Adipokines in obesity

Clinica Chimica Acta

Volumn 419, Issue , 2013, Pages 87-94

  Leal, Viviane de Oliveira ^a   Mafra, Denise ^a  

^a FLUMINENSE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Adipokine; Adipose tissue; Obesity

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; ANGIOTENSINOGEN; APELIN; CHEMERIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; LEPTIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; OMENTIN; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; RESISTIN; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN 4; SERUM AMYLOID A; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASPIN; ZINC ALPHA2 GLYCOPROTEIN;

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; BROWN ADIPOSE TISSUE; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; HUMAN; HYPERLEPTINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAABDOMINAL FAT; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE; WHITE ADIPOSE TISSUE;

ADIPOKINES; ANIMALS; HUMANS; OBESITY;

EID: 84875261406     PISSN: 00098981     EISSN: 18733492     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.003     Document Type: Review

References (177)

1. World Health Organization Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series 2000, 894.
2. Reaven G., Abbasi F., McLaughlin T. Obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 2004, 59:207-223.
3. Shamseddeen H., Getty J.Z., Hamdallah I.N., Ali M.R. Epidemiology and economic impact of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Surg Clin North Am 2001, 91:1163-1172.
4. Jacobi D., Stanya K.J., Lee C.H. Adipose tissue signaling by nuclear receptors in metabolic complications of obesity. Adipocyte 2012, 1:4-12.
5. Zhang Y., Proenca R., Maffei M., Barone M., Leopold L., Friedman J.M. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature 1994, 372:425-432.
6. Kershaw E.E., Flier J.S. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol 2004, 89:2548-2556.
7. Gray S.L., Vidal-Puig A.J. Adipose tissue expandability in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Nutr Rev 2007, 65:S7-S12.
8. Antuna-Punte B., Feve B., Fellahi S., Bastard J.D. Adipokines: the missing link between insulin resistance and obesity. Diabete Metab 2008, 34:2-11.
9. Fain J.N., Madan A.K., Hiler M.L., Cheema P., Bahouth S.W. Comparison of the release of adipokines by adipose tissue, adipose tissue matrix, and adipocytes from visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese humans. Endocrinology 2004, 14:52273-52282.
10. Geloen A., Roy P.E., Bukowiecki L.J. Regression of white adipose tissue in diabetic rats. Am J Physiol 1989, 257:E547-E553.
11. Bajzová M., Kovacikova M., Vitkova M., et al. Retinol-binding protein 4 expression in visceral and subcutaneous fat in human obesity. Physiol Res 2008, 57:927-934.
12. Zha J.M., Di W.J., Zhu T., et al. Comparison of gene transcription between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in Chinese adults. Endocr J 2009, 56:935-944.
13. Campfield L.A., Smith F.J., Guisez Y., Devos R., Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995, 269:546-549.
14. Vong L., Ye C., Yang Z., Choi B., Chua S., Lowell B.B. Leptin action on GABAergic neurons prevents obesity and reduces inhibitory tone to POMC neurons. Neuron 2011, 71:142-154.
15. Berglund E., Vianna C.R., Coppari R., Elmquist J. Direct leptin action on POMC neurons regulates hepatic insulin sensitivity in mice. J Clin Invest 2012, 122:1000-1009.
16. Maffei M., Fei H., Lee G.H., et al. Increased expression in adipocytes of ob RNA in mice with lesions of the hypothalamus and with mutations at the db locus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:6957-6960.
17. Lee G.H., Proenca R., Montez J.M., et al. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 1996, 379:632-635.
18. Huo L., Gamber K., Greeley S., et al. Leptin dependent control of glucose balance and locomotor activity by POMC neurons. Cell Metab 2009, 9:537-547.
19. Donato J., Cravo R.M., Frazão R., et al. Leptin's effect on puberty in mice is relayed by the ventral premammillary nucleus and does not require signaling in kiss 1 neurons. J Clin Invest 2011, 121:355-368.
20. Hoggard N., Mercer J.G., Rayner D.V., Moar K., Trayhurn P., Williams L.M. Localization of leptin receptor mRNA splice variants in murine peripheral tissues by RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 232:383-387.
21. Lollmann B., Gruninger S., Stricker-Krongrad A., Chiesi M. Detection and quantification of the leptin receptor splice variants Ob-Ra, b, and, e in different mouse tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 238:648-652.
