Polymeric nanomedicines as a promising vehicle for solid tumor therapy and targeting

Current Molecular Medicine

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 179-204

  Gupta, M ^a   Agrawal, G P ^a   Vyas, S P ^a  

^a DR H S GOUR UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Conventional chemotherapy; Intracellular barriers; Polymeric nanomedicines; Solid tumor; Stimuli sensitive; Tumor targeting

Indexed keywords

NANOMATERIAL; POLYMER; NANOPARTICLE;

ANGIOGENESIS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CELL PROLIFERATION; DRUG FORMULATION; HUMAN; HYPOXIA; LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE; MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY; MICROCIRCULATION; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; PH; REVIEW; SOLID TUMOR; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT; UPREGULATION; CELL HYPOXIA; CHEMISTRY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; METHODOLOGY; MICELLE; MOLECULAR MEDICINE; NEOPLASM; NEOVASCULARIZATION (PATHOLOGY); PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERMEABILITY;

CELL HYPOXIA; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; MICELLES; MOLECULAR MEDICINE; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; NANOSTRUCTURES; NEOPLASMS; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PERMEABILITY; POLYMERS;

EID: 84884367429     PISSN: 15665240     EISSN: 18755666     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/156652413804486179     Document Type: Review

References (186)

1. Cancer Facts and Figures. American Cancer Society, Inc., Surveillance Research 2011; 1-60.
2. Joyce JA. Therapeutic targeting of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Cell 2005; 7: 13-20.
3. Fukumura D, Jain RK. Tumor microvasculature andmicroenvironment: targets for anti-angiogenesis and normalization. Microvas Res 2007; 74: 72-84.
4. Qiao W, Wang B, Wang Y, et al. Cancer therapy based onnanomaterials and nanocarrier systems. J Nanomat 2010; 2010: Article ID 796303, 9 pages. doi:10.1155/2010/796303.
5. van Vlerken LE, Vyas TK, Amiji MM. Poly (ethylene glycol)-modified nanocarriers for tumor-targeted and intracellular delivery. Pharm Res 2007; 24: 1405-1414.
6. Khan DR. The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery in cancertherapy. J Cancer Sci Ther 2010; 2: 58-62.
7. Byrne JD, Betancourt T, Brannon-Peppas L. Active targetingschemes for nanoparticle systems in cancer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1615-1626.
8. Makrilia N, Lappa T, Xyla V, Nikolaidis I, Syrigos K. The roleof angiogenesis in solid tumours: an overview. Eur J Int Med 2009; 20: 663-671.
9. Bergers G, Benjamin LE. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenicswitch. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 401-410.
10. Danhier F, Feron O, Préat V. To exploit the tumormicroenvironment: passive and active tumor targeting of nanocarriers for anti-cancer drug delivery. J Control Rel 2010; 148: 135-146.
11. Hanahan D, Folkman J. Patterns and emerging mechanismsof the angiogenic switch during tumorigenesis. Cell 1996; 86: 353-364.
12. Wu HC, Li PC. Proteins expressed on tumor endothelial cellsas potential targets for anti-angiogenic therapy. J Cancer Mol 2008; 4: 17-22.
13. Carmeliet P, Dor Y, Herbert JM, et al. Role of HIF-1-alpha inhypoxia-mediated apoptosis, cell proliferation and tumour angiogenesis. Nature 1998; 394: 485-490.
14. Naumov GN, Akslen LA, Folkman J. Role of angiogenesis inhuman tumor dormancy: animal models of the angiogenic switch. Cell Cycle 2006; 5: 1779-1787.
15. Rapoport N. Physical stimuli-responsive polymeric micellesfor anti-cancer drug delivery. Prog Polym Sci 2007; 32: 962-999.
16. Maeda H. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)effect in tumor vasculature: the key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting. Adv Enzyme Regul 2001; 41: 189-207.
17. Maeda H, Bharate GY, Daruwalla J. Polymeric drugs forefficient tumor-targeted drug delivery based on EPR-effect. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71: 409-419.
18. Gupta M, Vyas SP. Role of polymeric nanocarriers for cancerchemotherapy. In: Nanocolloidal carriers: site specific and controlled drug delivery. Ed. Vyas SP, Murthy RSR, Narang RK (Eds.), CBS Publishers, 2010; Delhi, India, 365-397.
19. Acharya S, Sahoo SK. PLGA nanoparticles containingvarious anticancer agents and tumour delivery by EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63: 170-183.
