Life-history evolution and the polyphenic regulation of somatic maintenance and survival

Quarterly Review of Biology

Volumn 88, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 185-218

  Flatt, Thomas ^a,b,h   Amdam, Gro V ^c,d   Kirkwood, Thomas B L ^e   Omholt, Stig W ^f,g  

^a Institut fur Populationsgenetik   (Austria)

^b WISSENSCHAFTSKOLLEG ZU BERLIN   (Germany)

^c ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF LIFE SCIENCES   (Norway)

^e NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^g NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^h UNIVERSITY OF LAUSANNE   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Disposable soma; Evolution of aging; Life history; Polyphenism; Somatic maintenance; Survival

Indexed keywords

AGING; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BEE; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ENVIRONMENT; EVOLUTION; GENETICS; LIFE CYCLE STAGE; LONGEVITY; NEMATODE; PHENOTYPE; PHYSIOLOGY; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL;

AGING; ANIMALS; BEES; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER; ENVIRONMENT; LIFE CYCLE STAGES; LONGEVITY; NEMATODA; PHENOTYPE; REPRODUCTION; SURVIVAL;

EID: 84883031682     PISSN: 00335770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/671484     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Ackermann M., Pletcher S. D. 2007. Evolutionary biology as a foundation for studying aging and agingrelated disease. Pages 241-252 in Evolution in Health and Disease, edited by S. C. Stearns and J. C. Koella. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
2. Ackermann M., Bijlsma R., James A. C., Partridge L., Zwaan B. J., Stearns S. C. 2001. Effects of assay conditions in life history experiments with Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14:199-209.
3. Ailion M., Thomas J. H. 2000. Dauer formation induced by high temperatures in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 156:1047-1067.
4. Alaux C., Le Conte Y., Adams H. A., Rodriguez-Zas S., Grozinger C. M., Sinha S., Robinson G. E. 2009. Regulation of brain gene expression in honey bees by brood pheromone. Genes, Brain and Behavior 8:309-319.
5. Albert P. S., Riddle D. L. 1988. Mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans that form dauer-like larvae. Developmental Biology 126:270-293.
6. Alcedo J., Kenyon C. 2004. Regulation of C. elegans longevity by specific gustatory and olfactory neurons. Neuron 41:45-55.
7. Amdam G. V. 2011. Social context, stress, and plasticity of aging. Aging Cell 10:18-27.
8. Amdam G. V., Omholt S. W. 2002. The regulatory anatomy of honeybee lifespan. Journal of Theoretical Biology 216:209-228.
9. Amdam G. V., Omholt S. W. 2003. The hive bee to forager transition in honeybee colonies: the double repressor hypothesis. Journal of Theoretical Biology 223:451-464.
10. Amdam G. V., Hartfelder K., Norberg K., Hagen A., Omholt S. W. 2004. Altered physiology in worker honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) infested by the mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae): a factor in colony loss during overwintering? Journal of Economical Entomology 97:741-747.
11. Amdam G. V., Norberg K., Omholt S. W., Kryger P., Lourenço A. P., Bitondi M. M. G, Simões Z. L. P. 2005. Higher vitellogenin concentrations in honey bee workers may be an adaptation to life in temperate climates. Insectes Sociaux 52:316-319.
12. Apfeld J., Kenyon C. 1999. Regulation of lifespan by sensory perception in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 402:804-809.
13. Bateson P., Barker D., Clutton-Brock T., Deb D., D'Udine B., Foley R. A., Gluckman P., Godfrey K., Kirkwood T. B. L., Mirazón Lahr M., McNamara J., Metcalfe N. B., Monaghan P., Spencer H. G., Sultan S. E. 2004. Developmental plasticity and human health. Nature 430:419-421.
14. Baugh L. R., Sternberg P. W. 2006. DAF-16/FOXO regulates transcription of cki-1/Cip/Kip and repression of lin-4 during C. elegans L1 arrest. Current Biology 16:780-785.
15. Behrends A., Scheiner R., Baker N., Amdam G. V. 2007. Cognitive aging is linked to social role in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Experimental Gerontology 42:1146-1153.
16. Beldade P., Mateus A. R. A., Keller R. A. 2011. Evolution and molecular mechanisms of adaptive developmental plasticity. Molecular Ecology 20:1347-1363.
17. Bellen H. J., Kooyer S., D'Evelyn D., Pearlman J. 1992. The Drosophila couch potato protein is expressed in nuclei of peripheral neuronal precursors and shows homology to RNA-binding proteins. Genes & Development 6:2125-2136.
18. Berrigan D., Scheiner S. M. 2004. Modeling the evolution of phenotypic plasticity. Pages 82-97 in Phenotypic Plasticity: Functional and Conceptual Approaches, edited by T. J. DeWitt and S. M. Scheiner. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
19. Boulétreau-Merle J., Fouillet P. 2002. How to overwinter and be a founder: egg-retention phenotypes and mating status in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolutionary Ecology 16:309-332.
20. Braendle C. 2012. Pheromones: evolving language of chemical communication in nematodes. Current Biology 22:R294-R296.
21. Braendle C., Davis G. K., Brisson J. A., Stern D. L. 2006. Wing dimorphism in aphids. Heredity 97: 192-199.
22. Braendle C., Milloz J., Félix M.-A. 2007. Mechanisms and evolution of environmental responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Topics in Developmental Biology 80:171-207.
23. Brakefield P. M., Zwaan B. J. 2011. Seasonal polyphenisms and environmentally induced plasticity in the Lepidoptera: the coordinated evolution of many traits on multiple levels. Pages 243-252 in Mechanisms of Life History Evolution: The Genetics and Physiology of Life History Traits and Trade-Offs, edited by T. Flatt and A. Heyland. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
24. Burnell A. M., Houthoofd K., O'Hanlon K., Vanfleteren J. R. 2005. Alternate metabolism during the dauer stage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Experimental Gerontology 40:850-856.
