Pectin lyase: A review

Process Biochemistry

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 1-10

  Yadav, Sangeeta ^a   Yadav, Pramod Kumar ^a   Yadav, Dinesh ^a,b   Yadav, Kapil Deo Singh ^a  

^a D D U GORAKHPUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b G B PANT UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

Gene; Mode of action; Pectin; Pectin lyase; Purification; Structure

Indexed keywords

APPLICATIONS; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOPOLYMERS; ENZYMES; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; PURIFICATION; TEXTILE INDUSTRY; TEXTILE PROCESSING;

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS; CATALYTIC EFFICIENCIES; FUTURE PROSPECTS; HIGHER PLANTS; MIDDLE LAMELLAS; MODE OF ACTION; NEW APPLICATIONS; PECTIN; PECTIN LYASE; POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS; PRIMARY CELL WALLS; RELEVANT INFORMATIONS; RESEARCH WORKS; STRUCTURAL ASPECTS; STRUCTURE; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES;

POLYSACCHARIDES;

EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 58049209770     PISSN: 13595113     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2008.09.012     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Carpita N.C., and Gibeaut D.M. Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of the walls during growth. Plant J 3 (1993) 1-30
2. Cooper R.M. Infection, damage and loss. In: Woods R.K.S., and Jellis G.J. (Eds). Plant diseases (1984), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 13-27
3. Taragano V.M., and Pelosof A.M.R. Application of Doehlert design for water activity, pH and fermentation time, optimization for Aspergillus niger pectinolytic activity, production in solid state and submerged fermentation. Enzyme Microb Technol 25 (1999) 411-419
4. Hoondal G.S., Tewari R.P., Tewari R., Dahiya N., and Beg Q.K. Microbial alkaline pectinases and their industrial applications: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59 (2002) 409-418
5. Rexova B.L., and Markovic O. Pectic enzymes. Adv Carbohydr Chem 33 (1976) 323-385
6. Fogarty W.M., and Ward O.P. Pectinases and pectic polysaccharides. In: Hockenhull D.J.D. (Ed). Progress in industrial microbiology vol. 13 (1974), Applied Science Publishers, London 59-119
7. Fogarty W.M., and Kelly C.T. Pectic enzymes. In: Fogarty W.M. (Ed). Microbial enzymes and biotechnology (1983), Applied Science Publishers, London 131-181
8. Deuel H., and Stutz E. Pectic substances and pectic enzymes. In: Nord F.F. (Ed). Advances in enzymology and related subjects of biochemistry vol. 20 (1958), Interscience Publishers Ltd, London 341-375
9. Wong D.W.S. Food enzymes: structures and mechanism (1995), Chapmann and Hall, New York p. 212-218
10. Satyanarayana N.G., and Kumar S. Microbial pectic transeliminases. Biotechnol Lett 27 (2005) 451-458
11. Ranveer S.J., Shivalika S., and Reena G. Microbial pectinolytic enzymes: a review. Process Biochem 40 (2005) 2931-2944
12. O'Neill M.A., Albersheim P., and Dravill A.G. The pectic polysaccharides of primary cell walls. In: Dey P.M. (Ed). Methods in plant biochemistry vol. 2 (1990), Academic Press, London 415-441
13. Mohnen D. Biosynthesis of pectins and galactomannans. In: Barton D., Nakanishi K., and Meth-Cohn O. (Eds). Comprehensive natural products chemistry vol. 3 (1999), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 497-527
14. Darvill A.G., McNeil M., and Albersheim P. Structure of plant cell walls VIII. A new pectic polysaccharide. Plant Physiol 62 (1978) 418-422
15. Zhang J. Biochemical study and technical applications of fungal pectinase. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Digital comprehensive summaries of Uppsala Dissertations From Faculty of Science and Technology; 2006. p. 14.
