: 189-192, 1997.
119. Oldendorf WH. Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines, and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 221: 1629-1639, 1971.
120. Pagliassotti MJ, Horton TJ. Sucrose, insulin action and biologic complexity. Recent Res Devel Physiol 2: 337-353, 2004.
121. Park SH, Lee YJ, Lim MJ, Kim EJ, Lee JH, Han HJ. High glucose inhibits fructose uptake in renal proximal tubule cells: involvement of cAMP, PLC/PKC, p44/42 MAPK, and cPLA2. J Cell Physiol 200: 407-416, 2004.
122. Payne J, Maher F, Simpson I, Mattice L, Davies P. Glucose transporter Glut 5 expression in microglial cells. Glia 21: 327-331, 1997.
123. Pelicano H, Martin DS, Xu RH, Huang P. Glycolysis inhibition for anticancer treatment. Oncogene 25: 4633-4646, 2006.
124. Pitkanen E. Mannose, mannitol, fructose and 1,5-anhydroglucitol concentrations measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in blood plasma of diabetic patients. Clin Chim Acta 251: 91-103, 1996.
125. Raichur S, Lau P, Staels B, Muscat GE. Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma regulates several genes that control metabolism in skeletal muscle cells: links to modulation of reactive oxygen species production. J Mol Endocrinol 39: 29-44, 2007.
126. Rand EB, Depaoli AM, Davidson NO, Bell GI, Burant CF. Sequence, tissue distribution, and functional characterization of the rat fructose transporter GLUT5. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 264: G1169-G1176, 1993.
127. Rigau T, Rivera M, Palomo MJ, Fernandez-Novell JM, Mogas T, Ballester J, Pena A, Otaegui PJ, Guinovart JJ, Rodriguez-Gil JE. Differential effects of glucose and fructose on hexose metabolism in dog spermatozoa. Reproduction 123: 579-591, 2002.
128. Roberts ES, Zandonatti MA, Watry DD, Madden LJ, Henriksen SJ, Taffe MA, Fox HS. Induction of pathogenic sets of genes in macrophages and neurons in NeuroAIDS. Am J Pathol 162: 2041-2057, 2003.
129. Rogers S, Macheda ML, Docherty SE, Carty MD, Henderson MA, Soeller WC, Gibbs EM, James DE, Best JD. Identification of a novel glucose transporter-like protein-GLUT-12. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 282: E733-E738, 2002.
130. Rutledge AC, Adeli K. Fructose and the metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms. Nutr Rev 65: S13-23, 2007.
131. Ryder JW, Kawano Y, Chibalin AV, Rincon J, Tsao TS, Stenbit AE, Combatsiaris T, Yang J, Holman GD, Charron MJ, Zierath JR. In vitro analysis of the glucose-transport system in GLUT4-null skeletal muscle. Biochem J 342: 321-328, 1999.
132. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Bautista-Garcia P, Soto V, Avila-Casado C, Vega-Campos IP, Nakagawa T, Zhao L, Franco M, Johnson RJ. Effects of febuxostat on metabolic and renal alterations in rats with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 294: F710-F718, 2008.
133. Sancho S, Casas I, Ekwall H, Saravia F, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Rodriguez-Gil JE, Flores E, Pinart E, Briz M, Garcia-Gil N, Bassols J, Pruneda A, Bussalleu E, Yeste M, Bonet S. Effects of cryopreservation on semen quality and the expression of sperm membrane hexose transporters in the spermatozoa of Iberian pigs. Reproduction 134: 111-121, 2007.
134. Sancho S, Casas I, Pinart E, Briz M, Garcia-Gil N, Bassols J, Pruneda A, Bussalleu E, Yeste M, Flores E, Rodriguez-Gil J, Ekwall H, Rodriguez-Martinez H, Bonet S. OC1 effects of cryopreservation on the expression of Glut-3, Glut-5 and As-A proteins in Iberian boar sperm membranes. Reprod Domest Anim 41, Suppl 2: 103, 2006.
135. Sasaki A, Yamaguchi H, Horikoshi Y, Tanaka G, Nakazato Y. Expression of glucose transporter 5 by microglia in human gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 30: 447-455, 2004.
136. Shepherd EJ, Helliwell PA, Mace OJ, Morgan EL, Patel N, Kellett GL. Stress and glucocorticoid inhibit apical GLUT2-trafficking and intestinal glucose absorption in rat small intestine. J Physiol 560: 281-290, 2004.
137. Shepherd PR, Gibbs EM, Wesslau C, Gould GW, Kahn BB. Human small intestine facilitative fructose/glucose transporter (GLUT5) is also present in insulin-responsive tissues and brain. Investigation of biochemical characteristics and translocation. Diabetes 41: 1360-1365, 1992.
