메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

Emphasis on the Role of PF4 in the Incidence, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia

Author keywords

Heparin; Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT); Platelet Factor 4 (PF4)

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOLOGICAL ADJUVANT; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; THROMBOCYTE FACTOR 4;

EID: 84875849218     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14779560     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1477-9560-11-7     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (41)

References (160)
  • 1
    • 1842608517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin to pentasaccharide and beyond: the end is not in sight
    • Messmore HL, Wehrmacher WH, Coyne E, Fareed J. Heparin to pentasaccharide and beyond: the end is not in sight. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30(Suppl 1):81-88.
    • (2004) Semin Thromb Hemost , vol.30 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 81-88
    • Messmore, H.L.1    Wehrmacher, W.H.2    Coyne, E.3    Fareed, J.4
  • 2
    • 4644308426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin and low-molecular weight heparin: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy
    • Hirsh J, Raschke R. Heparin and low-molecular weight heparin: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest 2004, 126(3 Suppl):188S-203S.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.126 , Issue.3 SUPPL
    • Hirsh, J.1    Raschke, R.2
  • 3
    • 0036735202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preventing complications in heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Alternative anticoagulants are improving patient outcomes
    • Rice L, Nguyen PH, Vann AR. Preventing complications in heparin induced thrombocytopenia. Alternative anticoagulants are improving patient outcomes. Postgrad Med 2002, 112:85-89.
    • (2002) Postgrad Med , vol.112 , pp. 85-89
    • Rice, L.1    Nguyen, P.H.2    Vann, A.R.3
  • 4
    • 0031776402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00134-X, 9626819
    • Brieger DB, Mak KH, Kottke-Marchant K, Topol EJ. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1449-1459. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00134-X, 9626819.
    • (1998) J Am Coll Cardiol , vol.31 , pp. 1449-1459
    • Brieger, D.B.1    Mak, K.H.2    Kottke-Marchant, K.3    Topol, E.J.4
  • 5
    • 53449094146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a historical perspective
    • 10.1182/blood-2008-02-078014, 18809774
    • Kelton JG, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a historical perspective. Blood 2008, 112:2607-2616. 10.1182/blood-2008-02-078014, 18809774.
    • (2008) Blood , vol.112 , pp. 2607-2616
    • Kelton, J.G.1    Warkentin, T.E.2
  • 6
    • 0030281338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00258-6, 8948273
    • Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. A 14-year study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 1996, 101:502-507. 10.1016/S0002-9343(96)00258-6, 8948273.
    • (1996) Am J Med , vol.101 , pp. 502-507
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Kelton, J.G.2
  • 7
    • 34548134886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing thrombotic complications in the perioperative setting: an update on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Levy JH, Tanaka KA, Hursting MJ. Reducing thrombotic complications in the perioperative setting: an update on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg 2008, 105:570-582.
    • (2008) Anesth Analg , vol.105 , pp. 570-582
    • Levy, J.H.1    Tanaka, K.A.2    Hursting, M.J.3
  • 8
    • 84858057979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How I treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2011-11-376293, 22246036
    • Cuker A, Cines DB. How I treat heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012, 119:2209-2218. 10.1182/blood-2011-11-376293, 22246036.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.119 , pp. 2209-2218
    • Cuker, A.1    Cines, D.B.2
  • 9
    • 0028923741 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08346.x, 7734342
    • Chong BH. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1995, 89:431-439. 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1995.tb08346.x, 7734342.
    • (1995) Br J Haematol , vol.89 , pp. 431-439
    • Chong, B.H.1
  • 10
    • 0020404337 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: association of thrombotic complications with heparin-dependent IgG antibody that induces thromboxane synthesis in platelet aggregation
    • Chong BH, Pitney WR, Castaldi PA. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: association of thrombotic complications with heparin-dependent IgG antibody that induces thromboxane synthesis in platelet aggregation. Lancet 1982, 2:1246-1249.
    • (1982) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 1246-1249
    • Chong, B.H.1    Pitney, W.R.2    Castaldi, P.A.3
  • 11
    • 0024357798 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb00258.x, 2818941
    • Chong BH, Fawaz I, Chesterman CN, Berndt MC. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: mechanism of interaction of the heparin-dependent antibody with platelets. Br J Haematol 1989, 73:235-240. 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1989.tb00258.x, 2818941.
    • (1989) Br J Haematol , vol.73 , pp. 235-240
    • Chong, B.H.1    Fawaz, I.2    Chesterman, C.N.3    Berndt, M.C.4
  • 12
    • 0018191196 scopus 로고
    • Heparin immune thrombocytopenia: Evidence for a heparin-platelet complex as the antigenic determinant
    • Green D, Harris K, Reynolds N, Roberts M, Patterson R. Heparin immune thrombocytopenia: Evidence for a heparin-platelet complex as the antigenic determinant. J Lab Clin Med 1978, 91:167-175.
    • (1978) J Lab Clin Med , vol.91 , pp. 167-175
    • Green, D.1    Harris, K.2    Reynolds, N.3    Roberts, M.4    Patterson, R.5
  • 13
    • 0028009642 scopus 로고
    • Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells
    • 10.1172/JCI116987, 293737, 8282825
    • Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, Aster RH. Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1994, 93:81-88. 10.1172/JCI116987, 293737, 8282825.
    • (1994) J Clin Invest , vol.93 , pp. 81-88
    • Visentin, G.P.1    Ford, S.E.2    Scott, J.P.3    Aster, R.H.4
  • 14
    • 0028014541 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-associated thrombocytopia: Isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen
    • Greinacher A, Potzsch B, Amiral J, Dummel V, Eichner A, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopia: Isolation of the antibody and characterization of a multimolecular PF4-heparin complex as the major antigen. Thromb Haemost 1994, 71:247-251.
    • (1994) Thromb Haemost , vol.71 , pp. 247-251
    • Greinacher, A.1    Potzsch, B.2    Amiral, J.3    Dummel, V.4    Eichner, A.5    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.6
  • 15
    • 0026638091 scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, Vissac M, Fressinaud E, Wolf M, Meyer D. Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1992, 68:95-96.
    • (1992) Thromb Haemost , vol.68 , pp. 95-96
    • Amiral, J.1    Bridey, F.2    Dreyfus, M.3    Vissac, M.4    Fressinaud, E.5    Wolf, M.6    Meyer, D.7
  • 17
    • 45949112509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays
    • 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x, 18489711
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Quantitative interpretation of optical density measurements using PF4-dependent enzyme-immunoassays. J Thromb Haemost 2008, 6:1304-1312. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03025.x, 18489711.
    • (2008) J Thromb Haemost , vol.6 , pp. 1304-1312
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.I.2    Moore, J.C.3    Sigouin, C.S.4    Kelton, J.G.5
  • 18
    • 34447617364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activation capacity and clinical significance of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class
    • Greinacher A, Juhl D, Strobel U, Raschke R, Fueril B, Wessel A, Lubenow N, Eichler P, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a prospective study on the incidence, platelet-activation capacity and clinical significance of anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies of the IgG, IgM, and IgA class. J Thromb Haemost 2007, 5:1667-1673.
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , pp. 1667-1673
    • Greinacher, A.1    Juhl, D.2    Strobel, U.3    Raschke, R.4    Fueril, B.5    Wessel, A.6    Lubenow, N.7    Eichler, P.8    Warkentin, T.E.9
  • 19
    • 28244476376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class to we need?
    • 10.1016/j.lab.2005.08.003, 16310517
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Moore JC, Moore KM, Sigouin CS, Kelton JG. Laboratory testing for the antibodies that cause heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: how much class to we need?. J Lab Clin Med 2005, 146:341-346. 10.1016/j.lab.2005.08.003, 16310517.
    • (2005) J Lab Clin Med , vol.146 , pp. 341-346
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.A.2    Moore, J.C.3    Moore, K.M.4    Sigouin, C.S.5    Kelton, J.G.6
  • 20
    • 0026529799 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: The antibody is not heparin specific
    • Greinacher A, Michels I, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: The antibody is not heparin specific. Thromb Haemost 1992, 67:545-549.
    • (1992) Thromb Haemost , vol.67 , pp. 545-549
    • Greinacher, A.1    Michels, I.2    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.3
  • 21
    • 0029086769 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the structural requirements for a carbohydrate-based anticoagulant with a reduced risk of inducing the immunological type of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia
    • Greinacher A, Alban S, Drummel V, Franz G, Mueller-Eckhardt C. Characterization of the structural requirements for a carbohydrate-based anticoagulant with a reduced risk of inducing the immunological type of heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 1995, 74:886.
