MicroRNAs and liver function

Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 187-203

  Takata, A ^a   Otsuka, M ^a,b   Yoshikawa, T ^a   Kishikawa, T ^a   Ohno, M ^a   Koike, K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^b JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY   (Japan)

Author keywords

Cholesterol; Glucose; Liver; Metabolism; microRNAS

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; CYTOCHROME; HEPATOCYTE NUCLEAR FACTOR 1BETA; INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 2; MESSENGER RNA; MICRORNA; MICRORNA 122; MICRORNA 29; MICRORNA 33; MICRORNA 370; OXYSTEROL BINDING PROTEIN RELATED PROTEIN 8; PROTEIN KINASE B; SIRTUIN 1; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

FATTY ACID METABOLISM; GENE FUNCTION; GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; HUMAN; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER FUNCTION; NONHUMAN; REVIEW;

GLUCOSE; HUMANS; LIPID METABOLISM; LIVER; MICRORNAS;

EID: 84884678236     PISSN: 1121421X     EISSN: 18271642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (105)

1. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell 1993;75:843-54. (Pubitemid 24014542)
2. Carrington JC, Ambros V. Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development. Science United States 2003;301:336-8. (Pubitemid 36877060)
3. Ambros V. The functions of animal microRNAs. Nature England 2004;431:350-5. (Pubitemid 39265675)
4. Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H, Kim J, Yim J, Lee J et al. The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature England 2003;425:415-9. (Pubitemid 37187272)
5. Han J, Lee Y, Yeom KH, Kim YK, Jin H, Kim VN. The Drosha-DGCR8 complex in primary microRNA processing. Genes Dev United States 2004;18:30l6-27.
6. Denli AM, Tops BB, Plasterk RH, Ketting RF, Hannon GJ. Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex. Nature England 2004;432:231-5. (Pubitemid 39545854)
7. Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev United States 2003;17:3011-6. (Pubitemid 38040764)
8. Lund E, Guttinger S, Calado A, Dahlberg JE, Kutay U. Nuclear export of microRNA precursors. Science United States 2004;303:95-8. (Pubitemid 38055779)
9. Mourelatos Z, Dostie J, Paushkin S, Sharma A, Charroux B, Abel L, Rappsilber J et al. miRNPs: a novel class of ribonucleoproteins containing numerous microRNAs. Genes Dev 2002;16:720-8. (Pubitemid 34274041)
10. Gregory RI, Chendrimada TP, Cooch N, Shiekhattar R. Human RISC couples microRNA biogenesis and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Cell 2005;123:631-40. (Pubitemid 41608466)
11. Maniataki E, Mourelatos Z. A human, ATP-independent, RISC assembly machine fueled by pre-miRNA. Genes Dev 2005;19:2979-90. (Pubitemid 41798114)
12. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009;136:215-33.
13. Krek A, Grun D, Poy MN, Wolf R, Rosenberg L, Epstein EJ, MacMenamin P et al. Combinatorial microRNA target predictions. Nat Genet 2005;37:495-500. (Pubitemid 40617277)
14. Shin C, Nam JW, Farh KK, Chiang HR, Shkumatava A, Bartel DP. Expanding the microRNA targeting code: functional sites with centered pairing. Mol Cell 2010;38:789-802.
15. Grimson A, Farh KK, Johnston WK, Garrett-Engele P, Lim LP, Bartel DP. MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing. Mol Cell 2007;27:91-105. (Pubitemid 46991392)
16. Friedman RC, Farh KK, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs. Genome Res 2009;19:92-105.
17. Lall S, Grun D, Krek A, Chen K, Wang YL, Dewey CN et al. A genome-wide map of conserved microRNA targets in C. elegans. Curr Biol 2006;16:460-71. (Pubitemid 43343706)
18. Wightman B, Ha I, Ruvkun G. Posttranscriptional regulation of the heterochronic gene lin-14 by lin-4 mediates temporal pattern formation in C. elegans. Cell 1993;75:855-62. (Pubitemid 24014543)
19. Kozomara A, Griffiths-Jones S. miRBase: integrating microRNA annotation and deep-sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 2011;39:D152-7.
20. John B, Enright AJ, Aravin A, Tuschl T, Sander C, Marks DS. Human microRNA targets. PLoS Biol 2004;2:e363.
21. Lewis BP, Burge CB, Bartel DP. Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets. Cell 2005;120:15-20. (Pubitemid 40094598)
22. Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function. Cell 2004;116:281-97.
23. Sekine S, Ogawa R, Ito R, Hiraoka N, McManus MT, Kanai Y et al. Disruption of Dicerl induces dysregulated fetal gene expression and promotes hepatocarcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2009;136:2304-15 e2301-4.
24. Brown MS, Kovanen PT, Goldstein JL. Regulation of plasma cholesterol by lipoprotein receptors. Science 1981;212:628-35. (Pubitemid 11066529)
25. Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Regulation of the mevalonate pathway. Nature 1990;343:425-30.
26. Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. SREBPs: activators of the complete program of cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis in the liver. J Clin Invest 2002;109:1125-31. (Pubitemid 34496588)
27. Brown MS, Goldstein JL. The SREBP pathway: regulation of cholesterol metabolism by proteolysis of a membrane-bound transcription factor. Cell 1997;89:331-40. (Pubitemid 27220877)
28. Shimomura I, Shimano H, Horton JD, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. Differential expression of exons 1a and 1c in mRNAs for sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 in human and mouse organs and cultured cells. J Clin Invest 1997;99:838-45. (Pubitemid 27123619)
29. Zelcer N, Tontonoz P. Liver X receptors as integrators of metabolic and inflammatory signaling. J Clin Invest 2006;116:607-14. (Pubitemid 43326865)
30. Graf GA, Yu L, Li WP, Gerard R, Tuma PL, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. ABCG5 and ABCG8 are obligate heterodimers for protein trafficking and biliary cholesterol excretion. J Biol Chem 2003;278:48275-82. (Pubitemid 37523283)
31. Tall AR, Yvan-Charvet L, Terasaka N, Pagler T, Wang N. HDL, ABC transporters, and cholesterol efflux: implications for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2008;7:65-375.
32. Rader DJ, Alexander ET, Weibel GL, Billheimer J, Rothblat GH. The role of reverse cholesterol transport in animals and humans and relationship to atherosclerosis. In: J Lipid Res 2009;50(Suppl):S189-94.
33. Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Yalcin A, Meyer J, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T. Identification of tissue-specific microRNAs from mouse. Curr Biol 2002;12:735-9. (Pubitemid 34455427)
34. Chang J, Nicolas E, Marks D, Sander C, Lerro A, Buendia MA et al. miR-122, a mammalian liver-specific microRNA, is processed from hcr mRNA and may downregulate the high affinity cationic amino acid transporter CAT-1. RNA Biol 2004;1:106-13.
35. Li ZY, Xi Y, Zhu WN, Zeng C, Zhang ZQ, Guo ZC, Hao DL et al. Positive regulation of hepatic miR-122 expression by HNF4α. J Hepatol. 2011;55:602-11.
36. Xu H, He JH, Xiao ZD, Zhang QQ, Chen YQ, Zhou H et al. Liver-enriched transcription factors regulate microRNA-122 that targets CUTL1 during liver development. Hepatology 2010;52:1431-42.
37. Kojima K, Takata A, Vadnais C, Otsuka M, Yoshikawa T, Akanuma M et al. MicroRNA 122 is a key regulator of alpha-fetoprotein expression and influences the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun 2011;2:338.
38. Laudadio I, Manfroid I, Achouri Y, Schmidt D, Wilson MD, Cordi S et al. A feedback loop between the liver-enriched transcription factor network and miR-122 controls hepatocyte differentiation. Gastroenterology 2012;142:119-29.
39. Hsu SH, Wang B, Kota J, Yu J, Costinean S, Kutay H et al. Essential metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumorigenic functions of miR-122 in liver. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2871-83.
40. Lanford RE, Hildebrandt-Eriksen ES, Petri A, Persson R, Lindow M, Munk ME et al. Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Science 2010;327:198-201.
41. Elmen J, Lindow M, Silahtaroglu A, Bak M, Christensen M, Lind-Thomsen A et al. Antagonism of microRNA-122 in mice by systemically administered LNA-antimiR leads to up-regulation of a large set of predicted target mRNAs in the liver. Nucleic Acids Res 2008;36:1153-62. (Pubitemid 351330933)
42. Esau C, Davis S, Murray SF, Yu XX, Pandey SK, Pear M et al. miR-122 regulation of lipid metabolism revealed by in vivo antisense targeting. Cell Metab 2006;3:87-98.