16. Thakur B.R., Singh R.K., and Handa A.K. Chemistry and uses of pectin - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 37 (1997) 47-73
17. Ralet M.C., Dronnet V., Buchholt H.C., and Thibault J.F. Enzymatically and chemically de-esterified lime pectins: characterisation, polyelectrolyte behavior and calcium binding properties. Carbohydr Res 336 (2001) 117-125
18. van Alebeek G.J.W.M., Christensen T.M.I.E., Schols H.A., Mikkelsen J.D., and Voragen A.G.J. Mode of action of pectin lyase A of Aspergillus niger on differently C6-substituted oligogalacturonides. J Biol Chem 277 (2002) 25929-25936
19. Schols H.A., Geraeds C.C.J.M., Searle-van Leeuwen M.F., Kormelink F.J.M., and Voragen A.G.J. Rhamnogalacturonase: a novel enzyme that degrades the hairy regions of pectins. Carbohydr Res 206 (1990) 106-115
20. Suykerbuyk M.E.G., Schaap P.J., Musters W., and Visser J. Cloning, sequence and expression of the gene for rhamnogalacturonan hydrolase of Aspergillus aculeatus; a novel pectinolytic enzyme. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 43 (1995) 861-870
21. Kofod L.V., Kauppinen S., Christgau S., Andersen L.N., Heldt-Hansen H.P., Dorreich K., et al. Cloning and characterization of two structurally and functionally divergent rhamnogalacturonases from Aspergillus aculeatus. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 29182-29189
22. Mutter M., Colquhoun I.J., Schols H.A., Beldman G., and Voragen A.G.J. Rhamnogalacturonase B from Aspergillus aculeatus is a rhamnogalacturonan α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-4)-α-d-galactopyranosyluronide lyase. Plant Physiol 110 (1996) 73-77
23. de Vries R. Accessory enzymes from Aspergillus involved in xylan and pectin degradation. PhD thesis. Netherlands: The Wageningen Agricultural University; 1999.
24. Albersheim P. Pectin lyase from fungi. Methods Enzymol 8 (1966) 628-631
25. Roboz E., Barratt R.W., and Tatum E.L. Breakdown of pectic substances by a new enzyme from Neurospora. J Biol Chem 195 (1952) 459-471
26. Albersheim P., Neukom H., and Deuel H. Splitting of pectin chain molecules in neutral solutions. Arch Biochem Biophys 90 (1960) 46-51
27. Kato N., Teramoto A., and Fuchigami M. Pectic substance degradation and texture of carrots as affected by pressurization. J Food Sci 62 (1997) 359-362
28. Nedjma M., Hoffmann N., and Belarbi A. Selective and sensitive detection of pectin lyase activity using a colorimetric test: application to the screening of microorganisms possessing pectin lyase activity. Anal Biochem 291 (2001) 290-296
29. Piccoli-Valle R.H., Brandi I.V., Silva D.O., and Passos F.J.V. Pectin lyase production by Penicillium griseoroseum grown in sugar cane juice in repeated batch cultures. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17 (2001) 433-437
30. Whitaker J.R. Microbial pectolytic enzymes. In: Fogarty W.M., and Kelly C.T. (Eds). Microbial enzymes and biotechnology. 2nd ed. (1990), Elsevier Applied Science, New York 133-176
31. Alana A., Alkorta I., Dominguez J.B., Liama M.J., and Serra J.L. Pectin lyase activity in a Penicillium italicum strain. Appl Enivron Microbiol 56 (1990) 3755-3759
32. Wijesundera R.L.C., Bailey J.A., and Byrde R.J.W. Production of pectin lyase by Colletotricum lindemuthionum in culture and in infected bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) tissue. J Gen Microbiol 130 (1984) 285-290
33. Baracat P.M.C., Coelho J.L.C., and Silva D.O. Production of pectin lyase by Penicillium grieseororesum cultured on sucrose and yeast extract for degumming of natural fibers. Lett Appl Microbiol 18 (1994) 127-129
34. Baracat P.M.C., Minussi R.C., Coelho J.L.C., and Silva D.O. Tea extract as an inexpensive inducer of pectin lyase in Penicillium grieseororesum cultured on sucrose. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 18 (1997) 308-311
35. Minussi R.C., Coelho J.L.C., Baracat P.M.C., and Silva D.O. Pectin lyase production by Penicillium grieseororesum: effect of tea extract, caffeine, yeast extract and pectin. Biotechnol Lett 18 (1996) 1283-1286
36. Minussi R.C., Baracat-Pereira M.C., Coelho J.L.C., and Silva D.O. Methylxanthines as inducers of pectin lyase in Penicillium griseoroseum cultured on sucrose. Lett Appl Microbiol 24 (1997) 369-372
37. Minussi R.C., Soarse-ramos J.R.L., and Coelho J.L.C. Sugar-cane juice induces pectin lyase and polygalacturonase in Penicillium griseoroseum. Rev Microbiol 29 (1998) 246-250
