A review of the mechanism of injury and treatment approaches for illness resulting from exposure to water-damaged buildings, mold, and mycotoxins

The Scientific World Journal

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Hope, Janette ^a  

^a Environmental Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTIVATED CARBON; AFLATOXIN; ANTIFUNGAL AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT; CHLOROPHYLL; COLESTYRAMINE; ENDOTOXIN; GLUTATHIONE; MELATONIN; MILNACIPRAN; MYCOTOXIN; OCHRATOXIN; PROBIOTIC AGENT; TRICHOTHECENE DERIVATIVE; VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND;

ALLERGIC DISEASE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; CHLORELLA; CHRONIC RHINITIS; CHRONIC SECRETORY OTITIS MEDIA; CLAY; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DEPRESSION; DETOXIFICATION; EMPHYSEMA; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; EXERCISE; FIBROSING ALVEOLITIS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; INJURY; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MOULD; MYALGIA; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; SAUNA; SKIN PENETRATION; WEIGHT REDUCTION; FUNGUS; INDOOR AIR POLLUTION;

AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FUNGI; HUMANS; MYCOSES; MYCOTOXINS;

EID: 84877304724     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1537744X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/767482     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Special Legislative Committee on Indoor Air Pollution, Indoor Air Pollution in Massachusetts. April 1989
2. McMahon M., Hope S., Thrasher J., Rea J., Vinitisky W., Gray A., Global indoor health network common toxins in our homes, schools and workplaces. December 2013
3. Rea W. J., Pan Y., Griffiths B., The treatment of patients with mycotoxin-induced disease. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 9-10 711 714 10.1177/0748233709348281
4. Rosen E., Heseltine J., WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould. WHO Report 2009
5. Spaces D. I., Damp indoor apaces. Institute of Medicine Report May 2004
6. Fisk W. J., Lei-Gomez Q., Mendell M. J., Meta-analyses of the associations of respiratory health effects with dampness and mold in homes. Indoor Air 2007 17 4 284 296 2-s2.0-34249652608 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00475.x (Pubitemid 47170117)
7. Mudarri D., Fisk W. J., Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold. Indoor Air 2007 17 3 226 235 2-s2.0-34249698203 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007. 00474.x (Pubitemid 46836586)
8. Jaakkola J. J. K., Hwang B. F., Jaakkola N., Home dampness and molds, parental atopy, and asthma in childhood: a six-year population-based cohort study. Environmental Health Perspectives 2005 113 3 357 361 2-s2.0-16244410820 10.1289/ehp.7242 (Pubitemid 40450671)
9. Karvala K., Nordman H., Luukkonen R., Nykyri E., Lappalainen S., Hannu T., Toskala E., Occupational rhinitis in damp and moldy workplaces. American Journal of Rhinology 2008 22 5 457 462 2-s2.0-53549107467 10.2500/ajr.2008.22. 3209
10. Karvala K., Toskala E., Luukkonen R., Lappalainen S., Uitti J., Nordman H., New-onset adult asthma in relation to damp and moldy workplaces. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2010 83 8 855 865 2-s2.0-78649321455 10.1007/s00420-010-0507-5
11. Brasel T. L., Martin J. M., Carriker C. G., Wilson S. C., Straus D. C., Detection of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxins in the indoor environment. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005 71 11 7376 7388 2-s2.0-32044459678 10.1128/AEM.71.11.7376-7388.2005 (Pubitemid 43194232)
12. Straus D. C., Wilson S. C., Respirable trichothecene mycotoxins can be demonstrated in the air of Stachybotrys chartarum -contaminated buildings. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2006 118 3 760 2-s2.0-33748051040 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.06.025 (Pubitemid 44301408)
13. Thrasher J. D., Gray M. R., Kilburn K. H., Dennis D. P., Yu A., A water-damaged home and health of occupants: a case study. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 2012 10 312836 10.1155/2012/312836
14. Richard J. L., Plattner R. D., May J., Liska S. L., The occurrence of Ochratoxin A in dust collected from a problem household. Mycopathologia 1999 146 2 99 103 2-s2.0-0033507930 10.1023/A:1007056627296 (Pubitemid 30218105)
15. Hooper D. G., Bolton V. E., Guilford F. T., Straus D. C., Mycotoxin detection in human samples from patients exposed to environmental molds. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2009 10 4 1465 1475 2-s2.0-67149088342 10.3390/ijms10041465
16. Hooper D. G., Personal Communication. January 2013
17. Genuis S., Personal Communication. October 2013
18. Brasel T. L., Campbell A. W., Demers R. E., Ferguson B. S., Fink J., Vojdani A., Wilson S. C., Straus D. C., Detection of trichothecene mycotoxins in sera from individuals exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum in indoor environments. Archives of Environmental Health 2004 59 6 317 323 2-s2.0-27144481921 (Pubitemid 41502390)
19. Hodgson M. J., Morey P., Leung W. Y., Morrow L., Miller D., Jarvis B. B., Bobbins H., Halsey J. F., Storey E., Building-associated pulmonary disease from exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 1998 40 3 241 249 2-s2.0-0031910022 10.1097/00043764-199803000-00006 (Pubitemid 28130917)
20. Engelhart S., Loock A., Skutlarek D., Sagunski H., Lommel A., Färber H., Exner M., Occurrence of toxigenic Aspergillus versicolor isolates and sterigmatocystin in carpet dust from damp indoor environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002 68 8 3886 3890 2-s2.0-0036329855 10.1128/AEM.68.8.3886-3890.2002 (Pubitemid 34836699)
21. Liu J., Wang Y., Cui J., Xing L., Shen H., Wu S., Lian H., Wang J., Yan X., Zhang X., Ochratoxin A induces oxidative DNA damage and G1 phase arrest in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Toxicology Letters 2012 211 2 164 171 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.800
22. Doi K., Uetsuka K., Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2011 12 8 5213 5237 10.3390/ijms12085213
23. Bouslimi A., Ouannes Z., Golli E. E., Bouaziz C., Hassen W., Bacha H., Cytotoxicity and oxidative damage in kidney cells exposed to the mycotoxins Ochratoxin A and citrinin: individual and combined effects. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 2008 18 4 341 349 2-s2.0-45949099123 10.1080/ 15376510701556682 (Pubitemid 351892729)
24. Islam Z., Amuzie C. J., Harkema J. R., Pestka J. J., Neurotoxicity and inflammation in the nasal airways of mice exposed to the macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin roridin A: kinetics and potentiation by bacterial lipopolysaccharide coexposure. Toxicological Sciences 2007 98 2 526 541 2-s2.0-34547839620 10.1093/toxsci/kfm102 (Pubitemid 47244821)
