Cell-specific in vivo functions of glycosphingolipids: Lessons from genetic deletions of enzymes involved in glycosphingolipid synthesis

Progress in Lipid Research

Volumn 52, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 231-248

  Jennemann, Richard ^a   Gröne, Hermann Josef ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Gangliosides; Gene deletion; Glycosphingolipid synthesizing enzymes; Glycosphingolipids; Mouse models; Sphingolipids

Indexed keywords

ALPHA GALACTOSIDASE; B LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; CD19 ANTIGEN; CERAMIDE GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; CEREBROSIDE SULFOTRANSFERASE; GANGLIOSIDE GD 1A; GANGLIOSIDE GD 1B; GANGLIOSIDE GD3; GANGLIOSIDE GM1; GANGLIOSIDE GM3; GANGLIOSIDE GQ 1B; GLUCOSYLCERAMIDE; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID; MYELIN ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEIN; N ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE; PROTEIN KINASE LYN; SIALIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADIPOCYTE; BIOACCUMULATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL MIGRATION; CELL SPECIFICITY; ENDOCYTOSIS; ENZYME DEFICIENCY; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME REPRESSION; GENE DELETION; GENETIC CODE; HUMAN; IN VIVO STUDY; INTESTINE CELL; INTESTINE FUNCTION; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; KERATINOCYTE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; LIPOGENESIS; LIVER FUNCTION; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NERVE CELL; NONHUMAN; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEPLETION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITION; PURKINJE CELL; REVIEW; SKIN FUNCTION; TRANSPORT VESICLE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE; ENZYMES; GENE DELETION; GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS; HUMANS; ORGAN SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALIA; MUS;

EID: 84875343515     PISSN: 01637827     EISSN: 18732194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (207)

1. A.H. Futerman, and R.E. Pagano Determination of the intracellular sites and topology of glucosylceramide synthesis in rat liver Biochem J 280 Pt. 2 1991 295 302
2. D. Jeckel, A. Karrenbauer, K.N. Burger, G. van Meer, and F. Wieland Glucosylceramide is synthesized at the cytosolic surface of various Golgi subfractions J Cell Biol 117 1992 259 267
3. S. Degroote, J. Wolthoorn, and G. van Meer The cell biology of glycosphingolipids Semin Cell Dev Biol 15 2004 375 387 (Pubitemid 38781900)
4. K. Hidari, S. Ichikawa, T. Fujita, H. Sakiyama, and Y. Hirabayashi Complete removal of sphingolipids from the plasma membrane disrupts cell to substratum adhesion of mouse melanoma cells J Biol Chem 271 1996 14636 14641 (Pubitemid 26190372)
5. R.L. Schnaar Glycosphingolipids in cell surface recognition Glycobiology 1 1991 477 485
6. A. Varki Biological roles of oligosaccharides: all of the theories are correct Glycobiology 3 1993 97 130 (Pubitemid 23132602)
7. S. Groux-Degroote, S.M. van Dijk, J. Wolthoorn, S. Neumann, A.C. Theos, and A.M. De Maziere Glycolipid-dependent sorting of melanosomal from lysosomal membrane proteins by lumenal determinants Traffic 9 2008 951 963 (Pubitemid 351639498)
8. H. Sprong, S. Degroote, T. Claessens, J. van Drunen, V. Oorschot, and B.H. Westerink Glycosphingolipids are required for sorting melanosomal proteins in the Golgi complex J Cell Biol 155 2001 369 380
9. I.Y. Tamboli, K. Prager, E. Barth, M. Heneka, K. Sandhoff, and J. Walter Inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis reduces secretion of the beta-amyloid precursor protein and amyloid beta-peptide J Biol Chem 280 2005 28110 28117 (Pubitemid 41076929)
10. B.K. Gillard, L.T. Thurmon, and D.M. Marcus Variable subcellular localization of glycosphingolipids Glycobiology 3 1993 57 67 (Pubitemid 23123175)
11. D. Lingwood, and K. Simons Lipid rafts as a membrane-organizing principle Science 327 2010 46 50
12. S. Hakomori Bifunctional role of glycosphingolipids. Modulators for transmembrane signaling and mediators for cellular interactions J Biol Chem 265 1990 18713 18716
13. Y. Nagai, and S. Tsuji Significance of ganglioside-mediated glycosignal transduction in neuronal differentiation and development Prog Brain Res 101 1994 119 126 (Pubitemid 24084742)
14. G. van Meer Lipids of the Golgi membrane Trends Cell Biol 8 1998 29 33 (Pubitemid 28040844)
15. S. Ichikawa, and Y. Hirabayashi Glucosylceramide synthase and glycosphingolipid synthesis Trends Cell Biol 8 1998 198 202 (Pubitemid 28188114)
16. K. Kabayama, T. Sato, K. Saito, N. Loberto, A. Prinetti, and S. Sonnino Dissociation of the insulin receptor and caveolin-1 complex by ganglioside GM3 in the state of insulin resistance Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 13678 13683 (Pubitemid 350003380)
17. Y. Liu, Y. Su, M. Wiznitzer, O. Epifano, and S. Ladisch Ganglioside depletion and EGF responses of human GM3 synthase-deficient fibroblasts Glycobiology 18 2008 593 601
18. S. Tagami, J. Inokuchi Ji, K. Kabayama, H. Yoshimura, F. Kitamura, and S. Uemura Ganglioside GM3 participates in the pathological conditions of insulin resistance J Biol Chem 277 2002 3085 3092 (Pubitemid 34953168)
19. S.J. Yoon, K. Nakayama, T. Hikita, K. Handa, and S.I. Hakomori Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase is modulated by GM3 interaction with N-linked GlcNAc termini of the receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 2006 18987 18991 (Pubitemid 350002815)
20. S. Hamel, J. Fantini, and F. Schweisguth Notch ligand activity is modulated by glycosphingolipid membrane composition in Drosophila melanogaster J Cell Biol 188 2010 581 594
