Resistance in tuberculosis: What do we know and where can we go?

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 4, Issue JUL, 2013, Pages

  Green, Keith D ^a   Garneau Tsodikova, Sylvie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Inhibitors; Mechanisms of resistance; New drug targets; Synergistic drug therapy

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; AVIBACTAM; BEDAQUILINE; BETA LACTAMASE; BTZ 043; DACTINOMYCIN; DEHYDROQUINASE; DELAMANID; DNA TOPOISOMERASE (ATP HYDROLYSING); ETHAMBUTOL; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; ISONIAZID; KATG PROTEIN; N (2 ADAMANTYL) N' GERANYLETHYLENEDIAMINE; NICOTINAMIDASE; PANTOTHENATE KINASE; PANTOTHENATE SYNTHETASE; PRETOMANID; PYRAZINAMIDE; RNA 16S; RNA POLYMERASE; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNSPECIFIC MONOOXYGENASE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL MEMBRANE; BACTERIAL MUTATION; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG INACTIVATION; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME INHIBITION; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; IC 50; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; SHORT SURVEY; TUBERCULOSIS;

MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS;

EID: 84885363975     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00208     Document Type: Short Survey

References (82)

1. Andries, K., Verhasselt, P., Guillemont, J., Gohlmann, H. W., Neefs, J. M., Winkler, H., et al. (2005). A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 307, 223-227. doi: 10.1126/science.1106753
2. Avorn, J. (2013). Approval of a tuberculosis drug based on a paradoxical surrogate measure. JAMA 309, 1349-1350. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.623
3. Banerjee, A., Dubnau, E., Quemard, A., Balasubramanian, V., Um, K. S., Wilson, T., et al. (1994). InhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 263, 227-230. doi: 10.1126/science.8284673
4. Banerjee, S. K., Bhatt, K., Rana, S., Misra, P., and Chakraborti, P. K. (1996). Involvement of an efflux system in mediating high level of fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 226, 362-368. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1362
5. Baulard, A. R., Betts, J. C., Engohang-Ndong, J., Quan, S., McAdam, R. A., Brennan, P. J., et al. (2000). Activation of the pro-drug ethionamide is regulated in mycobacteria. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28326-28331.
6. Blanco, B., Sedes, A., Peon, A., Lamb, H., Hawkins, A. R., Castedo, L., et al. (2012). Synthesis of 3-alkyl enol mimics inhibitors of type II dehydroquinase: factors influencing their inhibition potency. Org. Biomol. Chem. 10, 3662-3676. doi: 10.1039/c2ob07081b.
7. Boechat, N., Ferreira, V. F., Ferreira, S. B., De Lourdes, G. F. M., De, C. D. S. F., Bastos, M. M., et al. (2011). Novel 1,2,3-triazole derivatives for use against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294) strain. J. Med. Chem. 54, 5988-5999. doi: 10.1021/jm2003624
8. Brown, J. R., North, E. J., Hurdle, J. G., Morisseau, C., Scarborough, J. S., Sun, D., et al. (2011). The structure-activity relationship of urea derivatives as anti-tuberculosis agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19, 5585-5595. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.034
9. Bukowski, L., Janowiec, M., Zwolska-Kwiek, Z., and Andrzejczyk, Z. (1999). Synthesis and some reactions of 2-acetylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine. Antituberculotic activity of the obtained compounds. Pharmazie 54, 651-654.