20. Tatum JL, Kelloff GJ, Gillies RJ, et al. Hypoxia: importance intumor biology, noninvasive measurement by imaging, and value of its measurement in the management of cancer therapy. Int J Radiat Biol 2006; 82: 699-757.
21. van Sluis R, Bhujwalla ZM, Raghunand N, et al. In vivoimaging of extracellular pH using 1H MRSI. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41: 743-750.
22. Pouyssegur J, Dayan F, Mazure NM. Hypoxia signalling incancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression. Nature 2006; 441: 437-443.
23. Fang JS, Gillies RD, Gatenby RA. Adaptation to hypoxia andacidosis in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Semin Cancer Biol 2008; 18: 330-337.
24. Brown JM, Giaccia AJ. The unique physiology of solidtumors: opportunities (and problems) for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1408-1416.
25. Simon SM. Role of organelle pH in tumor cell biology and drug resistance. Drug Discov Today 1999; 4: 32-38.
26. Vukovic V, Tannock IF. Influence of low pH on cytotoxicity ofpaclitaxel, mitoxantrone and topotecan. Br J Cancer 1997; 75: 1167-72.
27. Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Nicolau M, et al. Lysyl oxidase isessential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. Nature 2006; 440: 1222-1226.
28. Singhal S, Nie S, Wang MD, et al. Nanotechnologyapplications in surgical oncology. Annu Rev Med 2010; 61: 359-373.
29. Wang X, Wang Y, Chen ZG, Shin DM. Advances of cancertherapy by nanotechnology. Cancer Res Treat 2009; 41: 1-11.
30. Kwon GS. Polymeric micelles for delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2003; 20: 357-403.
31. Walko CM, McLeod H. Pharmacogenomic progress inindividualized dosing of key drugs for cancer patients. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2009; 6: 153-162.
32. Luo Y, Prestwich GD. Cancer-targeted polymeric drugs. CurrCancer Drug Targets 2002; 2: 209-226.
33. Vyas SP, Gupta M, Mishra N, Dube D. Block copolymerbased nanoconstructs: importance in drug delivery. In: Biodegradable polymers: processing, degradation and applications. Ed. Gary P. Felton, Nova Science Publishers, 2011; Hauppauge, NY. (In Press).
34. Calderón M, Quadir MA, Strumia M, Haag R. Functionaldendritic polymer architectures as stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. Biochimie 2010; 92: 1242-1251.
35. Bae Y, Kataoka K. Intelligent polymeric micelles fromfunctional poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(amino acid) block copolymers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 768-784.
36. Koo OM, Rubinstein I, Onyuksel H. Role of nanotechnologyin targeted drug delivery and imaging: a concise review. Nanomed Nanotech Biol Med 2005; 1: 193-212.
37. Torchilin VP. Targeted pharmaceutical nanocarriers forcancer therapy and imaging. AAPS J 2007; 9: E128-E147.
38. Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Current state, achievements, andfuture prospects of polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112: 630-648.
39. Sparreboom A, Scripture CD, Trieu V, et al. Comparativepreclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of a cremophor-free, nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (ABI-007) and paclitaxel formulated in cremophor (Taxol). Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4136-4143.
40. Gu FX, Karnik R, Wang AZ, et al. Targeted nanoparticles forcancer therapy. Nanotoday 2007; 2: 14-21.
41. Langer R, Tirrell DA. Designing materials for biology andmedicine. Nature 2004; 428: 487-492.
42. Allen T, Cullis P. Drug delivery systems: entering themainstream. Science 2004; 303: 1818-1822.
43. Duncan R. The dawning era of polymer therapeutics. NatRev Drug Discov 2003; 2: 347-360.
44. Khandare J, Minko T. Polymer-drug conjugates: progress inpolymeric prodrugs. Prog Polym Sci 2006; 31: 359-397.
45. Avgoustakis K. Engineered polymers and polymeric systemsin controlled drug delivery and targeting. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71: 407-408.
46. Kim S, Kim JH, Jeon O, Kwon IC, Park K. Engineeredpolymers for advanced drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2009; 71: 420-430.
47. Mikhail AS, Allen C. Block copolymer micelles for delivery ofcancer therapy: transport at the whole body, tissue and cellular levels. J Control Rel 2009; 138: 214-223.
48. Gaspar R, Duncan R. Polymeric carriers: preclinical safetyand the regulatory implications for design and development of polymer therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 1220-1231.
49. Danquah MK, Zhang XA, Mahato RI. Extravasation ofpolymeric nanomedicines across tumor vasculature. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63: 623-639.