25. Park J.-H., Cox-Ganser J. M., Kreiss K., White S. K., Rao C. Y., Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol associated with respiratory illness in a water-damaged building. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008 116 1 45 50 2-s2.0-40949099538
26. Jussila J., Komulainen H., Kosma V. M., Nevalainen A., Pelkonen J., Hirvonen M. R., Spores of Aspergillus versicolor isolated from indoor air of a moisture-damaged building provoke acute inflammation in mouse lungs. Inhalation Toxicology 2002 14 12 1261 1277 2-s2.0-0036907167 10.1080/08958370290084908 (Pubitemid 36019739)
27. Agag B. I., Mycotoxins in foods and feeds. Assiut University Bulletin for Environmental Researches 2004 7 1
28. 1-induced oxidative stress. Vitamins and Hormones 2011 86 287 305 2-s2.0-79952679405 10.1016/B978-0-12-386960-9.00012-5
29. a Klich M., Health effects of Aspergillus in food and air. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 9-10 657 667 10.1177/0748233709348271
30. Baudrimont I., Ahouandjivo R., Creppy E. E., Prevention of lipid peroxidation induced by Ochratoxin A in Vero cells in culture by several agents. Chemico-Biological Interactions 1997 104 1 29 40 2-s2.0-0030904674 10.1016/S0009-2797(97)03764-2 (Pubitemid 27199531)
31. Sava V., Velasquez A., Song S., Sanchez-Ramos J., Adult hippocampal neural stem/progenitor cells in vitro are vulnerable to the mycotoxin ochratoxin-A. Toxicological Sciences 2007 98 1 187 197 2-s2.0-34447556898 10.1093/toxsci/kfm093 (Pubitemid 47073831)
32. Clark H. A., Snedeker S. M., Ochratoxin A: its cancer risk and potential for exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B 2006 9 3 265 296 2-s2.0-33646271153 10.1080/15287390500195570
33. Desalegn B., Nanayakkara S., Harada K. H., Hitomi T., Chandrajith R., Karunaratne U., Abeysekera T., Koizumi A., Mycotoxin detection in urine samples from patients with chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 2011 87 1 6 10 2-s2.0-79959541915 10.1007/s00128-011-0301-4
34. Creppy E. E., Baudrimont I., Betbeder A. M., Prevention of nephrotoxicity of Ochratoxin A, a food contaminant. Toxicology Letters 1995 82-83 869 877 2-s2.0-0029614349 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03601-6 (Pubitemid 26057537)
35. Hope J. H., Hope B. E., A review of the diagnosis and treatment of Ochratoxin A inhalational exposure associated with human illness and kidney disease including focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 2012 10 835059 10.1155/2012/835059
36. Rocha O., Ansari K., Doohan F. M., Effects of trichothecene mycotoxins on eukaryotic cells: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants 2005 22 4 369 378 2-s2.0-19444365938 10.1080/02652030500058403 (Pubitemid 40723772)
37. Zajtchuk R., Medical aspects. Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare 1997 Washington, DC Office of The Surgeon General at TMM Publications
38. Karunasena E., Larrañaga M. D., Simoni J. S., Douglas D. R., Straus D. C., Building-associated neurological damage modeled in human cells: a mechanism of neurotoxic effects by exposure to mycotoxins in the indoor environment. Mycopathologia 2010 170 6 377 390 2-s2.0-78049353101 10.1007/s11046-010-9330-5
39. Thrasher J. D., Ph D., Kilburn K., Immers N., Indoor environment resulting from water intrusion, part 1. November, 2006
40. England A., Valdes A. M., Slater-Jefferies J. L., Gill R., Howell W. M., Calder P. C., Grimble R. F., Variants in the genes encoding TNF- α IL-10, and GSTP1 influence the effect of α -tocopherol on inflammatory cell responses in healthy men. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2012 95 6 1461 1467
41. Al-Anati L., Petzinger E., Immunotoxic activity of Ochratoxin A. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2006 29 2 79 90 2-s2.0-33644688230 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2006.00718.x (Pubitemid 43332388)
42. Montagnoli C., Fallarino F., Gaziano R., Bozza S., Bellocchio S., Zelante T., Kurup W. P., Pitzurra L., Puccetti P., Romani L., Immunity and tolerance to Aspergillus involve functionally distinct regulatory T cells and tryptophan catabolism. Journal of Immunology 2006 176 3 1712 1723 2-s2.0-31144456173 (Pubitemid 43134316)
43. Calvano S. E., Coyle S. M., Experimental human endotoxemia: a model of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome? Surgical Infections 2012 13 5 293 299 10.1089/sur.2012.155
44. Kankkunen P., Rintahaka J., Aalto A., Leino M., Majuri M. L., Alenius H., Wolff H., Matikainen S., Trichothecene mycotoxins activate inflammatory response in human macrophages. Journal of Immunology 2009 182 10 6418 6425 2-s2.0-77952325015 10.4049/jimmunol.0803309
45. Rao C. Y., Riggs M. A., Chew G. L., Muilenberg M. L., Thorne P. S., Van Sickle D., Dunn K. H., Brown C., Characterization of airborne molds, endotoxins, and glucans in homes in New Orleans after hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008 73 5 1630 1634 2-s2.0-42349110325 10.1128/AEM.00371-08 (Pubitemid 351555475)
46. Seo S. C., Reponen T., Levin L., Borchelt T., Grinshpun S. A., Aerosolization of particulate (1→3)- β -D-glucan from moldy materials. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2008 74 3 585 593 2-s2.0-38949083298 10.1128/AEM.01791-07 (Pubitemid 351225708)
47. Solomon G. M., Hjelmroos-Koski M., Rotkin-Ellman M., Hammond S. K., Airborne mold and endotoxin concentrations in New Orleans, Louisiana, after flooding, October through November 2005. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006 114 9 1381 1386 2-s2.0-33748169746 10.1289/ehp.9198 (Pubitemid 44314761)
48. Balan K. V., Kc P., Mayer C. A., Wilson C. G., Belkadi A., Martin R. J., Intrapulmonary lipopolysaccharide exposure upregulates cytokine expression in the neonatal brainstem. Acta Paediatrica 101 5 466 471
49. Fan L.-W., Tien L.-T., Zheng B., Pang Y., Lin R. C. S., Simpson K. L., Ma T., Rhodes P. G., Cai Z., Dopaminergic neuronal injury in the adult rat brain following neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide and the silent neurotoxicity. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2011 25 2 286 297 2-s2.0-78651448663 10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.020
50. Fan L.-W., Tien L.-T., Lin R. C. S., Simpson K. L., Rhodes P. G., Cai Z., Neonatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide enhances vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to rotenone neurotoxicity in later life. Neurobiology of Disease 2011 44 3 304 316 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.07.011
51. Schuchardt S., Strube A., Microbial volatile organic compounds in moldy interiors: a long-term climate chamber study. Journal of Basic Microbiology 2012 10.1002/jobm.201200056
52. Ryan T. J., Beaucham C., Dominant microbial volatile organic compounds in 23 US homes. Chemosphere 2013 90 3 977 985 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.066