43. Krutzfeldt J, Rajewsky N, Braich R, Rajeev KG, Tuschl T, Manoharan M et al. Silencing of microRNAs in vivo with 'antagomirs'. Nature 2005;438:685-9.
44. Elmen J, Lindow M, Schutz S, Lawrence M, Petri A, Obad S et al. LNA-mediated microRNA silencing in non-human primates. Nature 2008;452:896-9. (Pubitemid 351550859)
45. Hildebrandt-Eriksen ES, Aarup V, Persson R, Hansen HF, Munk ME, Orum H. A locked nucleic acid oligonucleotide targeting microRNA 122 is well-tolcrated in cynomolgus monkeys. Nucleic Acid Ther 2012;22:152-61.
46. Jopling CL, Yi M, Lancaster AM, Lemon SM, Sarnow P. Modulation of hepatitis C virus RNA abundance by a liver-specific MicroRNA. Science 2005;309:1577-81. (Pubitemid 41266486)
47. Lindow M, Kauppinen S. Discovering the first micro-RNA-targeted drug. J Cell Biol 2012;199:407-12.
48. Coulouarn C, Factor VM, Andersen JB, Durkin ME, Thorgeirsson SS. Loss of miR-122 expression in liver cancer correlates with suppression of the hepatic phenotype and gain of metastatic properties. Oncogene 2009;28:3526-36.
49. Bai S, Nasser MW, Wang B, Hsu SH, Datta J, Kutay H et al. MicroRNA-122 inhibits tumorigenic properties of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and sensitizes these cells to sorafenib. J Biol Chem 2009;284:32015-27.
50. Tsai WC, Hsu SD, Hsu CS, Lai TC, Chen SJ, Shen R et al. MicroRNA-122 plays a critical role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2012;122:2884-97.
51. Drosatos K, Sanoudou D, Kypreos KE, Kardassis D, Zannis VI. A dominant negative form of the transcription factor c-Jun affects genes that have opposing effects on lipid homeostasis in mice. J Biol Chem 2007;282:19556-64. (Pubitemid 47100089)
52. Iliopoulos D, Drosatos K, Hiyama Y, Goldberg IJ, Zannis VI. MicroRNA-370 controls the expression of microRNA-122 and Cpt1alpha and affects lipid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2010;51:1513-23.
53. Gerin I, Clerbaux LA, Haumont O, Lanthier N, Das AK, Burant CF et al. Expression of miR-33 from an SREBP2 intron inhibits cholesterol export and fatty acid oxidation. J Biol Chem 2010;285:33652-61.
54. Horie T, Ono K, Horiguchi M, Nishi H, Nakamura T, Nagao K et al. MicroRNA-33 encoded by an intron of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (Srebp2) regulates HDL in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:17321-6.
55. Marquart TJ, Allen RM, Ory DS, Baldan A. miR-33 links SREBP-2 induction to repression of sterol transporters. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:12228-32.
56. Najafi-Shoushtari SH, Kristo F, Li Y, Shioda T, Cohen DE, Gerszten RE et al. MicroRNA-33 and the SREBP host genes cooperate to control cholesterol homeostasis. Science 2010;328:1566-9.
57. Baskerville S, Bartel DP. Microarray profiling of microRNAs reveals frequent coexpression with neighboring miRNAs and host genes. RNA 2005;11:241-7. (Pubitemid 40270816)
58. Rayner KJ, Suarez Y, Davalos A, Parathath S, Fitzgerald ML, Tamehiro N et al. MiR-33 contributes to the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Science 2010;328:1570-3.
59. Wang MD, Franklin V, Sundaram M, Kiss RS, Ho K, Gallant M et al. Differential regulation of ATP binding cassette protein A1 expression and ApoA-I lipidation by Niemann-Pick type C1 in murine hepatocytes and macrophages. J Biol Chem 2007;282:22525-33. (Pubitemid 47267343)
60. Fernandez-Hernando C, Suarez Y, Rayner KJ, Moore KJ. MicroRNAs in lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011;22:86-92.
61. Davalos A, Goedeke L, Smibert P, Ramirez CM, Warrier NP, Andreo U et al. miR-33a/b contribute to the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and insulin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:9232-7.
62. Brady PS, Ramsay RR, Brady LJ. Regulation of the long-chain carnitine acyltransferases. FASEB J 1993;7:1039-44. (Pubitemid 23243446)
63. Mannaerts GP, Van Veldhoven PP, Casteels M. Peroxisomal lipid degradation via beta- and alpha-oxidation in mammals. Cell Biochem Biophys 2000;32(Spring):73-87.
64. Hardie DG, Ross FA, Hawley SA. AMPK: a nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:251-62.