50. Kabanov AV, Batrakova EV, Alakhov VY. Pluronic blockcopolymers as novel polymer therapeutics for drug and gene delivery. J Control Rel 2002; 82: 189-212.
51. Gao Z, Eisenberg A. A model of micellization for blockcopolymers in solutions. Macromol 1993; 26: 7353-7360.
52. Kataoka K. Design of nanoscopic vehicles for drug targeting based on micellization of amphiphilic block copolymers. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem A 1994; 31: 1759-69.
53. Osada K, Christie RJ, Kataoka K. Polymeric micelles frompoly (ethylene glycol)–poly(amino acid) block copolymer fordrug and gene delivery. J R Soc Inter 2009; 6: S325–S339.
54. Wiradharma N, Zhang Y, Venkataraman S, Hedrick JL, Yang YY. Self-assembled polymer nanostructures for delivery ofanticancer therapeutics. Nano Today 2009; 4: 302-17.
55. Cho K, Wang X, Nie S, et al. Therapeutic nanoparticles fordrug delivery in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 1310-6.
56. Cho HK, Cheong IW, Lee JM, Kim JH. Polymericnanoparticles, micelles and polymersomes from amphiphilicblock copolymer. Korean J Chem Eng 2010; 27: 731-40.
57. Lavasanifar A, Samuel J, Kwon GS. Poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(L-amino acid) micelles for drug delivery. Adv DrugDeliv Rev 2002; 54: 169-90.
58. Guo XD, Tan JPK, Kim SH, et al. Computational studies onself-assembled paclitaxel structures: templates forhierarchical block copolymer assemblies and sustained drugrelease. J Control Rel 2009; 133: 11-7.
59. Burt HM, Zhang X, Toleikis P, Embree L, Hunter WL.Development of copolymers of poly(D,L-lactide) andmethoxypolyethylene glycol as micellar carriers of paclitaxel.Coll Surf B: Biointer 1999; 16: 161-71.
60. ten Tije AJ, Verweij J, Loos WJ, Sparreboom A. Pharmacological effects of formulation vehicles: implicationsfor cancer chemotherapy. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42: 665-85.
61. Wang X, Wang Y, Chen X, et al. NGR-modified micellesenhance their interaction with CD13-overexpressing tumorand endothelial cells. J Control Rel 2009; 139: 56-62.
62. Yokoyama M, Fukushima S, Uehara R, et al.Characterization of physical entrapment and chemicalconjugation of adriamycin in polymeric micelles and theirdesign for in vivo delivery to a solid tumor. J Control Rel1998; 50: 79-92.
63. Fukushima S, Machida M, Akutsu T, et al. Roles ofadriamycin and adriamycin dimer in antitumor activity of thepolymeric micelle carrier system. Coll Surf B Biointer 1999;16: 227-36.
64. Yoo HS, Park TG. Biodegradable polymeric micellescomposed of doxorubicin conjugated PLGA–PEG blockcopolymer. J Control Rel 2001; 70: 63-70.
65. Upadhyay KK, Bhatt AN, Mishra AK, et al. The intracellulardrug delivery and anti tumor activity of doxorubicin loadedpoly(ɛ-benzyl-glutamate)-b-hyaluronan polymersomes. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 2882-92.
66. Cai S, Christian DA, Tewari M, Minko T, Discher DE. Anti-Cancer polymersomes. In: Polymer based nanostructures:Medical applications. Eds. O’Brien P, FRS HK, Craighead H,RSC Publishers, 2010; Cambridge, UK, 300-12.
67. Upadhyay KK, Agrawal HG, Upadhyay C, et al. Role of blockcopolymer nanoconstructs in cancer therapy. Crit RevTherap Drug Carrier Syst 2009; 26: 157-205.
68. Zupancich JA, Bates FS, Hillmyer MA. Aqueous dispersionsof poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(&1048578;-methyl-&1048577;-caprolactone) blockcopolymers. Macromol 2006; 39: 4286-8.
69. Discher DE, Ahmed F. Polymersomes. Annu Rev BiomedEng 2006; 8: 323-41.
70. Chen W, Meng F, Cheng R, Zhong Z. pH-sensitivedegradable polymersomes for triggered release of anticancerdrugs: a comparative study with micelles. J Control Rel 2010;142: 40-6.