38. Chen W.C., Hsieh H.J., and Tseng T.C. Purification and characterization of a pectin lyase from Pythium splendens infected cucumber fruits. Bot Bull Acad Sin 39 (1998) 181-186
39. Brien P.A.O., and Zamani M. Production of pectic enzymes by bare patch isolates of Rhizoctonia solani AG 8. Austral Plant Pathol 32 (2003) 65-72
40. Adejuwon A.O., and Olutiola P.O. Pectin lyase activity in culture medium of Lasidioplodia theobromae. J Plant Sci 2 (2007) 334-340
41. Schlemmer A.F., Ware C.F., and Keen N.T. Purification and characterization of a pectin lyase produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens W51. J Bacteriol 169 (1987) 4493-4498
42. Liu Y., Cui Y., Mukherjee A., and Chatterjee A.K. Activation of the Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora pectin lyase structural gene pnlA: a role for RdgB. Microbiology 143 (1997) 705-712
43. Nguyen H.A., Kaneko J., and Kamio Y. Temperature-dependent production of cartovoricin Er and pectin lyase in phytopathogenic Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora Er. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 66 (2002) 444-447
44. McEvoy J.L., Murata H., and Chatterjee A.K. Molecular cloning and characterization of an Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora pectin lyase gene that responds to DNA-damaging agents. J Bacteriol 172 (1990) 3284-3289
45. Nakagawa T., Yamada K., Miyaji T., and Tomizuka N. Cold-active pectinolytic Activity of psychrophilic-basidiomycetous yeast Cystofilobasidium capitatum strain PPY-1. J Biosci Bioeng 94 (2002) 175-177
46. Sathyanarayana N.G., and Kumar D.S. Optimization of chemical and physical parameters affecting the activity of pectin lyase and pectate lyase from Debaryomyces nepalensis: a statistical approach. Bioresource Technol 30 (2006) 130-137
47. Sathyanarayana N.G., and Kumar D.S. Batch and fed batch production of pectin lyase and pectate lyase by novel strain Debaryomyces nepalensis in bioreactor. Bioresource Technol 99 (2008) 874-881
48. Sakiyama C.C.H., Paula E.M., Pereira P.C., Borges A.C., and Silva D.O. Characterization of pectin lyase produced by an endophytic strain isolated from coffee cherries. Lett Appl Microbiol 33 (2001) 117-121
49. Jong-Chon K., Kim H.Y., and Choi Y.J. Production and characterization of acid-stable pectin lyase from Bacillus sp. PN33. J Microbiol Biotechnol 8 (1998) 353-360
50. Kaji A., and Okada T. Purification and properties of an unusually acid-stable endo-polygalacturonase produced by Corticium rolfsii. Arch Biochem Biophys 131 (1969) 203-209
51. Alana A., Gabilondo A., Hernando F., Moragues M.D., Dominguez J.B., Liama M.J., et al. Pectin lyase production by a Penicillium italicum strain. Appl Enivron Microbiol 55 (1989) 1612-1616
52. Martins E.S., Silva D., Da Silva R., and Gomes E. Solid state production of thermostable pectinases from thermophilic Thermoascus aurantiacus. Process Biochem 37 (2002) 949-954
53. Mayans O., Scott M., Connerton I., Gravesen T., Benen J., Visser J., et al. Two crystal structures of pectin lyase A from Aspergillus reveal a pH driven conformational change and striking divergence in the substrate-binding clefts of pectin and pectate lyases. Structure 5 (1997) 677-689
54. Vitali J., Schick B., Kester H.C.M., Visser J., and Jurnak F. The three-dimensional structure of Aspergillus niger pectin lyase B at 1.7-Å Resolution. Plant Physiol 116 (1998) 69-80
55. Herron S.R., Benen J.A.E., Scavetta R.D., Visser J., and Jurnak F. Structure and function of pectic enzymes: virulence factors of plant pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 (2000) 8762-8769
56. Scavetta R.D., Herron S.R., Hotchkiss A.T., Kita N., Keen N.T., Benen J.A.E., et al. Structure of a plant cell wall fragment complexed to pectate lyase C. Plant Cell 11 (1999) 1081-1092
57. Mutenda K.E., Korner R., Christensen T.M.I.E., Mikkelsen J., and Roepstorff P. Application of mass spectrometry to determine the activity and specificity of pectin lyase A. Carbohydr Res 337 (2002) 1217-1227
58. Nakagawa T., Nagaoka T., Miyaji T., and Tomizuka N. A cold active pectin lyase from psychrophilic and basidiomycetous yeast Cystofilobasidium capitatum strain PPY-1. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 42 (2005) 193-196
59. Voragen AGJ. Characterization of pectin lyases on pectins and methyl oligogalacturonates. PhD thesis. Netherland: Wageningen University; 1972.