    • (1995) Thromb Haemost , vol.74 , pp. 886
    • Greinacher, A.1    Alban, S.2    Drummel, V.3    Franz, G.4    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.5
  • 22
    • 0032926923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Clinical considerations of alternative anticoagulation with various glycosaminoglycans and thrombin inhibitors
    • Haas S, Walenga JM, Jeske WP, Fareed J. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: Clinical considerations of alternative anticoagulation with various glycosaminoglycans and thrombin inhibitors. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1999, 5:52-59.
    • (1999) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.5 , pp. 52-59
    • Haas, S.1    Walenga, J.M.2    Jeske, W.P.3    Fareed, J.4
  • 23
    • 0002787983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative heparin-induced thrombocytopenic potential of low molecular weight heparins and new antithrombotic agents
    • Walenga JM, Koza MJ, Lewis BE, Pifarre R. Relative heparin-induced thrombocytopenic potential of low molecular weight heparins and new antithrombotic agents. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1996, 2(Suppl. 1):S21-S27.
    • (1996) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.2 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Walenga, J.M.1    Koza, M.J.2    Lewis, B.E.3    Pifarre, R.4
  • 24
    • 0024330929 scopus 로고
    • Human platelet factor 4 monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibria investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy
    • 10.1021/bi00450a034, 2611243
    • Mayo KH, Chen MJ. Human platelet factor 4 monomer-dimer-tetramer equilibria investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1989, 28:9469-9478. 10.1021/bi00450a034, 2611243.
    • (1989) Biochemistry , vol.28 , pp. 9469-9478
    • Mayo, K.H.1    Chen, M.J.2
  • 25
    • 0016611312 scopus 로고
    • Platelet antiheparin activity. The isolation and characterisation of platelet factor 4 released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets and its dissociation into subunits and the isolation of membrane-bound antiheparin activity
    • 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90144-0, 1122293
    • Moore S, Pepper DS, Cash JD. Platelet antiheparin activity. The isolation and characterisation of platelet factor 4 released from thrombin-aggregated washed human platelets and its dissociation into subunits and the isolation of membrane-bound antiheparin activity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1975, 379:370-384. 10.1016/0005-2795(75)90144-0, 1122293.
    • (1975) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.379 , pp. 370-384
    • Moore, S.1    Pepper, D.S.2    Cash, J.D.3
  • 26
    • 0001235166 scopus 로고
    • Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4
    • 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2256, 432148, 267922
    • Deuel TF, Keim PJ, Farmer M, Heinrikson RL. Amino acid sequence of human platelet factor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1977, 74:2256-2258. 10.1073/pnas.74.6.2256, 432148, 267922.
    • (1977) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.74 , pp. 2256-2258
    • Deuel, T.F.1    Keim, P.J.2    Farmer, M.3    Heinrikson, R.L.4
  • 27
    • 0020449524 scopus 로고
    • Proteoglycan carrier of human platelet factor 4
    • Huang SS, Huang JS, Deuel TF. Proteoglycan carrier of human platelet factor 4. J Biol Chem 1982, 257:11546-11550.
    • (1982) J Biol Chem , vol.257 , pp. 11546-11550
    • Huang, S.S.1    Huang, J.S.2    Deuel, T.F.3
  • 28
    • 0015529019 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycan carrier for heparin neutralizing activity (platelet factor 4) released from human blood platelets
    • 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90267-X, 4267228
    • Barber AJ, Kaser-Glanzmann R, Jakabova M, Luscher EF. Characterization of a chondroitin 4-sulfate proteoglycan carrier for heparin neutralizing activity (platelet factor 4) released from human blood platelets. Biochim Biophys Acta 1972, 286:312-329. 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90267-X, 4267228.
    • (1972) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.286 , pp. 312-329
    • Barber, A.J.1    Kaser-Glanzmann, R.2    Jakabova, M.3    Luscher, E.F.4
  • 29
    • 0030796217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific binding of the chemokine platelet factor 4 to heparan sulfate
    • 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20508, 9252363
    • Stringer SE, Galagher JT. Specific binding of the chemokine platelet factor 4 to heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:20508-20514. 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20508, 9252363.
    • (1997) J Biol Chem , vol.272 , pp. 20508-20514
    • Stringer, S.E.1    Galagher, J.T.2
  • 30
    • 0017154001 scopus 로고
    • Purification and binding properties of human platelet factor four
    • Handin RI, Cohen HJ. Purification and binding properties of human platelet factor four. J Biol Chem 1976, 251:4273-4282.
    • (1976) J Biol Chem , vol.251 , pp. 4273-4282
    • Handin, R.I.1    Cohen, H.J.2
  • 31
    • 0019864928 scopus 로고
    • The transfer of platelet factor 4 from its proteoglycan carrier to natural and synthetic polymers
    • Luscombe M, Marshall S, Pepper DS, Holbrook JJ. The transfer of platelet factor 4 from its proteoglycan carrier to natural and synthetic polymers. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981, 18:137-142.
    • (1981) Biochim Biophys Acta , vol.18 , pp. 137-142
    • Luscombe, M.1    Marshall, S.2    Pepper, D.S.3    Holbrook, J.J.4
  • 32
    • 0024518722 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of platelet factor four with cultured vascular endothelial cells
    • Rybak ME, Gimbrone MA, Davies PF, Handin RI. Interaction of platelet factor four with cultured vascular endothelial cells. Blood 1989, 73:1534-1539.
    • (1989) Blood , vol.73 , pp. 1534-1539
    • Rybak, M.E.1    Gimbrone, M.A.2    Davies, P.F.3    Handin, R.I.4
  • 33
    • 0024671781 scopus 로고
    • Disorders associated with antibodies to endothelial cells
    • Cines DB. Disorders associated with antibodies to endothelial cells. Rev Infect Dis 1989, 11(4):705-711.
    • (1989) Rev Infect Dis , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 705-711
    • Cines, D.B.1
  • 34
    • 3843100374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions of platelet factor 4 with the vessel wall
    • 10.1055/s-2004-831048, 15282658
    • Sachais BS, Higazi AA, Cines DB, Poncz M, Kowalska MA. Interactions of platelet factor 4 with the vessel wall. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004, 30:351-358. 10.1055/s-2004-831048, 15282658.
    • (2004) Semin Thromb Hemost , vol.30 , pp. 351-358
    • Sachais, B.S.1    Higazi, A.A.2    Cines, D.B.3    Poncz, M.4    Kowalska, M.A.5
  • 35
    • 79955469488 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelets as initiators and mediators of inflammation at the vessel wall
    • 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.019, 3068230, 21094986
    • Shi G, Morrell CN. Platelets as initiators and mediators of inflammation at the vessel wall. Thromb Res 2011, 127:387-390. 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.10.019, 3068230, 21094986.
    • (2011) Thromb Res , vol.127 , pp. 387-390
    • Shi, G.1    Morrell, C.N.2
  • 36
    • 15044355644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4: a chemokine enigma
    • 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.12.003, 15778080
    • Slungaard A. Platelet factor 4: a chemokine enigma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005, 37:1162-1167. 10.1016/j.biocel.2004.12.003, 15778080.
    • (2005) Int J Biochem Cell Biol , vol.37 , pp. 1162-1167
    • Slungaard, A.1
  • 37
    • 0032748454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation and pathogenicity of anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies: Diagnostic implications
    • Amiral J, Vissac AM. Generation and pathogenicity of anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies: Diagnostic implications. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1999, 5(Suppl 1):S28-S31.
    • (1999) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.5 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Amiral, J.1    Vissac, A.M.2
  • 38
    • 0019351494 scopus 로고
    • Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo
    • Kaplan KL, Owen J. Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo. Blood 1981, 57:199-202.
    • (1981) Blood , vol.57 , pp. 199-202
    • Kaplan, K.L.1    Owen, J.2
  • 40
    • 0032929237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients: decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin
    • 10.1007/s000110050442, 10344466
    • Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Shoji H, Ushiyama C, Suzuki S, Koide H. Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients: decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin. Inflamm Res 1999, 48:171-175. 10.1007/s000110050442, 10344466.
    • (1999) Inflamm Res , vol.48 , pp. 171-175
    • Nakamura, T.1    Ebihara, I.2    Shoji, H.3    Ushiyama, C.4    Suzuki, S.5    Koide, H.6
  • 41
    • 0030754003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension but not vascular disease per se are associated with persistent platelet activation in vivo. Evidence derived from the study of peripheral arterial disease
    • 10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.69, 9236419
    • Davi G, Gresele P, Violi F, Basili S, Catalano M, Giammarresi C, Volpato R, Nenci GG, Ciabattoni G, Patrono C. Diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertension but not vascular disease per se are associated with persistent platelet activation in vivo. Evidence derived from the study of peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1997, 96:69-75. 10.1161/01.CIR.96.1.69, 9236419.