71. Antonietti M, Forster S. Vesicles and liposomes: a selfassemblyprinciple beyond lipids. Adv Mater 2003; 15: 1323-33.
72. Mabrouk E, Cuvelier D, Pontani LL, et al. Formation andmaterial properties of giant liquid crystal polymersomes. SoftMatt 2009; 5: 1870-8.
73. Uchegbu IF, Anderson S, Brownlie A. Polymeric vesicles.Polymers in drug delivery. Taylor and Francis Group, 2006;LLC, 131-53.
74. Discher DE, Ortiz V, Srinivas G, et al. Emerging applicationsof polymersomes in delivery: from molecular dynamics toshrinkage of tumors. Prog Polym Sci 2007; 32: 838-57.
75. Ahmed F, Discher DE. Self-porating polymersomes of PEGPLAand PEG-PCL: hydrolysis- triggered controlled releasevesicles. J Control Rel 2004; 96: 37-53.
76. Lee JCM, Bermudez H, Discher BM, et al. Preparation,stability, and in vitro performance of vesicles made withdiblock copolymers. Biotechnol Bioeng 2001; 73: 135-45.
77. Ahmed F, Pakunlu RI, Srinivas G, et al. Shrinkage of arapidly growing tumor by drug-loaded polymersomes: pHtriggeredrelease through copolymer degradation. Mol Pharm 2006; 3: 340-50.
78. Li SL, Byrne B, Welsh J, Palmer AF. Self-assembledpoly(butadiene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) polymersomes aspaclitaxel carriers. Biotechnol Prog 2007; 23: 278-85.
79. Levine DH, Ghoroghchian PP, Freudenberg J, et al. Polymersomes: a new multi-functional tool for cancerdiagnosis and therapy. Methods 2008; 46: 25-32.
80. Alexis F, Pridgen E, Molnar LK, Farokhzad OC. Factorsaffecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymericnanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2008; 5: 505-15.
81. Hillaireau H, Couvreur P. Polymeric nanoparticles as drugcarriers: Polymers in drug delivery. Taylor & Francis Group,2006; LLC, 101-10.
82. Moghimin SM, Vega E, Garcia ML, Al-Hanbali O, Rutt KJ.Polymeric nanoparticulates as drug carriers and controlledrelease implant devices. In: Polymeric nanoparticulates asdrug carriers. Imperial College Press, 2006; 29-42.
83. Brigger I, Dubernet C, Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancertherapy and diagnosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 631-51.
84. Moghimi SM. Recent developments in polymeric nanoparticleengineering and their applications in experimental andclinical oncology. Anti-Cancer Agents Med Chem 2006; 6:553-61.
85. Rainbow BE. Nanosuspensions in drug delivery. Nat RevDrug Discov 2004; 3: 785-96.
86. Letchford K, Burt H. A review of the formation andclassification of amphiphilic block copolymer nanoparticulatestructures: micelles, nanospheres, nanocapsules andpolymersomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2007; 65: 259-69.
87. Kumari A, Yadav SK, Yadav SC. Biodegradable polymericnanoparticles based drug delivery systems. Coll Surf B:Biointer 2010; 75: 1-18.
88. Mohanraj VJ, Chen Y. Nanoparticles-a review. Trop J PharmRes 2006; 5: 561-73.
89. Malam YK, Loizidou M, Seifalian AM. Liposomes andnanoparticles: nanosized vehicles for drug delivery in cancer.Trends Pharmacol Sciences 2009; 30: 592-9.
90. Liu Z, Jiao Y, Wang Y, et al. Polysaccharides-basednanoparticles as drug delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1650-62.
91. Cheng J, Teply BA, Sherifi I, et al. Formulation offunctionalized PLGA–PEG nanoparticles for in vivo targeteddrug delivery. Biomaterials 2007; 28: 869-76.
92. Choi KY, Chung H, Min KH, et al. Self-assembled hyaluronicacid nanoparticles for active tumor targeting. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 106-14.
93. Pasut G, Veronese FM. Polymer–drug conjugation, recentachievements and general strategies. Prog Polym Sci 2007;32: 933-61.
94. Li C. Poly(l-glutamic acid)-anticancer drug conjugates. AdvDrug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 695-713.
95. Rihova B. Immunomodulating activities of soluble syntheticpolymer-bound drugs. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 653-74.
96. Segal E, Satchi-Fainaro R. Design and development ofpolymer conjugates as anti-angiogenic agents. Adv DrugDeliv Rev 2009; 61: 1159-76.