60. Lahiani H.T., and Gargouri A. Cloning, genomic organisation and mRNA expression of a pectin lyase gene from a mutant strain of Penicillium occitanis. Gene 388 (2007) 54-60
61. Rouanet C., Nomura K., Tsuyumu S., and Nasser W. Regulation of pelD and pelE, encoding major alkaline pectate lyases in Erwinia chrysanthemi: involvement of the main transcriptional factors. J Bacteriol 184 (1999) 5948-5957
62. Pirhonen M., Saarilahti H., Karlsson M.B., and Palva E.T. Identification of pathogenity determinates of Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora by transposon mutagenesis. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4 (1991) 276-283
63. de Vries R.P., Jansen J., Aguilar G., Parenicova L., Joosten V., Wulfert F., et al. Expression profiling of pectinolytic genes from Aspergillus niger. FEBS Lett 530 (2002) 41-47
64. Maldanado M.C., and de Saad A.M. Production of pectinesterase and polygalacturonase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state systems. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 20 (1998) 34-38
65. Bussink H.J.D., Buxton F.P., and Visser J. Expression and sequence comparison of the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus tubigensis genes encoding polygalacturonase II. Curr Genet 19 (1991) 467-474
66. Kusters-van Someren M.A., Harmsen J.A.M., Kester H.C.M., and Visser J. Structure of the Aspergillus niger pelA gene and its expression in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus nidulans. Curr Genet 20 (1991) 293-299
67. Kusters-van Someren M., Flipphi M., de Graaff L.H., van den Broeck H., Kester H.C.M., Hinnen A., et al. Characterization of the Aspergillus niger pelB gene: structure and regulation of expression. Mol Gen Genet 234 (1992) 113-120
68. Parenicova L. Pectinases of Aspergillus niger: a molecular and biochemical characterization. PhD thesis. Netherland: Wageningen University; 2000.