25. Butcher R. A., Fujita M., Schroeder F. C., Clardy J. 2007. Small-molecule pheromones that control dauer development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature Chemical Biology 3:420-422.
26. Butcher R. A., Ragains J. R., Kim E., Clardy J. 2008. A potent dauer pheromone component in Caenorhabditis elegans that acts synergistically with other components. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:14288-14292.
27. Butcher R. A., Ragains J. R., Li W., Ruvkun G., Clardy J., Mak H. Y. 2009. Biosynthesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer pheromone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106:1875-1879.
28. Canfield M., Greene E. 2009. Phenotypic plasticity and the semantics of polymorphism: a historical review and current perspectives. Pages 65-80 in Phenotypic Plasticity in Insects: Mechanisms and Consequences, edited by D. W. Whitman and T. N. Ananthakrishnan. Enfield (New Hampshire): Science Publishers.
29. Carson H. L., Stalker H. D. 1948. Reproductive diapause in Drosophila robusta. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 34:124-129.
30. Cassada R. C., Russell R. L. 1975. The dauer larva, a post-embryonic developmental variant of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Developmental Biology 46:326-342.
31. Chippindale A. K., Leroi A. M., Kim S. B., Rose M. R. 1993. Phenotypic plasticity and selection in Drosophila life-history evolution. I. Nutrition and the cost of reproduction. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 6:171-193.
32. Chippindale A. K., Leroi A. M., Saing H., Borash D. J., Rose M. R. 1997. Phenotypic plasticity and selection in Drosophila life history evolution. 2. Diet, mates and the cost of reproduction. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 10:269-293.
33. Clancy D. J., Gems D., Harshman L. G., Oldham S., Stocker H., Hafen E., Leevers S. J., Partridge L. 2001. Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein. Science 292:104-106.
34. Colombani J., Bianchini L., Layalle S., Pondeville E., Dauphin-Villemant C., Antoniewski C., Carré C., Noselli S., Léopold P. 2005. Antagonistic actions of ecdysone and insulins determine final size in Drosophila. Science 310:667-670.
35. Cook C. D. K. 1968. Phenotypic plasticity with particular reference to three amphibious plant species. Pages 97-111 in Modern Methods in Plant Taxonomy, edited by V. Heywood. London (United Kingdom): Academic Press.
36. Danilevskii A. S. 1965. Photoperiodism and Seasonal Development of Insects. Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Oliver and Boyd.
37. Danks H. V. 1987. Insect Dormancy: An Ecological Perspective. Ottawa (Canada): Biological Survey of Canada.
38. Danks H. V. 2005. How similar are daily and seasonal biological clocks? Journal of Insect Physiology 51: 609-619.
39. Dillin A., Crawford D. K., Kenyon C. 2002. Timing requirements for insulin/IGF-1 signaling in C. elegans. Science 298:830-834.
40. Dingle H., Winchell R. 1997. Juvenile hormones as a mediator of plasticity in insect life histories. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 35:359-373.
41. Dorman J. B., Albinder B., Shroyer T., Kenyon C. 1995. The age-1 and daf-2 genes function in a common pathway to control the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 141:1399-1406.
42. Dukas R. 2008. Mortality rates of honey bees in the wild. Insectes Sociaux 55:252-255.
43. Emlen D. J., Nijhout H. F. 2000. The development and evolution of exaggerated morphologies in insects. Annual Review of Entomology 45:661-708.
44. Engels W. 1974. Occurrence and significance of vitellogenins in female castes of social hymenoptera. American Zoologist 14:1229-1237.
45. Emerson K. J., Bradshaw W. E., Holzapfel C. M. 2009a. Complications of complexity: integrating environmental, genetic and hormonal control of insect diapause. Trends in Genetics 25:217-225.
46. Emerson K. J., Uyemura A. M., McDaniel K. L., Schmidt P. S., Bradshaw W. E., Holzapfel C. M. 2009b. Environmental control of ovarian dormancy in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 195:825-829.
47. Fabian D., Flatt T. 2011. The evolution of aging. Nature Education Knowledge 3:9.
48. Fabian D. K., Kapun M., Nolte V., Kofler R., Schmidt P. S., Schlötterer C., Flatt T. 2012. Genome-wide patterns of latitudinal differentiation among populations of Drosophila melanogaster from North America. Molecular Ecology 21:4748-4769.
49. Félix M.-A., Braendle C. 2010. The natural history of Caenorhabditis elegans. Current Biology 20:R965-R969.
50. Fielenbach N., Antebi A. 2008. C. elegans dauer formation and the molecular basis of plasticity. Genes & Development 22:2149-2165.
51. Finch C. E. 1990. Longevity, Senescence, and the Genome. Chicago (Illinois): University of Chicago Press.
52. Finch C. E., Rose M. R. 1995. Hormones and the physiological architecture of life-history evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology 70:1-52.
53. Flatt T. 2011. Survival costs of reproduction in Drosophila. Experimental Gerontology 46:369-375.
54. Flatt T., Heyland A. 2011. Mechanisms of Life History Evolution: The Genetics and Physiology of Life History Traits and Trade-Offs. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
55. Flatt T., Kawecki T. J. 2007. Juvenile hormone as a regulator of the trade-off between reproduction and life span in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 61:1980-1991.
56. Flatt T., Promislow D. E. L. 2007. Still pondering an age-old question. Science 318:1255-1256.
57. Flatt T., Schmidt P. S. 2009. Integrating evolutionary and molecular genetics of aging. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1790:951-962.