21. M. Kitamura, K. Takamiya, S. Aizawa, and K. Furukawa Gangliosides are the binding substances in neural cells for tetanus and botulinum toxins in mice Biochim Biophys Acta 1441 1999 1 3 (Pubitemid 29469431)
22. M. Jacewicz, H. Clausen, E. Nudelman, A. Donohue-Rolfe, and G.T. Keusch Pathogenesis of shigella diarrhea. XI. Isolation of a shigella toxin-binding glycolipid from rabbit jejunum and HeLa cells and its identification as globotriaosylceramide J Exp Med 163 1986 1391 1404 (Pubitemid 16043460)
23. C.A. Lingwood, H. Law, S. Richardson, M. Petric, J.L. Brunton, and S. De Grandis Glycolipid binding of purified and recombinant Escherichia coli produced verotoxin in vitro J Biol Chem 262 1987 8834 8839
24. B. Tsai, J.M. Gilbert, T. Stehle, W. Lencer, T.L. Benjamin, and T.A. Rapoport Gangliosides are receptors for murine polyoma virus and SV40 EMBO J 22 2003 4346 4355 (Pubitemid 37087189)
25. J.A. Low, B. Magnuson, B. Tsai, and M.J. Imperiale Identification of gangliosides GD1b and GT1b as receptors for BK virus J Virol 80 2006 1361 1366 (Pubitemid 43134093)
26. S. Hakomori Tumor malignancy defined by aberrant glycosylation and sphingo(glyco)lipid metabolism Adv Cancer Res 56 1996 5309 5318 (Pubitemid 27011703)
27. S. Hakomori Cancer-associated glycosphingolipid antigens: their structure, organization, and function Acta Anat (Basel) 161 1998 79 90 (Pubitemid 28478161)
28. K. Furukawa, K. Hamamura, and W. Aixinjueluo Biosignals modulated by tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens: novel targets for cancer therapy Angew Chem Int Edit 1086 2006 185 198 (Pubitemid 47084385)
29. J. Heimburg-Molinaro, M. Lum, G. Vijay, M. Jain, A. Almogren, and K. Rittenhouse-Olson Cancer vaccines and carbohydrate epitopes Vaccine 29 2011 8802 8826
30. S.B. Levery Cancer-associated and related glycosphingolipid antigens G-J.B. Zhongwu Guo, Carbohydrate-based vaccines and immunotherapies 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 227 262 [Chapter 8]
31. S. Hakomori, and Y. Zhang Glycosphingolipid antigens and cancer therapy Chem Biol 4 1997 97 104 (Pubitemid 27161748)
32. K.O. Lloyd Tumor antigens known to be immunogenic in man Angew Chem Int Edit 690 1993 50 58 (Pubitemid 23278693)
33. P.O. Livingston Approaches to augmenting the immunogenicity of melanoma gangliosides: from whole melanoma cells to ganglioside-KLH conjugate vaccines Immunol Rev 145 1995 147 166
34. Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Lysosomal lipid storage diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 3(6) (in press).
35. Y.J. Liang, H.H. Kuo, C.H. Lin, Y.Y. Chen, B.C. Yang, and Y.Y. Cheng Switching of the core structures of glycosphingolipids from globo- and lacto- to ganglio-series upon human embryonic stem cell differentiation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 22564 22569
36. Y.J. Liang, B.C. Yang, J.M. Chen, Y.H. Lin, C.L. Huang, and Y.Y. Cheng Changes in glycosphingolipid composition during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to ectodermal or endodermal lineages Stem Cells 29 2011 1995 2004
37. N. Kojima, and S. Hakomori Synergistic effect of two cell recognition systems: glycosphingolipid-glycosphingolipid interaction and integrin receptor interaction with pericellular matrix protein Glycobiology 1 1991 623 630
38. T. Okuda, N. Tokuda, S. Numata, M. Ito, M. Ohta, and K. Kawamura Targeted disruption of Gb3/CD77 synthase gene resulted in the complete deletion of globo-series glycosphingolipids and loss of sensitivity to verotoxins J Biol Chem 281 2006 10230 10235 (Pubitemid 43864560)
39. S. Porubsky, A.O. Speak, M. Salio, R. Jennemann, M. Bonrouhi, and R. Zafarulla Globosides but not Isoglobosides Can Impact the Development of Invariant NKT Cells and Their Interaction with Dendritic Cells J Immunol. 189 2012 3007 3017
40. J. Konowalchuk, J.I. Speirs, and S. Stavric Vero response to a cytotoxin of Escherichia coli Infect Immun 18 1977 775 779 (Pubitemid 8247697)
41. L.W. Riley, R.S. Remis, S.D. Helgerson, H.B. McGee, J.G. Wells, and B.R. Davis Hemorrhagic colitis associated with a rare Escherichia coli serotype N Engl J Med 308 1983 681 685 (Pubitemid 13157770)
42. M.A. Karmali, M. Petric, C. Lim, P.C. Fleming, G.S. Arbus, and H. Lior The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli J Infect Dis 151 1985 775 782 (Pubitemid 15094592)
43. S. Tzipori, C.W. Chow, and H.R. Powell Cerebral infection with Escherichia coli O157:H7 in humans and gnotobiotic piglets J Clin Pathol 41 1988 1099 1103
44. S. Porubsky, A.O. Speak, B. Luckow, V. Cerundolo, F.M. Platt, and H.J. Grone Normal development and function of invariant natural killer T cells in mice with isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3) deficiency Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 5977 5982 (Pubitemid 47175644)
45. D. Zhou, J. Mattner, C. Cantu 3rd, N. Schrantz, N. Yin, and Y. Gao Lysosomal glycosphingolipid recognition by NKT cells Science 306 2004 1786 1789 (Pubitemid 39601398)
46. D. Christiansen, J. Milland, E. Mouhtouris, H. Vaughan, D.G. Pellicci, and M.J. McConville Humans lack iGb3 due to the absence of functional iGb3-synthase: implications for NKT cell development and transplantation PLoS Biol 6 2008 e172
47. A.O. Speak, M. Salio, D.C. Neville, J. Fontaine, D.A. Priestman, and N. Platt Implications for invariant natural killer T cell ligands due to the restricted presence of isoglobotrihexosylceramide in mammals Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 2007 5971 5976 (Pubitemid 47175643)
48. F. Biellmann, A.J. Hulsmeier, D. Zhou, P. Cinelli, and T. Hennet The Lc3-synthase gene B3gnt5 is essential to pre-implantation development of the murine embryo BMC Dev Biol 8 2008 109