69. Ruijter G.J.G., and Visser J. Carbon repression in aspergilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 151 (1997) 103-114
70. Dowzer C.E.A., and Kelly J.M. Analysis of the creA gene, a regulator of carbon catabolite repression in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Cell Biol 11 (1991) 5701-5709
71. Maldanado M.C., Strasser de Saad A.M., and Callieri D. Catabolite repression of the synthesis of inducible polygalacturonase and pectinesterase by Aspergillus niger sp. Curr Microbiol 18 (1989) 303-306
72. Solis-Pereira S., Favela-Torres E., Viniegra-Gonzalez G., and Gutierrez-Rojas M. Effects of different carbon sources on the synthesis of pectinase by Aspergillus niger in submerged and solid state fermentations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 39 (1993) 36-41
73. Visser J., Bussink H.J., and Witteveen C. Gene expression in filamentous fungi. In: Smith A. (Ed). Gene expression in recombinant microorganisms (2004), Marcel Dekker Inc, New York 241-308
74. Benen J., Parenicova L., Kusters-van Someren M., Kester H., and Visser J. Molecular genetic and biochemical aspects of pectin degradation in Aspergillus. In: Visser J., and Voragen A.G.J. (Eds). Pectins and pectinases vol. 14 (1996), Elsevier Science, Amsterdam 331-346
75. Kamimiya S., Izaki K., and Takahashi H. A new pectolytic enzyme in Erwinia aroideae formed in the presence of nalidixic acid. Agric Biol Chem 36 (1972) 2367-2372
76. Barras F., van-Gijsegen F., and Chatterjee A.K. Extracellular enzymes and pathogenesis of soft-rot Erwinia. Annu Rev Phytopathol 32 (1994) 201-234
77. Itoh Y., Izaki K., and Takahashi H. Simultaneous synthesis of pectin lyase and carotovoricin induced by mitomycin C, nalidixic acid or ultraviolet light irradiation in Erwinia carotovora. Agric Biol Chem 44 (1980) 1135-1140
78. McEvoy J.L., Murata H., and Chatterjee A.K. Genetic evidence for an activator required for induction of pectin lyase in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora by DNA-damaging agents. J Bacteriol 174 (1992) 5471-5474
79. Tomizawa H., and Takahashi H. Stimulation of pectolytic enzyme formation of Erwinia aroideae by nalidixic acid, mitomycin C and bleomycin. Agric Biol Chem 35 (1971) 191-200
80. Tsuyumu S., and Chatterjee A.K. Pectin lyase production in Erwinia chrysanthemi and other soft-rot Erwinia species. Physiol Plant Pathol 24 (1984) 291-302
81. Tsuyumu S., Funakubo T., and Chatterjee A.K. Purification and partial characterization of a mitomycin C-induced pectin lyase of Erwinia chrysanthemi strain EC183. Physiol Plant Pathol 27 (1985) 119-130
82. Zink R.T., Engwall J.K., McEvoy J.L., and Chatterjee A.K. recA is required in the induction of pectin lyase and carotovoricinin Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. J Bacteriol 164 (1985) 390-396
83. Chatterjee A., McEvoy J.L., Chambost J.P., Blasco F., and Chatterjee A.K. Nucleotide sequence and molecular characterization of pnlA, the structural gene for damage inducible pectin lyase of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora71. J Bacteriol 173 (1991) 1765-1769
84. McEvoy J.L., Thurn K.K., and Chatterjee A.K. Expression of the E. coli lexA+ gene in Erwinia carotovora subsp. Carotovora and its effect on production of pectin lyase and carotovoricin. FEMS Microbiol Lett 42 (1987) 205-208
85. Liu Y., Chatterjee A., and Chatterjee A.K. Nucleotide sequence, organization and expression of rdgA and rdgB genes that regulate pectin lyase production in the plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora in response to DNA-damaging agents. Mol Microbiol 14 (1994) 999-1010
86. Liu Y., and Chatterje A.K. Analysis of the RecA-Rdg regulatory circuit that controls pectin lyase production in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc): evidence for repression of rdgA and rdgB by RdgA. Eighth international congress on molecular plant-microbe interactions. USA, Knoxville TN (1996) G-10
87. Gysler C., Harmsen J.A.M., Kester H.C.M., Visser J., and Helm J. Isolation and structure of the pectin lyase D-encoding gene from Aspergillus niger. Gene 89 (1990) 101-108