58. Flatt T., Tu M.-P., Tatar M. 2005. Hormonal pleiotropy and the juvenile hormone regulation of Drosophila development and life history. BioEssays 27: 999-1010.
59. Fluri P., Wille H., Gerig L., Lüscher M. 1977. Juvenile hormone, vitellogenin and haemocyte composition in winter worker honeybees (Apis mellifera). Experientia 33:1240-1241.
60. Fuchs S., Bundy J. G., Davies S. K., Viney J. M., Swire J. S., Leroi A. M. 2010. A metabolic signature of long life in Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Biology 8:14.
61. Fukuda H., Sekiguchi K. 1966. Seasonal change of the honeybee worker longevity in Sapporo, North Japan, with notes on some factors affecting the lifespan. Japanese Journal of Ecology 16:206-212.
62. Gäde G., Hoffmann K. H., Spring J. H. 1997. Hormonal regulation in insects: facts, gaps, and future directions. Physiological Reviews 77:963-1032.
63. Gáliková M., Klepsatel P., Senti G., Flatt T. 2011. Steroid hormone regulation of C. elegans and Drosophila aging and life history. Experimental Gerontology 46:141-147.
64. Gallo M., Riddle D. L. 2009. Effects of a Caenorhabditis elegans dauer pheromone ascaroside on physiology and signal transduction pathways. Journal of Chemical Ecology 35:272-279.
65. Gems D., Sutton A. J., Sundermeyer M. L., Albert P. S., King K. V., Edgley M. L., Larsen P. L., Riddle D. L. 1998. Two pleiotropic classes of daf-2 mutation affect larval arrest, adult behavior, reproduction and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 150:129-155.
66. Gerisch B., Antebi A. 2011. Molecular basis of life history regulation in C. elegans and other organisms. Pages 284-298 in Mechanisms of Life History Evolution: The Genetics and Physiology of Life History Traits and Trade-Offs, edited by T. Flatt and A. Heyland. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
67. Giannakou M. E., Goss M., Jünger M. A., Hafen E., Leevers S. J., Partridge L. 2004. Long-lived Drosophila with overexpressed dFOXO in adult fat body. Science 305:361.
68. Gibbens Y. Y., Warren J. T., Gilbert L. I., O'Connor M. B. 2011. Neuroendocrine regulation of Drosophila metamorphosis requires TGF_/activin signaling. Development 138:2693-2703.
69. Gilbert L. I., Rybczynski R., Warren J. T. 2002. Control and biochemical nature of the ecdysteroidogenic pathway. Annual Review of Entomology 47:883-916.
70. Golden J. W., Riddle D. L. 1982. A pheromone influences larval development in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Science 218:578-580.
71. Golden J. W., Riddle D. L. 1984a. A pheromoneinduced developmental switch in Caenorhabditis elegans: temperature-sensitive mutants reveal a wildtype temperature-dependent process. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 81:819-823.
72. Golden J. W., Riddle D. L. 1984b. The Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva: developmental effects of pheromone, food, and temperature. Developmental Biology 102:368-378.
73. Golden J. W., Riddle D. L. 1984c. A Caenorhabditis elegans dauer-inducing pheromone and an antagonistic component of the food supply. Journal of Chemical Ecology 10:1265-1280.
74. Grosberg R. K. 1988. Life-history variation within a population of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. I. The genetic and environmental control of seasonal-variation. Evolution 42:900-920.
75. Guidugli K. R., Nascimento A. M., Amdam G. V., Barchuk A. R., Omholt S. W., Simões Z. L. P., Hartfelder K. 2005. Vitellogenin regulates hormonal dynamics in the worker caste of a eusocial insect. FEBS Letters 579:4961-4965.
76. Harvey S. C., Shorto A., Viney M. E. 2008. Quantitative genetic analysis of life-history traits of Caenorhabditis elegans in stressful environments. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8:15.
77. Harvey S. C., La Barker G., Shorto A., Viney M. E. 2009. Natural variation in gene expression in the early development of dauer larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans. BMC Genomics 10:325.
78. Harvie P. D., Filippova M., Bryant P. J. 1998. Genes expressed in the ring gland, the major endocrine organ of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 149:217-231.
79. Havukainen H., Halskau Ø., Amdam G. V. 2011. Social pleiotropy and the molecular evolution of honey bee vitellogenin. Molecular Ecology 20:5111-5113.
80. Herman W. S., Tatar M. 2001. Juvenile hormone regulation of longevity in the migratory monarch butterfly. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 268:2509-2514.
81. Hodkova M. 2008. Tissue signaling pathways in the regulation of life-span and reproduction in females of the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. Journal of Insect Physiology 54:508-517.
82. Hodkova M., Tatar M. 2011. Parallels in understanding the endocrine control of lifespan with the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Pages 171-179 in Mechanisms of Life History Evolution: The Genetics and Physiology of Life History Traits and Trade-Offs, edited by T. Flatt and A. Heyland. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
83. Hoffmann A. A., Scott M., Partridge L., Hallas R. 2003. Overwintering in Drosophila melanogaster: outdoor field cage experiments on clinal and laboratory selected populations help to elucidate traits under selection. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 16:614-623.
84. Holt S. J., Riddle D. L. 2003. SAGE surveys C. elegans carbohydrate metabolism: evidence for an anaerobic shift in the long-lived dauer larva. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 124:779-800.
85. Hu P. J. 2007. Dauer. In WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology, edited by the C. elegans Research Community. doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.144.1. http:// www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_dauer/ dauer.html. (Accessed 9 May 2013).
86. Huang J., Tian L., Peng C., Abdou M., Wen D., Wang Y., Li S., Wang J. 2011. DPP-mediated TGFβ signaling regulates juvenile hormone biosynthesis by activating the expression of juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase. Development 138:2283-2291.