65. Rottiers V, Naar AM. MicroRNAs in metabolism and metabolic disorders. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:239-50.
66. Herman MA, Kahn BB. Glucose transport and sensing in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and metabolic harmony. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1767-75. (Pubitemid 44033296)
67. Czech MP. The nature and regulation of the insulin receptor: structure and function. Annu Rev Physiol 1985;47:357-81. (Pubitemid 15142387)
68. Reaven GM. Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988;37:1595-607. (Pubitemid 19004941)
69. Esguerra JL, Bolmeson C, Cilio CM, Eliasson L. Differential glucose-regulation of microRNAs in pancreatic islets of non-obese type 2 diabetes model Goto-Kakizaki rat. PLoS One 2011;6:e186l3.
70. Jordan SD, Kruger M, Willmes DM, Redemann N, Wunderlich FT, Bronneke HS et al. Obesity-induced overexpression of miRNA-143 inhibits insulin-stimulated AKT activation and impairs glucose metabolism. Nat Cell Biol 2011;13:434-46.
71. Trajkovski M, Hausser J, Soutschek J, Bhat B, Akin A, Zavolan M et al. MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity. Nature 2011;474:649-53.
72. Zhou B, Li C, Qi W, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wu JX, Hu YN et al. Downregulation of miR-181a upregulates sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) and improves hepatic insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2012;55:2032-43.
73. Kornfeld JW, Baitzel C, Konner AC, Nicholls HT, Vogt MC, Herrmanns K et al. Obesity-induced overexpression of miR-802 impairs glucose metabolism through silencing of Hnf1b. Nature 2013;494:111-5.
74. Nakanishi N, Nakagawa Y, Tokushige N, Aoki N, Matsuzaka T, Ishii K et al. The up-regulation of microRNA-335 is associated with lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue of genetically obese mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;385:492-6.
75. Pandey AK, Verma G, Vig S, Srivastava S, Srivastava AK, Datta M. miR-29a levels are elevated in the db/db mice liver and its overexpression leads to attenuation of insulin action on PEPCK gene expression in HepG2 cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011;332:125-33.
76. He A, Zhu L, Gupta N, Chang Y, Fang F. Overexpression of micro ribonucleic acid 29, highly up-regulated in diabetic rats, leads to insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Endocrinol 2007;21:2785-94. (Pubitemid 350035159)
77. Haeusler RA, Accili D. The double life of Irs. Cell Metab 2008;8:7-9. (Pubitemid 351859234)
78. Kohjima M, Higuchi N, Kato M, Kotoh K, Yoshimoto T, Fujino T, Yada M et al. SREBP-1c, regulated by the insulin and AMPK signaling pathways, plays a role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Mol Med 2008;21:507-11. (Pubitemid 351802646)
79. Martello G, Rosato A, Ferrari F, Manfrin A, Cordenonsi M, Dupont S, Enzo E et al. A MicroRNA targeting dicer for metastasis control. Cell 2010;141:1195-207.
80. Bellanne-Chantelot C, Clauin S, Chauveau D, Collin P, Daumont M, Douillard C et al. Large genomic rearrangements in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (TCF2) gene are the most frequent cause of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5. Diabetes 2005;54:3126-32. (Pubitemid 43334365)
81. Gudmundsson J, Sulem P, Steinthorsdottir V, Bergthorsson JT, Thorleifsson G, Manolescu A et al. Two variants on chromosome 17 confer prostate cancer risk, and the one in TCF2 protects against type 2 diabetes. Nat Genet 2007;39:977-83. (Pubitemid 47185170)
82. Gomez-Cabrera MC, Zaragoza R, Pallardo FV, Vina JR. SIRT1 regulation of insulin-signalling pathways in liver, white adipose tissue and pancreas during fasting or calorie restriction. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007;18:91-2; author reply 93.
83. Li Y, Xu S, Giles A, Nakamura K, Lee JW, Hou X et al. Hepatic overexpression of SIRT1 in mice attenuates endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance in the liver. FASEB J 2011;25:1664-79.
84. Pfluger PT, Herranz D, Velasco-Miguel S, Serrano M, Tschop MH. Sirt1 protects against high-fat diet-induced metabolic damage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008;105:9793-8. (Pubitemid 352031379)