53. Araki A., Kanazawa A., Kawai T., Eitaki Y., Morimoto K., Nakayama K., Shibata E., Tanaka M., Takigawa T., Yoshimura T., Chikara H., Saijo Y., Kishi R., The relationship between exposure to microbial volatile organic compound and allergy prevalence in single-family homes. The Science of the Total Environment 2012 423 18 26 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.026
54. American Environmental and Health Foundation, 26th Annual International Symposium on Man and his Environment in Health and Disease Hidden Connections for Chronic Diseases 2008 1
55. Sorenson W. G., Frazer D. G., Jarvis B. B., Trichothecene mycotoxins in aerosolized conidia of Stachybotrys atra. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1987 53 6 1370 1375 2-s2.0-0023217063 (Pubitemid 17112874)
56. Creasia D. A., Thurman J. D., Wannemacher R. W., Bunner D. L., Acute Inhalation toxicity of T-2 Mycotoxin in the Rat and Guinea Pig. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1990 14 1 54 59 2-s2.0-0025231818 10.1016/0272-0590(90)90230- H (Pubitemid 20097354)
57. Creasia D. A., Thurman J. D., Jones L. J., Nealley M. L., York C. G., Wannemacher R. W., Bunner D. L., Acute inhalation toxicity of t-2 mycotoxin in mice. Toxicological Sciences 1987 8 2 230 235 2-s2.0-77957178151 10.1093/toxsci/8.2.230 (Pubitemid 17017155)
58. Layton R. C., Purdy C. W., Jumper C. A., Straus D. C., Detection of macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin in a caprine (goat) tracheal instillation model. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 9-10 693 701 2-s2.0-70350497641 10.1177/0748233709348275
59. Wang Y., Chai T., Lu G., Quan C., Duan H., Yao M., Zucker B. A., Schlenker G., Simultaneous detection of airborne Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin and Zearalenone in a poultry house by immunoaffinity clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography. Environmental Research 2008 107 2 139 144 2-s2.0-43049176781 10.1016/j.envres.2008.01.008
60. Skaug M. A., Eduard W., Størmer F. C., Ochratoxin A in airborne dust and fungal conidia. Mycopathologia 2001 151 2 93 98 2-s2.0-0034867111 10.1023/A:1010953401173 (Pubitemid 32812059)
61. Jonsyn F. E., Maxwell S. M., Hendrickse R. G., Ochratoxin A and aflatoxins in breast milk samples from Sierra Leone. Mycopathologia 1995 131 2 121 126 2-s2.0-0029353557 (Pubitemid 3009812)
62. Górny R., Reponen T., Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002 68 7 3522 3531 10.1128/AEM.68.7.3522-3531.2002 (Pubitemid 34734054)
63. Zhang X., Zhang Q.-Y., Liu D., Su T., Weng Y., Ling G., Chen Y., Gu J., Ding X., Expression of cytochrome P450 and other biotransformation genes in fetal and adult human nasal mucosa. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 2005 33 10 1423 1428 10.1124/dmd.105.005769 (Pubitemid 41323988)
64. 1 in rats: bioactivation in the nasal mucosa and neuronal transport to the olfactory bulb. Toxicological Sciences 2000 55 2 383 391 10.1093/toxsci/55.2.383 (Pubitemid 30353247)
65. Boonen J., Malysheva S. V., Taevernier L., Mavungu J. D., De Saeger S., De Spiegeleer B., Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins. Toxicology 2012 301 1-3 21 32 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012
66. Larsen T. O., Svendsen A., Smedsgaard J., Biochemical characterization of Ochratoxin A-producing strains of the genus Penicillium. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2001 67 8 3630 3635 2-s2.0-0035430571 10.1128/AEM.67.8.3630-3635.2001 (Pubitemid 33641235)
67. Cavin C., Delatour T., Marin-Kuan M., Fenaille F., Holzhäuser D., Guignard G., Bezençon C., Piguet D., Parisod V., Richoz-Payot J., Schilter B., Ochratoxin A-mediated DNA and protein damage: roles of nitrosative and oxidative stresses. Toxicological Sciences 2009 110 1 84 94 2-s2.0-67649208209 10.1093/toxsci/kfp090
68. 1 exposure revealed with metabonomic changes in multiple biological matrices. Journal of Proteome Research 2011 10 2 614 623 2-s2.0-79955451518 10.1021/pr100792q
69. Roberts R., Laskin D. L., Smith C. V., Robertson F. M., Allen E. M. G., a Doorn J., Slikker W., Nitrative and oxidative stress in toxicology and disease. Toxicological Sciences 2009 112 1 4 16 10.1093/toxsci/kfp179
70. 1-induced oxidative stress in human lymphocytes. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 2 121 127 2-s2.0-66249101177 10.1177/0748233709103413
71. Yenilmez A., Isikli B., Aral E., Degirmenci I., Sutken E., Baycu C., Antioxidant effects of melatonin and coenzyme Q10 on oxidative damage caused by single-dose Ochratoxin A in rat kidney. Chinese Journal of Physiology 2010 53 5 310 317 2-s2.0-78149444513 10.4077/CJP.2010.AMK073
72. Malekinejad H., Farshid A. A., Mirzakhani N., Liquorice plant extract reduces Ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology 2011 63 1-2 125 130 10.1016/j.etp.2009.10.006
73. Abdel-Aziem S. H., Hassan A. M., Abdel-Wahhab M. A., Dietary supplementation with whey protein and ginseng extract counteracts oxidative stress and DNA damage in rats fed an aflatoxin-contaminated diet. Mutation Research 2011 723 1 65 71 2-s2.0-79957824855 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.007
74. 1-contaminated diets in young chicks. Environmental Toxicology 2011 26 2 153 160 2-s2.0-79952763399 10.1002/tox.20539
75. Cremer B., Soja A., Sauer J.-A., Damm M., Pro-inflammatory effects of ochratoxin A on nasal epithelial cells. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2012 269 4 1155 1161 10.1007/s00405-011-1820-7
76. Curtis L., Lieberman A., Adverse health effects of indoor molds. Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 2004 14 3 261 274 (Pubitemid 40096657)
77. Rea W. J., Didriksen N., Simon T. R., Pan Y., Fenyves E. J., Griffiths B., Effects of toxic exposure to molds and mycotoxins in building-related illnesses. Archives of Environmental Health 2004 58 7 399 405 2-s2.0-2342502625
78. Gray M. R., Thrasher J. D., Crago R., Madison R. A., Arnold L., Campbell A. W., Vojdani A., Mixed mold mycotoxicosis: immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged buildings. Archives of Environmental Health 2004 58 7 410 420 2-s2.0-2342565878 (Pubitemid 38579582)
79. Jedrychowski W., Maugeri U., Perera F., Stigter L., Jankowski J., Butscher M., Mroz E., Flak E., Skarupa A., Sowa A., Cognitive function of 6-year old children exposed to mold-contaminated homes in early postnatal period. Prospective birth cohort study in Poland. Physiology & Behavior 2011 104 5 989 995 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.06.019
80. Gordon W. A., Cantor J. B., Johanning E., Charatz H. J., Ashman T. A., Breeze J. L., Haddad L., Abramowitz S., Cognitive impairment associated with toxigenic fungal exposure: a replication and extension of previous findings. Applied Neuropsychology 2004 11 2 65 74 2-s2.0-4944254831 10.1207/ s15324826an1102-1 (Pubitemid 39331782)
81. Kilburn K. H., Indoor mold exposure associated with neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairment: a preliminary report. Archives of Environmental Health 2004 58 7 390 398 2-s2.0-2342621513