87. Hunt J. H., Amdam G. V. 2005. Bivoltinism as an antecedent to eusociality in the paper wasp genus Polistes. Science 308:264-267.
88. Hunt J. H., Kensinger B. J., Kossuth J. A., Henshaw M. T., Norberg K., Wolschin F., Amdam G. V. 2007. A diapause pathway underlies the gyne phenotype in Polistes wasps, revealing an evolutionary route to caste-containing insect societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104:14020-14025.
89. Hwangbo D. S., Gersham B., Tu M.-P., Palmer M., Tatar M. 2004. Drosophila dFOXO controls lifespan and regulates insulin signalling in brain and fat body. Nature 429:562-566.
90. Itoh T. Q., Tanimura T., Matsumoto A. 2011. Membranebound transporter controls the circadian transcription of clock genes in Drosophila. Genes to Cells 16:1159-1167.
91. Ives P. T. 1945. The genetic structure of American populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 30: 167-196.
92. Ives P. T. 1970. Further genetic studies on the South Amherst population of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 24:507-518.
93. Izquierdo J. I. 1991. How does Drosophila melanogaster overwinter? Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 59:51-58.
94. Jeong P.-Y., Jung M., Yim Y.-H., Kim H., Park M., Hong E., Lee W., Kim Y. H., Kim K., Paik Y.-K. 2005. Chemical structure and biological activity of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer-inducing pheromone. Nature 433:541-545.
95. Johnson T. E., Hartman P. S. 1988. Radiation effects on life-span in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Gerontology 43:B137-B141.
96. Jones D., Jones G. 2007. Farnesoid secretions of dipteran ring glands: what we do know and what we can know. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 37:771-798.
97. Kambysellis M. P., Heed W. B. 1974. Juvenile hormone induces ovarian development in diapausing cave-dwelling Drosophila species. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:1779-1786.
98. Karp X., Hammell M., Ow M. C., Ambros V. 2011. Effect of life history on microRNA expression during C. elegans development. RNA 17:639-651.
99. Kawano T., Kataoka N., Abe S., Ohtani M., Honda Y., Honda S., Kimura Y. 2005. Lifespan extending activity of substances secreted by the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that include the dauer-inducing pheromone. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 69:2479-2481.
100. Keller L., Genoud M. 1997. Extraordinary lifespans in ants: a test of evolutionary theories of ageing. Nature 389:958-960.
101. Keller L., Jemielity S. 2006. Social insects as a model to study the molecular basis of ageing. Experimental Gerontology 41:553-556.
102. Kent C. F., Issa A., Bunting A. C., Zayed A. 2011. Adaptive evolution of a key gene affecting queen and worker traits in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Molecular Ecology 20:5226-5235.
103. Kenyon C. 2005. The plasticity of aging: insights from long-lived mutants. Cell 120:449-460.
104. Kenyon C. 2010. The genetics of ageing. Nature 464: 504-512.
105. Kenyon C., Chang J., Gensch E., Rudner A., Tabtiang R. 1993. A C. elegans mutant that lives twice as long as wild type. Nature 366:461-464.
106. Kim K., Sato K., Shibuya M., Zeiger D. M., Butcher R. A., Ragains J. R., Clardy J., Touhara K., Sengupta P. 2009. Two chemoreceptors mediate developmental effects of dauer pheromone in C. elegans. Science 326:994-998.
107. Kimura M. T. 1988a. Adaptations to temperate climates and evolution of overwintering strategies in the Drosophila melanogaster species group. Evolution 42:1288-1297.
108. Kimura M. T. 1988b. Interspecific and geographic variation of diapause intensity and seasonal adaptation in the Drosophila auraria species complex (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Functional Ecology 2:177-183.
109. Kirkwood T. B. L. 1977. Evolution of ageing. Nature 270:301-304.
110. Kirkwood T. B. L., Austad S. N. 2000. Why do we age? Nature 408:233-238.
111. Kirkwood T. B. L., Rose M. R. 1991. Evolution of senescence: late survival sacrificed for reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 332:15-24.
112. Klass M., Hirsh D. 1976. Non-ageing developmental variant of Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 260:523-525.
113. Kolaczkowski B., Kern A. D., Holloway A. K., Begun D. J. 2011. Genomic differentiation between temperate and tropical australian populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 187:245-260.
114. Koštál V. 2006. Eco-physiological phases of insect diapause. Journal of Insect Physiology 52:113-127.
115. Larsen P. L. 1993. Aging and resistance to oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 90:8905-8909.
116. Larsen P. L., Albert P. S., Riddle D. L. 1995. Genes that regulate both development and longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 139:1567-1583.
117. Lee S. S., Schroeder F. C. 2012. Steroids as central regulators of organismal development and lifespan. PLoS Biology 10:e1001307.
118. Lee P. C., Winston M. L. 1987. Effects of reproductive timing and colony size on the survival, offspring colony size and drone production in the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Ecological Entomology 12:187-195.
119. Lee K. P., Simpson S. J., Clissold F. J., Brooks R., Ballard J. O. W., Taylor P. W., Soran N., Raubenheimer D. 2008. Lifespan and reproduction in Drosophila: new insights from nutritional geometry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:2498-2503.
120. Leimar O. 2005. The evolution of phenotypic polymorphism: randomized strategies versus evolutionary branching. American Naturalist 165:669-681.
121. Leimar O. 2009. Environmental and genetic cues in the evolution of phenotypic polymorphism. Evolutionary Ecology 23:125-135.
122. Leimar O., Hammerstein P., Van Dooren T. J. M. 2006. A new perspective on developmental plasticity and the principles of adaptive morph determination. American Naturalist 167:367-376.