88. Kitamoto N., Yosltino-Yasuda S., Ohmiya K., and Tsukagoshi N. Sequence analysis and overexpression of a pectin lyase gene (pel 1) from Aspergillus oryzae KBN616. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 65 (2001) 209-212
89. Kitamoto N., Yosltino-Yasuda S., Ohmiya K., and Tsukagoshi N. A second pectin lyase gene (pel 2) from Aspergillus oryzae KBN616: its sequence analysis and over expression, and characterization of the gene products. J Biosci Bioeng 91 (2001) 378-381
90. Templeton M.D., Sharrock K.R., Bowen J.K., Crowhust R.N., and Rikkerink E.H.A. The pectin lyase-encoding gene(pn/) family from Glomerella cingulata: characterization of pnlA and its expression in yeast. Gene 142 (1994) 141-146
91. Ruttkowaski E., Labitzke R., Khanh N.Q., Loffler F., Gottschalk M., and Jany K.D. Cloning and DNA sequence analysis of a polygalacturonase cDNA from Aspergillus niger RH 5344. Biochim Biophys Acta 1087 (1990) 104-106
92. Ruttkowaski E., Khanh N.Q., Wientjes F.J., and Gottschalk M. Characterization of a polygalacturonase gene of Aspergillus niger RH5344. Mol Microbiol 5 (1991) 1353-1361
93. Bussink H.J.D., Kester H.C.M., and Visser J. Molecular cloning, nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene encoding prepro-polygalacturonase II of Aspergillus niger. FEBS Lett 273 (1990) 127-130
94. Bussink H.J.D., Brouwer K.B., de Graaff L.H., Kester H.C.M., and Visser J. Identification and characterization of a second polygalacturonase gene of Aspergillus niger. Curr Genet 20 (1991) 301-307
95. Khanh N.Q., Albrecht H., Ruttkowski E., Loffler F., Gottschalk M., and Jany K.D. Nucleotide sequence and derived amino acid sequence of a pectinesterase cDNA isolated from Aspergillus niger strain RH5344. Nucleic Acids Res 18 (1990) 4262
96. Khanh N.Q., Ruttkowski E., Leidinger K., Albrecht H., and Gottschalk M. Characterization and expression of a genomic pectin methylesterase-encoding gene in Aspergillus niger. Gene 106 (1991) 71-77
97. Harmsen J.A.M., Kusters-van Someren M.A., and Visser J. Cloning and expression of a second Aspergillus niger pectin lyase gene (pelA): indications of a pectin lyase gene family in Aspergillus niger. Curr Genet 18 (1990) 161-166
98. Kusters-van Someren MA. Characterization of an Aspergillus niger pectin lyase family. PhD thesis. Utrecht: State University; 1991.
99. Cardoso P.G., Ribeiro J.B., Teixeira J.A., de Queiroz M.V., and de Araujo E.F. Overexpression of the plg1 gene encoding pectin lyase in Penicillium griseoroseum. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 35 (2008) 159-166
100. Aro N., Pakula T., and Penttila M. Transcriptional regulation of plant cell walldegradation by filamentous fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 29 (2005) 719-739
101. Hadj-Taieb N., Ayadi M., Trigui S., Bouabdallah F., and Gargouri A. Hyperproduction of pectinase activities by a fully constitutive mutant (CT1) of Penicilliumoccitanis. Enzyme Microb Technol 30 (2002) 662-666
102. Hadj-Taieb N., Khlif M., Ayadi M., Mrad K., Hassairi I., and Gargouri A. Fermentor production of pectinases on gruel (wheat grinding sub-product) and their use in olive oil extraction. Enzyme Microb Technol 39 (2006) 1072-1076
103. Trigui S. Clonage par RT-PCR et étude de l'expression d'un gène depectine lyasefongique. DEA Génie Biologique-Ecole Nationale desIngénieurs de Sfax, Tunisia; 1998.
104. Yadav S., Yadav P.K., Yadav D., and Yadav K.D.S. Purification and characterization of an acidic pectin lyase produced by Aspergillus ficuum strain MTCC 7591 suitable for clarification of fruit juices. Ann Microbiol 58 (2008) 61-65
105. Mantovani C.F., Geimba M.P., and Brandelli A. Enzymatic clarification of fruit juices by fungal pectin lyase. Food Biotechnol 19 (2005) 173-181
106. Cao J., Zheng L., and Chen S. Screening of pectinase producer from alkalophilic bacteria and study on its potential application in degumming of ramie. Enzyme Microb Technol 14 (1992) 1013-1016
107. Bruhlmann F., Leupin M., Erismann K.H., and Fiechter A. Enzymatic degumming of ramie bast fibers. J Biotechnol 76 (2000) 43-50