97. Langer CJ, Obyrne K, Ross H, et al. Xyotax/carboplatin vspaclitaxel/carboplatin for the treatment of PS2 patients withchemotherapy naïve advanced non small cell lung cancer(NSCLC): The stellar 2 phase III study. Lung Cancer 2005;49(Suppl 2): S36[Abstract O-101].
98. Bhatt R, de Vries P, Tulinsky J, et al. Synthesis and in vivoantitumor activity of poly(l-glutamic acid) conjugates of 20Scamptothecin. J Med Chem 2003; 46: 190-3.
99. van Heeswijk WAR, Hoes CJT, Stoffer T, et al. The synthesisand characterization of polypeptide-adriamycin conjugates and its complexes with adriamycin. Part 1, J Control Rel 1985; 1: 301-15.
100. Hoes CJT, Potman W, van Heeswijk WAR, et al. Optimization of macromolecular prodrugs of the antitumor antibiotic adriamycin. J Control Rel 1985; 2: 205-13.
101. Hoes CJT, Grootoonk J, Duncan R, et al. Biologicalproperties of adriamycin bound to biodegradable polymeric carriers. J Control Rel 1993; 23: 37-54.
102. Haag R, Kratz F. Polymer therapeutics: concepts andapplications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45: 1198-215.
103. Misra R, Acharya S, Sahoo SK. Cancer nanotechnology:application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2010; 15: 842-50.
104. Jain RK. Transport of molecules, particles, and cells in solidtumors. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 1999; 1: 241-63.
105. Torchilin V. Tumor delivery of macromolecular drugs basedon the EPR effect. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63: 131-5.
106. Veronese FM, Pasut G. PEGylation, successful approach todrug delivery. Drug Discov Today 2005; 10: 1451-8.
107. Gref R, Domb A, Quellec P, et al. The controlled intravenousdelivery of drugs using PEG-coated sterically stabilized nanospheres. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1995; 16: 215-33.
108. Xu Z, Gu W, Huang J, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation ofactively targetable nanoparticles for paclitaxel delivery. Int J Pharm 2005; 288: 361-8.
109. Kaul G, Amiji M. Cellular interactions and in vitro DNAtransfection studies with poly(ethylene glycol)-modified gelatin nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2005; 94: 184-98.
110. Uchino H, Matsumura Y, Negishi T, et al. Cisplatin-incorporating polymeric micelles (NC-6004) can reduce nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity of cisplatin in rats. Br J Cancer 2005; 93: 678-87.
111. Hamaguchi T, Matsumura Y, Suzuki M, et al. NK105, apaclitaxel-incorporating micellar nanoparticle formulation, can extend in vivo antitumour activity and reduce the neurotoxicity of paclitaxel. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 1240-6.
112. Matsumura Y, Hamaguchi T, Ura T, et al. Phase I clinical trialand pharmacokinetic evaluation of NK911, a micelle-encapsulated doxorubicin. Br J Cancer 2004; 91: 1775-81.
113. Danson S, Ferry D, Alakhov V, et al. Phase I dose escalationand pharmacokinetic study of pluronic polymer-bound doxorubicin (SP1049C) in patients with advanced cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 2085-91.
114. Mu CF, Balakrishnan P, Cui FD, et al. The effects of mixedMPEG-PLA/Pluronic copolymer micelles on the bioavailability and multidrug resistance of docetaxel. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 2371-9.
115. Cukierman E, Khan DR. The benefits and challengesassociated with the use of drug delivery systems in cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80: 762-70.
116. Photos PJ, Bacakova L, Discher B, Bates FS, Discher DE.Polymer vesicles in vivo: correlations with PEG molecular weight. J Control Rel 2003; 90: 323-34.
117. Murugesan SK, Mishra P, Jain NK. Long circulatingPEGylated poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticulate delivery of docetaxel to solid tumors. J Drug Target 2008; 16: 424-35.
118. Torchilin VP. Polymer-coated long-circulatingmicroparticulate pharmaceuticals. J Microencapsul 1998; 15:1-19.
119. Kaneda Y, Tsutsumi Y, Yoshioka Y, et al. The use of PVP asa polymeric carrier to improve the plasma half-life of drugs. Biomaterials 2004; 25: 3259-66.
120. Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y, Yamamoto Y, et al. Antitumoractivity of tumor necrosis factor alpha conjugated with polyvinylpyrrolidone on solid tumors in mice. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 6416-20.
121. Zhu Z, Li Y, Li X, et al. Paclitaxel-loaded poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) nanoparticles: preparation and antitumor activity in vivo. J Control Rel 2010; 142: 438-46.