123. Levins R. 1968. Evolution in Changing Environments: Some Theoretical Explorations. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press.
124. Lewontin R. C. 1974. The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. New York: Columbia University Press.
125. Li A., Sadasivam M., Ding J. L. 2003. Receptor-ligand interaction between vitellogenin receptor (VtgR) and vitellogenin (Vtg), implications on low density lipoprotein receptor and apolipoprotein B/E: the first three ligand-binding repeats of VtgR interact with the amino-terminal region of Vtg. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278:2799-2806.
126. Lithgow G. J., White T. M., Hinerfeld D. A., Johnson T. E. 1994. Thermotolerance of a long-lived mutant of Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Gerontology 49:B270-B276.
127. Lithgow G. J., White T. M., Melov S., Johnson T. E. 1995. Thermotolerance and extended life-span conferred by single-gene mutations and induced by thermal stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 92:7540-7544.
128. Ludewig A. H., Schroeder F. C. 2013. Ascaroside signaling in C. elegans. In WormBook: The Online Review of C. elegans Biology, edited by the C. elegans Research Community. doi/10.1895/wormbook.1.155.1. http:// www.wormbook.org/chapters/www_ascarosidesignal/ ascarosidesignal.html. (Accessed 9 May 2013).
129. Lumme J. 1978. Phenology and photoperiodic diapause in northern populations of Drosophila. Pages 145-169 in Evolution of Insect Migration and Diapause, edited by H. Dingle. New York: Springer.
130. Lumme J., Lakovaara S. 1983. Seasonality and diapause in Drosophilids. Pages 171-220 in Genetics and Biology of Drosophila, Volume 3, edited by M. Ashburner, H. L. Carson, and J. N. J. Thompson. London (United Kingdom): Academic Press.
131. Lumme J., Oikarinen A., Lakovaara S., Alatalo R. 1974. The environmental regulation of adult diapause in Drosophila littoralis. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:2023-2033.
132. Mair W., Goymer P., Pletcher S. D., Partridge L. 2003. Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila. Science 301:1731-1733.
133. Marco Antonio D. S., Guidugli-Lazzarini K. R., Nascimento A. M., Simões Z. L. P., Hartfelder K. 2008. RNAi-mediated silencing of vitellogenin gene function turns honeybee (Apis mellifera) workers into extremely precocious foragers. Naturwissenschaften 95:953-961.
134. Marden J. H., Rogina B., Montooth K. L., Helfand S. L. 2003. Conditional tradeoffs between aging and organismal performance of Indy long-lived mutant flies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100:3369-3373.
135. Mather K. 1955. Polymorphism as an outcome of disruptive selection. Evolution 9:52-61.
136. Mather K. 1973. Genetical Structure of Populations. London (United Kingdom): Chapman and Hall.
137. Mattila H. R., Harris J. L., Otis G. W. 2001. Timing of production of winter bees in honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Insectes Sociaux 48:88-93.
138. Maurizio A. 1950. The influence of pollen feeding and brood rearing on the length of life and physiological condition of the honeybee preliminary report. Bee World 31:9-12.
139. Maynard Smith J. 1958. The effects of temperature and of egg-laying on the longevity of Drosophila subobscura. Journal of Experimental Biology 35:832-842.
140. Mayr E. 1963. Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
141. McBrayer Z., Ono H., Shimell M., Parvy J.-P., Beckstead R. B., Warren J. T., Thummel C. S., Dauphin-Villemant C., Gilbert L. I., O'Connor M. B. 2007. Prothoracicotropic hormone regulates developmental timing and body size in Drosophila. Developmental Cell 13:857-871.
142. McGrath P. T., Xu Y., Ailion M., Garrison J. L., Butcher R. A., Bargmann C. I. 2011. Parallel evolution of domesticated Caenorhabditis species targets pheromone receptor genes. Nature 477:321-325.
143. Medawar P. B. 1952. An Unsolved Problem of Biology. London (United Kingdom): H. K. Lewis.
144. Min K.-J., Yamamoto R., Buch S., Pankratz M., Tatar M. 2008. Drosophila lifespan control by dietary restriction independent of insulin-like signaling. Aging Cell 7:199-206.
145. Mitrovski P., Hoffmann A. A. 2001. Postponed reproduction as an adaptation to winter conditions in Drosophila melanogaster: evidence for clinal variation under semi-natural conditions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 268: 2163-2168.
146. Moran N. A. 1992. The evolutionary maintenance of alternative phenotypes. American Naturalist 139: 971-989.
147. Münch D., Amdam G. V. 2010. The curious case of aging plasticity in honey bees. FEBS Letters 584: 2496-2503.
148. Münch D., Amdam G. V., Wolschin F. 2008. Ageing in a eusocial insect: molecular and physiological characteristics of life span plasticity in the honey bee. Functional Ecology 22:407-421.
149. Nelson C. M., Ihle K. E., Fondrk M. K., Page R. E. Jr., Amdam G. V. 2007. The gene vitellogenin has multiple coordinating effects on social organization. PLoS Biology 5:e62.
150. Nijhout H. F. 1994. Insect Hormones. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press.
151. Nijhout H. F. 2003. Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms. Evolution & Development 5:9-18.
152. Nijhout H. F., Wheeler D. E. 1982. Juvenile hormone and the physiological basis of insect polymorphisms. Quarterly Review of Biology 57:109-133.
153. Nilsen K.-A., Ihle K. E., Frederick K., Fondrk M. K., Smedal B., Hartfelder K., Amdam G. V. 2011. Insulin-like peptide genes in honey bee fat body respond differently to manipulation of social behavioral physiology. Journal of Experimental Biology 214:1488-1497.