22. Morioka T., Asilmaz E., Hu J., et al. Disruption of leptin receptor expression in the pancreas directly affects beta cell growth and function in mice. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:2860-2868.
23. Bornstein S.R., Abu-Asab M., Glasow A., et al. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural localization of leptin and leptin receptor in human white adipose tissue and differentiating human adipose cells in primary culture. Diabetes 2000, 49:532-538.
24. Orci L., Cook W.S., Ravazolla M., et al. Rapid transformation of white adipocytes into fat-oxidizing machines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:2058-2063.
25. Vazquez-Vela M.E.F., Torres N., Tovar A.R. White adipose tissue as endocrine organ and its role in obesity. Arch Med Res 2008, 39:715-728.
26. Coppari R., Bjorbaek C. Leptin revisited: its mechanisms of action and potential for treating diabetes. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012, 11:692-708.
27. Considine R.V., Sinha M.K., Heiman M.L., et al. Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:292-295.
28. Vidal H., Auboeuf D., De Vos P., et al. The expression of ob gene is not acutely regulated by insulin and fasting in human abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 1996, 98:521-525.
29. Caro J.F., Kolaczynski J.W., Nyce M.R., et al. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 1996, 348:159-161.
30. Munzberg H., Flier J.S., Bjorbaek C. Region-specific leptin resistance within the hypothalamus of diet-induced obese mice. Endocrinology 2004, 145:4880-4889.
31. Faouzi M., Leshan R., Bjornholm M., Hennessey T., Jones J., Munzberg H. Differential accessibility of circulating leptin to individual hypothalamic sites. Endocrinology 2007, 148:5414-5423.
32. Bjorbaek C., El-Haschimi K., Frantz J.D., Flier J.S. The role of SOCS-3 in leptin signaling and leptin resistance. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:30059-30065.
33. Cheng A., Uetani N., Simoncic P.D., et al. Attenuation of leptin action and regulation of obesity by protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Dev Cell 2002, 2:497-503.
34. Benomar Y., Berthou F., Vacher C.M., et al. Leptin but not ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) induces phosphotyrosine phosphatase-1B expression in human neuronal cells (SH-SY5Y): putative explanation of CNTF efficacy in leptin-resistant state. Endocrinology 2009, 150:1182-1191.
35. Knight Z.A., Hannan K.S., Greenberg M.L., Friedman J.M. Hyperleptinemia is required for the development of leptin resistance. PLoS One 2010, 5:e11376.
36. Yang Z., Hulver M., McMillan R.P., et al. Regulation of insulin and leptin signaling by muscle suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). PLoS One 2012, 7:e47493.
37. Jorgensen F.B., O'Neill H.M., Sylow L., et al. Deletion of skeletal muscle SOCS-3 prevents insulin resistance in obesity. Diabetes 2013, 62:56-64.
38. Howard J.K., Flier J.S. Attenuation of leptin and insulin signaling by SOCS proteins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2006, 17:365-371.
39. Loffreda S., Yang S.Q., Lin H.Z., et al. Leptin regulates proinflammatory immune responses. FASEB J 1998, 12:57-65.
40. Ahima R.S., Flier J.S. Leptin. Annu Rev Physiol 2000, 62:413-417.
41. Konstantidines S., Schafer K., Koschnick S., Loskutoff D.J. Leptin-dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism of atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 2001, 108:1533-1540.
42. Cooke J.P., Oka R.K. Does leptin cause vascular disease?. Circulation 2002, 106:1904-1905.
43. Scherer P.E., Williams S., Flogiano M., Baldini G., Lodish H.F. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively by adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:26746-26749.
44. Lihn A.S., Bruun J.M., He G., Pedersen S.B., Jensen P.F., Richelsen B. Lower expression of adiponectin mRNA in visceral adipose tissue in lean and obese subjects. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2004, 219:9-15.
45. Yamauchi T., Kamon J., Minokoshi Y., et al. Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase. Nat Med 2002, 8:1288-1295.
46. Kadowaki T., Yamauchi T. Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors. Endocr Rev 2005, 26:439-451.
47. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Arita Y., et al. Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 1999, 100:2473-2476.
48. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Arita Y., et al. Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation in class A scavenger receptors expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 2001, 103:1057-1063.
49. Ouchi N., Kihara S., Arita Y., et al. Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a camp-dependent pathway. Circulation 2000, 102:1296-1301.