82. Baldo J. V., Ahmad L., Ruff R., Neuropsychological performance of patients following mold exposure. Applied Neuropsychology 2002 9 4 193 202 2-s2.0-0036955271 (Pubitemid 36343346)
83. Crago B. R., Gray M. R., Nelson L. A., Davis M., Arnold L., Thrasher J. D., Psychological, neuropsychological, and electrocortical effects of mixed mold exposure. Archives of Environmental Health 2003 58 8 452 463 2-s2.0-2342595459 10.3200/AEOH.58.8.452-463 (Pubitemid 38828865)
84. Doi K., Uetsuka K., Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced neurotoxicity through oxidative stress-associated pathways. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2011 12 8 5213 5237 10.3390/ijms12085213
85. Shenassa E. D., Daskalakis C., Liebhaber A., Braubach M., Brown M., Dampness and mold in the home and depression: an examination of mold-related illness and perceived control of one's home as possible depression pathways. American Journal of Public Health 2007 97 10 1893 1899 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093773 (Pubitemid 351182303)
86. Calderón-Garcidueñas L., Mora-Tiscareño A., Ontiveros E., Gómez-Garza G., Barragán-Mejía G., Broadway J., Chapman S., Valencia-Salazar G., Jewells V., Maronpot R. R., Henríquez- Roldán C., Pérez-Guillé B., Torres-Jardón R., Herrit L., Brooks D., Osnaya-Brizuela N., Monroy M. E., González-Maciel A., Reynoso-Robles R., Villarreal-Calderon R., Solt A. C., Engle R. W., Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: a pilot study with children and dogs. Brain and Cognition 2008 68 2 117 127 10.1016/j.bandc.2008. 04.008
87. Empting L., Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 9-10 577 581 2-s2.0-70350501195 10.1177/0748233709348393
88. Kilburn K. H., Neurobehavioral and pulmonary impairment in 105 adults with indoor exposure to molds compared to 100 exposed to chemicals. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2009 25 9-10 681 692 2-s2.0-70350475573 10.1177/0748233709348390
89. Ross G. H., Rea W. J., Johnson A. R., Hickey D. C., Simon T. R., Neurotoxicity in single photon emission computed tomography brain scans of patients reporting chemical sensitivities. Toxicology and Industrial Health 1999 15 3-4 415 420 2-s2.0-0033427198 (Pubitemid 30030700)
90. Park J. H., Cox-Ganser J. M., Mold exposure and respiratory health in damp indoor environments. Frontiers in Bioscience 2011 3 757 771 2-s2.0-79957805133
91. Rossman M. D., Kreider M. E., Lesson learned from ACCESS (A Case Controlled Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis). Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society 2007 4 5 453 456 2-s2.0-34548707235 10.1513/pats.200607-138MS (Pubitemid 47435371)
92. Laney A. S., Cragin L. A., Blevins L. Z., Sumner A. D., Cox-Ganser J. M., Kreiss K., Moffatt S. G., Lohff C. J., Sarcoidosis, asthma, and asthma-like symptoms among occupants of a historically water-damaged office building. Indoor Air 2009 19 1 83 90 2-s2.0-58449111551 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00564.x
93. Tercelj M., β -Glucan in BAL among patients with sarcoidosis. CHEST Journal 2012 142 4, meeting abstracts 436A 10.1378/chest.1365445
94. Newman L. S., Rose C. S., Bresnitz E. A., Rossman M. D., Barnard J., Frederick M., Terrin M. L., Weinberger S. E., Moller D. R., McLennan G., Hunninghake G., DePalo L., Baughman R. P., Iannuzzi M. C., Judson M. A., Knatterud G. L., Thompson B. W., Teirstein A. S., Yeager H., Johns C. J., Rabin D. L., Rybicki B. A., Cherniack R., A case control etiologic study of sarcoidosis: environmental and occupational risk factors. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004 170 12 1324 1330 2-s2.0-10644294658 10.1164/rccm.200402-249OC (Pubitemid 39657197)
95. Jaakkola J. J. K., Ieromnimon A., Jaakkola M. S., Interior surface materials and asthma in adults: a population-based incident case-control study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2006 164 8 742 749 2-s2.0-33749516848 10.1093/aje/kwj249 (Pubitemid 44523748)
96. Karvala K., Toskala E., Luukkonen R., Lappalainen S., Uitti J., Nordman H., New-onset adult asthma in relation to damp and moldy workplaces. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 2010 83 8 855 865 2-s2.0-78649321455 10.1007/s00420-010-0507-5
97. Ponikau J E., Frigas, Gaffey T., Roberts G., The diagnosis and incidence of allergic fungal sinusitis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1999 74 9 877 884 10.4065/74.9.877
98. Sethi P., Saluja R., Jindal N., Singh V., Invasive aspergillosis in an immunocompetent host. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 2012 16 2 297 300 10.4103/0973-029X.99096
99. Garcia R. J., Troya P., Edwards C., Invasive aspergillosis with central nervous system dissemination in a presumably immunocompetent, non-neutropenic patient: case report and review. Southern Medical Journal 2006 99 6 607 610 2-s2.0-33745712045 10.1097/01.smj.0000217123.43673.90 (Pubitemid 43999923)
100. Ponikau J. U., Sherris D. A., Kita H., Kern E. B., Intranasal antifungal treatment in 51 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002 110 6 862 866 2-s2.0-0036917652 10.1067/mai.2002.130051 (Pubitemid 36005872)
101. Liang K.-L., Su M. C., Shiao J. Y., Tseng H. C., Hsin C. H., Lin J. F., Jiang R. S., Amphotericin B irrigation for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. American Journal of Rhinology 2008 22 1 52 58 2-s2.0-39749148962 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3115 (Pubitemid 351310953)
102. Ponikau J. U., Sherris D. A., Weaver A., Kita H., Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with intranasal amphotericin B: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2005 115 1 125 131 2-s2.0-11344264163 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.09.037 (Pubitemid 40075432)
103. Pi S., Rj H., Rimmer J., Rm G., Sacks R., Topical and systemic antifungal therapy for the symptomatic treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Review 2011 10.1002/14651858.CD008263.pub2
104. Isaacs S., Fakhri S., Luong A., Citardi M. J., A meta-analysis of topical amphotericin B for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology 1 4 250 254
105. Rains B. M., Mineck C. W., Treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis with high-dose intraconazole. American Journal of Rhinology 2003 17 1 1 8 2-s2.0-0037237931 (Pubitemid 36395380)
106. Trigg M. E., Morgan D., Burns T. L., Kook H., Rumelhart S. L., Holida M. D., Giller R. H., Successful program to prevent aspergillus infections in children undergoing marrow transplantation: use of nasal amphotericin. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1997 19 1 43 47 2-s2.0-0031023767 (Pubitemid 27056863)
107. Fruth K., Best N., Amro M., Ingel K., Gosepath J., Mann W. J., Brieger J., No evidence for a correlation of glutathione S-tranferase polymorphisms and chronic rhinosinusitis. Rhinology 2011 49 2 180 184 10.4193/Rhin