138. Shu HJ, Isenberg K, Cormier RJ, Benz A, Zorumski CF. Expression of fructose sensitive glucose transporter in the brains of fructose-fed rats. Neuroscience 140: 889-895, 2006.
139. Shu R, David ES, Ferraris RP. Dietary fructose enhances intestinal fructose transport and GLUT5 expression in weaning rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 272: G446-G453, 1997.
140. Shu R, David ES, Ferraris RP. Luminal fructose modulates fructose transport and GLUT-5 expression in small intestine of weaning rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 274: G232-G239, 1998.
141. Siddiqui N, Mangus DA, Chang TC, Palermino JM, Shyu AB, Gehring K. Poly(A) nuclease interacts with the C-terminal domain of polyadenylate-binding protein domain from poly(A)-binding protein. J Biol Chem 282: 25067-25075, 2007.
142. Simpson IA, Carruthers A, Vannucci SJ. Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism: the role of nutrient transporters. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27: 1766-1791, 2007.
143. Stuart CA, Howell ME, Yin D. Overexpression of GLUT5 in diabetic muscle is reversed by pioglitazone. Diabetes Care 30: 925-931, 2007.
144. Stuart CA, Yin D, Howell ME, Dykes RJ, Laffan JJ, Ferrando AA. Hexose transporter mRNAs for GLUT4, GLUT5, and GLUT12 predominate in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291: E1067-E1073, 2006.
145. Sugawara-Yokoo M, Suzuki T, Matsuzaki T, Naruse T, Takata K. Presence of fructose transporter GLUT5 in the S3 proximal tubules in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 56: 1022-1028, 1999.
146. Tavakkolizadeh A, Ramsanahie A, Levitsky LL, Zinner MJ, Whang EE, Ashley SW, Rhoads DB. Differential role of vagus nerve in maintaining diurnal gene expression rhythms in the proximal small intestine. J Surg Res 129: 73-78, 2005.
147. Thiesen A, Wild GE, Keelan M, Clandinin MT, Thomson AB. Locally and systemically active glucocorticosteroids modify intestinal absorption of sugars in rats. J Appl Physiol 94: 583-590, 2003.
148. Toloza EM, Diamond J. Ontogenetic development of nutrient transporters in rat intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 263: G593-G604, 1992.
149. Uldry M, Thorens B. The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters. Pflügers Arch 447: 480-489, 2004.
150. Valois S, Rising R, Duro D, Cole C, Cedillo M, Lifshitz F. Carbohydrate malabsorption may increase daily energy requirements in infants. Nutrition 19: 832-836, 2003.
151. Vannucci SJ, Maher F, Simpson IA. Glucose transporter proteins in brain: delivery of glucose to neurons and glia. Glia 21: 2-21, 1997.
152. Warburg O. On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123: 309-314, 1956.
153. Wasserman D, Hoekstra JH, Tolia V, Taylor CJ, Kirschner BS, Takeda J, Bell GI, Taub R, Rand EB. Molecular analysis of the fructose transporter gene (GLUT5) in isolated fructose malabsorption. J Clin Invest 98: 2398-2402, 1996.
154. Wood IS, Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br J Nutr 89: 3-9, 2003.
155. Wood IS, Wang B, Lorente-Cebrian S, Trayhurn P. Hypoxia increases expression of selective facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in human adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 361: 468-473, 2007.
156. Younes M, Brown RW, Mody DR, Fernandez L, Laucirica R. GLUT1 expression in human breast carcinoma: correlation with known prognostic markers. Anticancer Res 15: 2895-2898, 1995.
157. Younes M, Lechago LV, Somoano JR, Mosharaf M, Lechago J. Immunohistochemical detection of Glut3 in human tumors and normal tissues. Anticancer Res 17: 2747-2750, 1997.
158. Zamora-Leon SP, Golde DW, Concha II, Rivas CI, Delgado-Lopez F, Baselga J, Nualart F, Vera JC. Expression of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 1847-1852, 1996.
159. Zhao FQ, Glimm DR, Kennelly JJ. Distribution of mammalian facilitative glucose transporter messenger RNA in bovine tissues. Int J Biochem 25: 1897-1903, 1993.
160. Zhao FQ, Okine EK, Cheeseman CI, Shirazi-Beechey SP, Kennelly JJ. Glucose transporter gene expression in lactating bovine gastrointestinal tract. J Anim Sci 76: 2921-2929, 1998.
161. Zierath JR, Nolte LA, Wahlstrom E, Galuska D, Shepherd PR, Kahn BB, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Carrier-mediated fructose uptake significantly contributes to carbohydrate metabolism in human skeletal muscle. Biochem J 311: 517-521, 1995.