Edible films from pectin: Physical-mechanical and antimicrobial properties - A review

Food Hydrocolloids

Volumn 35, Issue , 2014, Pages 287-296

  Espitia, Paula Judith Pérez ^a   Du, Wen Xian ^b   Avena Bustillos, Roberto de Jesús ^b   Soares, Nilda de Fátima Ferreira ^a   McHugh, Tara H ^b  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF VIÇOSA   (Brazil)

^b WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Active packaging; Antimicrobial activity; Biopolymer; Mechanical resistance; Pectin; Structural characterization

Indexed keywords

BEVERAGES; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BIOPOLYMERS; GAS PERMEABILITY; GAS PERMEABLE MEMBRANES; GELATION; MICROORGANISMS; PACKAGING; PACKAGING MACHINES;

ACTIVE PACKAGING; ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ANTI-MICROBIAL PROPERTIES; EDIBLE FILMS; MECHANICAL RESISTANCE; PACKAGING SYSTEM; PECTIN; PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; PLANT CELL WALL; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION;

PACKAGING MATERIALS;

EID: 84886283514     PISSN: 0268005X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.06.005     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Acuña L., Morero R., Bellomio A. Development of wide-spectrum hybrid bacteriocins for food biopreservation. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2011, 4(6):1029-1049.
2. Alonso-Mougán M., Meijide F., Jover A., Rodríguez-Nuñez E., Vázquez-Tato J. Rheological behaviour of an amide pectin. Journal of Food Engineering 2002, 55(2):123-129.
3. ANVISA Uso da Nisina com a função de conservador para queijos pasteurizados 1996, Portaria DETEN/MS n° 29, de 22 de janeiro de 1996. Available from, Accessed 21.02.13. http://portal.anvisa.gov.br/wps/wcm/connect/a6809d8047457a1c86c0d63fbc4c6735/Compendio_marco_2011.pdf%3fMOD%3dAJPERES.
4. Arnold L.K. Introduction to plastics 1968, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
5. Arvanitoyannis I.S., Choreftaki S., Tserkezou P. An update of EU legislation (directives and regulations) on food-related issues (safety, hygiene, packaging, technology, GMOs, additives, radiation, labelling): presentation and comments. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2005, 40(10):1021-1112.
6. Azeredo H.M.C., Mattoso L.H.C., Wood D., Williams T.G., Avena-Bustillos R.J., McHugh T.H. Nanocomposite edible films from mango puree reinforced with cellulose nanofibers. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74(5):N31-N35.
7. Bakkali F., Averbeck S., Averbeck D., Idaomar M. Biological effects of essential oils - a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2008, 46(2):446-475.
8. Banker G.S. Film coating theory and practice. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1966, 55(1):81-89.
9. Bierhalz A.C.K., Da Silva M.A., Kieckbusch T.G. Natamycin release from alginate/pectin films for food packaging applications. Journal of Food Engineering 2012, 110(1):18-25.
10. Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2004, 94(3):223-253.
11. Cagri A., Ustunol Z., Ryser E.T. Antimicrobial edible films and coatings. Journal of Food Protection 2004, 67(4):833-848.
12. Callegarin F., Quezada Gallo J.-A., Debeaufort F., Voilley A. Lipids and biopackaging. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 1997, 74(10):1183-1192.
13. Campos C., Gerschenson L., Flores S. Development of edible films and coatings with antimicrobial activity. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2011, 4(6):849-875.
14. Chambi H.N.M., Grosso C.R.F. Mechanical and water vapor permeability properties of biodegradables films based on methylcellulose, glucomannan, pectin and gelatin. Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos 2011, 31:739-746.
15. Chillo S., Flores S., Mastromatteo M., Conte A., Gerschenson L., Del Nobile M.A. Influence of glycerol and chitosan on tapioca starch-based edible film properties. Journal of Food Engineering 2008, 88(2):159-168.
16. Cleveland J., Montville T.J., Nes I.F., Chikindas M.L. Bacteriocins: safe, natural antimicrobials for food preservation. International Journal of Food Microbiology 2001, 71(1):1-20.