50. Yatagai T., Nagasaka S., Taniquchi A., et al. Hypoadiponectinemia is associated with visceral fat accumulation and insulin resistance in Japanese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2003, 52:1274-1278.
51. Turer A.T., Khera A., Ayers C.R., et al. Adipose tissue mass and location affect circulating adiponectin levels. Diabetologia 2011, 54:2515-2524.
52. Varady K.A., Tussing L., Buthani S., Braunschweig C.L. Degree of weight loss required to improve adipokine concentrations and decrease fat cell size in severely obese women. Metabolism 2009, 58:1096-1101.
53. Illán-Gómez F., Gonzálvez-Ortega M., Orea-Soler I., et al. Obesity and inflammation: change in adiponectin, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2012, 22:950-955.
54. Younossi Z.M., Jarrar M., Nugent C., et al. A novel diagnostic biomarker panel for obesity-related nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Obes Surg 2008, 18:1430-1437.
55. Polyzos S.A., Kountouras J., Zavos C., Tsiaousi E. The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010, 12:365-383.
56. Alessi M.C., Peiretti F., Morange P., Henry M., Nalbone G., Juhan-Vague I. Production of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 by human adipose tissue: possible link between visceral fat accumulation and cardiovascular disease. Diabetes 1997, 46:860-867.
57. Juan-Vague I., Alessi M.C., Vague P. Increased plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor I levels. A possible link between insulin resistance and atherothrombosis. Diabetologia 1991, 34:457-462.
58. Ma L.J., Mao S.L., Taylor K.L., et al. Prevention of obesity and insulin resistance in mice lacking plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Diabetes 2004, 53:336-346.
59. Bastard J.P., Pieroni L., Hainque B. Relationship between plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor I and insulin resistance. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2000, 16:192-201.
60. Appel S.J., Harrell J.S., Davenport M.L. Central obesity, the metabolic syndrome and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in young adults. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2005, 17:535-541.
61. Siklova-Vitkova M., Klimcakova E., Polak J., et al. Adipose tissue secretion and expression of adipocyte-produced and stromavascular fraction-produced adipokine vary during multiple phases of weight-reducing dietary intervention in obese women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97:1176-1181.
62. Yiannikouris F., Karounos M., Charnigo R., et al. Adipocyte-specific deficiency of angiotensinogen decreases plasma angiotensinogen concentration and systolic blood pressure in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012, 302:R244-R251.
63. Yasue S., Masuzaki H., Okada S., et al. Adipose tissue-specific regulation of angiotensinogen in obese humans and mice: impact of nutritional status and adipocyte hypertrophy. Am J Hypertens 2010, 23:425-431.
64. Massiera F., Bloch-Faure M., Ceiler D., et al. Adipose angiotensinogen is involved in adipose tissue growth and blood pressure regulation. FASEB J 2001, 15:2727-2729.
65. Lin Y., Rajala M.W., Berger J.P., Moller D.E., Barzilai N., Scherer P.E. Hyperglycemia-induced production of acute phase reactants in adipose tissue. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:42077-42083.
66. Fain J.N., Tagele B.M., Cheema P., Madan A.K., Tichansky D.S. Release of 12 adipokines by adipose tissue, nonfat cells, and fat cells from obese women. Obesity 2010, 18:890-898.
67. Poitou C., Viguerie N., Cancello R., et al. Serum amyloid A: production by human white adipocytes and regulation by obesity and nutrition. Diabetologia 2005, 48:519-528.
68. Zhao Y., He X., Shi X., et al. Association between serum amyloid A and obesity: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Inflamm Res 2010, 59:323-334.
69. Johnson B.D., Kip K.E., Marroquin O.C., et al. Serum amyloid A as a predictor of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular outcome in women: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). Circulation 2004, 109:726-732.
70. Ogasawara K., Mashiba S., Wada Y., et al. A serum amyloid A and LDL complex as a new prognostic marker in stable coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2004, 174:349-356.
71. Kotani K., Satoh N., Yamada T., Gugliucci A. The potential of serum amyloid A-LDL as a novel biomarker for cardiovascular disease risk. Clin Lipidol 2010, 5:489-495.
72. King V.L., Thompson J., Tannock L.R. Serum amyloid A in atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2011, 22:302-307.
73. Steppan C.M., Bailey S.T., Bhat S., et al. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature 2001, 409:307-312.
74. Banerjee R.R., Rangwala S.W., Shapiro J.S., et al. Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 2004, 303:1195-1198.