49. C.T. Kuan, J. Chang, J.E. Mansson, J. Li, C. Pegram, and P. Fredman Multiple phenotypic changes in mice after knockout of the B3gnt5 gene, encoding Lc3 synthase-a key enzyme in lacto-neolacto ganglioside synthesis BMC Dev Biol 10 2010 114
50. A. Togayachi, Y. Kozono, Y. Ikehara, H. Ito, N. Suzuki, and Y. Tsunoda Lack of lacto/neolacto-glycolipids enhances the formation of glycolipid-enriched microdomains, facilitating B cell activation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 11900 11905
51. J. Wiels, M. Mangeney, C. Tetaud, and T. Tursz Sequential shifts in the three major glycosphingolipid series are associated with B cell differentiation Int Immunol 3 1991 1289 1300
52. R.K. Yu, and M. Saito Neurobiology of glycoconjugates 1989 Plenum New York
53. K. Nakamura, Y. Hashimoto, T. Yamakawa, and A. Suzuki Genetic polymorphism of ganglioside expression in mouse organs J Biochem 103 1988 201 208 (Pubitemid 18031257)
54. R. Jennemann, R. Sandhoff, S. Wang, E. Kiss, N. Gretz, and C. Zuliani Cell-specific deletion of glucosylceramide synthase in brain leads to severe neural defects after birth Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 2005 12459 12464 (Pubitemid 41266381)
55. M. Ogiso, M. Ohta, Y. Harada, H. Kubo, and S. Hirano Developmental change in ganglioside expression in primary culture of rat neurons Neuroscience 41 1991 167 176
56. H. Sohn, Y.S. Kim, H.T. Kim, C.H. Kim, E.W. Cho, and H.Y. Kang Ganglioside GM3 is involved in neuronal cell death FASEB J 20 2006 1248 1250
57. F. Malisan, and R. Testi The ganglioside GD3 as the Greek goddess hecate: several faces turned towards as many directions IUBMB Life 57 2005 477 482 (Pubitemid 41112985)
58. G.J. Pilkington Cancer stem cells in the mammalian central nervous system Cell Prolif 38 2005 423 433 (Pubitemid 41746373)
59. R. Jennemann, A. Rodden, B.L. Bauer, H.D. Mennel, and H. Wiegandt Glycosphingolipids of human gliomas Adv Cancer Res 50 1990 7444 7449
60. K. Takamiya, A. Yamamoto, K. Furukawa, S. Yamashiro, M. Shin, and M. Okada Mice with disrupted GM2/GD2 synthase gene lack complex gangliosides but exhibit only subtle defects in their nervous system Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 1996 10662 10667 (Pubitemid 26333045)
61. H. Kawai, M.L. Allende, R. Wada, M. Kono, K. Sango, and C. Deng Mice expressing only monosialoganglioside GM3 exhibit lethal audiogenic seizures J Biol Chem 276 2001 6885 6888
62. K. Takamiya, A. Yamamoto, K. Furukawa, J. Zhao, S. Fukumoto, and S. Yamashiro Complex gangliosides are essential in spermatogenesis of mice: possible roles in the transport of testosterone Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 1998 12147 12152 (Pubitemid 28483733)
63. M. Rabionet, A.C. van der Spoel, C.C. Chuang, B. von Tumpling-Radosta, M. Litjens, and D. Bouwmeester Male germ cells require polyenoic sphingolipids with complex glycosylation for completion of meiosis: a link to ceramide synthase-3 J Biol Chem 283 2008 13357 13369
64. R. Sandhoff, R. Geyer, R. Jennemann, C. Paret, E. Kiss, and T. Yamashita Novel class of glycosphingolipids involved in male fertility J Biol Chem 280 2005 27310 27318 (Pubitemid 41040772)
65. S. Chiavegatto, J. Sun, R.J. Nelson, and R.L. Schnaar A functional role for complex gangliosides: motor deficits in GM2/GD2 synthase knockout mice Exp Neurol 166 2000 227 234
66. Y. Sugiura, K. Furukawa, O. Tajima, S. Mii, and T. Honda Sensory nerve-dominant nerve degeneration and remodeling in the mutant mice lacking complex gangliosides Neuroscience 135 2005 1167 1178 (Pubitemid 41416679)
67. K. Susuki, H. Baba, K. Tohyama, K. Kanai, S. Kuwabara, and K. Hirata Gangliosides contribute to stability of paranodal junctions and ion channel clusters in myelinated nerve fibers Glia 55 2007 746 757 (Pubitemid 46663027)
68. A.A. Vyas, H.V. Patel, S.E. Fromholt, M. Heffer-Lauc, K.A. Vyas, and J. Dang Gangliosides are functional nerve cell ligands for myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), an inhibitor of nerve regeneration Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 8412 8417 (Pubitemid 34651066)
69. K.A. Sheikh, J. Sun, Y. Liu, H. Kawai, T.O. Crawford, and R.L. Proia Mice lacking complex gangliosides develop Wallerian degeneration and myelination defects Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 7532 7537 (Pubitemid 29299696)
70. B. Pan, S.E. Fromholt, E.J. Hess, T.O. Crawford, J.W. Griffin, and K.A. Sheikh Myelin-associated glycoprotein and complementary axonal ligands, gangliosides, mediate axon stability in the CNS and PNS: neuropathology and behavioral deficits in single- and double-null mice Exp Neurol 195 2005 208 217 (Pubitemid 41116825)
71. R.L. Proia Gangliosides help stabilize the brain Nat Genet 36 2004 1147 1148 (Pubitemid 41288961)
72. R.L. Schnaar Brain gangliosides in axon-myelin stability and axon regeneration FEBS Lett 584 2010 1741 1747
73. A. Seppo, M. Moreland, H. Schweingruber, and M. Tiemeyer Zwitterionic and acidic glycosphingolipids of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo Eur J Biochem 267 2000 3549 3558 (Pubitemid 30423015)
74. H. Wiegandt Insect glycolipids Biochim Biophys Acta 1123 1992 117 126
75. K. Dahlgaard, A. Jung, K. Qvortrup, H. Clausen, O. Kjaerulff, and H.H. Wandall Neurofibromatosis-like phenotype in Drosophila caused by lack of glucosylceramide extension Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109 2012 6987 6992
76. K. North Neurofibromatosis type 1 Am J Med Genet 97 2000 119 127
77. J. Nakayama, M.N. Fukuda, Y. Hirabayashi, A. Kanamori, K. Sasaki, and T. Nishi Expression cloning of a human GT3 synthase. GD3 AND GT3 are synthesized by a single enzyme J Biol Chem 271 1996 3684 3691