108. Henriksson G., Akin D.E., Rigsby L.L., Patel N., and Eriksson K.E.L. Influence of chelating agents and mechanical pretreatment on enzymatic retting of flax. Tex Res J 67 (1997) 829-836
109. Kapoor M., Beg Q.K., Bhushan B., Singh K., Dadhich K.S., and Hoondal G.S. Application of alkaline thermostable polygalacturonase from Bacillus sp. MG-ep-2 in degumming of ramie (Boehemeria nivea) and sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) bast fibers. Process Biochem 6 (2001) 803-807
110. Yadav S., Yadav P.K., Yadav D., and Yadav K.D.S. Purification and characterization of an alkaline pectin lyase from Aspergillus flavus. Process Biochem 43 (2008) 547-552
111. Ishii S., and Yokotsuka T. Purification and properties of pectin trans-eliminase from Aspergillus sojae. Agric Biol Chem 36 (1972) 146-153
112. Kamimiya S., Nishiya T., Izaki K., and Takahashi H. Purification and properties of a pectin trans-eliminase in Erwinia aroideae formed in the presence of nalidixic acid. Agric Biol Chem 38 (1974) 1071-1078
113. Van Houdenhoven F.E.A. Studies on pectin lyase Mededelingen Landbouwhoge School (1975), Communications Agricultural University p. 1-100
114. Ishii S., and Yokotsuka T. Purification and properties of pectin lyase from Aspergillus japonicus. Agric Biol Chem 39 (1975) 313-321
115. Hasui Y., Miyairi K., Okuno T., Sawai K., and Sawamura K. Purification and properties of pectin trans-eliminase from Alternaria mali. Ann Phytopathol Soc Japan 42 (1976) 228-231
116. Szajer I., and Szajer C. Pectin lyase of Penicillium paxilli. Biotechnol Lett 4 (1982) 549-552
117. Lim J.Y., Fujio Y., and Ueda S. Purification and characterization of pectinesterase and pectin lyase from Aspergillus oryzae A-3. J Appl Biochem 5 (1983) 91-98
118. Sone H., Sugiura J., Itoh Y., Izaki K., and Takahshi H. Production and properties of pectin lyase in Pseudomonas marginalis induced by mitomycin C. Agric Biol Chem 52 (1988) 3205-3207
119. Bugbee W.M. Purification and characteristics of pectin lyase from Rhizoctonia solani. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 36 (1990) 15-25
120. Kester H.C.M., and Visser J. Purification and characterization of pectin lyase B, a novel pectinolytic enzyme from Aspergillus niger. FEMS Microbiol Lett 120 (1994) 63-68
121. Dinnella C., Lanzarini G., and Ercolessi P. Preparation and properties of an immobilized soluble-insoluble pectinlyase. Process Biochem 30 (1995) 151-157
122. Guevara M.A., Gonzalez-Jaen M.T., and Estevez P. Pectin lyase from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici: purification and characterization. Prog Biotechnol 14 (1996) 747-760
123. Sinitsyna O.A., Fedorova E.A., Semenova M.V., Gusakov A.V., Sokolova L.M., Bubnova T.M., et al. Isolation and characterization of extracellular pectin lyase from Penicillium canescens. Biochemistry (Moscow) 72 (2007) 565-571
124. Silva D.O., Attwood M.M., and Tempest D.W. Partial purification and properties of pectin lyase from Penicillium expansum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 9 (1993) 574-578
125. Alana A., Lalma M.J., and Serra J.L. Purification and some properties of pectin lyase from Penicillium italicum. FEBS Lett 280 (1991) 335-340
126. Silva D., Martins E.S., Silva R., and Gomes E. Pectinase production by Penicillium viridicatum RFC3 by solid state fermentation using agricultural wastes and agro-industrial byproducts. Braz J Microbiol 33 (2002) 318-324
127. Hamdy H.S. Purification and characterization of the pectin lyase produced by Rhizopus oryzae grown on orange peels. Ann Microbiol 55 (2005) 205-211
128. Yadav S., and Shastri N.V. Partial purification of an extracellular pectin lyase from a strain of Aspergillus niger. Indian J Microbiol 44 (2004) 201-204
129. Yadav S., and Shastri N.V. Purification and properties of an extracellular pectin lyase produced by the strain of Penicillium oxalicum in solid-state fermentation. Indian J Biochem Biophys 44 (2007) 247-251
130. Wei Y., Shih J., Li J., and Goodwin P.H. Two pectin lyase genes, pnl-1 and pnl-2, from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae differ in a cellulose-binding domain and in their expression during infection of Malva pusilla. Microbiology 148 (2002) 2149-2157