    • (1997) Circulation , vol.96 , pp. 69-75
    • Davi, G.1    Gresele, P.2    Violi, F.3    Basili, S.4    Catalano, M.5    Giammarresi, C.6    Volpato, R.7    Nenci, G.G.8    Ciabattoni, G.9    Patrono, C.10
  • 42
    • 1442280133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased blood coagulation and platelet activation in patients with infective endocarditis and embolic events
    • 10.1002/clc.4960270312, 15049384
    • Buyukasyk NS, Ileri M, Alper A, Senen K, Atak R, Hisar I, Yetkin E, Turhan H, Demirkan D. Increased blood coagulation and platelet activation in patients with infective endocarditis and embolic events. Clin Cardiol 2004, 27:154-158. 10.1002/clc.4960270312, 15049384.
    • (2004) Clin Cardiol , vol.27 , pp. 154-158
    • Buyukasyk, N.S.1    Ileri, M.2    Alper, A.3    Senen, K.4    Atak, R.5    Hisar, I.6    Yetkin, E.7    Turhan, H.8    Demirkan, D.9
  • 43
    • 0030847087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease
    • 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00345-9, 9270907
    • Laghrissi-Thode F, Wagner WR, Pollock PC, Finkel MS. Elevated platelet factor 4 and β-thromboglobulin plasma levels in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 42:290-295. 10.1016/S0006-3223(96)00345-9, 9270907.
    • (1997) Biol Psychiatry , vol.42 , pp. 290-295
    • Laghrissi-Thode, F.1    Wagner, W.R.2    Pollock, P.C.3    Finkel, M.S.4
  • 44
    • 0019804994 scopus 로고
    • Plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in patients with chronic renal failure and effect of hemodialysis
    • 10.1620/tjem.135.349, 6175048
    • Endo Y, Mamiya S, Satoh M, Takahashi K, Harada T. Plasma beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 in patients with chronic renal failure and effect of hemodialysis. Tohoku J Exp Med 1981, 135:349-358. 10.1620/tjem.135.349, 6175048.
    • (1981) Tohoku J Exp Med , vol.135 , pp. 349-358
    • Endo, Y.1    Mamiya, S.2    Satoh, M.3    Takahashi, K.4    Harada, T.5
  • 46
    • 0022181947 scopus 로고
    • Plasma concentrations of platelet-specific proteins in different stages of essential hypertension: interactions between platelet aggregation, blood lipids and age
    • Yamanishi J, Sano H, Saito K, Furata Y, Fukuzaki H. Plasma concentrations of platelet-specific proteins in different stages of essential hypertension: interactions between platelet aggregation, blood lipids and age. Thromb Haemost 1985, 30:539-543.
    • (1985) Thromb Haemost , vol.30 , pp. 539-543
    • Yamanishi, J.1    Sano, H.2    Saito, K.3    Furata, Y.4    Fukuzaki, H.5
  • 48
    • 3042779108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet activation, inflammatory mediators and hypercholesterolemia
    • 10.2174/1570161033476772, 15320841
    • Ferroni P, Basili S, Davi G. Platelet activation, inflammatory mediators and hypercholesterolemia. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2003, 1:157-169. 10.2174/1570161033476772, 15320841.
    • (2003) Curr Vasc Pharmacol , vol.1 , pp. 157-169
    • Ferroni, P.1    Basili, S.2    Davi, G.3
  • 49
    • 0022405598 scopus 로고
    • Deep vein thrombosis and related platelet changes after total hip replacement
    • Paramo JA, Rocha E. Deep vein thrombosis and related platelet changes after total hip replacement. Haemostasis 1985, 15:389-394.
    • (1985) Haemostasis , vol.15 , pp. 389-394
    • Paramo, J.A.1    Rocha, E.2
  • 50
    • 34147096545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased platelet, leukocyte, and endothelial cell activity are associated with increased coagulability in patients after total knee arthroplasty
    • 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02443.x, 17408407
    • Kageyama K, Nakajima Y, Shibasaki M, Hashimoto S, Mizobe T. Increased platelet, leukocyte, and endothelial cell activity are associated with increased coagulability in patients after total knee arthroplasty. J Thromb Haemost 2007, 5:738-745. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02443.x, 17408407.
    • (2007) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , pp. 738-745
    • Kageyama, K.1    Nakajima, Y.2    Shibasaki, M.3    Hashimoto, S.4    Mizobe, T.5
  • 51
    • 77950356215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2009-07-231506, 19965682
    • Lubenow N, Hinz P, Thomaschewski S, Lietz T, Vogler M, Ladwig A, Junter M, Nauck M, Schellong S, Wander K. The severity of trauma determines the immune response to PF4/heparin and the frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010, 115:1797-1803. 10.1182/blood-2009-07-231506, 19965682.
    • (2010) Blood , vol.115 , pp. 1797-1803
    • Lubenow, N.1    Hinz, P.2    Thomaschewski, S.3    Lietz, T.4    Vogler, M.5    Ladwig, A.6    Junter, M.7    Nauck, M.8    Schellong, S.9    Wander, K.10
  • 52
    • 0019386789 scopus 로고
    • The release of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 during extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1981.tb01836.x, 6168469
    • Cella G, Vittadello O, Gallucci V, Girolami A. The release of β-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 during extracorporeal circulation for open heart surgery. Eur J Clin Invest 1981, 11:165-169. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1981.tb01836.x, 6168469.
    • (1981) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.11 , pp. 165-169
    • Cella, G.1    Vittadello, O.2    Gallucci, V.3    Girolami, A.4
  • 53
    • 0021289301 scopus 로고
    • Selective PF4 release in vitro induced by heparin and related glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - correlation with beta TG-release and platelet aggregation
    • Cofrancesco E, Colombi M, Cristoforetti G, Pogliani EM. Selective PF4 release in vitro induced by heparin and related glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) - correlation with beta TG-release and platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 1984, 28:105-107.
    • (1984) Thromb Haemost , vol.28 , pp. 105-107
    • Cofrancesco, E.1    Colombi, M.2    Cristoforetti, G.3    Pogliani, E.M.4
  • 54
    • 0023549838 scopus 로고
    • Human platelet factor 4 and protamine sulphate interaction with glycosaminoglycans in the rabbit
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1987.tb01156.x, 3123254
    • Cella G, Meyers CJ, Prosdocimi M, Sasahara AA. Human platelet factor 4 and protamine sulphate interaction with glycosaminoglycans in the rabbit. Eur J Clin Invest 1987, 17:548-554. 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1987.tb01156.x, 3123254.
    • (1987) Eur J Clin Invest , vol.17 , pp. 548-554
    • Cella, G.1    Meyers, C.J.2    Prosdocimi, M.3    Sasahara, A.A.4
  • 58
    • 0021139806 scopus 로고
    • Intra-platelet platelet factor 4(IP-PF4) and the heparin-mobilisable pool of PF4 in health and atherosclerosis
    • O'Brien JR, Etherington MD, Pashley M. Intra-platelet platelet factor 4(IP-PF4) and the heparin-mobilisable pool of PF4 in health and atherosclerosis. Thromb Res 1984, 51:354-357.
    • (1984) Thromb Res , vol.51 , pp. 354-357
    • O'Brien, J.R.1    Etherington, M.D.2    Pashley, M.3
  • 59
    • 0020694290 scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin-released platelet factor 4 (HR-PF4) in patients with cardiovascular disorders
    • 10.1016/0049-3848(83)90345-6, 6222505
    • Cella G, Colby SI, Taylor AD, McCracken L, Parisi AF, Sasahara AA. Platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin-released platelet factor 4 (HR-PF4) in patients with cardiovascular disorders. Thromb Res 1983, 29:499-509. 10.1016/0049-3848(83)90345-6, 6222505.
    • (1983) Thromb Res , vol.29 , pp. 499-509
    • Cella, G.1    Colby, S.I.2    Taylor, A.D.3    McCracken, L.4    Parisi, A.F.5    Sasahara, A.A.6
  • 60
    • 0025990898 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-releasable platelet factor 4 in patients with coronary artery disease
    • 10.1002/clc.4960140906, 1835913
    • Sadayasu T, Nakashima Y, Yashiro A, Kawashima T, Kuroiwa A. Heparin-releasable platelet factor 4 in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Cardiol 1991, 14:725-729. 10.1002/clc.4960140906, 1835913.
    • (1991) Clin Cardiol , vol.14 , pp. 725-729
    • Sadayasu, T.1    Nakashima, Y.2    Yashiro, A.3    Kawashima, T.4    Kuroiwa, A.5
  • 61
    • 0028580422 scopus 로고
    • Increased heparin-releasable platelet factor 4 and D dimer in patients one month after the onset of acute myocardial infarction:persistent activation of platelets and the coagulation/fibrinolytic system
    • 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90320-4, 7737755
    • Abe S, Maruyama I, Arima S, Yamaguchi H, Okino H, Hamasaki S, Nomoto K, Tahara M, Atsuchi Y. Increased heparin-releasable platelet factor 4 and D dimer in patients one month after the onset of acute myocardial infarction:persistent activation of platelets and the coagulation/fibrinolytic system. Int J Cardiol 1994, 47:S7-S12. 10.1016/0167-5273(94)90320-4, 7737755.