108. Iebba V., Nicoletti M., Schippa S., Gut microbiota and the immune system: an intimate partnership in health and disease. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology 2012 25 4 823 833
109. Round J. L., Mazmanian S. K., The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 2009 9 5 313 323 2-s2.0-67349250428 10.1038/nri2515
110. Agawane S. B., Lonkar P. S., Effect of probiotic containing Saccharomyces boulardii on experimental ochratoxicosis in broilers: hematobiochemical studies. Journal of Veterinary Science 2004 5 4 359 367 2-s2.0-16644383187
111. 1 immunotoxicity in vivo. Journal of Immunotoxicology 2012 10.3109/1547691X.2012.718810)
112. 1-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats. The British Journal of Nutrition 2012 107 7 1006 1016 10.1017/S0007114511003953
113. Peitzsch M., Bloom E., Haase R., Must A., Larsson L., Remediation of mould damaged building materials-efficiency of a broad spectrum of treatments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 2012 14 3 908 915 10.1039/c2em10806b
114. Santilli J., Health effects of mold exposure in public schools. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports 2002 2 6 460 467 2-s2.0-0036834978
115. Rao C. Y., Cox-Ganser J. M., Chew G. L., Doekes G., White S., Use of surrogate markers of biological agents in air and settled dust samples to evaluate a water-damaged hospital. Indoor Air, Supplement 2005 15 supplement 9 89 97 2-s2.0-20444371975 (Pubitemid 40805882)
116. NIOSH, Preventing occupational respiratory disease from exposures caused by dampness in office buildings, schools, and other nonindustrial buildings. 2012 no. 2013-102 NIOSH
117. Schatzmayr G., Zehner F., Täubel M., Schatzmayr D., Klimitsch A., Loibner A. P., Binder E. M., Microbiologicals for deactivating mycotoxins. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 2006 50 6 543 551 2-s2.0-33745333434 10.1002/mnfr.200500181 (Pubitemid 43944163)
118. Crinnion W. J., The CDC fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals: what it tells us about our toxic burden and how it assists environmental medicine physicians. Alternative Medicine Review 2010 15 2 101 108 2-s2.0-77954634254
119. Prousky J., The treatment of pulmonary diseases and respiratory-related conditions with inhaled (nebulized or aerosolized) glutathione. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2008 5 1 27 35 2-s2.0-39749090507 10.1093/ecam/nem040 (Pubitemid 351301961)
120. Schulz J. B., Lindenau J., Seyfried J., Dichgans J., Glutathione, oxidative stress and neurodeneration. European Journal of Biochemistry 2000 467 4904 4911 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01595.x (Pubitemid 30641286)
121. Jenner P., Dexter D. T., Sian J., Schapira A. H. V., Marsden C. D., Oxidative stress as a cause of nigral cell death in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Annals of Neurology 1992 32 supplement S82 S87 2-s2.0-0026635461
122. Chinta S. J., Kumar M. J., Hsu M., Rajagopalan S., Kaur D., Rane A., Nicholls D. G., Choi J., Andersen J. K., Inducible alterations of glutathione levels in adult dopaminergic midbrain neurons result in nigrostriatal degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience 2007 27 51 13997 14006 2-s2.0-38449097902 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3885-07.2007 (Pubitemid 351377875)
123. Viña J., Lloret A., Ortí R., Alonso D., Molecular bases of the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with antioxidants: prevention of oxidative stress. Molecular Aspects of Medicine 2004 25 1-2 117 123 (Pubitemid 38401936)
124. Woltjer R. L., Nghiem W., Maezawa I., Milatovic D., Vaisar T., Montine K. S., Montine T. J., Role of glutathione in intracellular amyloid- α precursor protein/carboxy-terminal fragment aggregation and associated cytotoxicity. Journal of Neurochemistry 2005 93 4 1047 1056 2-s2.0-18844444191 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03109.x (Pubitemid 40695764)
125. James S. J., Cutler P., Melnyk S., Jernigan S., Janak L., Gaylor D. W., Neubrander J. A., Metabolic biomarkers of increased oxidative stress and impaired methylation capacity in children with autism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 80 6 1611 1617 2-s2.0-15244348759 (Pubitemid 41103861)
126. Vojdani A., Mumper E., Granpeesheh D., Mielke L., Traver D., Bock K., Hirani K., Neubrander J., Woeller K. N., 'Hara N. O., Usman A., Schneider C., Hebroni F., Berookhim J., McCandless J., Low natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in autism: the role of glutathione, IL-2 and IL-15. Journal of Neuroimmunology 2008 205 1-2 148 154
127. Matsuzawa D., Obata T., Shirayama Y., Nonaka H., Konazawa Y., Yoshitome E., Takanashi J., Matsuda T., Shimizu E., Ikehira H., Iyo M., Hashimoto K., Negative correlation between brain glutathione level and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a 3T 1H-MRS study. PLoS One 2008 3 4 2-s2.0-44849102210 10.1371/journal.pone.0001944 e1944 (Pubitemid 352003354)
128. Sun C. A., Wang L. Y., Chen C. J., Lu S. N., You S. L., Wang L. W., Wang Q., Wu D. M., Santella R. M., Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S-transferases M1 and T1 associated with susceptibility to aflatoxin-related hepatocarcinogenesis among chronic hepatitis B carriers: a nested case-control study in Taiwan. Carcinogenesis 2001 22 8 1289 1294 2-s2.0-0034897931 (Pubitemid 32737346)
129. Meister A., Glutathione deficiency produced by inhibition of its synthesis, and its reversal; applications in research and therapy. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1991 51 2 155 194 2-s2.0-0026343403
130. Jain A., Mårtensson J., Stole E., Auld P. A., Meister A., Glutathione deficiency leads to mitochondrial damage in brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991 88 5 1913 1917 (Pubitemid 21916337)
131. Meister A., Mitochondrial changes associated with glutathione deficiency. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1995 1271 1 35 42 10.1016/0925-4439(95)00007-Q
132. Bishop C., Hudson V. M., Hilton S. C., Wilde C., A pilot study of the effect of inhaled buffered reduced glutathione on the clinical status of patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2005 127 1 308 317 2-s2.0-13844322148 10.1378/chest.127.1.308 (Pubitemid 41724591)
133. Griese M., Ramakers J., Krasselt A., Starosta V., Van Koningsbruggen S., Fischer R., Ratjen F., Müllinger B., Huber R. M., Maier K., Rietschel E., Scheuch G., Improvement of alveolar glutathione and lung function but not oxidative state in cystic fibrosis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2004 169 7 822 828 2-s2.0-12144289811 (Pubitemid 38402458)
134. Visca A., Bishop C. T., Hilton S. C., Hudson V. M., Improvement in clinical markers in CF patients using a reduced glutathione regimen: an uncontrolled, observational study. Journal of Cystic Fibrosis 2008 7 5 433 436 2-s2.0-51549090573 10.1016/j.jcf.2008.03.006