154. Nylin S., Gotthard K. 1998. Plasticity in life-history traits. Annual Review of Entomology 43:63-83.
155. Omholt S. W. 1988. Relationships between worker longevity and the intracolonial population dynamics of the honeybee. Journal of Theoretical Biology 130:275-284.
156. Paaby A. B., Schmidt P. S. 2009. Dissecting the genetics of longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. Fly 3:29-38.
157. Padilla P. A., Ladage M. L. 2012. Suspended animation, diapause and quiescence: arresting the cell cycle in C. elegans. Cell Cycle 11:1672-1679.
158. Page R. E. Jr., Amdam G. V. 2007. The making of a social insect: developmental architectures of social design. BioEssays 29:334-343.
159. Pankiw T., Page R. E. Jr. 2001. Brood pheromone modulates honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) sucrose response thresholds. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 49:206-213.
160. Pankiw T., Page R. E. Jr., Fondrk M. K. 1998. Brood pheromone stimulates pollen foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 44:193-198.
161. Pankiw T., Sagili R. R., Metz B. N. 2008. Brood pheromone effects on colony protein supplement consumption and growth in the honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a subtropical winter climate. Journal of Economical Entomology 101:1749-1755.
162. Partridge L., Barton N. H. 1993. Optimality, mutation and the evolution of ageing. Nature 362:305-311.
163. Partridge L., Gems D., Withers D. J. 2005. Sex and death: what is the connection? Cell 120:461-472.
164. Pener M. P. 1972. The corpus allatum in adult acridids: the inter-relation of its functions and possible correlations with the life cycle. Pages 135-147 in Proceedings of the International Study Conference on the Current and Future Problems of Acridology, edited by C. F. Hemming and T. H. C. Taylor. London (United Kingdom): Centre for Overseas Pest Research.
165. Plautz J. D., Kaneko M., Hall J. C., Kay S. A. 1997. Independent photoreceptive circadian clocks throughout Drosophila. Science 278:1632-1635.
166. Polanska M. A., Maksimiuk-Ramirez E., Ciuk M. A., Kotwica J., Bebas P. 2009. Clock-controlled rhythm of ecdysteroid levels in the haemolymph and testes, and its relation to sperm release in the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Journal of Insect Physiology 55:426-434.
167. Rensing L. 1964. Daily rhythmicity of corpus allatum and neurosecretory cells in Drosophila melanogaster (Meig). Science 144:1586-1587.
168. Rewitz K. F., Yamanaka N., Gilbert L. I., O'Connor M. B. 2009. The insect neuropeptide PTTH activates receptor tyrosine kinase torso to initiate metamorphosis. Science 326:1403-1405.
169. Richard D. S., Watkins N. L., Serafin R. B., Gilbert L. I. 1998. Ecdysteroids regulate yolk protein uptake by Drosophila melanogaster oocytes. Journal of Insect Physiology 44:637-644.
170. Richard D. S., Gilbert M., Crum B., Hollinshead D. M., Schelbe S., Scheswohl D. 2001a. Yolk protein endocytosis by oocytes in Drosophila melanogaster: immunofluorescent localization of clathrin, adaptin and the yolk protein receptor. Journal of Insect Physiology 47:715-723.
171. Richard D. S., Jones J. M., Barbarito M. R., Cerula S., Detweiler J. P., Fisher S. J., Brannigan D. M., Scheswohl D. M. 2001b. Vitellogenesis in diapausing and mutant Drosophila melanogaster: further evidence for the relative roles of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones. Journal of Insect Physiology 47: 905-913.
172. Richard D. S., Rybczynski R., Wilson T. G., Wang Y., Wayne M. L., Zhou Y., Partridge L., Harshman L. G. 2005. Insulin signaling is necessary for vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster independent of the roles of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroids: female sterility of the chico1 insulin signaling mutation is autonomous to the ovary. Journal of Insect Physiology 51:455-464.
173. Riddle D. L., Albert P. S. 1997. Genetic and environmental regulation of dauer larva development. Pages 739-768 in C. elegans II, edited by D. L. Riddle, T. Blumenthal, B. J. Meyer, and J. R. Priess. Cold Spring Harbor (New York): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
174. Riddle D. L., Swanson M. M., Albert P. S. 1981. Interacting genes in nematode dauer larva formation. Nature 290:668-671.
175. Roff D. A. 2002. Life History Evolution. Sunderland (Massachusetts): Sinauer Associates.
176. Rose M. R. 1991. Evolutionary Biology of Aging. New York: Oxford University Press.
177. Rottiers V., Antebi A. 2006. Control of Caenorhabditis elegans life history by nuclear receptor signal transduction. Experimental Gerontology 41:904-909.
178. Ruaud A.-F., Bessereau J.-L. 2006. Activation of nicotinic receptors uncouples a developmental timer from the molting timer in C. elegans. Development 133:2211-2222.
179. Rueffler C., Van Dooren T. J. M., Leimar O., Abrams P. A. 2006. Disruptive selection and then what? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21:238-245.
180. Rueppell O., Pankiw T., Nielson D. I., Fondrk M. K., Beye M., Page R. E. Jr. 2004. The genetic architecture of the behavioral ontogeny of foraging in honey bee workers. Genetics 167:1767-1779.
181. Sakagami S. F., Fukuda H. 1968. Life tables for worker honeybees. Researches on Population Ecology 10:127-139.
182. Sandrelli F., Tauber E., Pegoraro M., Mazzotta G., Cisotto P., Landskron J., Stanewsky R., Piccin A., Rosato E., Zordan M., Costa R., Kyriacou C. P. 2007. A molecular basis for natural selection at the timeless locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 316:1898-1900.
183. Saretzki G., Armstrong L., Leake A., Lako M., von Zglinicki T. 2004. Stress defense in murine embryonic stem cells is superior to that of various differentiated murine cells. Stem Cells 22:962-971.