78. M. Okada, M. Itoh Mi, M. Haraguchi, T. Okajima, M. Inoue, and H. Oishi B-series Ganglioside deficiency exhibits no definite changes in the neurogenesis and the sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis but impairs regeneration of the lesioned hypoglossal nerve J Biol Chem 277 2002 1633 1636 (Pubitemid 34968730)
79. M. Itoh, S. Fukumoto, T. Iwamoto, A. Mizuno, A. Rokutanda, and H.K. Ishida Specificity of carbohydrate structures of gangliosides in the activity to regenerate the rat axotomized hypoglossal nerve Glycobiology 11 2001 125 130 (Pubitemid 32331673)
80. Y. Handa, N. Ozaki, T. Honda, K. Furukawa, Y. Tomita, and M. Inoue GD3 synthase gene knockout mice exhibit thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia but decreased response to formalin-induced prolonged noxious stimulation Pain 117 2005 271 279 (Pubitemid 41383523)
81. M. Ogawa, M. Tsukuda, T. Yamaguchi, K. Ikeda, T. Okada, and Y. Yano Ganglioside-mediated aggregation of amyloid beta-proteins (Abeta): comparison between Abeta-(1-42) and Abeta-(1-40) J Neurochem 116 2011 851 857
82. A. Bernardo, F.E. Harrison, M. McCord, J. Zhao, A. Bruchey, and S.S. Davies Elimination of GD3 synthase improves memory and reduces amyloid-beta plaque load in transgenic mice Neurobiol Aging 30 2009 1777 1791
83. T. Yamashita, A. Hashiramoto, M. Haluzik, H. Mizukami, S. Beck, and A. Norton Enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice lacking ganglioside GM3 Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100 2003 3445 3449 (Pubitemid 36356603)
84. S. Furuya, F. Irie, T. Hashikawa, K. Nakazawa, A. Kozakai, and A. Hasegawa Ganglioside GD1 alpha in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Its specific absence in mouse mutants with Purkinje cell abnormality and altered immunoreactivity in response to conjunctive stimuli causing long-term desensitization J Biol Chem 269 1994 32418 32425
85. M.A. Simpson, H. Cross, C. Proukakis, D.A. Priestman, D.C. Neville, and G. Reinkensmeier Infantile-onset symptomatic epilepsy syndrome caused by a homozygous loss-of-function mutation of GM3 synthase Nat Genet 36 2004 1225 1229 (Pubitemid 41288973)
86. M. Yoshikawa, S. Go, K. Takasaki, Y. Kakazu, M. Ohashi, and M. Nagafuku Mice lacking ganglioside GM3 synthase exhibit complete hearing loss due to selective degeneration of the organ of Corti Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 2009 9483 9488
87. M. Inoue, Y. Fujii, K. Furukawa, M. Okada, K. Okumura, and T. Hayakawa Refractory skin injury in complex knock-out mice expressing only the GM3 ganglioside J Biol Chem 277 2002 29881 29888
88. Y. Ohmi, O. Tajima, Y. Ohkawa, A. Mori, Y. Sugiura, and K. Furukawa Gangliosides play pivotal roles in the regulation of complement systems and in the maintenance of integrity in nerve tissues Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 2009 22405 22410
89. K. Furukawa, Y. Ohmi, Y. Ohkawa, N. Tokuda, Y. Kondo, and O. Tajima Regulatory mechanisms of nervous systems with glycosphingolipids Neurochem Res 36 2011 1578 1586
90. Y. Ohmi, O. Tajima, Y. Ohkawa, Y. Yamauchi, Y. Sugiura, and K. Furukawa Gangliosides are essential in the protection of inflammation and neurodegeneration via maintenance of lipid rafts: elucidation by a series of ganglioside-deficient mutant mice J Neurochem 116 2011 926 935
91. Y. Ohmi, Y. Ohkawa, Y. Yamauchi, O. Tajima, and K. Furukawa Essential roles of gangliosides in the formation and maintenance of membrane microdomains in brain tissues Neurochem Res 37 2012 1185 1191
92. T. Kinoshita, M. Fujita, and Y. Maeda Biosynthesis, remodelling and functions of mammalian GPI-anchored proteins: recent progress J Biochem 144 2008 287 294
93. T. Yamashita, Y.P. Wu, R. Sandhoff, N. Werth, H. Mizukami, and J.M. Ellis Interruption of ganglioside synthesis produces central nervous system degeneration and altered axon-glial interactions Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102 2005 2725 2730 (Pubitemid 40299860)
94. S. Ichikawa, K. Ozawa, and Y. Hirabayashi Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse ceramide glucosyltransferase gene Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253 1998 707 711 (Pubitemid 29039206)
95. T. Yamashita, R. Wada, T. Sasaki, C. Deng, U. Bierfreund, and K. Sandhoff A vital role for glycosphingolipid synthesis during development and differentiation Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96 1999 9142 9147 (Pubitemid 29374721)
96. K.H. Nomura, D. Murata, Y. Hayashi, K. Dejima, S. Mizuguchi, and E. Kage-Nakadai Ceramide glucosyltransferase of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is involved in oocyte formation and in early embryonic cell division Glycobiology 21 2011 834 848
97. T. Yamashita, M.L. Allende, D.N. Kalkofen, N. Werth, K. Sandhoff, and R.L. Proia Conditional LoxP-flanked glucosylceramide synthase allele controlling glycosphingolipid synthesis Genesis 43 2005 175 180 (Pubitemid 43117833)
98. F. Tronche, C. Kellendonk, O. Kretz, P. Gass, K. Anlag, and P.C. Orban Disruption of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in the nervous system results in reduced anxiety Nat Genet 23 1999 99 103 (Pubitemid 29418797)
99. N.C. Dubois, D. Hofmann, K. Kaloulis, J.M. Bishop, and A. Trumpp Nestin-Cre transgenic mouse line Nes-Cre1 mediates highly efficient Cre/loxP mediated recombination in the nervous system, kidney, and somite-derived tissues Genesis 44 2006 355 360 (Pubitemid 44384311)
100. S. Watanabe, S. Endo, E. Oshima, T. Hoshi, H. Higashi, and K. Yamada Glycosphingolipid synthesis in cerebellar Purkinje neurons: roles in myelin formation and axonal homeostasis Glia 58 2010 1197 1207