122. Iyer AK, Khaled G, Fang J, Maeda H. Exploiting theenhanced permeability and retention effect for tumor targeting. Drug Discov Today 2006; 11: 812-8.
123. Ganta S, Devalapally H, Shahiwala A, Amiji M. A review ofstimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. J Control Rel 2008; 126: 187-204.
124. Vicent MJ, Duncan R. Polymer conjugates: nanosizedmedicines for treating cancer. Trends Biotechnol 2006; 24: 39-47.
125. Singh M. Transferrin as a targeting ligand for liposomes andanticancer drugs. Curr Pharm Des 1999; 5: 443-51.
126. Gatter KC, Brown G, Trowbridge IS, Woolston RE, Mason DY., Transferrin receptors in human tissues: their distribution and possible clinical relevance. J Clin Pathol 1983; 36: 539-45.
127. Faulk WP, Taylor CG, Yeh CJ, McIntyre JA. Preliminaryclinical study of transferrin-adriamycin conjugate for drug delivery to acute leukemia patients. Mol Biother 1990; 2: 57-60.
128. Head JF, Wang F, Elliott RL. Antineoplastic drugs thatinterfere with iron metabolism in cancer cells. Adv Enzyme Regul 1997; 37: 147-69.
129. Vinogradov S, Batrakova E, Li S, Kabanov B. Polyioncomplex micelles with protein-modified corona for receptor-mediated delivery of oligonucleotides into cells. Bioconjugate Chem 1999; 10: 851-60.
130. Bellocq NC, Pun SH, Jensen GS, Davis ME. Transferrincontaining, cyclodextrin polymer-based particles for tumortargeted gene delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14: 1122-32.
131. Sahoo SK, Labhasetwar V. Enhanced antiproliferativeactivity of transferrin-conjugated paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles is mediated via sustained intracellular drug retention. Mol Pharm 2005; 2: 373-83.
132. Platt VM, Szoka Jr. FC. Anticancer therapeutics: targetingmacromolecules and nanocarriers to hyaluronan or CD44, a hyaluronan receptor. Mol Pharm 2008; 5: 474-86.
133. Farokhzad OC, Cheng J, Teply BA, et al. Targetednanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 6315-20.
134. Farokhzad OC, Jon S, Khademhosseini A, et al. Nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates: a new approach for targeting prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 7668-72.
135. Gu F, Zhang L, Teply BA, et al. Precise engineering oftargeted nanoparticles by using self-assembled biointegrated block copolymers. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2008; 105: 2586-91.
136. Dharap SS, Qiu B, Williams GC, et al. Molecular targeting of drug delivery systems to ovarian cancer by BH3 and LHRH peptides. J Control Rel 2003; 91: 61-73.
137. Oku N, Asai T, Watanabe K. Anti-neovascular therapy usingnovel peptides homing to angiogenic vessels. Oncogene 2002; 21: 2662-9.
138. Dubey PK, Mahor S, Vyas SP. RGD-modified liposomes fortumor targeting. In: Nanotechnology for cancer therapy. Ed. Amiji MM, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2006; LLC, 643-61.
139. Danhier F, Vroman B, Lecouturier N, et al. Targeting of tumorendothelium by RGD-grafted PLGA-nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel. J Control Rel 2009; 140: 166-73.
140. Pasqualini R, Koivunen ER, Jain RK, et al. AminopeptidaseN is a receptor for tumor-homing peptides and a target for inhibiting angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 722-7.
141. Nasongkla N, Shuai X, Ai H., et al. cRGD functionalizedpolymer micelles for targeted doxorubicin delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43: 6323-7.
142. Jabr-Milane L, van Vlerken L, Devalapally H, et al. Multi-functional nanocarriers for targeted delivery of drugs and genes. J Control Rel 2008; 130: 121-8.
143. Lee ES, Na K, Bae YH. Polymeric micelle for tumor pH andfolate-mediated targeting. J Control Rel 2003; 91: 103-13.
144. Yoo HS, Lee E, Park TG. Doxorubicin-conjugatedbiodegradable polymeric micelles having acid-cleavable linkages. J Control Rel 2002; 82: 17-27.
145. Bae Y, Fukushima S, Harada A, Kataoka K. Design ofenvironment-sensitive supramolecular assemblies forintracellular drug delivery: polymeric micelles that areresponsive to intracellular pH change. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003; 42: 4640-3.