135. Lamson D. W., Brignall M. S., The use of nebulized glutathione in the treatment of emphysema: a case report. Alternative Medicine Review 2000 5 5 429 431
136. Testa B., Testa D., Mesolella M., D'Errico G., Tricarico D., Motta G., Management of chronic otitis media with effusion: the role of glutathione. Laryngoscope 2001 111 8 1486 1489 2-s2.0-0034902921 (Pubitemid 32730199)
137. Borok Z., Buhl R., Grimes G. J., Bokser A. D., Hubbard R. C., Holroyd K. J., Roum J. H., Czerski D. B., Cantin A. M., Crystal R. G., Effect of glutathione aerosol on oxidant-antioxidant imbalance in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Lancet 1991 338 8761 215 216 2-s2.0-0025886739 10.1016/0140-6736(91) 90350-X
138. Testa B., Mesolella M., Testa D., Giuliano A., Costa G., Maione F., Iaccarino F., Glutathione in the upper respiratory tract. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 1995 104 2 117 119 2-s2.0-0028963198
139. Holroyd K. J., Buhl R., Borok Z., Roum J. H., Bokser A. D., Grimes G. J., Czerski D., Cantin A. M., Crystal R. G., Correction of glutathione deficiency in the lower respiratory tract of HIV seropositive individuals by glutathione aerosol treatment. Thorax 1993 48 10 985 989 2-s2.0-0027486588 (Pubitemid 23319622)
140. Hartl D., Starosta V., Maier K., Beck-Speier I., Rebhan C., Becker B. F., Latzin P., Fischer R., Ratjen F., Huber R. M., Rietschel E., Krauss-Etschmann S., Griese M., Inhaled glutathione decreases PGE2 and increases lymphocytes in cystic fibrosis lungs. Free Radical Biology and Medicine 2005 39 4 463 472 2-s2.0-22544453909 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2005.03.032 (Pubitemid 41021645)
141. Marrades R. M., Roca J., Barberà J. A., De Jover L., Macnee W., Rodriguez-Roisin R., Nebulized glutathione induces bronchoconstriction in patients with mild asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997 156 2, part 1 425 430 2-s2.0-0030795436 (Pubitemid 27351974)
142. Gruchalla R. S., Pirmohamed M., Antibiotic allergy. The New England Journal of Medicine 2006 354 6 601 609 2-s2.0-32144450428 10.1056/NEJMcp043986 (Pubitemid 43209107)
143. Ali J., Ali M., Baboota S., Sahani J. K., Ramassamy C., Dao L., Bhavna, Potential of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems by intranasal administration. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2010 16 14 1644 1653 10.2174/138161210791164108
144. Uchida M., Katoh T., Mori M., Maeno T., Ohtake K., Kobayashi J., Morimoto Y., Natsume H., Intranasal administration of milnacipran in rats: evaluation of the transport of drugs to the systemic circulation and central nervous system and the pharmacological effect. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2011 34 5 740 747 2-s2.0-79955648704 10.1248/bpb.34.740
145. Born J., Lange T., Kern W., McGregor G. P., Bickel U., Fehm H. L., Sniffing neuropeptides: a transnasal approach to the human brain. Nature Neuroscience 2002 5 6 514 516 2-s2.0-0036270680 10.1038/nn849 (Pubitemid 34568991)
146. Mischley L. K., Vespignani M. F., Finnell J. S., Safety survey of intranasal glutathione. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 2012 10.1089/acm.2011.0673
147. Kannan R., Kuhlenkamp J. F., Jeandidler E., Trlnh H., Ookhtens M., Angeles L., Evidence for carrier mediated transportation of glutathione across the blood brain barrier in the rat. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 1990 85 6 2009 2013 10.1172/JCI114666 (Pubitemid 20192980)
148. Yi J. R., Evidence for the existence of a sodium-dependent glutathione (GSH) transporter. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1996 271 16 9754 9758 10.1074/jbc.271.16.9754 (Pubitemid 26137385)
149. Gilgun-Sherki Y., Melamed E., Offen D., Oxidative stress induced-neurodegenerative diseases: the need for antioxidants that penetrate the blood brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 2001 40 8 959 975 2-s2.0-0034986361 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00019-3 (Pubitemid 32530602)
150. Agarwal R., Shukla G. S., Potential role of cerebral glutathione in the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity in rat. Neurochemical Research 1999 24 12 1507 1514 2-s2.0-0032752658
151. Ghersi-Egea J.-F., Strazielle N., Murat A., Jouvet A., Buénerd A., Belin M. F., Brain protection at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid interface involves a glutathione-dependent metabolic barrier mechanism. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2006 26 9 1165 1175 2-s2.0-33747162901 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600267 (Pubitemid 44268179)
152. Muruganandam A., Smith C., Ball R., Herring T., Stanimirovic D., Glutathione homeostasis and leukotriene-induced permeability in human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells subjected to in vitro ischemia. Acta Neurochirurgica, Supplement 2000 76 29 34 2-s2.0-0034577887
153. Talegaonkar S., Mishra P. R., Intranasal delivery: an approach to bypass the blood brain barrier. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2004 36 3 140 147 2-s2.0-2942706032 (Pubitemid 38787065)
154. Bastyr University, Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson's Disease. 2012, http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01398748
155. Zeevalk G. D., Bernard L. P., Guilford F. T., Liposomal-glutathione provides maintenance of intracellular glutathione and neuroprotection in mesencephalic neuronal cells. Neurochemical Research 2010 35 10 1575 1587 2-s2.0-77957582975 10.1007/s11064-010-0217-0
156. Rosenblat M., Volkova N., Coleman R., Aviram M., Anti-oxidant and anti-atherogenic properties of liposomal glutathione: studies in vitro, and in the atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2007 195 2 e61 e68 2-s2.0-36049009458 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.05.012 (Pubitemid 350087977)
157. Levitskaia T. G., Morris J. E., Creim J. A., Woodstock A. D., Luders T., Curry T. L., Thrall K. D., Aminothiol receptors for decorporation of intravenously administered 60Co in the rat. Health Physics 2010 98 1 53 60 2-s2.0-73449092229 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181b9dbbc
158. Kern J. K., Geier D. A., Adams J. B., Garver C. R., Audhya T., Geier M. R., A clinical trial of glutathione supplementation in autism spectrum disorderss. Medical Science Monitor 2011 17 12 CR677 CR682 10.12659/MSM.882125
159. Gray M., Personal Communication. 2013
160. Roth A., Chakor K., Creppy E. E., Kane A., Roschenthaler R., Dirheimer G., Evidence for an enterohepatic circulation of Ochratoxin A in mice. Toxicology 1988 48 3 293 308 2-s2.0-0023848654 (Pubitemid 18045574)
161. Coddington K. A., Swanson S. P., Hassan A. S., Buck W. B., Enterohepatic circulation of T-2 toxin metabolites in the rat. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1989 17 6 600 605 2-s2.0-0024789105 (Pubitemid 20015099)