10. Campbell, E. A., Korzheva, N., Mustaev, A., Murakami, K., Nair, S., Goldfarb, A., et al. (2001). Structural mechanism for rifampicin inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase. Cell 104, 901-912. doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00286-0
11. Chen, W., Biswas, T., Porter, V. R., Tsodikov, O. V., and Garneau-Tsodikova, S. (2011). Unusual regioversatility of acetyltransferase Eis, a cause of drug resistance in XDR-TB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 9804-9808. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1105379108
12. Chopra, S., Matsuyama, K., Tran, T., Malerich, J. P., Wan, B., Franzblau, S. G., et al. (2012). Evaluation of gyrase B as a drug target in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67, 415-421. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkr449
13. Ciulli, A., Scott, D. E., Ando, M., Reyes, F., Saldanha, S. A., Tuck, K. L., et al. (2008). Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase by analogues of the reaction intermediate. Chembiochem 9, 2606-2611. doi: 10.1002/cbic.200800437
14. Debarber, A. E., Mdluli, K., Bosman, M., Bekker, L. G., and Barry, C. E. 3rd. (2000). Ethionamide activation and sensitivity in multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 9677-9682. doi: 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9677
15. Diacon, A. H., Pym, A., Grobusch, M., Patientia, R., Rustomjee, R., Page-Shipp, L., et al. (2009). The diarylquinoline TMC207 for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 360, 2397-2405. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0808427
16. Dinakaran, M., Senthilkumar, P., Yogeeswari, P., China, A., Nagaraja, V., and Sriram, D. (2008). Novel ofloxacin derivatives: synthesis, antimycobacterial and toxicological evaluation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 18, 1229-1236. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.110
17. Ginsberg, A. M., Laurenzi, M. W., Rouse, D. J., Whitney, K. D., and Spigelman, M. K. (2009). Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of PA-824 in healthy subjects. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53, 3720-3725. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00106-09
18. Gonzalez-Bello, C., and Castedo, L. (2007). Progress in type II dehydroquinase inhibitors: from concept to practice. Med. Res. Rev. 27, 177-208. doi: 10.1002/med.20076
19. Green, K. D., Chen, W., and Garneau-Tsodikova, S. (2012). Identification and characterization of inhibitors of the aminoglycoside resistance acetyltransferase Eis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ChemMedChem 7, 73-77. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201100332
20. Grzegorzewicz, A. E., Pham, H., Gundi, V. A., Scherman, M. S., North, E. J., Hess, T., et al. (2012). Inhibition of mycolic acid transport across the Mycobacterium tuberculosis plasma membrane. Nat. Chem. Biol. 8, 334-341. doi: 10.1038/nchembio.794
21. Hazbon, M. H., Brimacombe, M., Bobadilla Del Valle, M., Cavatore, M., Guerrero, M. I., Varma-Basil, M., et al. (2006). Population genetics study of isoniazid resistance mutations and evolution of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 2640-2649. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00112-06
22. Hegde, S. S., Javid-Majd, F., and Blanchard, J. S. (2001). Overexpression and mechanistic analysis of chromosomally encoded aminoglycoside 2'-N-acetyltransferase (AAC(2')-Ic) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 45876-45881. doi: 10.1074/jbc. M108810200.
23. Houghton, J. L., Green, K. D., Pricer, R. E., Mayhoub, A. S., and Garneau-Tsodikova, S. (2013). Unexpected N-acetylation of capreomycin by mycobacterial Eis enzymes. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68, 800-805. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks497
24. Hugonnet, J. E., and Blanchard, J. S. (2007). Irreversible inhibition of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-lactamase by clavulanate. Biochemistry 46, 11998-12004. doi: 10.1021/bi701506h
25. Hugonnet, J. E., Tremblay, L. W., Boshoff, H. I., Barry, C. E. 3rd, and Blanchard, J. S. (2009). Meropenem-clavulanate is effective against extensively drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 323, 1215-1218. doi: 10.1126/science.1167498
26. Johansen, S. K., Maus, C. E., Plikaytis, B. B., and Douthwaite, S. (2006). Capreomycin binds across the ribosomal subunit interface using tlyA-encoded 2'-O-methylations in 16S and 23S rRNAs. Mol. Cell 23, 173-182. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.05.044
27. Karkare, S., Chung, T. T., Collin, F., Mitchenall, L. A., McKay, A. R., Greive, S. J., et al. (2013). The naphthoquinone diospyrin is an inhibitor of DNA gyrase with a novel mechanism of action. J. Biol. Chem. 288, 5149-5156. doi: 10.1074/jbc. M112.419069
28. Kinjo, T., Koseki, Y., Kobayashi, M., Yamada, A., Morita, K., Yamaguchi, K., et al. (2013). Identification of compounds with potential antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium through structure-based drug screening. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 53, 1200-1212. doi: 10.1021/ci300571n
29. Labby, K. J., and Garneau-Tsodikova, S. (2013). Methods to identify compounds to overcome the action of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes for treating resistant bacteria. Future. Med. Chem. [Epub ahead of print].