17. Debeaufort F., Martin-Polo M., Voilley A. Polarity Homogeneity and structure affect water vapor permeability of model edible films. Journal of Food Science 1993, 58(2):426-429.
18. Debeaufort F., Voilley A. Effect of surfactants and drying rate on barrier properties of emulsified edible films. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 1995, 30(2):183-190.
19. Debeaufort F., Voilley A. Lipid-based edible films and coatings. Edible films and coatings for food applications 2009, 135-168. Springer, New York. K.C. Huber, M.E. Embuscado (Eds.).
20. Du W.-X., Avena Bustillos R., Hua S.S., McHugh T. Antimicrobial volatile essential oils in edible films for food safety. Science against microbial pathogens: Communicating current research and technological advances 2011, Vol. 2:1124-1134. Formatex Research Center, Badajoh, Spain.
21. Du W.-X., Avena-Bustillos R.J., Woods R., Breksa A.P., McHugh T.H., Friedman M., et al. Sensory evaluation of baked chicken wrapped with antimicrobial apple and tomato edible films formulated with cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2012, 60(32):7799-7804.
22. Du W.X., Olsen C.W., Avena-Bustillos R.J., Friedman M., McHugh T.H. Physical and antibacterial properties of edible films formulated with apple skin polyphenols. Journal of Food Science 2011, 76(2):M149-M155.
23. Du W.-X., Olsen C.W., Avena-Bustillos R.J., McHugh T.H., Levin C.E., Friedman M. Storage stability and antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 of carvacrol in edible apple films made by two different casting methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008, 56(9):3082-3088.
24. Du W.X., Olsen C.W., Avena-Bustillos R.J., McHugh T.H., Levin C.E., Friedman M. Antibacterial activity against E.coli O157:H7, physical properties, and storage stability of novel carvacrol-containing edible tomato films. Journal of Food Science 2008, 73(7):M378-M383.
25. Du W.X., Olsen C.W., Avena-Bustillos R.J., McHugh T.H., Levin C.E., Friedman M. Effects of allspice, cinnamon, and clove bud essential oils in edible apple films on physical properties and antimicrobial activities. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74(7):M372-M378.
26. Du W.X., Olsen C.W., Avena-Bustillos R.J., McHugh T.H., Levin C.E., Mandrell R., et al. Antibacterial effects of allspice, garlic, and oregano essential oils in tomato films determined by overlay and vapor-phase methods. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74(7):M390-M397.
27. Dutta P.K., Tripathi S., Mehrotra G.K., Dutta J. Perspectives for chitosan based antimicrobial films in food applications. Food Chemistry 2009, 114(4):1173-1182.
28. Edris A.E. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual volatile constituents: a review. Phytotherapy Research 2007, 21(4):308-323.
29. EPA Municipal solid waste 2011, Available from, Accessed 23.09.12. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/index.htm.
30. Espitia P.J.P., Soares N.F., Coimbra J.S.D.R., Andrade N.J., Cruz R.S., Medeiros E.A.A. Zinc Oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, antimicrobial activity and food packaging applications. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2012, 5(5):1447-1464.
31. Falguera V., Quintero J.P., Jiménez A., Muñoz J.A., Ibarz A. Edible films and coatings: structures, active functions and trends in their use. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2011, 22(6):292-303.
32. Farris S., Schaich K.M., Liu L., Piergiovanni L., Yam K.L. Development of polyion-complex hydrogels as an alternative approach for the production of bio-based polymers for food packaging applications: a review. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2009, 20(8):316-332.
33. FDA Part 182-Substances generally recognized as safe. Subpart B-Multiple purpose GRAS food substances, 182.1320-glycerin 2013, Available from, Accessed 19.02.13. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c%3Decfr%26sid%3D786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1%26rgn%3Ddiv5%26view%3Dtext%26node%3D21:3.0.1.1.13%26idno%3D21#21:3.0.1.1.13.2.1.13.
34. FDA Part 184-Direct food substances affirmed as generally recognized as safe. Subpart B-Listing of specific substances affirmed as GRAS, 184.1588-pectins 2013, Available from, Accessed 19.02.13. http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?c%3Decfr%26sid%3D786bafc6f6343634fbf79fcdca7061e1%26rgn%3Ddiv5%26view%3Dtext%26node%3D21:3.0.1.1.14%26idno%3D21#21:3.0.1.1.14.2.1.145.