75. Sheng C.H., Di J., Jin Y., et al. Resistin is expressed in human hepatocytes and induces insulin resistance. Endocrine 2008, 33:135-143.
76. Verma S., Li S.H., Wang C.H., et al. Resistin promotes endothelial cell activation: further evidence of adipokine-endothelial interaction. Circulation 2003, 108:736-740.
77. Ghosh S., Singh A.K., Aruna B., Mukhopadhyay S., Ehtesham N.Z. The genomic organization of mouse resistin reveals major differences from the human resistin: functional implications. Gene 2003, 305:27-34.
78. Qatanani M., Szwergold N.R., Greaves D.R., Ahima R.S., Lazar M.A. Macrophage-derived human resistin exacerbates adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in mice. J Clin Invest 2009, 119:531-539.
79. Jain S.H., Massaro J.M., Hoffmann U., et al. Cross-sectional associations between abdominal and thoracic adipose tissue compartments and adiponectin and resistin in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:903-908.
80. Owecki M., Miczke A., Nikisch E., Pupek-Musialik D., Sowinski J. Serum resistin concentrations are higher in human obesity but independent from insulin resistance. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011, 119:117-121.
81. Chen B.H., Song Y., Ding E.L., et al. Circulating levels of resistin and risk of type 2 diabetes in women and men: results from 2 prospective cohorts. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:329-334.
82. Azuma K., Katsukawa F., Oguchi S., et al. Correlation between serum resistin level and adiposity in obese individuals. Obes Res 2003, 11:997-1001.
83. Edwards C., Hindle A.K., Fu S., Brody F. Downregulation of leptin and resistin expression in blood following bariatric surgery. Surg Endosc 2011, 25:1962-1968.
84. Schwartz D.L., Lazar M.A. Human resistin: found in translation for mouse to men. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011, 22:259-265.
85. Bing C., Bao Y., Jenkins J., et al. Zinc-?2-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed in adipocytes and is up-regulated in mice with cancer cachexia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:2500-2505.
86. Hirai K., Hussey H.J., Barber M.D., Price S.A., Tisdale M.J. Biological evaluation of a lipid-mobilizing factor isolated from the urine of cancer patients. Cancer Res 1998, 58:2359-2365.
87. Russell S.T., Zimmerman T.P., Domin B.A., Tisdale M.J. Induction of lipolysis in vitro and loss of body fat in vivo by zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004, 1636:59-68.
88. Gong F.Y., Zhang S.J., Deng J.Y., et al. Zinc-alpha2-glycoprotein is involved in regulation of body weight through inhibition of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue. Int J Obes 2009, 33:1023-1030.
89. Sanders P.M., Tisdale M.J. Effect of zinc-?2-glycoprotein (ZAG) on expression of uncoupling proteins in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Cancer Lett 2004, 212:71-81.
90. Russell S.T., Tisdale M.J. Studies on the anti-obesity activity of zinc-?2-glycoprotein in the rat. Int J Obes 2011, 35:658-665.
91. Russell S.T., Tisdale M.J. Studies on the antiobesity effect of zinc-?2-glycoprotein in the ob/ob mouse. Int J Obes 2011, 35:345-354.
92. Selva D.M., Lecube A., Hernández C., et al. Lower zinc-?2-glycoprotein production by adipose tissue and liver in obese patients unrelated to insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:4499-4507.
93. Ceperuello-Mallafré V., Naf S., Escoté X., et al. Circulating and adipose tissue gene expression of zinc-?2-glycoprotein in obesity: its relationship with adipokine and lipolytic gene markers in subcutaneous and visceral fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:5062-5069.
94. Yeung D.C.Y., Lam K.S.L., Wang Y., Tso A.W., Xu A. Serum zinc-?2-glycoprotein correlates with adiposity, triglycerides, and the key components of the metabolic syndrome in Chinese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:2531-2536.
95. Bao Y., Bing C., Hunter L., Jenkins J., Wabitsch M., Trayurhn P. Zinc-?2-glycoprotein, a lipid mobilizing factor, is expressed and secreted by human (SBGS) adipocytes. FEBS Lett 2005, 579:41-47.
96. Gao D., Trayurn P., Bing C. Macrophage-secreted factors inhibit ZAG expression and secretion by humans adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010, 325:135-142.