30. Larsen M.H., Vilcheze, C., Kremer, L., Besra, G. S., Parsons, L., Salfinger, M., Jr. et al. (2002). Overexpression of inhA, but not kasA, confers resistance to isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis. Mol. Microbiol. 46, 453-466. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.03162.x
31. Lechartier, B., Hartkoorn, R. C., and Cole, S. T. (2012). In vitro combination studies of benzothiazinone lead compound BTZ043 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 5790-5793. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01476-12
32. Lence, E., Tizon, L., Otero, J. M., Peon, A., Prazeres, V. F., Llamas-Saiz, A. L., et al. (2013). Mechanistic basis of the inhibition of type II dehydroquinase by (2S)- and (2R)-2-benzyl-3-dehydroquinic acids. ACS Chem. Biol. 8, 568-577. doi: 10.1021/cb300493s
33. Lienhardt, C., Raviglione, M., Spigelman, M., Hafner, R., Jaramillo, E., Hoelscher, M., et al. (2012). New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis: needs, challenges, promise, and prospects for the future. J. Infect. Dis. 205, S241-S249. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jis034
34. Luckner, S. R., Liu, N., Am Ende, C. W., Tonge, P. J., and Kisker, C. (2010). A slow, tight binding inhibitor of InhA, the enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Biol. Chem. 285, 14330-14337. doi: 10.1074/jbc. M109.090373
35. Mahajan, R. (2013). Bedaquiline: First FDA-approved tuberculosis drug in 40 years. Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res. 3, 1-2. doi: 10.4103/2229-516X.112228
36. Mak, P. A., Rao, S. P., Ping Tan, M., Lin, X., Chyba, J., Tay, J., et al. (2012). A high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors of ATP homeostasis in non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem. Biol. 7, 1190-1197. doi: 10.1021/cb2004884
37. Makarov, V., Manina, G., Mikusova, K., Mollmann, U., Ryabova, O., Saint-Joanis, B., et al. (2009). Benzothiazinones kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis by blocking arabinan synthesis. Science 324, 801-804. doi: 10.1126/science.1171583
38. Makarov, V., Riabova, O. B., Yuschenko, A., Urlyapova, N., Daudova, A., Zipfel, P. F., et al. (2006). Synthesis and antileprosy activity of some dialkyldithiocarbamates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57, 1134-1138. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkl095
39. Matsumoto, M., Hashizume, H., Tomishige, T., Kawasaki, M., Tsubouchi, H., Sasaki, H., et al. (2006). OPC-67683, a nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole derivative with promising action against tuberculosis in vitro and in mice. PLoS Med. 3:e466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030466
40. Morlock, G. P., Metchock, B., Sikes, D., Crawford, J. T., and Cooksey, R. C. (2003). ethA, inhA, and katG loci of ethionamide-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 3799-3805. doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.12.3799-3805.2003
41. Mukherjee, T., and Boshoff, H. (2011). Nitroimidazoles for the treatment of TB: past, present and future. Future. Med. Chem. 3, 1427-1454. doi: 10.4155/fmc.11.90
42. North, E. J., Scherman, M. S., Bruhn, D. F., Scarborough, J. S., Maddox, M. M., Jones, V., et al. (2013). Design, synthesis and anti-tuberculosis activity of 1-adamantyl-3-heteroaryl ureas with improved in vitro pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 21, 2587-2599. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.028
43. Parikh, S. L., Xiao, G., and Tonge, P. J. (2000). Inhibition of InhA, the enoyl reductase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, by triclosan and isoniazid. Biochemistry 39, 7645-7650. doi: 10.1021/bi0008940
44. Pasca, M. R., Degiacomi, G., Ribeiro, A. L., Zara, F., De Mori, P., Heym, B., et al. (2010). Clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in four European hospitals are uniformly susceptible to benzothiazinones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 1616-1618. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01676-09
45. Payne, R. J., Peyrot, F., Kerbarh, O., Abell, A. D., and Abell, C. (2007a). Rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of nanomolar type II dehydroquinase inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2, 1015-1029. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.200700032
46. Payne, R. J., Riboldi-Tunnicliffe, A., Kerbarh, O., Abell, A. D., Lapthorn, A. J., and Abell, C. (2007b). Design, synthesis, and structural studies on potent biaryl inhibitors of type II dehydroquinases. ChemMedChem 2, 1010-1013. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.200700062.
47. Poce, G., Bates, R. H., Alfonso, S., Cocozza, M., Porretta, G. C., Ballell, L., et al. (2013). Improved BM212 MmpL3 inhibitor analogue shows efficacy in acute murine model of tuberculosis infection. PLoS ONE 8:e56980. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056980
48. Prazeres, V. F., Sanchez-Sixto, C., Castedo, L., Lamb, H., Hawkins, A. R., Riboldi-Tunnicliffe, A., et al. (2007). Nanomolar competitive inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptomyces coelicolor type II dehydroquinase. ChemMedChem 2, 194-207. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.200600208
49. Rajendran, V., and Sethumadhavan, R. (2013). Drug resistance mechanism of PncA in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. doi: 10.1080/07391102.2012.759885. [Epub ahead of print].