35. Fishman M.L., Coffin D.R., Konstance R.P., Onwulata C.I. Extrusion of pectin/starch blends plasticized with glycerol. Carbohydrate Polymers 2000, 41(4):317-325.
36. Fishman M.L., Coffin D.R., Onwulata C.I., Konstance R.P. Extrusion of pectin and glycerol with various combinations of orange albedo and starch. Carbohydrate Polymers 2004, 57(4):401-413.
37. Fishman M.L., Coffin D.R., Onwulata C.I., Willett J.L. Two stage extrusion of plasticized pectin/poly(vinyl alcohol) blends. Carbohydrate Polymers 2006, 65(4):421-429.
38. Fraeye I., Duvetter T., Doungla E., Van Loey A., Hendrickx M. Fine-tuning the properties of pectin-calcium gels by control of pectin fine structure, gel composition and environmental conditions. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2010, 21(5):219-228.
39. FSA Food Standards Agency Current EU approved additives and their E numbers. Preservatives 2010, Available from, Accessed 21.02.13. http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist#h_3.
40. Gennadios A. Edible films and coatings from proteins. Proteins in food processing 2004, 442-467. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fl, USA. R.Y. Yada (Ed.).
41. Gennadios A., Hanna M.A., Kurth L.B. Application of edible coatings on meats, poultry and seafoods: a review. LWT - Food Science and Technology 1997, 30(4):337-350.
42. Giancone T., Torrieri E., Di Pierro P., Cavella S., Giosafatto C.L., Masi P. Effect of surface density on the engineering properties of high methoxyl pectin-based edible films. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2011, 4(7):1228-1236.
43. Gohil R.M. Synergistic blends of natural polymers, pectin and sodium alginate. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2011, 120(4):2324-2336.
44. Gontard N., Duchez C., Cuq J.-L., Guilbert S. Edible composite films of wheat gluten and lipids: water vapour permeability and other physical properties. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 1994, 29(1):39-50.
45. Guilbert S., Gontard N. Edible and biodegradable food packaging. Foods and packaging materials - chemical interactions 1995, 159-168. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. M.J.P. Ackermann, T. Ohlsson (Eds.).
46. Guilbert S., Gontard N., Cuq B. Technology and applications of edible protective films. Packaging Technology and Science 1995, 8(6):339-346.
47. Hagenmaier R.D., Shaw P.E. Moisture permeability of edible films made with fatty acid and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1990, 38(9):1799-1803.
48. Hambleton A., Fabra M.-J., Debeaufort F., Dury-Brun C., Voilley A. Interface and aroma barrier properties of iota-carrageenan emulsion-based films used for encapsulation of active food compounds. Journal of Food Engineering 2009, 93(1):80-88.
49. Hansen N.M.L., Plackett D. Sustainable films and coatings from hemicelluloses: a review. Biomacromolecules 2008, 9(6):1493-1505.
50. Hernandez E. Edible coatings from lipids and resins. Edible coatings and films to improve food quality 1994, 279-303. Technomic Publ. Co, Lancaster, PA. E.A.B.J.M. Krochta, M.G. Nispero-Carriedo (Eds.).
51. Janjarasskul T., Krochta J.M. Edible packaging materials. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 2010, 1(1):415-448.
52. Jiménez A., Fabra M., Talens P., Chiralt A. Edible and biodegradable starch films: a review. Food and Bioprocess Technology 2012, 5(6):2058-2076.
53. Jindal M., Kumar V., Rana V., Tiwary A.K. An insight into the properties of Aegle marmelos pectin-chitosan cross-linked films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2013, 52(0):77-84.
54. Jin T., Liu L., Sommers C.H., Boyd G., Zhang H. Radiation sensitization and postirradiation proliferation of Listeria monocytogenes on ready-to-eat deli meat in the presence of pectin-nisin films. Journal of Food Protection® 2009, 72(3):644-649.
55. Jin T., Liu L., Zhang H., Hicks K. Antimicrobial activity of nisin incorporated in pectin and polylactic acid composite films against Listeria monocytogenes. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 2009, 44(2):322-329.