146. Bae Y, Jang WD, Nishiyama N, Fukushima S, Kataoka K. Multifunctional polymeric micelles with folate-mediatedcancer cell targeting and pH-triggered drug releasingproperties for active intracellular drug delivery. Mol Bio Syst 2005; 36: 242-50.
147. Licciardi M, Giammona G, Du J, et al. New folatefunctionalizedbiocompatible block copolymer micelles aspotential anti-cancer drug delivery systems. Polymer 2006;47: 2946-55.
148. Devalapally H, Shenoy D, Little S, Langer R, Amiji M. Poly(ethylene oxide)-modified poly(beta-amino ester)nanoparticles as a pH-sensitive system for tumor-targeteddelivery of hydrophobic drugs: part 3. therapeutic efficacyand safety studies in ovarian cancer xenograft model. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2007; 59: 477-84.
149. Kamada H, Tsutsumi Y, Yoshioka Y, et al. Design of a pHsensitivepolymeric carrier for drug release and its applicationin cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 2545-50.
150. Zhang XZ, Zhuo RX. Dynamic properties of temperaturesensitivepoly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel cross-linkedthrough siloxane linkage. Langmuir 2001; 17: 12-6.
151. Bae KH, Choi SH, Park SY, Lee Y, Park TG. Thermosensitive pluronic micelles stabilized by shell crosslinkingwith gold nanoparticles. Langmuir 2006; 22: 6380-4.
152. Neradovic D, Soga O, Van Nostrum CF, Hennink WE. Theeffect of the processing and formulation parameters on thesize of nanoparticles based on block copolymers ofpoly(ethylene glycol) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) withand without hydrolytically sensitive groups. Biomaterials2004; 25: 2409-18.
153. Chung JE, Yokoyama M, Yamato M, et al. Thermoresponsivedrug delivery from polymeric micelles constructedusing block copolymers of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) andpoly(butylmethacrylate). J Control Rel 1999; 62: 115-27.
154. Liu SQ, Tong YW, Yang YY. Incorporation and in vitrorelease of doxorubicin in thermally sensitive micelles madefrom poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,Ndimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) withvarying compositions. Biomaterials 2005; 26: 5064-74.
155. Qin S, Geng Y, Discher DE, Yang S. Temperature-controlledassembly and release from polymer vesicles of poly(ethyleneoxide)-block-poly(N- isopropylacrylamide). Adv Mater 2006;18: 2905-9.
156. Prabaharan M, Grailer JJ, Pilla S, Steeber DA, Gong S. Amphiphilic multi-arm-block copolymer conjugated withdoxorubicin via pH-sensitive hydrazone bond for tumortargeteddrug delivery. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 5757-66.
157. Xu L, Chen H, Xu H, Yang X. Anti-tumour and immunomodulationeffects of triptolide-loaded polymeric micelles. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 70: 741-8.
158. Talelli M, Iman M, Varkouhi AK, et al. Core-crosslinkedpolymeric micelles with controlled release of covalentlyentrapped doxorubicin. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 7797-804.
159. Tang H, Murphy CJ, Zhang B, et al. Curcumin polymers asanticancer conjugates. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 7139-49.
160. He Y, Zhang Y, Xiao Y, Lang M. Dual-response nanocarrierbased on graft copolymers with hydrazone bond linkages forimproved drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2010;80: 145-54.
161. Sawant RR, Torchilin VP. Enhanced cytotoxicity of TATpbearingpaclitaxel-loaded micelles in vitro and in vivo. Int J Pharm 2009; 374: 114-8.
162. Xie Z, Guan H, Chen X, et al. A novel polymer–paclitaxelconjugate based on amphiphilic triblock copolymer. J ControlRel 2007; 117: 210-6.
163. Huang W, Wang W, Wang P, et al. Glycyrrhetinic acidmodifiedpoly(ethylene glycol) b-poly(ɛ-benzyl L-glutamate)micelles for liver targeting therapy. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3927-35.
164. Wang Y, Yang T, Wang X, et al. Materializing sequentialkilling of tumor vasculature and tumor cells via targetedpolymeric micelle system. J Control Rel 2011; 149: 299-306.
165. Park J, Fong PM, Lu J, et al. PEGylated PLGA nanoparticlesfor the improved delivery of doxorubicin. Nanomed NanotechBio Med 2009; 5: 410-8.
166. Cirstoiu-Hapca A, Buchegger F, Lange N, et al. Benefit ofanti-HER2-coated paclitaxel-loaded immuno-nanoparticles inthe treatment of disseminated ovarian cancer: therapeuticefficacy and biodistribution in mice. J Control Rel 2010; 144:324-31.