    • (1994) Int J Cardiol , vol.47
    • Abe, S.1    Maruyama, I.2    Arima, S.3    Yamaguchi, H.4    Okino, H.5    Hamasaki, S.6    Nomoto, K.7    Tahara, M.8    Atsuchi, Y.9
  • 62
    • 0034284046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Sheppard JA, Horsewood P, Simpson PJ, Moore JC. Impact of the patient population on the risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2000, 96:1703-1708.
    • (2000) Blood , vol.96 , pp. 1703-1708
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Sheppard, J.A.2    Horsewood, P.3    Simpson, P.J.4    Moore, J.C.5
  • 63
    • 39649122158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determinants of PF4/heparin immunogenicity
    • 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105098, 2234783, 17848616
    • Suvarna S, Espinasse B, Qi R, Lubica R, Poncz M, Cines DB, Wiesner MR. Determinants of PF4/heparin immunogenicity. Blood 2007, 110:4253-4260. 10.1182/blood-2007-08-105098, 2234783, 17848616.
    • (2007) Blood , vol.110 , pp. 4253-4260
    • Suvarna, S.1    Espinasse, B.2    Qi, R.3    Lubica, R.4    Poncz, M.5    Cines, D.B.6    Wiesner, M.R.7
  • 64
    • 77949290812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-PF4/heparin antibody formation postorthopedic surgery thromboprophylaxis: the role of non-drug risk factors and evidence for a stoichiometry-based model of immunization
    • 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03735.x, 20050998
    • Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Greinacher A. Anti-PF4/heparin antibody formation postorthopedic surgery thromboprophylaxis: the role of non-drug risk factors and evidence for a stoichiometry-based model of immunization. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8:504-512. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03735.x, 20050998.
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 504-512
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Cook, R.J.2    Marder, V.J.3    Greinacher, A.4
  • 65
    • 33644745161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications
    • 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3122, 1895727, 16304054
    • Rauova L, Zhai L, Kowalska MA, Arepally GM, Cines DB, Poncz M. Role of platelet surface PF4 antigenic complexes in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia pathogenesis: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Blood 2006, 107:2346-2353. 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3122, 1895727, 16304054.
    • (2006) Blood , vol.107 , pp. 2346-2353
    • Rauova, L.1    Zhai, L.2    Kowalska, M.A.3    Arepally, G.M.4    Cines, D.B.5    Poncz, M.6
  • 66
    • 33947132649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an autoimmune disorder regulated through dynamic autoantigen assembly/disassembly
    • 10.1002/jca.20109, 17285619
    • Cines DB, Rauova L, Arepally G, Reilly MP, McKenzie SE, Sachais BS, Poncz M. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an autoimmune disorder regulated through dynamic autoantigen assembly/disassembly. J Clin Apher 2007, 22:31-36. 10.1002/jca.20109, 17285619.
    • (2007) J Clin Apher , vol.22 , pp. 31-36
    • Cines, D.B.1    Rauova, L.2    Arepally, G.3    Reilly, M.P.4    McKenzie, S.E.5    Sachais, B.S.6    Poncz, M.7
  • 68
    • 0033580605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibodies to platelet factor 4-heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin or a low-molecular-weight heparin: Clinical implications for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1161/01.CIR.99.19.2530, 10330384
    • Pouplard C, May MA, Iochmann S, Amiral J, Vissac AM, Marchand M, Gruel Y. Antibodies to platelet factor 4-heparin after cardiopulmonary bypass in patients anticoagulated with unfractionated heparin or a low-molecular-weight heparin: Clinical implications for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Circulation 1999, 99:2530-2536. 10.1161/01.CIR.99.19.2530, 10330384.
    • (1999) Circulation , vol.99 , pp. 2530-2536
    • Pouplard, C.1    May, M.A.2    Iochmann, S.3    Amiral, J.4    Vissac, A.M.5    Marchand, M.6    Gruel, Y.7
  • 69
    • 0031803157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High incidence of anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00750.x, 9674736
    • Trossaert M, Gaillard A, Commin PL, Amiral J, Vissac A, Fressinaud E. High incidence of anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Br J Haematol 1998, 101:653-655. 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00750.x, 9674736.
    • (1998) Br J Haematol , vol.101 , pp. 653-655
    • Trossaert, M.1    Gaillard, A.2    Commin, P.L.3    Amiral, J.4    Vissac, A.5    Fressinaud, E.6
  • 71
    • 32044449420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after intraoperative heparin anticoagulation: four case reports
    • Jackson MR, Neilson WJ, Lary M, Baay P, Web K, Clagett GP. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis after intraoperative heparin anticoagulation: four case reports. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006, 40:67-70.
    • (2006) Vasc Endovasc Surg , vol.40 , pp. 67-70
    • Jackson, M.R.1    Neilson, W.J.2    Lary, M.3    Baay, P.4    Web, K.5    Clagett, G.P.6
  • 72
    • 45249124090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia presenting with multiple arteriovenous thromboses: case report
    • Omran AS, Karim A, Ahmadi H, Yazdanifard P. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia presenting with multiple arteriovenous thromboses: case report. J Med Case Reports 2007, 1:131-136.
    • (2007) J Med Case Reports , vol.1 , pp. 131-136
    • Omran, A.S.1    Karim, A.2    Ahmadi, H.3    Yazdanifard, P.4
  • 73
    • 0037022220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00009, 11827497
    • Rice L, Attisha WK, Drexler A, Francis JL. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Intern Med 2002, 136:210-215. 10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00009, 11827497.
    • (2002) Ann Intern Med , vol.136 , pp. 210-215
    • Rice, L.1    Attisha, W.K.2    Drexler, A.3    Francis, J.L.4
  • 74
    • 0141672262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurring after discontinuation of heparin
    • 10.3122/jabfm.16.2.148, 12665180
    • Shah MR, Spencer JP. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia occurring after discontinuation of heparin. J Am Board Fam Pract 2003, 16:148-150. 10.3122/jabfm.16.2.148, 12665180.
    • (2003) J Am Board Fam Pract , vol.16 , pp. 148-150
    • Shah, M.R.1    Spencer, J.P.2
  • 75
    • 17844373555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.08.005, 15795722
    • Smythe MA, Stephens JL, Mattson JC. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Ann Emerg Med 2005, 45:417-419. 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.08.005, 15795722.
    • (2005) Ann Emerg Med , vol.45 , pp. 417-419
    • Smythe, M.A.1    Stephens, J.L.2    Mattson, J.C.3
  • 76
    • 0035797925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
    • 10.7326/0003-4819-135-7-200110020-00009, 11578153
    • Warkentin TE, Kelton JG. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:502-506. 10.7326/0003-4819-135-7-200110020-00009, 11578153.
    • (2001) Ann Intern Med , vol.135 , pp. 502-506
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Kelton, J.G.2
  • 77
    • 78649742009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2010-03-276964, 3012595, 20724543
    • Rauova L, Hirsch JD, Greene TK, Zhai L, Hayes VM, Kowalska MA. Monocyte-bound PF4 in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2010, 116:5021-5031. 10.1182/blood-2010-03-276964, 3012595, 20724543.
    • (2010) Blood , vol.116 , pp. 5021-5031
    • Rauova, L.1    Hirsch, J.D.2    Greene, T.K.3    Zhai, L.4    Hayes, V.M.5    Kowalska, M.A.6
  • 78
    • 77949569831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological changes in membrane-expressed platelet factor 4: implications in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.021, 19931120
    • Prechel MM, Jeske WP, Walenga JM. Physiological changes in membrane-expressed platelet factor 4: implications in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2010, 125:e143-e148. 10.1016/j.thromres.2009.10.021, 19931120.
    • (2010) Thromb Res , vol.125
    • Prechel, M.M.1    Jeske, W.P.2    Walenga, J.M.3
  • 79
    • 33748473052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of surface PF4:glycosaminoglycan complexes in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)
    • 10.1159/000093543, 16855346
    • Poncz M, Rauova L, Cines DB. The role of surface PF4:glycosaminoglycan complexes in the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2006, 35:46-49. 10.1159/000093543, 16855346.
    • (2006) Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb , vol.35 , pp. 46-49
    • Poncz, M.1    Rauova, L.2    Cines, D.B.3
  • 80
    • 0023109003 scopus 로고
    • Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1056/NEJM198703053161004, 3807952
    • Cines DB, Tomaski A, Tannenbaum S. Immune endothelial-cell injury in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 1987, 316:581-589. 10.1056/NEJM198703053161004, 3807952.