101. Z. Pernber, M. Molander-Melin, C.H. Berthold, E. Hansson, and P. Fredman Expression of the myelin and oligodendrocyte progenitor marker sulfatide in neurons and astrocytes of adult rat brain J Neurosci Res 69 2002 86 93 (Pubitemid 34734168)
102. M. Molander-Melin, Z. Pernber, S. Franken, V. Gieselmann, J.E. Mansson, and P. Fredman Accumulation of sulfatide in neuronal and glial cells of arylsulfatase A deficient mice J Neurocytol 33 2004 417 427 (Pubitemid 39463164)
103. K. von Figura, V. Gieselmann, and J. Jaeken Metachromatic leukodystrophy C.R. Scriver, A.L. Beaudet, D. Valle, W.S. Sly, The metabolic and molecular basis of inherited disease 2001 McGraw-Hill New York 3695 3724
104. A. Bosio, E. Binczek, and W. Stoffel Functional breakdown of the lipid bilayer of the myelin membrane in central and peripheral nervous system by disrupted galactocerebroside synthesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 1996 13280 13285 (Pubitemid 26382807)
105. T. Coetzee, N. Fujita, J. Dupree, R. Shi, A. Blight, and K. Suzuki Myelination in the absence of galactocerebroside and sulfatide: normal structure with abnormal function and regional instability Cell 86 1996 209 219 (Pubitemid 26286104)
106. A. Bosio, E. Binczek, W.F. Haupt, and W. Stoffel Composition and biophysical properties of myelin lipid define the neurological defects in galactocerebroside- and sulfatide-deficient mice J Neurochem 70 1998 308 315 (Pubitemid 28020857)
107. T. Coetzee, J.L. Dupree, and B. Popko Demyelination and altered expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein isoforms in the central nervous system of galactolipid-deficient mice J Neurosci Res 54 1998 613 622 (Pubitemid 28546064)
108. J.L. Dupree, T. Coetzee, A. Blight, K. Suzuki, and B. Popko Myelin galactolipids are essential for proper node of Ranvier formation in the CNS J Neurosci 18 1998 1642 1649 (Pubitemid 28103072)
109. L. Saadat, J.L. Dupree, J. Kilkus, X. Han, M. Traka, and R.L. Proia Absence of oligodendroglial glucosylceramide synthesis does not result in CNS myelin abnormalities or alter the dysmyelinating phenotype of CGT-deficient mice Glia 58 2010 391 398
110. I. Ishizuka Chemistry and functional distribution of sulfoglycolipids Prog Lipid Res 36 1997 245 319 (Pubitemid 28132555)
111. J.P. Vos, M. Lopes-Cardozo, and B.M. Gadella Metabolic and functional aspects of sulfogalactolipids Biochim Biophys Acta 1211 1994 125 149 (Pubitemid 24076045)
112. Z.V. Popovic, R. Sandhoff, T.P. Sijmonsma, S. Kaden, R. Jennemann, and E. Kiss Sulfated glycosphingolipid as mediator of phagocytosis: SM4s enhances apoptotic cell clearance and modulates macrophage activity J Immunol 179 2007 6770 6782
113. K. Honke, Y. Hirahara, J. Dupree, K. Suzuki, B. Popko, and K. Fukushima Paranodal junction formation and spermatogenesis require sulfoglycolipids Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 2002 4227 4232 (Pubitemid 34285968)
114. T. Ishibashi, J.L. Dupree, K. Ikenaka, Y. Hirahara, K. Honke, and E. Peles A myelin galactolipid, sulfatide, is essential for maintenance of ion channels on myelinated axon but not essential for initial cluster formation J Neurosci 22 2002 6507 6514 (Pubitemid 35386407)
115. J. Marcus, S. Honigbaum, S. Shroff, K. Honke, J. Rosenbluth, and J.L. Dupree Sulfatide is essential for the maintenance of CNS myelin and axon structure Glia 53 2006 372 381
116. Y. Hirahara, R. Bansal, K. Honke, K. Ikenaka, and Y. Wada Sulfatide is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation: development in sulfatide-null mice Glia 45 2004 269 277 (Pubitemid 38222255)
117. Y. Zhang, Y. Hayashi, X. Cheng, T. Watanabe, X. Wang, and N. Taniguchi Testis-specific sulfoglycolipid, seminolipid, is essential for germ cell function in spermatogenesis Glycobiology 15 2005 649 654 (Pubitemid 41214377)
118. K.C. Madison, P.W. Wertz, J.S. Strauss, and D.T. Downing Lipid composition of cultured murine keratinocytes J Invest Dermatol 87 1986 253 259 (Pubitemid 16041738)
119. T. Doering, R.L. Proia, and K. Sandhoff Accumulation of protein-bound epidermal glucosylceramides in beta-glucocerebrosidase deficient type 2 Gaucher mice FEBS Lett 447 1999 167 170 (Pubitemid 29146079)
120. S. Grayson, A.G. Johnson-Winegar, B.U. Wintroub, R.R. Isseroff, E.H. Epstein Jr., and P.M. Elias Lamellar body-enriched fractions from neonatal mice: preparative techniques and partial characterization J Invest Dermatol 85 1985 289 294 (Pubitemid 15248010)
121. W.M. Holleran, Y. Takagi, G.K. Menon, G. Legler, K.R. Feingold, and P.M. Elias Processing of epidermal glucosylceramides is required for optimal mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier function J Clin Invest 91 1993 1656 1664 (Pubitemid 23127370)
122. J.A. Bouwstra, P.L. Honeywell-Nguyen, G.S. Gooris, and M. Ponec Structure of the skin barrier and its modulation by vesicular formulations Prog Lipid Res 42 2003 1 36 (Pubitemid 35418207)
123. K.C. Madison Barrier function of the skin: "la raison d'etre" of the epidermis J Invest Dermatol 121 2003 231 241 (Pubitemid 36969895)
124. T. Doering, W.M. Holleran, A. Potratz, G. Vielhaber, P.M. Elias, and K. Suzuki Sphingolipid activator proteins are required for epidermal permeability barrier formation J Biol Chem 274 1999 11038 11045
125. C.G. Schuette, T. Doering, T. Kolter, and K. Sandhoff The glycosphingolipidoses-from disease to basic principles of metabolism Biol Chem 380 1999 759 766 (Pubitemid 29412733)
126. L.N. Marekov, and P.M. Steinert Ceramides are bound to structural proteins of the human foreskin epidermal cornified cell envelope J Biol Chem 273 1998 17763 17770 (Pubitemid 28355119)
127. E. Candi, R. Schmidt, and G. Melino The cornified envelope: a model of cell death in the skin Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6 2005 328 340 (Pubitemid 40516899)