184. Saunders D. S. 2002. Insect Clocks. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier.
185. Saunders D. S., Bertossa R. C. 2011. Deciphering time measurement: the role of circadian "clock" genes and formal experimentation in insect photoperiodism. Journal of Insect Physiology 57:557-566.
186. Saunders D. S., Gilbert L. I. 1990. Regulation of ovarian diapause in Drosophila melanogaster by photoperiod at moderately low temperature. Journal of Insect Physiology 36:195-200.
187. Saunders D. S., Henrich V. C., Gilbert L. I. 1989. Induction of diapause in Drosophila melanogaster: photoperiodic regulation and the impact of arrhythmic clock mutations on time measurement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86:3748-3752.
188. Saunders D. S., Richard D. S., Applebaum S. W., Ma M., Gilbert L. I. 1990. Photoperiodic diapause in Drosophila melanogaster involves a block to the juvenile hormone regulation of ovarian maturation. General and Comparative Endocrinology 79:174-184.
189. Schaedel O. N., Gerisch B., Antebi A., Sternberg P. W. 2012. Hormonal signal amplification mediates environmental conditions during development and controls an irreversible commitment to adulthood. PLoS Biology 10:e1001306.
190. Scharloo W. 1970. Stabilizing and disruptive selection on a mutant character in Drosophila. III. Polymorphism caused by a developmental switch mechanism. Genetics 65:693-705.
191. Scheiner R., Amdam G. V. 2009. Impaired tactile learning is related to social role in honeybees. Journal of Experimental Biology 212:994-1002.
192. Schiesari L., Kyriacou C. P., Costa R. 2011. The hormonal and circadian basis for insect photoperiodic timing. FEBS Letters 585:1450-1460.
193. Schmidt P. S. 2011. Evolution and mechanisms of insect reproductive diapause: a plastic and pleiotropic life history syndrome. Pages 230-242 in Mechanisms of Life History Evolution: The Genetics and Physiology of Life History Traits and Trade-Offs, edited by T. Flatt and A. Heyland. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
194. Schmidt P. S., Conde D. R. 2006. Environmental heterogeneity and the maintenance of genetic variation for reproductive diapause in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 60:1602-1611.
195. Schmidt P. S., Paaby A. B. 2008. Reproductive diapause and life-history clines in North American populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 62:1204-1215.
196. Schmidt P. S., Matzkin L., Ippolito M., Eanes W. F. 2005a. Geographic variation in diapause incidence, life-history traits, and climatic adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 59:1721-1732.
197. Schmidt P. S., Paaby A. B., Heschel M. S. 2005b. Genetic variance for diapause expression and associated life histories in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 59:2616-2625.
198. Schmidt P. S., Zhu C.-T., Das J., Batavia M., Yang L., Eanes W. F. 2008. An amino acid polymorphism in the couch potato gene forms the basis for climatic adaptation in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:16207-16211.
199. Schwander T., Leimar O. 2011. Genes as leaders and followers in evolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26:143-151.
200. Seehuus S.-C., Norberg K., Gimsa U., Krekling T., Amdam G. V. 2006. Reproductive protein protects functionally sterile honey bee workers from oxidative stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:962-967.
201. Seeley T. D. 1982. Adaptive significance of the age polyethism schedule in honeybee colonies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 11:287-293.
202. Shanley D. P., Kirkwood T. B. L. 2000. Calorie restriction and aging: a life-history analysis. Evolution 54:740-750.
203. Shapiro A. M. 1976. Seasonal polyphenism. Evolutionary Biology 9:259-333.
204. Shapiro A. M. 1984. Polyphenism, phyletic evolution, and the structure of the pierid genome. Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 23:177-195.
205. Shaw W. M., Luo S., Landis J., Ashraf J., Murphy C. T. 2007. The C. elegans TGF-β dauer pathway regulates longevity via insulin signaling. Current Biology 17:1635-1645.
206. Sim C., Denlinger D. L. 2008. Insulin signaling and FOXO regulate the overwintering diapause of the mosquito Culex pipiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:6777-6781.
207. Simpson S. J., Sword G. A., Lo N. 2011. Polyphenism in insects. Current Biology 21:R738-R749.
208. Skorupa D. A., Dervisefendic A., Zwiener J., Pletcher S. D. 2008. Dietary composition specifies consumption, obesity, and lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster. Aging Cell 7:478-490.
209. Smedal B., Brynem M., Kreibich C. D., Amdam G. V. 2009. Brood pheromone suppresses physiology of extreme longevity in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Journal of Experimental Biology 212:3795-3801.
210. Srinivasan J., Kaplan F., Ajredini R., Zachariah C., Alborn H. T., Teal P. E. A., Malik R. U., Edison A. S., Sternberg P. W., Schroeder F. C. 2008. A blend of small molecules regulates both mating and development in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 454:1115-1118.
211. Stearns S. C. 1976. Life-history tactics: a review of the ideas. Quarterly Review of Biology 51:3-47.
212. Stearns S. C. 1982. The role of development in the evolution of life histories. Pages 237-258 in Evolution and Development, Dahlem Konferenzen 1982, edited by J. T. Bonner. Berlin (Germany): Springer.
213. Stearns S. C. 1989. The evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity. BioScience 39:436-445.
214. Stearns S. C. 1992. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
215. Steel C. G. H., Vafopoulou X. 2006. Circadian orchestration of developmental hormones in the insect, Rhodnius prolixus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 144:351-364.
216. Taborsky M., Brockmann H. J. 2010. Alternative reproductive tactics and life history phenotypes. Pages 537-586 in Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms, edited by P. Kappeler. Berlin (Germany): Springer.