85. Banks AS, Kon N, Knight C, Matsumoto M, Gutierrez-Juarez R, Rossetti L et al. SirT1 gain of function increases energy efficiency and prevents diabetes in mice. Cell Metab 2008;8:333-41.
86. Lee J, Padhye A, Sharma A, Song G, Miao J, Mo YY et al. A pathway involving farnesoid X receptor and small heterodimer partner positively regulates hepatic sirtuin 1 levels via microRNA-34a inhibition. J Biol Chem 2010;285:12604-11.
87. Bieche I, Narjoz C, Asselah T, Vacher S, Marcellin P, Lidereau R et al. Reverse transcriptase-PCR quantification of mRNA levels from cytochrome (CYP)1, CYP2 and CYP3 families in 22 different human tissues. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007;17:731-42. (Pubitemid 47263068)
88. Shimada T, Mimura M, Inoue K, Nakamura S, Oda H, Ohmori S et al. Cytochrome P450-dependent drug oxidation activities in liver microsomes of various animal species including rats, guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys, and humans. Arch Toxicol 1997;71:401-8. (Pubitemid 27214472)
89. Mohri T, Nakajima M, Fukami T, Takamiya M, Aoki Y, Yokoi T. Human CYP2E1 is regulated by miR-378. Biochem Pharmacol 2010;79:1045-52.
90. Blumberg B, Sabbagh W Jr, Juguilon H, Bolado J Jr, van Meter CM, Ong ES et al. SXR, a novel steroid and xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptor. Genes Dev 1998;12:3195-205. (Pubitemid 28496264)
91. Ratajewski M, Walczak-Drzewiecka A, Salkowska A, Dastych J. Aflatoxins upregulate CYP3A4 mRNA expression in a process that involves the PXR transcription factor. Toxicol Lett 2011;205:146-53.
92. Takagi S, Nakajima M, Mohri T, Yokoi T. Post-transcriptional regulation of human pregnane X receptor by micro-RNA affects the expression of cytochrome P450 3A4. J Biol Chem 2008;283:9674-80.
93. Takagi S, Nakajima M, Kida K, Yamaura Y, Fukami T, Yokoi T. MicroRNAs regulate human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha, modulating the expression of metabolic enzymes and cell cycle. J Biol Chem 2010;285:4415-22.
94. Muckenthaler M, Roy CN, Custodio AO, Minana B, deGraaf J, Montross LK et al. Regulatory defects in liver and intestine implicate abnormal hepcidin and Cybrd1 expression in mouse hemochromatosis. Nat Genet 2003;34:102-7. (Pubitemid 36548799)
95. Bridle KR, Frazer DM, Wilkins SJ, Dixon JL, Purdie DM, Crawford DH et al. Disrupted hepcidin regulation in HFE-associated haemochromatosis and the liver as a regulator of body iron homoeostasis. Lancet 2003;361:669-73. (Pubitemid 36246550)
96. Papanikolaou G, Samuels ME, Ludwig EH, MacDonald ML, Franchini PL, Dube MP et al. Mutations in HFE2 cause iron overload in chromosome 1q-linked juvenile hemochromatosis. Nat Genet 2004;36:77-82. (Pubitemid 38056211)
97. Camaschella C, Roetto A, Cali A, De Gobbi M, Garozzo G, Carella M et al. The gene TFR2 is mutated in a new type of haemochromatosis mapping to 7q22. Nat Genet 2000;25:14-15. (Pubitemid 30257027)
98. Andriopoulos B Jr, Corradini E, Xia Y, Faasse SA, Chen S, Grgurevic L et al. BMP6 is a key endogenous regulator of hepcidin expression and iron metabolism. Nat Genet 2009;41:482-7.
99. Meynard D, Kautz L, Darnaud V, Canonne-Hergaux F, Coppin H, Roth MP. Lack of the bone morphogenetic protein BMP6 induces massive iron overload. Nat Genet 2009;41:478-81.
100. Wang RH, Li C, Xu X, Zheng Y, Xiao C, Zerfas P et al. A role of SMAD4 in iron metabolism through the positive regulation of hepcidin expression. Cell Metab 2005;2:399-409.
101. Castoldi M, Vujic Spasic M, Altamura S, Eimen J, Lindow M, Kiss J et al. The liver-specific microRNA miR-122 controls systemic iron homeostasis in mice. J Clin Invest 2011;121:1386-96.
102. Wang XW, Heegaard NH, Orum H. MicroRNAs in liver disease. Gastroenterology 2012;142:1431-43.
103. Milazzo M, Fornari F, Gramantieri L. MicroRNA and hepatocellular carcinoma: biology and prognostic significance. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol 2011;57:257-71.
104. Bala S, Marcos M, Szabo G. Emerging role of microRNAs in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5633-40.
105. Hand NJ, Master ZR, Le Lay J, Friedman JR. Hepatic function is preserved in the absence of mature microRNAs. Hepatology 2009;49:618-26.