162. Breitholtz-Emanuelsson A., Fuchs R., Hult K., Appelgren L. E., Syntheses of 14C-Ochratoxin A and 14C-Ochratoxin B and a comparative study of their distribution in rats using whole body autoradiography. Pharmacology and Toxicology 1992 70 4 255 261 2-s2.0-0026611105
163. Galvano F., Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Piva A., Chies L., Galvano M., Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for Ochratoxin A and deoxynivalenol and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. Journal of Food Protection 1998 61 4 469 475 2-s2.0-0032055310 (Pubitemid 28219454)
164. Avantaggiato G., Havenaar R., Visconti A., Evaluation of the intestinal absorption of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol by an in vitro gastrointestinal model, and the binding efficacy of activated carbon and other adsorbent materials. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2004 42 5 817 824 2-s2.0-1642368809 10.1016/j.fct.2004.01.004 (Pubitemid 38376349)
165. Gibson N. M., Luo T. J. M., Brenner D. W., Shenderova O., Immobilization of mycotoxins on modified nanodiamond substrates. Biointerphases 2011 6 4 210 217 10.1116/1.3672489
166. Diaz D. E., Hagler W. M., Blackwelder J. T., Eve J. A., Hopkins B. A., Anderson K. L., Jones F. T., Whitlow L. W., Aflatoxin Binders II: reduction of aflatoxin M1 in milk by sequestering agents of cows consuming aflatoxin in feed. Mycopathologia 2004 157 2 233 241 2-s2.0-1842759789 10.1023/B:MYCO.0000020587. 93872.59 (Pubitemid 38463759)
167. Nolan J. P., McDevitt J. J., Goldmann G. S., Endotoxin binding by charged and uncharged resins. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1975 149 3 766 770 2-s2.0-0016772046
168. Steczko J., Ash S. R., Blake D. E., Carr D. J., Bosley R. H., Cytokines and endotoxin removal by sorbents and its application in push-pull sorbent-based pheresis: the biologic-DTPF system. Artificial Organs 1999 23 4 310 318 2-s2.0-0032927115 10.1046/j.1525-1594.1999.06232.x (Pubitemid 29200992)
169. Wang P., Afriyie-Gyawu E., Tang Y., Johnson N. M., Xu L., Tang L., Huebner H. J., Ankrah N. A., Ofori-Adjei D., Ellis W., Jolly P. E., Williams J. H., Wang J. S., Phillips T. D., NovaSil clay intervention in Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis: II. Reduction in biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in blood and urine. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 2008 25 5 622 634 2-s2.0-46249096053 10.1080/02652030701598694 (Pubitemid 351910965)
170. Phillips T. D., Afriyie-Gyawu E., Williams J., Huebner H., Ankrah N. A., Ofori-Adjei D., Jolly P., Johnson N., Taylor J., Marroquin-Cardona A., Xu L., Tang L., Wang J. S., Reducing human exposure to aflatoxin through the use of clay: a review. Food Additives and Contaminants 2008 25 2 134 145 2-s2.0-39549090393 10.1080/02652030701567467 (Pubitemid 351279941)
171. Afriyie-Gyawu E., Wang Z., Ankrah N. A., Xu L., Johnson N. M., Tang L., Guan H., Huebner H. J., Jolly P. E., Ellis W. O., Taylor R., Brattin B., Ofori-Adjei D., Williams J. H., Wang J. S., Phillips T. D., NovaSil clay does not affect the concentrations of vitamins A and E and nutrient minerals in serum samples from Ghanaians at high risk for aflatoxicosis. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 2008 25 7 872 884 2-s2.0-46349102717 10.1080/ 02652030701854758 (Pubitemid 351917195)
172. 1-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis 2007 28 6 1294 1302 2-s2.0-34447329571 10.1093/carcin/bgm027 (Pubitemid 47062690)
173. 1 Toxicology 2012 299 2-3 69 79 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.016
174. Genuis S. J., Schwalfenberg G., Siy A. K. J., Rodushkin I., Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations. PLoS One 2012 7 11 e49676
175. Boylan J. J., Egle J. L., Guzelian P. S., Cholestyramine: use as a new therapeutic approach for chlordecone (Kepone) poisoning. Science 1978 199 4331 893 895 2-s2.0-0018148328 (Pubitemid 8310982)
176. Cohn W. J., Boylan J. J., Blanke R. V., Treatment of chlordecone (Kepone) toxicity with cholestyramine. Results of a controlled clinical trial. The New England Journal of Medicine 1978 298 5 243 248 2-s2.0-0017834861 (Pubitemid 8275770)
177. Takenaka S., Morita K., Tokiwa H., Takahashi K., Effects of rice bran fibre and cholestyramine on the faecal excretion of Kanechlor 600 (PCB) in rats. Xenobiotica 1991 21 3 351 357 2-s2.0-0026065774
178. Tonstad S., Knudtzon J., Sivertsen M., Refsum H., Ose L., Efficacy and safety of cholestyramine therapy in peripubertal and prepubertal children with familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Pediatrics 1996 129 1 42 49 2-s2.0-0029794904 (Pubitemid 26277245)
179. Kerkadi A., Barriault C., Tuchweber B., Frohlich A. A., Marquardt R. R., Bouchard G., Yousef I. M., Dietary cholestyramine reduces Ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat by decreasing plasma levels and enhancing fecal excretion of the toxin. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A 1998 53 3 231 250 2-s2.0-0032488879
180. Madhyastha M. S., Frohlich A. A., Marquardt R. R., Effect of dietary cholestyramine on the elimination pattern of Ochratoxin A in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology 1992 30 8 709 714 10.1016/0278-6915(92)90167-J
181. Kerkadi A., Barriault C., Marquardt R. R., Frohlich A. A., Yousef I. M., Zhu X. X., Tuchweber B., Cholestyramine protection against Ochratoxin A toxicity: role of Ochratoxin A sorption by the resin and bile acid enterohepatic circulation. Journal of Food Protection 1999 62 12 1461 1465 2-s2.0-0033486188
182. Van Leeuwen P. A. M., Boermeester M. A., Houdijk A. P. J., Meyer S., Cuesta M. A., Wesdorp R. C., Rodrick M. L., Wilmore D. W., Pretreatment with enteral cholestyramine prevents suppression of the cellular immune system after partial hepatectomy. Annals of Surgery 1995 221 3 282 290 2-s2.0-0028965101
183. Morinville V., McDonald J., Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea in 200 Canadian children. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2005 19 8 497 501 2-s2.0-24644517007 (Pubitemid 41283136)
184. Moncino M. D., Falletta J. M., Multiple relapses of Clostridium difficile -associated diarrhea in a cancer patient: successful control with long-term cholestyramine therapy. American Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology 1992 14 4 361 364 2-s2.0-0026722862
185. Brouillard M. Y., Rateau J. G., Ability of cholestyramine to bind Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae toxins. Annales de Gastroentérologie et d'Hépatologie 24 3 133 138
186. Bounous G., Whey protein concentrate (WPC) and glutathione modulation in cancer treatment. Anticancer Research 2000 20 6 C 4785 4792 2-s2.0-0034491679 (Pubitemid 32127729)
187. Malekinejad H., Mirzakhani N., Razi M., Cheraghi H., Alizadeh A., Dardmeh F., Protective effects of melatonin and Glycyrrhiza glabra extract on Ochratoxin A-induced damages on testes in mature rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology 2011 30 2 110 123 2-s2.0-79551523775 10.1177/0960327110368416