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 581-589
    • Cines, D.B.1    Tomaski, A.2    Tannenbaum, S.3
  • 81
    • 0027504968 scopus 로고
    • Complications from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
    • 10.1378/chest.104.5.1436, 8222802
    • Singer RL, Mannion JD, Bauer TL, Armenti FR, Edie RN. Complications from heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Chest 1993, 104:1436-1440. 10.1378/chest.104.5.1436, 8222802.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1436-1440
    • Singer, R.L.1    Mannion, J.D.2    Bauer, T.L.3    Armenti, F.R.4    Edie, R.N.5
  • 82
    • 0023031795 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: a serious clinical problem and potential solution
    • Makhoul RG, Greenberg CS, McCann RL. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: a serious clinical problem and potential solution. J Vasc Surg 1986, 4:522-528.
    • (1986) J Vasc Surg , vol.4 , pp. 522-528
    • Makhoul, R.G.1    Greenberg, C.S.2    McCann, R.L.3
  • 83
    • 0027163978 scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: clinical and laboratory studies
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03072.x, 8398837
    • Boshkov LK, Warkentin TE, Hayward CP, Andrew M, Kelton JG. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis: clinical and laboratory studies. Br J Haematol 1993, 84:322-328. 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1993.tb03072.x, 8398837.
    • (1993) Br J Haematol , vol.84 , pp. 322-328
    • Boshkov, L.K.1    Warkentin, T.E.2    Hayward, C.P.3    Andrew, M.4    Kelton, J.G.5
  • 84
    • 0037090520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patency of coronary artery bypass grafts in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02252-X, 11950441
    • Liu JC, Lewis BE, Steen LH, Grassman ED, Bakhos M, Blakeman B, Wrona L, Leya F. Patency of coronary artery bypass grafts in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Cardiol 2002, 89:979-981. 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02252-X, 11950441.
    • (2002) Am J Cardiol , vol.89 , pp. 979-981
    • Liu, J.C.1    Lewis, B.E.2    Steen, L.H.3    Grassman, E.D.4    Bakhos, M.5    Blakeman, B.6    Wrona, L.7    Leya, F.8
  • 86
    • 36049049542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral venous thrombosis: A consequence of heparin "flushes"
    • Refaai MA, Warkentin TE, Axelson M, Matevosyan K, Sarade R. Delayed-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, venous thromboembolism, and cerebral venous thrombosis: A consequence of heparin "flushes". Thromb Haemost 2007, 98:1139-1140.
    • (2007) Thromb Haemost , vol.98 , pp. 1139-1140
    • Refaai, M.A.1    Warkentin, T.E.2    Axelson, M.3    Matevosyan, K.4    Sarade, R.5
  • 87
    • 81755172547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of heparin-dependent antigens in immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • New York: Informa Healthcare, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, 4
    • Amiral J, Vissac AM. Role of heparin-dependent antigens in immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia 2007, 131-147. New York: Informa Healthcare, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, 4.
    • (2007) Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia , pp. 131-147
    • Amiral, J.1    Vissac, A.M.2
  • 88
    • 0037948573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • Warkentin TE, Heddle NM. Laboratory diagnosis of immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Curr Hematol Rep 2003, 2:148-157.
    • (2003) Curr Hematol Rep , vol.2 , pp. 148-157
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Heddle, N.M.2
  • 89
    • 78650000811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The HIT expert probability (HEP) score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinoin
    • 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04059.x, 20854372
    • Cuker A, Arepally G, Crowther MA, Rice L, Datko F, Hook K, Propert KJ, Kuter DJ, Ortel TL, Konkle BA. The HIT expert probability (HEP) score: a novel pre-test probability model for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia based on broad expert opinoin. J Thromb Haemost 2010, 8:2642-2650. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04059.x, 20854372.
    • (2010) J Thromb Haemost , vol.8 , pp. 2642-2650
    • Cuker, A.1    Arepally, G.2    Crowther, M.A.3    Rice, L.4    Datko, F.5    Hook, K.6    Propert, K.J.7    Kuter, D.J.8    Ortel, T.L.9    Konkle, B.A.10
  • 91
    • 44549083477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings
    • 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.11.007, 18262226
    • Greinacher A, Alban S, Omer-Adam MA, Weitschies W, Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a stoichiometry-based model to explain the differing immunogenicities of unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and fondaparinux in different clinical settings. Thromb Res 2008, 122:211-220. 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.11.007, 18262226.
    • (2008) Thromb Res , vol.122 , pp. 211-220
    • Greinacher, A.1    Alban, S.2    Omer-Adam, M.A.3    Weitschies, W.4    Warkentin, T.E.5
  • 92
    • 0028243705 scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4
    • Kelton JG, Smith JW, Warkentin TE, Hayward CPM, Demonne GA, Horsewood P. Immunoglobulin G from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia binds to a complex of heparin and platelet factor 4. Blood 1994, 83:3232-3239.
    • (1994) Blood , vol.83 , pp. 3232-3239
    • Kelton, J.G.1    Smith, J.W.2    Warkentin, T.E.3    Hayward, C.P.M.4    Demonne, G.A.5    Horsewood, P.6
  • 93
    • 0027257980 scopus 로고
    • Model of interaction between platelet factor 4 and heparin
    • 10.1093/glycob/3.3.271, 8358152
    • Maccarana M, Lindahl U. Model of interaction between platelet factor 4 and heparin. Glycobiology 1993, 3:271-277. 10.1093/glycob/3.3.271, 8358152.
    • (1993) Glycobiology , vol.3 , pp. 271-277
    • Maccarana, M.1    Lindahl, U.2
  • 94
    • 0034962770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin is not required for detection of antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis
    • 10.1067/mlc.2001.115525, 11433225
    • Visentin G, Moghaddam M, Beery SE, McFarland JG, Aster RH. Heparin is not required for detection of antibodies associated with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis. J Lab Clin Med 2001, 138:22-31. 10.1067/mlc.2001.115525, 11433225.
    • (2001) J Lab Clin Med , vol.138 , pp. 22-31
    • Visentin, G.1    Moghaddam, M.2    Beery, S.E.3    McFarland, J.G.4    Aster, R.H.5
  • 95
    • 0030136628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet binding of IgG from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90060-8, 8621980
    • Horne MK, Alkins BR. Platelet binding of IgG from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Lab Clin Med 1996, 127:435-442. 10.1016/S0022-2143(96)90060-8, 8621980.
    • (1996) J Lab Clin Med , vol.127 , pp. 435-442
    • Horne, M.K.1    Alkins, B.R.2
  • 96
    • 65349173974 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of a murine immunization model for study of PF4/heparin antibodies
    • 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03330.x, 19245419
    • Suvarna S, Arepally G. Optimization of a murine immunization model for study of PF4/heparin antibodies. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 7:857-864. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03330.x, 19245419.
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.7 , pp. 857-864
    • Suvarna, S.1    Arepally, G.2
  • 97
    • 11144238284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ultralarge complexes of heparin and PF4 are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1544, 15304392
    • Rauova L, Poncz M, McKenzie SE, Reilly MP, Arepally G, Weisel JW, Nagaswami C, Cines DB, Sachais BS. Ultralarge complexes of heparin and PF4 are central to the pathogenesis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005, 105:131-138. 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1544, 15304392.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.105 , pp. 131-138
    • Rauova, L.1    Poncz, M.2    McKenzie, S.E.3    Reilly, M.P.4    Arepally, G.5    Weisel, J.W.6    Nagaswami, C.7    Cines, D.B.8    Sachais, B.S.9
  • 98
    • 0019192750 scopus 로고
    • The multiple complexes formed by the interaction of platelet factor 4 with heparin
    • 1162276, 7283972
    • Bock PE, Luscombe M, Marshall SE, Pepper DS, Holbrook JJ. The multiple complexes formed by the interaction of platelet factor 4 with heparin. Biochem J 1980, 191:769-776. 1162276, 7283972.
    • (1980) Biochem J , vol.191 , pp. 769-776
    • Bock, P.E.1    Luscombe, M.2    Marshall, S.E.3    Pepper, D.S.4    Holbrook, J.J.5
  • 100
    • 0033520448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin dodecasaccharide binding to platelet factor-4 and growth related protein-α. Induction of a partially folded state and implications for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25317, 10464257
    • Mikhailov D, Young JC, Linhardt RJ, Mayo KH. Heparin dodecasaccharide binding to platelet factor-4 and growth related protein-α. Induction of a partially folded state and implications for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:25317-25329. 10.1074/jbc.274.36.25317, 10464257.