97. Mracek T., Gao D., Tzanavari T., et al. Downregulation of zinc-?2-glycoprotein in adipose tissue and liver of obese ob/ob mice and by tumor necrosis factor-? in adipocytes. J Endocrinol 2010, 204:165-172.
98. Rolli V., Radosavljevic M., Astier V., et al. Lipolysis is altered in MHC class 1 zinc-alpha(2)-glycoprotein deficient mice. FEBS Lett 2007, 581:394-400.
99. Bing C., Mracek T., Gao D., Trayhurn P. Zinc-?2-glycoprotein: an adipokine modulator of body fat mass?. Int J Obes 2010, 34:1559-1565.
100. Leal V.O., Lobo J.C., Stockler-Pinto M.B., et al. Is zinc-?2-glycoprotein a cardiovascular protective factor for patients undergoing hemodialysis?. Clin Chim Acta 2012, 413:616-619.
101. Tatemoto K., Hosoya M., Habata Y., et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998, 251:471-476.
102. Boucher J., Masri B., Daviaud D., et al. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine up-regulated by insulin and obesity. Endocrinology 2005, 146:1764-1771.
103. Kleinz M.J., Davenport A.P. Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine. Pharmacol Ther 2005, 107:198-211.
104. Beltowscki J. Apelin and visfatin: unique beneficial adipokines upregulated in obesity?. Med Sci Monit 2006, 12:RA112-RA119.
105. Ashley E.A., Powers J., Chen M., et al. The endogenous peptide apelin potently improves cardiac contractility and reduces cardiac loading in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2005, 65:73-82.
106. Wei L., Hou X., Tatemoto K. Regulation of apelin mRNA expression by insulin and glucocorticoids in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Regul Pept 2005, 132:27-32.
107. Dray C., Knauf C., Daviaud D., et al. Apelin stimulates glucose utilization in normal and obese insulin-resistant mice. Cell Metab 2008, 8:437-445.
108. Yeu P., Jin H., Aillaud M., et al. Apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010, 298:E59-E67.
109. Castan-Laurell I., Dray C., Attané C., Dupare T., Knauf C., Valet P. Apelin, diabetes, and obesity. Endocrine 2011, 40:1-9.
110. Daviaud D., Boucher J., Gesta S., et al. TNF? up-regulates apelin expression in human and mouse adipose tissue. FASEB J 2006, 20:E796-E802.
111. Yu S., Zhang Y., Li M.Z., et al. Chemerin and apelin are positively correlated with inflammation in obese type 2 diabetes patients. Chin Med J 2012, 125:3440-3444.
112. Soriguer F., Garrido-Sanchez L., Garcia-Serrano S., et al. Apelin levels are increased in morbidly obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obes Surg 2009, 19:1574-1580.
113. Leal V.O., Lobo J.C., Stockler-Pinto M.B., et al. Apelin: a peptide involved in cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients?. Ren Fail 2012, 34:577-581.
114. Heinonem M.V., Laaksonen D.E., Karhu T., et al. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on plasma apelin and cytokine levels in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009, 19:626-633.
115. Duparc T., Colom A., Cani P.D., et al. Central apelin controls glucose homeostasis via a nitric oxidative-dependent pathway in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011, 15:1477-1496.
116. Kloting N., Graham T.E., Berndt J., et al. Serum retinol-binding protein is more highly expressed in visceral than in subcutaneous adipose tissue and is a marker of intra-abdominal obesity fat mass. Cell Metab 2007, 6:79-87.
117. Yang Q., Graham T.E., Mody N., et al. Serum retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nature 2005, 436:356-362.
118. Graham T.E., Yang Q., Bluher M., et al. Retinol binding protein 4 contributes to insulin resistance in lean, obese, and diabetic subjects. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:2552-2563.
119. Hammarstedt A., Graham T.E., Kahn B.B. Adipose tissue dysregulation and reduced insulin sensitivity in non-obese individuals with enlarged abdominal adipose cells. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2012, 4:42.
120. Hida K., Wada J., Eguchi J., et al. Visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor: a unique insulin-sensititizing adipocytokine in obesity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102:10610-10615.
121. Kloting N., Berndt J., Kralish S., et al. Vaspin gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 339:430-436.
122. Kloting N., Kovacs P., Kern M., et al. Central vaspin administration acutely reduces food intake and has sustained blood glucose-lowering effects. Diabetologia 2011, 54:1819-1823.