188. Ozen H., Karaman M., Ciǧremiş Y., Tuzcu M., Ozcan K., Erdaǧ D., Effectiveness of melatonin on aflatoxicosis in chicks. Research in Veterinary Science 2009 86 3 485 489 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.011
189. Mrtensson J., Meister A., Glutathione deficiency decreases tissue ascorbate levels in newborn rats: ascorbate spares glutathione and protects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1991 88 11 4656 4660 2-s2.0-0025754161 (Pubitemid 21914600)
190. 1-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes in vitro. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2012 28 5 474 480 10.1177/0748233711414614
191. 1-induced liver injury in rats. Archives of Toxicology 2010 84 5 389 396 2-s2.0-77952091558 10.1007/s00204-010-0511-2
192. Galtier P., Charpenteau J. L., Alvinerie M., Labouche C., The pharmacokinetic profile of Ochratoxin A in the rat after oral and intravenous administration. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 1979 7 6 429 434 2-s2.0-0018571123 (Pubitemid 10132376)
193. Madhyastha M. S., Marquardt R. R., Frohlich A. A., Hydrolysis of Ochratoxin A by the microbial activity of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract of rats. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 1992 23 4 468 472 2-s2.0-0026757664
194. 1 and Ochratoxin A using an in vitro digestion model under fed conditions. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B 2009 44 5 472 480 2-s2.0-70449334423 10.1080/03601230902935154
195. Kasmani F. B., Torshizi M. A. K., Allameh A., Shariatmadari F., A novel aflatoxin-binding Bacillus probiotic: performance, serum biochemistry, and immunological parameters in Japanese quail. Poultry Science 2012 91 8 1846 1853 10.3382/ps.2011-01830
196. Awad W. A., Ghareeb K., Böhm J., Zentek J., Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation. Food Additives and Contaminants Part A 2010 27 4 510 520 2-s2.0-77949521539 10.1080/ 19440040903571747
197. 1-mediated genotoxicity in human hepatocytes: role of GSTM1 genotype and CYP3A4 gene expression. Toxicological Sciences 2010 116 2 422 432 2-s2.0-77955079408 10.1093/toxsci/kfq135
198. Kensler T. W., Chen J.-G., Egner P. A., Fahey J. W., Jacobson L. P., Stephenson K. K., Ye L., Coady J. L., Wang J. B., Wu Y., Sun Y., Zhang Q. N., Zhang B. C., Zhu Y. R., Qian G. S., Carmella S. G., Hecht S. S., Benning L., Gange S. J., Groopman J. D., Talalay P., Effects of glucosinolate-rich broccoli sprouts on urinary levels of aflatoxin-DNA adducts and phenanthrene tetraols in a randomized clinical trial in He Zuo Township, Qidong, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention 2005 14 11 I 2605 2613 2-s2.0-28644450910 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0368 (Pubitemid 41752722)
199. Tang L., Guan H., Ding X., Wang J. S., Modulation of aflatoxin toxicity and biomarkers by lycopene in F344 rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2007 219 1 10 17 2-s2.0-33846862928 10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.001 (Pubitemid 46227508)
200. 1 BioFactors 2012 38 1 34 43 10.1002/biof.190
201. Soares F. L. P., de Oliveira Matoso R., Teixeira L. G., Menezes Z., Pereira S. S., Alves A. C., Batista N. V., de Faria A. M. C., Cara D. C., Ferreira A. V. M., Alvarez-Leite J. I., Gluten-free diet reduces adiposity, inflammation and insulin resistance associated with the induction of PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma expression. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 2012 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.08.009
202. Jackson J. R., Eaton W. W., Cascella N. G., Fasano A., Kelly D. L., Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of celiac disease and gluten sensitivity. The Psychiatric Quarterly 2012 83 1 91 102 10.1007/s11126-011-9186- y
203. Kheder A., Currie S., Romanowski C., Hadjivassiliou M., Progressive ataxia with palatal tremor due to gluten sensitivity. Movement Disorders 2012 27 1 62 63 10.1002/mds.23987
204. Zhang Y., Menkes D. L., Silvers D. S., Propriospinal myoclonus associated with gluten sensitivity in a young woman. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 2012 315 1-2 141 10.1016/j.jns.2011.12.004
205. Pietzak M., Celiac disease, wheat allergy, and gluten sensitivity: when gluten free is not a fad. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2012 36 1, supplement 68S 75S 10.1177/0148607111426276
206. Crinnion W., Components of practical clinical detox programs-Sauna as a therapeutic tool. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 2007 13 2 S154 S156 2-s2.0-33947250871 (Pubitemid 46427648)
207. Crinnion W., Sauna as a valuable clinical tool for cardiovascular, autoimmune, toxicant-induced and other chronic health problems. Alternative Medicine Review 2011 16 3 215 225
208. Kluger N., Sauna: cardiac and vascular benefits and risks. La Presse Médicale 2011 40 10 895 899 10.1016/j.lpm.2011.02.010
209. Crinnion W. J., Sauna as a valuable clinical tool for cardiovascular, autoimmune, toxicant-induced and other chronic health problems. Alternative Medicine Review 2011 16 3 215 225
210. Cox N. J. M., Oostendorp G. M., Folgering H. T. M., Van Herwaarden C. L. A., Sauna to transiently improve pulmonary function in patients with obstructive lung disease. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1989 70 13 911 913 2-s2.0-0024788332 (Pubitemid 20031381)
211. Genuis S. J., Elimination of persistent toxicants from the human body. Human and Experimental Toxicology 2011 30 1 3 18 2-s2.0-78650198287 10.1177/0960327110368417
212. Genuis S. J., Beesoon S., Lobo R. A., Birkholz D., Human elimination of phthalate compounds: Blood, Urine, and Sweat (BUS) study. The Scientific World Journal 2012 2012 10 615068 10.1100/2012/615068
213. Sears M. E., Kerr K. J., Bray R. I., Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in sweat: a systematic review. Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2012 2012 10 184745 10.1155/2012/184745
214. Cechetti F., Worm P. V., Elsner V. R., Bertoldi K., Sanches E., Ben J., Siqueira I. R., Netto C. A., Forced treadmill exercise prevents oxidative stress and memory deficits following chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 2012 97 1 90 96 10.1016/j.nlm.2011.09.008
215. Mazzola P. N., Terra M., Rosa A. P., Mescka C. P., Moraes T. B., Piccoli B., Jacques C. E., Dalazen G., Cortes M. X., Coelho J., Dutra-Filho C. S., Regular exercise prevents oxidative stress in the brain of hyperphenylalaninemic rats. Metabolic Brain Disease 2011 26 4 291 297 10.1007/s11011-011-9264-8
216. Furukawa S., Fujita T., Shimabukuro M., Iwaki M., Yamada Y., Nakajima Y., Nakayama O., Makishima M., Matsuda M., Shimomura I., Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation 2004 114 12 1752 1761 2-s2.0-15244342531 10.1172/JCI200421625 (Pubitemid 40385531)