    • (1999) J Biol Chem , vol.274 , pp. 25317-25329
    • Mikhailov, D.1    Young, J.C.2    Linhardt, R.J.3    Mayo, K.H.4
  • 101
    • 0029610823 scopus 로고
    • Heparin binding to platelet factor-4. An NMR and site-directed mutagenesis study: arginine residues are crucial for binding
    • 1136271, 8526843
    • Mayo KH, Ilyina E, Roongta V, Dundas M, Joseph J, Lai DK, Malone T, Daly TJ. Heparin binding to platelet factor-4. An NMR and site-directed mutagenesis study: arginine residues are crucial for binding. Biochem J 1995, 312:357-365. 1136271, 8526843.
    • (1995) Biochem J , vol.312 , pp. 357-365
    • Mayo, K.H.1    Ilyina, E.2    Roongta, V.3    Dundas, M.4    Joseph, J.5    Lai, D.K.6    Malone, T.7    Daly, T.J.8
  • 102
    • 27144527501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis
    • Martel M, Lee J, Wells PS. Risk for heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin thromboprophylaxis: a meta-analysis. Blood 2005, 2710.
    • (2005) Blood , pp. 2710
    • Martel, M.1    Lee, J.2    Wells, P.S.3
  • 103
    • 27144489083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replacement of unfractionated heparin by low-molecular-weight heparin for postorthopedic surgery antithrombotic prophylaxis lowers the overall risk of symptomatic thrombosis because of a lower frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1824, 16204152
    • Greinacher A, Eichler P, Lietz T, Warkentin TE. Replacement of unfractionated heparin by low-molecular-weight heparin for postorthopedic surgery antithrombotic prophylaxis lowers the overall risk of symptomatic thrombosis because of a lower frequency of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2005, 106:2921-2922. 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1824, 16204152.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.106 , pp. 2921-2922
    • Greinacher, A.1    Eichler, P.2    Lietz, T.3    Warkentin, T.E.4
  • 104
    • 0038392539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopeina: pathogenesis and management
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04334.x, 12752095
    • Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopeina: pathogenesis and management. Br J Haematol 2003, 121:535-555. 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04334.x, 12752095.
    • (2003) Br J Haematol , vol.121 , pp. 535-555
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 105
    • 78751649594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IgG-class anti-PF4/heparin antibodies and symptomatic DVT in orthopedic surgery patients receiving different anti-thromboembolic prophylaxis
    • 10.1186/1471-2474-12-22, 3224260, 21261941
    • Motokawa S, Takafumi T, Maeda Y, Maeda K, Jiuchi Y, Yamaguchi T, Someya S, Shindo H, Migita K. IgG-class anti-PF4/heparin antibodies and symptomatic DVT in orthopedic surgery patients receiving different anti-thromboembolic prophylaxis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011, 12:22-29. 10.1186/1471-2474-12-22, 3224260, 21261941.
    • (2011) BMC Musculoskelet Disord , vol.12 , pp. 22-29
    • Motokawa, S.1    Takafumi, T.2    Maeda, Y.3    Maeda, K.4    Jiuchi, Y.5    Yamaguchi, T.6    Someya, S.7    Shindo, H.8    Migita, K.9
  • 106
    • 28444494385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin
    • 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1938, 1895104, 16109780
    • Warkentin TE, Cook RJ, Marder VJ, Sheppard JI, Moore JC, Eriksson BI, Greinacher A, Kelton JG. Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies in orthopedic surgery patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis with fondaparinux or enoxaparin. Blood 2005, 106:3791-3796. 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1938, 1895104, 16109780.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.106 , pp. 3791-3796
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Cook, R.J.2    Marder, V.J.3    Sheppard, J.I.4    Moore, J.C.5    Eriksson, B.I.6    Greinacher, A.7    Kelton, J.G.8
  • 107
    • 19944429124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fondaparinux on platelet activation in the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies: a blinded comparative multicenter study with unfractionated heparin
    • 10.1182/blood-2004-05-2010, 15388575
    • Savi P, Chong BH, Griesmacher A, Gruel Y, Kelton JG, Warkentin TE, Eichler P, Meuleman D, Petitou M, Herault J-P. Effect of fondaparinux on platelet activation in the presence of heparin-dependent antibodies: a blinded comparative multicenter study with unfractionated heparin. Blood 2005, 105:139-144. 10.1182/blood-2004-05-2010, 15388575.
    • (2005) Blood , vol.105 , pp. 139-144
    • Savi, P.1    Chong, B.H.2    Griesmacher, A.3    Gruel, Y.4    Kelton, J.G.5    Warkentin, T.E.6    Eichler, P.7    Meuleman, D.8    Petitou, M.9    Herault, J.-P.10
  • 108
    • 78049443734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? Can it treat HIT?
    • 10.1586/ehm.10.54, 21083474
    • Warkentin TE. Fondaparinux: does it cause HIT? Can it treat HIT?. Expert Rev Hematol 2010, 3:567-581. 10.1586/ehm.10.54, 21083474.
    • (2010) Expert Rev Hematol , vol.3 , pp. 567-581
    • Warkentin, T.E.1
  • 109
    • 33744483375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasma ectonucleotidases prevent desensitization of purinergic receptors in stored platelets: importance for platelet activity during thrombus formation
    • 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00837.x, 16734820
    • Cauwenberghs S, Feijge MAH, Hageman G, Hoylearts M, Akkeman JN, Curvers J, Heemskerk JWM. Plasma ectonucleotidases prevent desensitization of purinergic receptors in stored platelets: importance for platelet activity during thrombus formation. Transfusion 2006, 46:1018-1028. 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2006.00837.x, 16734820.
    • (2006) Transfusion , vol.46 , pp. 1018-1028
    • Cauwenberghs, S.1    Feijge, M.A.H.2    Hageman, G.3    Hoylearts, M.4    Akkeman, J.N.5    Curvers, J.6    Heemskerk, J.W.M.7
  • 110
    • 0021344246 scopus 로고
    • Anticoagluant activities of heparin oligosaccharides and their neutralization by platelet factor 4
    • 1153400, 6721831
    • Lane DA, Denton J, Flynn AM, Thunberg L, Lindahl U. Anticoagluant activities of heparin oligosaccharides and their neutralization by platelet factor 4. Biochem J 1984, 218:725-732. 1153400, 6721831.
    • (1984) Biochem J , vol.218 , pp. 725-732
    • Lane, D.A.1    Denton, J.2    Flynn, A.M.3    Thunberg, L.4    Lindahl, U.5
  • 111
    • 0026649033 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of thrombin generation by heparin and low molecular weight (LMW) heparins in the absence and presence of platelet factor 4 (PF4)
    • 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06437.x, 1329921
    • Padilla A, Gray E, Pepper DS, Barrowcliffe TW. Inhibition of thrombin generation by heparin and low molecular weight (LMW) heparins in the absence and presence of platelet factor 4 (PF4). Br J Haematol 1992, 82:406-413. 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1992.tb06437.x, 1329921.
    • (1992) Br J Haematol , vol.82 , pp. 406-413
    • Padilla, A.1    Gray, E.2    Pepper, D.S.3    Barrowcliffe, T.W.4
  • 112
    • 0029044753 scopus 로고
    • Heparin neutralization by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine
    • Levy JH, Cormack JG, Morales A. Heparin neutralization by recombinant platelet factor 4 and protamine. Anest Analg 1995, 81:35-37.
    • (1995) Anest Analg , vol.81 , pp. 35-37
    • Levy, J.H.1    Cormack, J.G.2    Morales, A.3
  • 113
    • 0032854536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) due to heparin flushes: a report of three cases
    • 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00527.x, 10476001
    • Kadidal VV, Mayo KH, Horne MK. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) due to heparin flushes: a report of three cases. J Intern Med 1999, 246:325-329. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00527.x, 10476001.
    • (1999) J Intern Med , vol.246 , pp. 325-329
    • Kadidal, V.V.1    Mayo, K.H.2    Horne, M.K.3
  • 114
    • 3142715226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis syndrome related to the use of a Port-A-Cath in a breast cancer patient receiving chemotherapy
    • Dai MS, Hsieh AT, Chao TY. Catastrophic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis syndrome related to the use of a Port-A-Cath in a breast cancer patient receiving chemotherapy. Support Care Cancer 2004, 12:537-539.
    • (2004) Support Care Cancer , vol.12 , pp. 537-539
    • Dai, M.S.1    Hsieh, A.T.2    Chao, T.Y.3
  • 116
    • 0032732652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenic potential of GAG and non-GAG antithrombotic agents
    • Jeske WP, Jay AM, Haas S, Walenga JM. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenic potential of GAG and non-GAG antithrombotic agents. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 1999, 5(1):556-562.