128. V. Vasireddy, Y. Uchida, N. Salem Jr., S.Y. Kim, M.N. Mandal, and G.B. Reddy Loss of functional ELOVL4 depletes very long-chain fatty acids (> or =C28) and the unique omega-O-acylceramides in skin leading to neonatal death Hum Mol Genet 16 2007 471 482 (Pubitemid 46522611)
129. W. Li, R. Sandhoff, M. Kono, P. Zerfas, V. Hoffmann, and B.C. Ding Depletion of ceramides with very long chain fatty acids causes defective skin permeability barrier function, and neonatal lethality in ELOVL4 deficient mice Int J Biol Sci 3 2007 120 128 (Pubitemid 46232773)
130. D.J. Cameron, Z. Tong, Z. Yang, J. Kaminoh, S. Kamiyah, and H. Chen Essential role of Elovl4 in very long chain fatty acid synthesis, skin permeability barrier function, and neonatal survival Int J Biol Sci 3 2007 111 119 (Pubitemid 46238637)
131. J. Huelsken, R. Vogel, B. Erdmann, G. Cotsarelis, and W. Birchmeier Beta-catenin controls hair follicle morphogenesis and stem cell differentiation in the skin Cell 105 2001 533 545 (Pubitemid 32520858)
132. R. Jennemann, R. Sandhoff, L. Langbein, S. Kaden, U. Rothermel, and H. Gallala Integrity and barrier function of the epidermis critically depend on glucosylceramide synthesis J Biol Chem 282 2007 3083 3094 (Pubitemid 47084363)
133. C.S. Potten Cell replacement in epidermis (keratopoiesis) via discrete units of proliferation Int Rev Cytol 69 1981 271 318 (Pubitemid 11185323)
134. C.S. Chujor, K.R. Feingold, P.M. Elias, and W.M. Holleran Glucosylceramide synthase activity in murine epidermis: quantitation, localization, regulation, and requirement for barrier homeostasis J Lipid Res 39 1998 277 285 (Pubitemid 28100665)
135. R. Jennemann, M. Rabionet, K. Gorgas, S. Epstein, A. Dalpke, and U. Rothermel Loss of ceramide synthase 3 causes lethal skin barrier disruption Hum Mol Genet 21 2012 586 608
136. N. Bijl, C.P. van Roomen, V. Triantis, M. Sokolovic, R. Ottenhoff, and S. Scheij Reduction of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis stimulates biliary lipid secretion in mice Hepatology 49 2009 637 645
137. E. Ikonen Cellular cholesterol trafficking and compartmentalization Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9 2008 125 138 (Pubitemid 351158918)
138. G. Lo Sasso, M. Petruzzelli, and A. Moschetta A translational view on the biliary lipid secretory network Biochim Biophys Acta 1781 2008 79 96
139. N. Bijl, M. Sokolovic, C. Vrins, M. Langeveld, P.D. Moerland, and R. Ottenhoff Modulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism significantly improves hepatic insulin sensitivity and reverses hepatic steatosis in mice Hepatology 50 2009 1431 1441
140. H. Zhao, M. Przybylska, I.H. Wu, J. Zhang, P. Maniatis, and J. Pacheco Inhibiting glycosphingolipid synthesis ameliorates hepatic steatosis in obese mice Hepatology 50 2009 85 93
141. R. Jennemann, U. Rothermel, S. Wang, R. Sandhoff, S. Kaden, and R. Out Hepatic glycosphingolipid deficiency and liver function in mice Hepatology 51 2010 1799 1809
142. K. Christiansen, and J. Carlsen Microvillus membrane vesicles from pig small intestine. Purity and lipid composition Biochim Biophys Acta 647 1981 188 195 (Pubitemid 12248508)
143. D. Hoekstra, O. Maier, J.M. van der Wouden, and T.A. Slimane Van ISC. membrane dynamics and cell polarity: the role of sphingolipids J Lipid Res 44 2003 869 877 (Pubitemid 37279646)
144. L.G. Pescio, N.O. Favale, M.G. Marquez, and N.B. Sterin-Speziale Glycosphingolipid synthesis is essential for MDCK cell differentiation Biochim Biophys Acta 1821 2012 884 994
145. E. Ohta, T. Ohira, K. Matsue, Y. Ikeda, K. Fujii, and K. Ohwaki Analysis of development of lesions in mice with serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) deficiency -Sptlc2 conditional knockout mice Exp Anim 58 2009 515 524
146. E. Marza, K.T. Simonsen, N.J. Faergeman, and G.M. Lesa Expression of ceramide glucosyltransferases, which are essential for glycosphingolipid synthesis, is only required in a small subset of C. elegans cells J Cell Sci 122 2009 822 833
147. H. Zhang, N. Abraham, L.A. Khan, D.H. Hall, J.T. Fleming, and V. Gobel Apicobasal domain identities of expanding tubular membranes depend on glycosphingolipid biosynthesis Nat Cell Biol 13 2011 1189 1201
148. R. Jennemann, S. Kaden, R. Sandhoff, V. Nordstrom, S. Wang, and M. Volz Glycosphingolipids are essential for intestinal endocytic function J Biol Chem 287 2012 32598 32616
149. G.H. Hansen, J. Pedersen, L.L. Niels-Christiansen, L. Immerdal, and E.M. Danielsen Deep-apical tubules: dynamic lipid-raft microdomains in the brush-border region of enterocytes Biochem J 373 2003 125 132 (Pubitemid 36819508)
150. F. Guan, L. Schaffer, K. Handa, and S.I. Hakomori Functional role of gangliotetraosylceramide in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process induced
151. M. van Eijk, J. Aten, N. Bijl, R. Ottenhoff, C.P. van Roomen, and P.F. Dubbelhuis Reducing glycosphingolipid content in adipose tissue of obese mice restores insulin sensitivity, adipogenesis and reduces inflammation PLoS One 4 2009 e4723
152. A. Kohyama-Koganeya, T. Nabetani, M. Miura, and Y. Hirabayashi Glucosylceramide synthase in the fat body controls energy metabolism in Drosophila J Lipid Res 52 2011 1392 1399
153. Y. Suzuki, Y. Toda, T. Tamatani, T. Watanabe, T. Suzuki, and T. Nakao Sulfated glycolipids are ligands for a lymphocyte homing receptor, L-selectin (LECAM-1), Binding epitope in sulfated sugar chain Biochem Biophys Res Commun 190 1993 426 434 (Pubitemid 23209628)
154. M. Merten, and P. Thiagarajan Role for sulfatides in platelet aggregation Circulation 104 2001 2955 2960 (Pubitemid 33139109)