56. Jolie R.P., Duvetter T., Van Loey A.M., Hendrickx M.E. Pectin methylesterase and its proteinaceous inhibitor: a review. Carbohydrate Research 2010, 345(18):2583-2595.
57. Jug M., Kosalec I., Maestrelli F., Mura P. Development of low methoxy amidated pectin-based mucoadhesive patches for buccal delivery of triclosan: effect of cyclodextrin complexation. Carbohydrate Polymers 2012, 90(4):1794-1803.
58. Kamper S.L., Fennema O. Water vapor permeability of an edible, fatty acid, bilayer film. Journal of Food Science 1984, 49(6):1482-1485.
59. Kamper S.L., Fennema O. Water vapor permeability of edible bilayer films. Journal of Food Science 1984, 49(6):1478-1481.
60. Kamper S.L., Fennema O. Use of an edible film to maintain water vapor Gradients in foods. Journal of Food Science 1985, 50(2):382-384.
61. Kokoszka S., Debeaufort F., Hambleton A., Lenart A., Voilley A. Protein and glycerol contents affect physico-chemical properties of soy protein isolate-based edible films. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies 2010, 11(3):503-510.
62. Koo J. Polymer nanocomposites: Processing, characterization, and application 2006, McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, USA.
63. Krochta J.M. Edible protein films and coatings. Food proteins and their applications in foods 1997, 529-549. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY. S. Damodaran, A. Paaraf (Eds.).
64. Krochta J.M. Proteins as raw materials for films and coatings: definitions, current status, and opportunities. Protein-based films and coatings 2002, 1-41. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, USA. A. Gennadios (Ed.).
65. Larotonda F.D.S. Biodegradable films and coatings obtained from carrageenan from Mastocarpus stellatus and starch from Quercus suber 2007, University of Porto, Braga, Portugal.
66. Laurent M.A., Boulenguer P. Stabilization mechanism of acid dairy drinks (ADD) induced by pectin. Food Hydrocolloids 2003, 17(4):445-454.
67. Lin D., Zhao Y. Innovations in the development and application of edible coatings for Fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2007, 6(3):60-75.
68. Liu L., Kerry J.F., Kerry J.P. Selection of optimum extrusion technology parameters in the manufacture of edible/biodegradable packaging films derived from food-based polymers. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 2005, 3(3&4):51-58.
69. Liu L., Kerry J.F., Kerry J.P. Application and assessment of extruded edible casings manufactured from pectin and gelatin/sodium alginate blends for use with breakfast pork sausage. Meat Science 2007, 75(2):196-202.
70. López P., Sánchez C., Batlle R., Nerín C. Development of flexible antimicrobial films using essential oils as active agents. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2007, 55(21):8814-8824.
71. Mahalik N.P., Nambiar A.N. Trends in food packaging and manufacturing systems and technology. Trends in Food Science & Technology 2010, 21(3):117-128.
72. Martín-Belloso O., Rojas-Graü M.A., Soliva-Fortuny R. Delivery of flavor and active ingredients using edible films and coatings. Edible films and coatings for food applications 2009, 295-313. Springer, New York. K.C. Huber, M.E. Embuscado (Eds.).
73. McClements D.J. Food emulsions: principles, practice, and techniques 2005, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL.
74. McHugh T.H. Protein-lipid interactions in edible films and coatings. Food/Nahrung 2000, 44(3):148-151.
75. Mild R.M., Joens L.A., Friedman M., Olsen C.W., McHugh T.H., Law B., et al. Antimicrobial edible apple films inactivate antibiotic resistant and susceptibleCampylobacter jejunistrains on chicken breast. Journal of Food Science 2011, 76(3):M163-M168.
76. Mishra R.K., Banthia A.K., Majeed A.B.A. Pectin based formulations for biomedical applications: a review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 2012, 5(4):1-7.
77. Munjeri O., Collett J.H., Fell J.T. Hydrogel beads based on amidated pectins for colon-specific drug delivery: the role of chitosan in modifying drug release. Journal of Controlled Release 1997, 46(3):273-278.