50. Ramaswamy, S. V., Reich, R., Dou, S. J., Jasperse, L., Pan, X., Wanger, A., et al. (2003). Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes associated with isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 1241-1250. doi: 10.1128/AAC.47.4.1241-1250.2003
51. Ramirez, M. S., and Tolmasky, M. E. (2010). Aminoglycoside modifying enzymes. Drug. Resist. Updat. 13, 151-171. doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2010.08.003
52. Ramon-Garcia, S., Ng, C., Anderson, H., Chao, J. D., Zheng, X., Pfeifer, T., et al. (2011). Synergistic drug combinations for tuberculosis therapy identified by a novel high-throughput screen. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 3861-3869. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00474-11
53. Rao, S. P., Alonso, S., Rand, L., Dick, T., and Pethe, K. (2008). The protonmotive force is required for maintaining ATP homeostasis and viability of hypoxic, nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 11945-11950. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711697105
54. Reddy, V. M., Einck, L., Andries, K., and Nacy, C. A. (2010). In vitro interactions between new antitubercular drug candidates SQ109 and TMC207. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 2840-2846. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01601-09
55. Reeves, A. Z., Campbell, P. J., Sultana, R., Malik, S., Murray, M., Plykaytis, B. B., et al. (2013). Aminoglycoside cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis due to mutations in the 5'-untranslated region of whiB7. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57, 1857-1865. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02191-12
56. Rivers, E. C., and Mancera, R. L. (2008a). New anti-tuberculosis drugs in clinical trials with novel mechanisms of action. Drug. Discov. Today 13, 1090-1098. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.09.004
57. Rivers, E. C., and Mancera, R. L. (2008b). New anti-tuberculosis drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Curr. Med. Chem. 15, 1956-1967. doi: 10.2174/092986708785132906
58. Sacksteder, K. A., Protopopova, M., Barry, C. E., 3rd, Andries, K., and Nacy, C. A. (2012). Discovery and development of SQ109a new antitubercular drug with a novel mechanism of action. Future Microbiol. 7, 823-837. doi: 10.2217/fmb.12.56
59. Scherman, M. S., North, E. J., Jones, V., Hess, T. N., Grzegorzewicz, A. E., Kasagami, T., et al. (2012). Screening a library of 1600 adamantyl ureas for anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis activity in vitro and for better physical chemical properties for bioavailability. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 20, 3255-3262. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.03.058
60. Segala, E., Sougakof, W., Nevejans-Chauffour, A., Jarlier, V., and Petrella, S. (2012). New mutations in the mycobacterial ATP synthase: new insights into the binding of the diarylquinoline TMC207 to the ATP synthase C-ring structure. Antimicrobial. Agents Chemother. 56, 2326-2334. doi: 10.1128/AAC.06154-11.
61. Shirude, P. S., Madhavapeddi, P., Tucker, J. A., Murugan, K., Patil, V., Basavarajappa, H., et al. (2013). Aminopyrazinamides: novel and specific GyrB inhibitors that kill replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem. Biol. 8, 519-523. doi: 10.1021/cb300510w
62. Silva, P. E., Bigi, F., Santangelo, M. P., Romano, M. I., Martin, C., Cataldi, A., et al. (2001). Characterization of P55, a multidrug efflux pump in Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45, 800-804. doi: 10.1128/AAC.45.3.800-804.2001
63. Singh, M., Jadaun, G. P. S., Srivastava, R. K., Chauhan, V., Mishra, R., Gupta, K., et al. (2011). Effect of efflux pump inhibitors on drug susceptibility of ofloxacin ressitant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Indian J. Med. Res. 133, 535-540.