155. M. Kyogashima, T. Sakai, J. Onaya, and A. Hara Roles of galactose and sulfate residues in sulfatides for their antagonistic functions in the blood coagulation system Glycoconj J 18 2001 245 251 (Pubitemid 33081992)
156. K.E. Drahos, J.D. Welsh, C.V. Finkielstein, and D.G. Capelluto Sulfatides partition disabled-2 in response to platelet activation PLoS One 4 2009 e8007
157. F. Zambrano, M. Morales, N. Fuentes, and M. Rojas Sulfatide role in the sodium pump J Membr Biol 63 1981 71 75 (Pubitemid 12221314)
158. +]-dependent ATPase Jpn J Exp Med 46 1976 87 94
159. + pumping Arch Biochem Biophys 253 1987 87 93 (Pubitemid 17025216)
160. D. Lingwood, G. Harauz, and J.S. Ballantyne Regulation of fish gill Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase by selective sulfatide-enriched raft partitioning during seawater adaptation J Biol Chem 280 2005 36545 36550 (Pubitemid 41587729)
161. D. Ogawa, K. Shikata, K. Honke, S. Sato, M. Matsuda, and R. Nagase Cerebroside sulfotransferase deficiency ameliorates L-selectin-dependent monocyte infiltration in the kidney after ureteral obstruction J Biol Chem 279 2004 2085 2090 (Pubitemid 38084481)
162. T.A. Natoli, L.A. Smith, K.A. Rogers, B. Wang, S. Komarnitsky, and Y. Budman Inhibition of glucosylceramide accumulation results in effective blockade of polycystic kidney disease in mouse models Nat Med 16 2010 788 792
163. T.A. Natoli, H. Husson, K.A. Rogers, L.A. Smith, B. Wang, and Y. Budman Loss of GM3 synthase gene, but not sphingosine kinase 1, is protective against murine nephronophthisis-related polycystic kidney disease Hum Mol Genet 21 2012 3397 3407
164. M.J. David, M.P. Hellio, J. Portoukalian, M. Richard, J. Caton, and E. Vignon Gangliosides from normal and osteoarthritic joints J Rheumatol Suppl 43 1995 133 135
165. M.J. David, J. Portoukalian, A. Rebbaa, E. Vignon, J.P. Carret, and M. Richard Characterization of gangliosides from normal and osteoarthritic human articular cartilage Arthritis Rheum 36 1993 938 942 (Pubitemid 23201108)
166. N. Seito, T. Yamashita, Y. Tsukuda, Y. Matsui, A. Urita, and T. Onodera Interruption of glycosphingolipid synthesis enhances osteoarthritis development in mice Arthritis Rheum 64 2012 2579 2588
167. F. Bietrix, E. Lombardo, C.P. van Roomen, R. Ottenhoff, M. Vos, and P.C. Rensen Inhibition of glycosphingolipid synthesis induces a profound reduction of plasma cholesterol and inhibits atherosclerosis development in APOE*3 Leiden and low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2010 931 937
168. J.M. Aerts, R. Ottenhoff, A.S. Powlson, A. Grefhorst, M. van Eijk, and P.F. Dubbelhuis Pharmacological inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase enhances insulin sensitivity Diabetes 56 2007 1341 1349 (Pubitemid 46715620)
169. N.S. Yew, H. Zhao, E.G. Hong, I.H. Wu, M. Przybylska, and C. Siegel Increased hepatic insulin action in diet-induced obese mice following inhibition of glucosylceramide synthase PLoS One 5 2010 e11239
170. Nordström V, Willershäuser M, Herzer S, Rozman J, von Bohlen und Halbach O, Meldner S, et al. Neuronal expression of glucosylceramide synthase in central nervous system regulates body weight and energy homeostasis. Plos Biol. (in press).
171. K. Fragaki, S. Ait-El-Mkadem, A. Chaussenot, C. Gire, R. Mengual, and L. Bonesso Refractory epilepsy and mitochondrial dysfunction due to GM3 synthase deficiency Eur J Hum Genet 2012
172. A. Suchanowska, R. Kaczmarek, M. Duk, J. Lukasiewicz, D. Smolarek, and E. Majorczyk A single point mutation in the gene encoding Gb3/CD77 synthase causes a rare inherited polyagglutination syndrome J Biol Chem. 287 2012 38220 38230
173. Y. Suzuki, N. Haraguchi, H. Takahashi, M. Uemura, J. Nishimura, and T. Hata SSEA-3 as a novel amplifying cancer cell surface marker in colorectal cancers Int J Oncol 42 2013 161 167
174. W.W. Chang, C.H. Lee, P. Lee, J. Lin, C.W. Hsu, and J.T. Hung Expression of Globo H and SSEA3 in breast cancer stem cells and the involvement of fucosyl transferases 1 and 2 in Globo H synthesis Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 2008 11667 11672
175. G.A. Patwardhan, and Y.Y. Liu Sphingolipids and expression regulation of genes in cancer Prog Lipid Res 50 2011 104 114
176. V. Gupta, K.N. Bhinge, S.B. Hosain, K. Xiong, X. Gu, and R. Shi Ceramide glycosylation by glucosylceramide synthase selectively maintains the properties of breast cancer stem cells J Biol Chem 287 2012 37195 37205
177. S.Y. Park, C.Y. Kwak, J.A. Shayman, and J.H. Kim Globoside promotes activation of ERK by interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor Biochim Biophys Acta 1820 2012 1141 1148
178. U. Coskun, M. Grzybek, D. Drechsel, and K. Simons Regulation of human EGF receptor by lipids Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 2011 9044 9048
179. E.A. Miljan, E.J. Meuillet, B. Mania-Farnell, D. George, H. Yamamoto, and H.G. Simon Interaction of the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor with gangliosides J Biol Chem 277 2002 10108 10113 (Pubitemid 34968121)
180. X.Q. Wang, P. Sun, and A.S. Paller Ganglioside GM3 blocks the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor induced by integrin at specific tyrosine sites J Biol Chem 278 2003 48770 48778 (Pubitemid 41079519)
181. X.Q. Wang, P. Sun, and A.S. Paller Ganglioside induces caveolin-1 redistribution and interaction with the epidermal growth factor receptor J Biol Chem 277 2002 47028 47034 (Pubitemid 36159210)
182. M. Noguchi, K. Kabayama, S. Uemura, B.W. Kang, M. Saito, and Y. Igarashi Endogenously produced ganglioside GM3 endows etoposide and doxorubicin resistance by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression in 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma cells Glycobiology 16 2006 641 650 (Pubitemid 43985505)