    • (1999) Clin Appl Thromb Hemost , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 556-562
    • Jeske, W.P.1    Jay, A.M.2    Haas, S.3    Walenga, J.M.4
  • 118
    • 84869780345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: further evidence for a unique immune response
    • 10.1182/blood-2012-04-419424, 22932802
    • Pötschke C, Selleng S, Bröker BM, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: further evidence for a unique immune response. Blood 2012, 120:4238-4245. 10.1182/blood-2012-04-419424, 22932802.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.120 , pp. 4238-4245
    • Pötschke, C.1    Selleng, S.2    Bröker, B.M.3    Greinacher, A.4
  • 119
    • 79955628617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate control of B cell responses
    • 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.004, 3090458, 21419699
    • Cerutti A, Puga I, Cols M. Innate control of B cell responses. Trends Immunol 2011, 32:202-211. 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.004, 3090458, 21419699.
    • (2011) Trends Immunol , vol.32 , pp. 202-211
    • Cerutti, A.1    Puga, I.2    Cols, M.3
  • 120
    • 79251583424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301424, 20959601
    • Krauel K, Potschke C, Weber C, Kessler W, Furll B, Ittermann T, Maier S, Hammerschmidt S, Broker BM, Greinacher A. Platelet factor 4 binds to bacteria inducing antibodies cross-reacting with the major antigen in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2011, 117:1370-1378. 10.1182/blood-2010-08-301424, 20959601.
    • (2011) Blood , vol.117 , pp. 1370-1378
    • Krauel, K.1    Potschke, C.2    Weber, C.3    Kessler, W.4    Furll, B.5    Ittermann, T.6    Maier, S.7    Hammerschmidt, S.8    Broker, B.M.9    Greinacher, A.10
  • 121
    • 84868091620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4 binding to lipid A of Gram-negative bacteria exposes PF4/heparin-like epitopes
    • 10.1182/blood-2012-06-434985, 22942185
    • Krauel K, Weber C, Brandt S, Zähringer U, Mamat U, Greinacher A, Hammerschmidt S. Platelet factor 4 binding to lipid A of Gram-negative bacteria exposes PF4/heparin-like epitopes. Blood 2012, 120:3345-3352. 10.1182/blood-2012-06-434985, 22942185.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.120 , pp. 3345-3352
    • Krauel, K.1    Weber, C.2    Brandt, S.3    Zähringer, U.4    Mamat, U.5    Greinacher, A.6    Hammerschmidt, S.7
  • 122
    • 75649084964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelets and pathogens
    • 10.1007/s00018-009-0204-2, 19936618
    • Clemetson KJ. Platelets and pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010, 67:495-498. 10.1007/s00018-009-0204-2, 19936618.
    • (2010) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.67 , pp. 495-498
    • Clemetson, K.J.1
  • 123
    • 0034667551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial proteins and peptides of blood: templates for novel antimicrobial agents
    • Levy O. Antimicrobial proteins and peptides of blood: templates for novel antimicrobial agents. Blood 2000, 96:2664-2672.
    • (2000) Blood , vol.96 , pp. 2664-2672
    • Levy, O.1
  • 124
    • 0036893696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets
    • 10.1128/IAI.70.12.6524-6533.2002, 132966, 12438321
    • Tang YQ, Yeaman MR, Selsted ME. Antimicrobial peptides from human platelets. Infect Immun 2002, 70:6524-6533. 10.1128/IAI.70.12.6524-6533.2002, 132966, 12438321.
    • (2002) Infect Immun , vol.70 , pp. 6524-6533
    • Tang, Y.Q.1    Yeaman, M.R.2    Selsted, M.E.3
  • 125
    • 33847028402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modular determinants of antimicrobial activity in platelet factor-4 family kinocidins
    • 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.010, 2827485, 17217910
    • Yeaman MR, Yount NY, Waring AJ, Gank KD, Kupferwasser D, Wiese R, Bayer AS, Welch WH. Modular determinants of antimicrobial activity in platelet factor-4 family kinocidins. Biochem Biophys Acta 2007, 1768:609-619. 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.11.010, 2827485, 17217910.
    • (2007) Biochem Biophys Acta , vol.1768 , pp. 609-619
    • Yeaman, M.R.1    Yount, N.Y.2    Waring, A.J.3    Gank, K.D.4    Kupferwasser, D.5    Wiese, R.6    Bayer, A.S.7    Welch, W.H.8
  • 126
    • 49449114876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibacterial chemokines - actors in both innate and adaptive immunity
    • Eliasson M, Egesten A. Antibacterial chemokines - actors in both innate and adaptive immunity. Contrib Microbiol 2008, 15:101-117.
    • (2008) Contrib Microbiol , vol.15 , pp. 101-117
    • Eliasson, M.1    Egesten, A.2
  • 129
    • 34548045312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unifying themes in host defence effector polypeptides
    • 10.1038/nrmicro1744, 17703227
    • Yeaman MR, Yount NY. Unifying themes in host defence effector polypeptides. Nat Rev Microbiol 2007, 5:727-740. 10.1038/nrmicro1744, 17703227.
    • (2007) Nat Rev Microbiol , vol.5 , pp. 727-740
    • Yeaman, M.R.1    Yount, N.Y.2
  • 130
    • 48449089798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelet factor 4/heparin antibody (IgG/M/A) in healthy subjects: a literature analysis of commercial immunoassay results
    • 10.1007/s11239-008-0217-y, 3606554, 18369708
    • Arepally GM, Hursting MJ. Platelet factor 4/heparin antibody (IgG/M/A) in healthy subjects: a literature analysis of commercial immunoassay results. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2008, 26:55-61. 10.1007/s11239-008-0217-y, 3606554, 18369708.
    • (2008) J Thromb Thrombolysis , vol.26 , pp. 55-61
    • Arepally, G.M.1    Hursting, M.J.2
  • 132
    • 80051559509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease
    • 10.1182/blood-2011-03-342857, 21659541
    • Greinacher A, Holtfreter B, Krauel K, Gatke D, Weber C, Itterman T, Hammerschmidt S, Kocher T. Association of natural anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies with periodontal disease. Blood 2011, 118:1395-1401. 10.1182/blood-2011-03-342857, 21659541.
    • (2011) Blood , vol.118 , pp. 1395-1401
    • Greinacher, A.1    Holtfreter, B.2    Krauel, K.3    Gatke, D.4    Weber, C.5    Itterman, T.6    Hammerschmidt, S.7    Kocher, T.8
  • 133
    • 45549099235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.012, 18589060
    • Warkentin TE, Makris M, Jay AM, Kelton JG. A spontaneous prothrombotic disorder resembling heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 2008, 121:632-636. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.012, 18589060.
    • (2008) Am J Med , vol.121 , pp. 632-636
    • Warkentin, T.E.1    Makris, M.2    Jay, A.M.3    Kelton, J.G.4
  • 134
    • 84876309967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with massive intracardiac thrombosis: a case report
    • Ahmed A, Al-Mondhiry H, Milling TJ, Campbell D. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia associated with massive intracardiac thrombosis: a case report. Case Report Hematol 2012,
    • (2012) Case Report Hematol
    • Ahmed, A.1    Al-Mondhiry, H.2    Milling, T.J.3    Campbell, D.4
  • 135
    • 35348966904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia on postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery
    • 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.080, 17954061
    • Kerendi F, Thourani VH, Puskas JD, Kilgo PD, Osgood M, Guyton RA, Lattouf OM. Impact of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia on postoperative outcomes after cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2007, 84:1548-1555. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2007.05.080, 17954061.
    • (2007) Ann Thorac Surg , vol.84 , pp. 1548-1555
    • Kerendi, F.1    Thourani, V.H.2    Puskas, J.D.3    Kilgo, P.D.4    Osgood, M.5    Guyton, R.A.6    Lattouf, O.M.7
  • 136
    • 84864842060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.3109/09537104.2011.650245, 22309045
    • Olah Z, Kerenyi A, Kappelmayer J, Schlammadinger A, Razso K, Boda Z. Rapid-onset heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Platelets 2012, 23:495-498. 10.3109/09537104.2011.650245, 22309045.
    • (2012) Platelets , vol.23 , pp. 495-498
    • Olah, Z.1    Kerenyi, A.2    Kappelmayer, J.3    Schlammadinger, A.4    Razso, K.5    Boda, Z.6
  • 137
    • 75649135573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Platelets in defense against bacterial pathogens
    • 10.1007/s00018-009-0210-4, 2809947, 20013024
    • Yeaman MR. Platelets in defense against bacterial pathogens. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010, 67:525-544. 10.1007/s00018-009-0210-4, 2809947, 20013024.
    • (2010) Cell Mol Life Sci , vol.67 , pp. 525-544
    • Yeaman, M.R.1
  • 138
    • 77958498224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work
    • 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002, 3420356, 21029960
    • Coffman RL, Sher A, Seder RA. Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 2010, 33:492-503. 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.10.002, 3420356, 21029960.