78. Nur Hanani Z.A., Beatty E., Roos Y.H., Morris M.A., Kerry J.P. Manufacture and characterization of gelatin films derived from beef, pork and fish sources using twin screw extrusion. Journal of Food Engineering 2012, 113(4):606-614.
79. Padua G.W., Wang Q. Formation and properties of corn zein films and coatings. Protein-based films and coatings 2002, 43-67. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. A. Gennadios (Ed.).
80. Ramos Ó.L., Fernandes J.C., Silva S.I., Pintado M.E., Malcata F.X. Edible films and coatings from whey proteins: a review on formulation, and on mechanical and bioactive properties. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2011, 52(6):533-552.
81. Ravishankar S., Jaroni D., Zhu L., Olsen C., McHugh T., Friedman M. Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on ham and bologna using pectin-based apple, carrot, and hibiscus edible films containing carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde. Journal of Food Science 2012, 77(7):M377-M382.
82. Ravishankar S., Zhu L., Olsen C.W., McHugh T.H., Friedman M. Edible apple film wraps containing plant antimicrobials inactivate foodborne pathogens on meat and poultry products. Journal of Food Science 2009, 74(8):M440-M445.
83. Reiners R.A., Wall J.S., Inglett G.E. Corn proteins: potential for their industrial use. Industrial uses of cereals 1973, 285-298. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA. P.M.N. Paul (Ed.).
84. Rojas-Graü M.A., Avena-Bustillos R.J., Friedman M., Henika P.R., Martín-Belloso O., McHugh T.H. Mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of apple puree edible films containing plant essential oils. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2006, 54(24):9262-9267.
85. Rossman J. Commercial manufacture of edible films. Edible films and coatings for food applications 2009, 367-390. Springer, New York. K.C. Huber, M.E. Embuscado (Eds.).
86. Schreckinger M.E., Lotton J., Lila M.A., Mejia E.G.d Berries from South America: a comprehensive review on chemistry, health potential, and commercialization. Journal of Medicinal Food 2010, 13(2):233-246.
87. SDA Glycerine: an overview 1990, The Soap and Detergent Association, New York.
88. Sila D.N., Van Buggenhout S., Duvetter T., Fraeye I., De Roeck A., Van Loey A., et al. Pectins in processed fruits and vegetables: part II-structure-function relationships. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2009, 8(2):86-104.
89. Sothornvit R., Krochta J.M. Plasticizer effect on oxygen permeability of β-lactoglobulin films. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000, 48(12):6298-6302.
90. Sothornvit R., Krochta J.M. Plasticizer effect on mechanical properties of β-lactoglobulin films. Journal of Food Engineering 2001, 50(3):149-155.
91. Sutherland W.J., Clout M., CÔté I.M., Daszak P., Depledge M.H., Fellman L., et al. Ahorizon scan of global conservation issues for 2010. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2010, 25(1):1-7.
92. Talja R.A. Preparation and characterization of potato starch films plasticized with polyols 2007, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
93. Tho I., Arne Sande S., Kleinebudde P. Cross-linking of amidated low-methoxylated pectin with calcium during extrusion/spheronisation: effect on particle size and shape. Chemical Engineering Science 2005, 60(14):3899-3907.
94. Videcoq P., Garnier C., Robert P., Bonnin E. Influence of calcium on pectin methylesterase behaviour in the presence of medium methylated pectins. Carbohydrate Polymers 2011, 86(4):1657-1664.
95. Wakerly Z., Fell J., Attwood D., Parkins D. Studies on amidated pectins as potential carriers in colonic drug delivery. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1997, 49(6):622-625.
96. White G.W., Katona T., Zodda J.P. The use of high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) as a molecular weight screening technique for polygalacturonic acid for use in pharmaceutical applications. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 1999, 20(6):905-912.
97. Willats W.T., McCartney L., Mackie W., Knox J.P. Pectin: cell biology and prospects for functional analysis. Plant Molecular Biology 2001, 47(1-2):9-27.
98. Yadav S., Yadav P.K., Yadav D., Yadav K.D.S. Pectin lyase: a review. Process Biochemistry 2009, 44(1):1-10.