64. Spies, F. S., Ribeiro, A. W., Ramos, D. F., Ribeiro, M. O., Martin, A., Palomino, J. C., et al. (2011). Streptomycin resistance and lineage-specific polymorphisms in Mycobacterium tuberculosis gidB gene. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 2625-2630. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00168-11
65. Stoffels, K., Mathys, V., Fauville-Dufaux, M., Wintjens, R., and Bifani, P. (2012). Systematic analysis of pyrazinamide-resistant spontaneous mutants and clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 5186-5193. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05385-11
66. Stover, C. K., Warrener, P., Vandevanter, D. R., Sherman, D. R., Arain, T. M., Langhorne, M. H., et al. (2000). A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. Nature 405, 962-966. doi: 10.1038/35016103
67. Sullivan, T. J., Truglio, J. J., Boyne, M. E., Novichenok, P., Zhang, X., Stratton, C. F., et al. (2006). High affinity InhA inhibitors with activity against drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Chem. Biol. 1, 43-53. doi: 10.1021/cb0500042
68. Tahlan, K., Wilson, R., Kastrinsky, D. B., Arora, K., Nair, V., Fischer, E., et al. (2012). SQ109 targets MmpL3, a membrane transporter of trehalose monomycolate involved in mycolic acid donation to the cell wall core of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 1797-1809. doi: 10.1128/AAC.05708-11
69. Takiff, H. E., Salazar, L., Guerrero, C., Philipp, W., Huang, W. M., Kreiswirth, B., et al. (1994). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA and gyrB genes and detection of quinolone resistance mutations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38, 773-780. doi: 10.1128/AAC.38.4.773
70. Telenti, A., Philipp, W. J., Sreevatsan, S., Bernasconi, C., Stockbauer, K. E., Wieles, B., et al. (1997). The emb operon, a gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in resistance to ethambutol. Nat. Med. 3, 567-570. doi: 10.1038/nm0597-567
71. Tran, A. T., Cergol, K. M., West, N. P., Randall, E. J., Britton, W. J., Bokhari, S. A., et al. (2011). Synthesis and evaluation of potent ene-yne inhibitors of type II dehydroquinases as tuberculosis drug leads. ChemMedChem 6, 262-265. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201000399
72. Tran, A. T., West, N. P., Britton, W. J., and Payne, R. J. (2012). Elucidation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis type II dehydroquinase inhibitors using a fragment elaboration strategy. ChemMedChem 7, 1031-1043. doi: 10.1002/cmdc.201100606.
73. Venkatraman, J., Bhat, J., Solapure, S. M., Sandesh, J., Sarkar, D., Aishwarya, S., et al. (2012). Screening, identification, and characterization of mechanistically diverse inhibitors of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis enzyme, pantothenate kinase (CoaA). J. Biomol. Screen 17, 293-302. doi: 10.1177/1087057111423069
74. Vilcheze, C., Av-Gay, Y., Attarian, R., Liu, Z., Hazbon, M. H., Colangeli, R., Jr. et al. (2008). Mycothiol biosynthesis is essential for ethionamide susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol. Microbiol. 69, 1316-1329. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06365.x
75. Vilcheze, C., Baughn, A. D., Tufariello, J., Leung, L. W., Kuo, M., Basler, C. F., Jr. et al. (2011). Novel inhibitors of InhA efficiently kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 3889-3898. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00266-11
76. Wachino, J., Shibayama, K., Kimura, K., Yamane, K., Suzuki, S., and Arakawa, Y. (2010). RmtC introduces G1405 methylation in 16S rRNA and confers high-level aminoglycoside resistance on Gram-positive microorganisms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 311, 56-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02068.x
77. World Heath Organization (WHO). (2011). Global Tuberculosis Control. ISBN: 978-92-4-156438-0
78. World Heath Organization (WHO). (2012). Global Tuberculosis Report. ISBN: 978-92-4-156450-2
79. Wong, S. Y., Lee, J. S., Kwak, H. K., Via, L. E., Boshoff, H. I., and Barry, C. E. 3rd. (2011). Mutations in gidB confer low-level streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 2515-2522. doi: 10.1128/AAC.01814-10
80. Xu, H., Hazra, S., and Blanchard, J. S. (2012). NXL104 irreversibly inhibits the beta-lactamase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 51, 4551-4557. doi: 10.1021/bi300508r
81. Yang, Y., Gao, P., Liu, Y., Ji, X., Gan, M., Guan, Y., et al. (2011). A discovery of novel Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors based on the molecular mechanism of actinomycin D inhibition. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 21, 3943-3946. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.05.021
82. Zaunbrecher, M. A., Sikes, R. D. Jr., Metchock, B., Shinnick, T. M., and Posey, J. E. (2009). Overexpression of the chromosomally encoded aminoglycoside acetyltransferase eis confers kanamycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 20004-20009.