217. Tatar M. 2004. The neuroendocrine regulation of Drosophila aging. Experimental Gerontology 39:1745-1750.
218. Tatar M. 2007. Diet restriction in Drosophila melanogaster: design and analysis. Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology 35:115-136.
219. Tatar M., Yin C.-M. 2001. Slow aging during insect reproductive diapause: why butterflies, grasshoppers and flies are like worms. Experimental Gerontology 36:723-738.
220. Tatar M., Chien S. A., Priest N. K. 2001a. Negligible senescence during reproductive dormancy in Drosophila melanogaster. American Naturalist 158:248-258.
221. Tatar M., Kopelman A., Epstein D., Tu M.-P., Yin C.-M., Garofalo R. S. 2001b. A mutant Drosophila insulin receptor homolog that extends life-span and impairs neuroendocrine function. Science 292:107-110.
222. Tatar M., Bartke A., Antebi A. 2003. The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals. Science 299:1346-1351.
223. Tatar M., Yamamoto R., Flatt T., Dolezal A. 2010. Lifespan and reproduction regulation by juvenile hormone of adult Drosophila corpora allata (meeting abstract). Annual Drosophila Research Conference 51:115.
224. Tauber M. J., Tauber C. A., Masaki S. 1986. Seasonal Adaptations of Insects. New York: Oxford University Press.
225. Tauber E., Zordan M., Sandrelli F., Pegoraro M., Osterwalder N., Breda C., Daga A., Selmin A., Monger K., Benna C., Rosato E., Kyriacou C. P., Costa R. 2007. Natural selection favors a newly derived timeless allele in Drosophila melanogaster. Science 316:1895-1898.
226. Terada Y., Garofalo C. A., Sakagami S. F. 1975. Agesurvival curves for workers of two eusocial bees (Apis mellifera and Plebeia droryana) in a subtropical climate, with notes on worker polyethism in P. droryana. Journal of Apicultural Research 14:161-170.
227. Thoday J. M. 1972. Disruptive selection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 182: 109-143.
228. Tollrian R., Harvell C. D. 1999. The Ecology and Evolution of Inducible Defenses. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press.
229. Tu M.-P., Yin C.-M., Tatar M. 2002. Impaired ovarian ecdysone synthesis of Drosophila melanogaster insulin receptor mutants. Aging Cell 1:158-160.
230. Tu M.-P., Yin C.-M., Tatar M. 2005. Mutations in insulin signaling pathway alter juvenile hormone synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. General and Comparative Endocrinology 142:347-356.
231. Tu M.-P., Flatt T., Tatar M. 2006. Juvenile and steroid hormones in Drosophila melanogaster longevity. Pages 415-448 in Handbook of the Biology of Aging, Sixth Edition, edited by E. J. Masoro and S. N. Austad. Burlington (Massachusetts): Academic Press (Elsevier).
232. Vanfleteren J. R., Braeckman B. P. 1999. Mechanisms of life span determination in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurobiology of Aging 20:487-502.
233. Vanfleteren J. R., De Vreese A. 1995. The gerontogenes age-1 and daf-2 determine metabolic rate potential in aging Caenorhabditis elegans. FASEB Journal 9:1355-1361.
234. Vanfleteren J. R., De Vreese A. 1996. Rate of aerobic metabolism and superoxide production rate potential in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Journal of Experimental Zoology 274:93-100.
235. Viney M. E., Gardner M. P., Jackson J. A. 2003. Variation in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva formation. Development, Growth & Differentiation 45:389-396.
236. Visscher P. K., Dukas R. 1997. Survivorship of foraging honey bees. Insectes Sociaux 44:1-5.
237. West-Eberhard M. J. 1989. Phenotypic plasticity and the origins of diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 20:249-278.
238. West-Eberhard M. J. 2003. Developmental Plasticity and Evolution. Oxford (United Kingdom): Oxford University Press.
239. Wheeler D. E. 1986. Developmental and physiological determinants of caste in social Hymenoptera: evolutionary implications. American Naturalist 128:13-34.
240. Whitfield C. W., Behura S. K., Berlocher S. H., Clark A. G., Johnston J. S., Sheppard W. S., Smith D. R., Suarez A. V., Weaver D., Tsutsui N. D. 2006. Thrice out of Africa: ancient and recent expansions of the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Science 314:642-645.
241. Williams G. C. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 11:398-411.
242. Williams K. D., Sokolowski M. B. 1993. Diapause in Drosophila melanogaster females: a genetic analysis. Heredity 71:312-317.
243. Williams K. D., Busto M., Suster M. L., So A. K.-C., Ben-Shahar Y., Leevers S. J., Sokolowski M. B. 2006. Natural variation in Drosophila melanogaster diapause due to the insulin-regulated PI3-kinase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:15911-15915.
244. Winston M. L. 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press.
245. Wollam J., Magner D. B., Magomedova L., Rass E., Shen Y., Rottiers V., Habermann B., Cummins C. L., Antebi A. 2012. A novel 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase that regulates reproductive development and longevity. PLoS Biology 10:e1001305.
246. Wolkow C. A., Kimura K. D., Lee M.-S., Ruvkun G. 2000. Regulation of C. elegans life-span by insulinlike signaling in the nervous system. Science 290:147-150.
247. Zhao Z., Zera A. J. 2004a. A morph-specific daily cycle in the rate of JH biosynthesis underlies a morphspecific daily cycle in the hemolymph JH titer in a wing-polymorphic cricket. Journal of Insect Physiology 50:965-973.
248. Zhao Z., Zera A. J. 2004b. The hemolymph JH titer exhibits a large-amplitude, morph-dependent, diurnal cycle in the wing polymorphic cricket, Gryllus firmus. Journal of Insect Physiology 50:93-102.