    • (2010) Immunity , vol.33 , pp. 492-503
    • Coffman, R.L.1    Sher, A.2    Seder, R.A.3
  • 139
    • 0029608873 scopus 로고
    • T helper cell-independent neutralizing B cell response against vesicular stomatitis virus: role of antigen patterns in B cell induction
    • 10.1002/eji.1830251236, 8566036
    • Bachmann MF, Hengartner H, Zinkernagel RM. T helper cell-independent neutralizing B cell response against vesicular stomatitis virus: role of antigen patterns in B cell induction. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25:3445-3451. 10.1002/eji.1830251236, 8566036.
    • (1995) Eur J Immunol , vol.25 , pp. 3445-3451
    • Bachmann, M.F.1    Hengartner, H.2    Zinkernagel, R.M.3
  • 140
    • 0030666222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition
    • 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80412-2, 9363937
    • Medzhitov R, Janeway CA. Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 1997, 91:295-298. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80412-2, 9363937.
    • (1997) Cell , vol.91 , pp. 295-298
    • Medzhitov, R.1    Janeway, C.A.2
  • 142
    • 77950967415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptors and B-cell receptors synergize to induce immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination: relevance to microbial antibody response
    • Pone EJ, Zan H, Zhang J, Al-Qahtani A, Xu Z, Casali P. Toll-like receptors and B-cell receptors synergize to induce immunoglobulin class switch DNA recombination: relevance to microbial antibody response. Crit Rev Immunol 2012, 30:1-29.
    • (2012) Crit Rev Immunol , vol.30 , pp. 1-29
    • Pone, E.J.1    Zan, H.2    Zhang, J.3    Al-Qahtani, A.4    Xu, Z.5    Casali, P.6
  • 143
    • 79954582124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • TLR-based immune adjuvants
    • 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.002, 3000864, 20713100
    • Steinhagen F, Kinjo T, Bode C, Klinman DM. TLR-based immune adjuvants. Vaccine 2011, 29:3341-3355. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.002, 3000864, 20713100.
    • (2011) Vaccine , vol.29 , pp. 3341-3355
    • Steinhagen, F.1    Kinjo, T.2    Bode, C.3    Klinman, D.M.4
  • 146
    • 78650631847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pseudo-HIT associated with antibodies to protamine sulfate
    • Amiral JJ, Vissac AM. Pseudo-HIT associated with antibodies to protamine sulfate. J Thromb Haemost 2009, 5(2):697.
    • (2009) J Thromb Haemost , vol.5 , Issue.2 , pp. 697
    • Amiral, J.J.1    Vissac, A.M.2
  • 147
    • 47949102460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral double-sranded RNA triggers Ig Class switching by activating upper respiratory mucosa B cells through an innate TLR3 pathway involving BAFF
    • 3048768, 18566393
    • Xu W, Santini PA, Matthews AJ, Chiu A, Plebain A, He B, Chen K, Cerutti A. Viral double-sranded RNA triggers Ig Class switching by activating upper respiratory mucosa B cells through an innate TLR3 pathway involving BAFF. J Immunol 2008, 181:276-287. 3048768, 18566393.
    • (2008) J Immunol , vol.181 , pp. 276-287
    • Xu, W.1    Santini, P.A.2    Matthews, A.J.3    Chiu, A.4    Plebain, A.5    He, B.6    Chen, K.7    Cerutti, A.8
  • 148
    • 84863099505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an update
    • Prechel MM, Walenga JM. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an update. Semin Thromb Hemost 2012, 38:483-496.
    • (2012) Semin Thromb Hemost , vol.38 , pp. 483-496
    • Prechel, M.M.1    Walenga, J.M.2
  • 149
    • 84869818090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antigen and substrate withdrawal in the management of autoimmune thrombotic disorders
    • 10.1182/blood-2012-06-389445, 22966172
    • Cines DB, McCrae KR, Zheng XL, Sachais BS, Prak EL, Siegel DL. Antigen and substrate withdrawal in the management of autoimmune thrombotic disorders. Blood 2012, 120:4134-4142. 10.1182/blood-2012-06-389445, 22966172.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.120 , pp. 4134-4142
    • Cines, D.B.1    McCrae, K.R.2    Zheng, X.L.3    Sachais, B.S.4    Prak, E.L.5    Siegel, D.L.6
  • 150
    • 79955656735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-density lipoprotein apheresis reduces platelet factor 4 on the surface of platelets: a possible protective mechanism against heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis
    • 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02911.x, 3032007, 20977482
    • Tanhehco Y, Rux AH, Sachais BS. Low-density lipoprotein apheresis reduces platelet factor 4 on the surface of platelets: a possible protective mechanism against heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Transfusion 2011, 51:1022-1029. 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02911.x, 3032007, 20977482.
    • (2011) Transfusion , vol.51 , pp. 1022-1029
    • Tanhehco, Y.1    Rux, A.H.2    Sachais, B.S.3
  • 152
    • 84862734540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rational design and characterization of platelet factor 4 antagonists for the study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
    • 10.1182/blood-2012-01-406801, 22452981
    • Sachais BS, Rux AH, Cines DB, Yarovoi SV, Garner LI, Watson SP, Hinds JL, Rux JJ. Rational design and characterization of platelet factor 4 antagonists for the study of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Blood 2012, 119:5955-5962. 10.1182/blood-2012-01-406801, 22452981.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.119 , pp. 5955-5962
    • Sachais, B.S.1    Rux, A.H.2    Cines, D.B.3    Yarovoi, S.V.4    Garner, L.I.5    Watson, S.P.6    Hinds, J.L.7    Rux, J.J.8
  • 153
    • 84862729236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Inactivating" PF4: a new approach to HIT treatment?
    • 10.1182/blood-2012-04-422535, 22730525
    • Aster RH. "Inactivating" PF4: a new approach to HIT treatment?. Blood 2012, 119:5951-5952. 10.1182/blood-2012-04-422535, 22730525.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.119 , pp. 5951-5952
    • Aster, R.H.1
  • 155
    • 77953772222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low anticoagulant heparin targets multiple sites of inflammation, suppresses heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and inhibits interaction of RAGE with its ligands
    • 10.1152/ajpcell.00009.2010, 20375277
    • Rao NV, Argyle B, Xu X, Reynolds PR, Walenga JM, Prechel MM, Prestwich GD, MacArthur RB, Walters BB, Hoidal JR. Low anticoagulant heparin targets multiple sites of inflammation, suppresses heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and inhibits interaction of RAGE with its ligands. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010, 299:C97-C110. 10.1152/ajpcell.00009.2010, 20375277.
    • (2010) Am J Physiol Cell Physiol , vol.299
    • Rao, N.V.1    Argyle, B.2    Xu, X.3    Reynolds, P.R.4    Walenga, J.M.5    Prechel, M.M.6    Prestwich, G.D.7    MacArthur, R.B.8    Walters, B.B.9    Hoidal, J.R.10
  • 156
    • 84856600313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: in vitro studies on the interaction of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and low-sulfated heparin, with platelet factor 4 and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies
    • 10.1182/blood-2011-05-353391, 22049520
    • Krauel K, Hackbarth C, Fürll B, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: in vitro studies on the interaction of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and low-sulfated heparin, with platelet factor 4 and anti-PF4/heparin antibodies. Blood 2012, 119:1248-1255. 10.1182/blood-2011-05-353391, 22049520.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.119 , pp. 1248-1255
    • Krauel, K.1    Hackbarth, C.2    Fürll, B.3    Greinacher, A.4
  • 158
    • 0021268420 scopus 로고
    • Low-affinity heparin potentiates the action of high-affinity heparin oligosaccharides
    • 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90069-0, 6729774
    • Barrowcliffe TW, Merton RE, Havercroft SJ, Thunberg L, Lindahl U, Thomas DP. Low-affinity heparin potentiates the action of high-affinity heparin oligosaccharides. Thromb Res 1984, 34:125-133. 10.1016/0049-3848(84)90069-0, 6729774.
    • (1984) Thromb Res , vol.34 , pp. 125-133
    • Barrowcliffe, T.W.1    Merton, R.E.2    Havercroft, S.J.3    Thunberg, L.4    Lindahl, U.5    Thomas, D.P.6
  • 159
    • 84876314370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking advantage of the non-anticoagulant effects of heparin
    • Greinacher A. Taking advantage of the non-anticoagulant effects of heparin. Blood 2012, 107:717.
    • (2012) Blood , vol.107 , pp. 717
    • Greinacher, A.1
  • 160
    • 79959370221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heparins with reduced anti-coagulant activity reduce myocardial reperfusion injury
    • Barry WH, Kennedy TP. Heparins with reduced anti-coagulant activity reduce myocardial reperfusion injury. Rec Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov 2011, 6:148-157.
    • (2011) Rec Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discov , vol.6 , pp. 148-157
    • Barry, W.H.1    Kennedy, T.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.