167. Jeong Y, Seo S, Park I, et al. Cellular recognition ofpaclitaxel-loaded polymeric nanoparticles composed of poly(ɛ-benzyl l-glutamate) and poly(ethylene glycol) diblockcopolymer endcapped with galactose moiety. Int J Pharm2005; 296: 151-61.
168. Ding D, Zhu Z, Liu Q, et al. Cisplatin-loaded gelatinpoly(acrylic acid) nanoparticles: synthesis, antitumorefficiency in vivo and penetration in tumors. Eur J PharmBiopharm 2011; 79: 142-9.
169. Ebrahimnejad P, Dinarvand R, Jafari M, Tabasi SA, Atyabi F. Characterization, blood profile and biodistribution propertiesof surface modified PLGA nanoparticles of SN-38. Int JPharm 2011; 406: 122-7.
170. Chittasupho C, Xie S-X, Baoum A, et al. ICAM-1 targeting ofdoxorubicin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles to lung epithelialcells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37: 141-50.
171. Cirstoiu-Hapca A, Buchegger F, Bossy L, et al. Nanomedicines for active targeting: physico-chemicalcharacterization of paclitaxel-loaded anti-HER2immunonanoparticles and in vitro functional studies on targetcells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 38: 230-7.
172. Danhier F, Lecouturier N, Vroman B, et al. Paclitaxel-loadedPEGylated PLGA-based nanoparticles: in vitro and in vivoevaluation. J Control Rel 2009; 133: 11-7.
173. De-Hong Y, Qin L, Jing X, Chao F, Hong-Zhuan C. Peptideconjugatedbiodegradable nanoparticles as a carrier to targetpaclitaxel to tumor neovasculature. Biomaterials 2010; 31:2278-92.
174. Duan J, Zhang Y, Han S, et al. Synthesis and in vitro/in vivoanti-cancer evaluation of curcumin-loaded chitosan/poly(butylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles. Int J Pharm 2010; 400: 211-20.
175. Acharya S, Dilnawaz F, Sahoo SK. Targeted epidermalgrowth factor receptor nanoparticle bioconjugates for breastcancer therapy. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 5737-50.
176. Tong R, Yala L, Fan TM, Cheng J. The formulation ofaptamer-coated paclitaxel–polylactide nanoconjugates andtheir targeting to cancer cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 3043-53.
177. Shamay Y, Paulin D, Ashkenasy G, David A. E-selectinbinding peptide–polymer–drug conjugates and their selective cytotoxicity against vascular endothelial cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 6460-8.
178. Wang F, Wang YC, Yan LF, Wang J. Biodegradable vesicular nanocarriers based on poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-blockpoly(ethyl ethylene phosphate) for drug delivery. Polymer2009; 50: 5048-54.
179. Lee H, Zeng DM, Allen C. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(delta-valerolactone) copolymer micelles for formulation of hydrophobic drugs. Biomacromol 2005; 6:3119-28.
180. Bae Y, Nishiyama NS, Koyama H, Matsumura Y, Kataoka K. Preparation and biological characterization of polymericmicelle drug carriers with intracellular pH-triggered drugrelease property: tumor permeability, controlled subcellulardrug distribution, and enhanced in vivo antitumor efficacy. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16: 122-30.
181. Yoo HS, Park TG. Folate receptor targeted biodegradablepolymeric doxorubicin micelles. J Control Rel 2004; 96: 273-83.
182. Brož P, Benito SM, Saw CL, et al. Cell targeting by a genericreceptor-targeted polymer nanocontainer platform. J ControlRel 2005; 102: 475-88.
183. Wang YC, Liu XQ, Sun TM, Xiong MH, Wang J. Functionalized micelles from block copolymer ofpolyphosphoester and poly(e{open}-caprolactone) for receptor-mediated drug delivery. J Control Rel 2008; 128: 32-40.
184. Zeng F, Lee H, Allen C. Epidermal growth factor-conjugated poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(delta-valerolactone)copolymer micelles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17: 399-409.
185. Lee H, Hu M, Reilly RM, Allen C. Apoptotic epidermal growth factor (EGF)-conjugated block copolymer micelles as ananotechnology platform for targeted combination therapy. Mol Pharm 2007; 4: 769-81.
186. Kim E, Jung Y, Choi H, et al. Prostate cancer cell death produced by the co-delivery of Bcl-xL shRNA anddoxorubicin using an aptamer-conjugated polyplex. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 4592-9.