183. S. Uemura, K. Kabayama, M. Noguchi, Y. Igarashi, and J. Inokuchi Sialylation and sulfation of lactosylceramide distinctly regulate anchorage-independent growth, apoptosis, and gene expression in 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma cells Glycobiology 13 2003 207 216 (Pubitemid 36511756)
184. M. Noguchi, T. Suzuki, K. Kabayama, H. Takahashi, H. Chiba, and M. Shiratori GM3 synthase gene is a novel biomarker for histological classification and drug sensitivity against epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer Cancer Sci 98 2007 1625 1632 (Pubitemid 47308461)
185. A. Cazet, S. Groux-Degroote, B. Teylaert, K.M. Kwon, S. Lehoux, and C. Slomianny GD3 synthase overexpression enhances proliferation and migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells Biol Chem 390 2009 601 609
186. R.A. Kroes, H. He, M.R. Emmett, C.L. Nilsson, F.E. Leach 3rd, and I.J. Amster Overexpression of ST6GalNAcV, a ganglioside-specific alpha2,6- sialyltransferase, inhibits glioma growth in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107 2010 12646 12651
187. L. Dong, Y. Liu, A.M. Colberg-Poley, K. Kaucic, and S. Ladisch Induction of GM1a/GD1b synthase triggers complex ganglioside expression and alters neuroblastoma cell behavior; a new tumor cell model of ganglioside function Glycoconj J 28 2011 137 147
188. Y. Gu, J. Zhang, W. Mi, J. Yang, F. Han, and X. Lu Silencing of GM3 synthase suppresses lung metastasis of murine breast cancer cells Breast Cancer Res 10 2008 R1
189. Y. Liu, S. Yan, A. Wondimu, D. Bob, M. Weiss, and K. Sliwinski Ganglioside synthase knockout in oncogene-transformed fibroblasts depletes gangliosides and impairs tumor growth Oncogene 29 2010 3297 3306
190. Y.Y. Liu, G.A. Patwardhan, P. Xie, X. Gu, A.E. Giuliano, and M.C. Cabot Glucosylceramide synthase, a factor in modulating drug resistance, is overexpressed in metastatic breast carcinoma Int J Oncol 39 2011 425 431
191. E. Ruckhaberle, T. Karn, L. Hanker, R. Gatje, D. Metzler, and U. Holtrich Prognostic relevance of glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) expression in breast cancer J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 135 2009 81 90
192. Y. Liu, K.M. Xie, G.Q. Yang, X.M. Bai, Y.P. Shi, and H.J. Mu GCS induces multidrug resistance by regulating apoptosis-related genes in K562/AO2 cell line Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 66 2010 433 439
193. Y.Y. Liu, T.Y. Han, A.E. Giuliano, and M.C. Cabot Expression of glucosylceramide synthase, converting ceramide to glucosylceramide, confers adriamycin resistance in human breast cancer cells J Biol Chem 274 1999 1140 1146
194. Y.Y. Liu, T.Y. Han, A.E. Giuliano, and M.C. Cabot Ceramide glycosylation potentiates cellular multidrug resistance FASEB J 15 2001 719 730 (Pubitemid 32245990)
195. M. Song, W. Zang, B. Zhang, J. Cao, and G. Yang GCS overexpression is associated with multidrug resistance of human HCT-8 colon cancer cells J Exp Clin Cancer Res 31 2012 23
196. P. Xie, Y.F. Shen, Y.P. Shi, S.M. Ge, Z.H. Gu, and J. Wang Overexpression of glucosylceramide synthase in associated with multidrug resistance of leukemia cells Leuk Res 32 2008 475 480 (Pubitemid 351295915)
197. S. Grazide, A.D. Terrisse, S. Lerouge, G. Laurent, and J.P. Jaffrezou Cytoprotective effect of glucosylceramide synthase inhibition against daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in human leukemic cell lines J Biol Chem 279 2004 18256 18261 (Pubitemid 38623239)
198. W.C. Huang, C.C. Tsai, C.L. Chen, T.Y. Chen, Y.P. Chen, and Y.S. Lin Glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor PDMP sensitizes chronic myeloid leukemia T315I mutant to Bcr-Abl inhibitor and cooperatively induces glycogen synthase kinase-3-regulated apoptosis FASEB J 25 2011 3661 3673
199. Y.S. Lee, K.M. Choi, S. Lee, D.M. Sin, Y. Lim, and Y.M. Lee Myriocin, a serine palmitoyltransferase inhibitor, suppresses tumor growth in a murine melanoma model by inhibiting de novo sphingolipid synthesis Cancer Biol Ther 13 2012 92 100
200. G.A. Patwardhan, Q.J. Zhang, D. Yin, V. Gupta, J. Bao, and C.E. Senkal A new mixed-backbone oligonucleotide against glucosylceramide synthase sensitizes multidrug-resistant tumors to apoptosis PLoS One 4 2009 e6938
201. S. Stefanic, C. Spycher, L. Morf, G. Fabrias, J. Casas, and E. Schraner Glucosylceramide synthesis inhibition affects cell cycle progression, membrane trafficking, and stage differentiation in Giardia lamblia J Lipid Res 51 2010 2527 2545
202. Y. Sun, T. Zhang, P. Gao, B. Meng, Y. Gao, and X. Wang Targeting glucosylceramide synthase downregulates expression of the multidrug resistance gene MDR1 and sensitizes breast carcinoma cells to anticancer drugs Breast Cancer Res Treat 121 2010 591 599
203. M. Weiss, S. Hettmer, P. Smith, and S. Ladisch Inhibition of melanoma tumor growth by a novel inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase Adv Cancer Res 63 2003 3654 3658 (Pubitemid 36793049)
204. Y.Y. Liu, R.A. Hill, and Y.T. Li Ceramide glycosylation catalyzed by glucosylceramide synthase and cancer drug resistance Adv Cancer Res 117 2013 59 89
205. T.H. Beckham, J.C. Cheng, S.T. Marrison, J.S. Norris, and X. Liu Interdiction of sphingolipid metabolism to improve standard cancer therapies Adv Cancer Res 117 2013 1 36
206. IUPAC-IUB joint commission on biochemical nomenclature (JCBN) nomenclature of glycolipids recommendations 1997 J Mol Biol 286 1999 963 970
207. T. Kolter, and K. Sandhoff Sphingolipids-their metabolic pathways and the pathobiochemistry of neurodegenerative diseases Angew Chem Int Edit 38 1999 1532 1568 (Pubitemid 29288756)