123. Brunetti L., Di Nisio C., Recinella L., et al. Effects of vaspin, chemerin and omentin-1 on feeding behavior and hypothalamic peptide gene expression in rat. Peptides 2011, 32:1866-1871.
124. Bluher M. Vaspin in obesity and diabetes: pathophysiological and clinical significance. Endocrine 2012, 41:176-182.
125. Phalitakul S., Okada M., Hara Y., Yamawaki H. Vaspin prevents TNF-?-induced intracellular adhesion molecule-1 via inhibiting reactive oxygen species-dependent NF-KB and PKC? activation in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res 2011, 64:493-500.
126. Youn B.S., Kloting N., Kratzsch J., et al. Serum vaspin concentrations in human obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2008, 57:372-377.
127. Chang H.M., Park H.S., Park C.Y., Song Y.S., Yang Y.J. Association between serum vaspin concentrations and visceral adipose tissue in Korean subjects. Metabolism 2010, 59:1276-1281.
128. Chang H.M., Lee H.J., Park H.S., et al. Effects of weight reduction on serum vaspin concentrations in obese subjects: modifications by insulin resistance. Obesity 2010, 18:2105-2110.
129. Auguet T., Quintero Y., Riesco D., et al. New adipokines vaspin and omentin. Circulating levels and gene expression in adipose tissue from morbidly obese women. BMC Med Genet 2011, 12:60.
130. Fukuhara A., Matsuda M., Nishizawa M., et al. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science 2005, 307:426-430.
131. Revollo J.R., Korner A., Mills K.F., et al. Nampt/PBEF/Visfatin regulates insulin secretion in beta cells as a systemic NAD biosynthetic enzyme. Cell Metab 2007, 6:363-375.
132. Zahorska-Markiewicz B., Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M., Janowska J., et al. Serum concentration of visfatin in obese women. Metabolism 2007, 56:3095-3100.
133. Zhong M., Than H.W., Gong H.P., Wang S.F., Zhang Y., Zhang W. Increased serum visfatin in patients with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis. Clin Endocrinol 2008, 69:878-884.
134. Chang Y.H., Chang D.M., Lin K.C., Shin S.J., Lee Y.J. Visfatin in overweight/obesity type 2 diabetes mellitus insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011, 27:515-527.
135. Kim S.R., Bae Y.H., Bae S.K., et al. Visfatin enhances ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression through ROS-dependent NF-kappaB activation in endothelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008, 1783:886-895.
136. Dahl T.B., Yndestad A., Skjelland M., et al. Increased expression of visfatin in macrophages of human unstable carotid and coronary atherosclerosis: possible role in inflammation and plaque destabilization. Circulation 2007, 115:972-980.
137. Romacho T., Azcutia V., Vazquez-Bella M., et al. Extracellular PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin activates pro-inflammatory signaling in human vascular smooth muscle cells through nicotinamide phosporibosyltransferase activity. Diabetologia 2009, 52:2455-2463.
138. Yang R.Z., Lee M.J., Hu H., et al. Identification of omentin as a novel depot-specific adipokine in human adipose tissue: possible role in modulating insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006, 290:E1253-E1261.
139. Zhong X., Li X., Liu F., Tan H., Shang D. Omentin inhibits TNF-?-induced expression of adhesion molecules in endothelial cells via ERK/NF-kB pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012, 425:406-410.
140. de Souza Batista C.M., Yang R.Z., Lee M.J., et al. Omentin plasma levels and gene expression are decreased in obesity. Diabetes 2007, 56:1655-1661.
141. Shibata R., Ouchi N., Takahashi R., et al. Omentin as a novel biomarker of metabolic risk factors. Diabetol Metabol Syndr 2012, 26:37.
142. Zhong X., Zhang H.Y., Tan H., et al. Association of serum omentin-1 levels with coronary artery disease. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011, 32:873-878.
143. Goralski K.B., McCarthy T.C., Hanniman E.A., et al. Chemerin, a novel adipokine that regulates adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:28175-281888.
144. Bozaoglu K., Bolton K., McMillan J., et al. Chemerin is a novel adipokine associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity 2007, 148:4687-4694.
145. Wittamer V., Franssen J.D., Vulcano M., et al. Specific recruitment of antigen-presenting cells by chemerin, a novel processed ligand from human inflammatory fluids. J Exp Med 2003, 198:977-985.
146. Du X.Y., Leung L.L. Proteolytic regulatory mechanism of chemerin bioactivity. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2009, 41:973-979.
147. Takahashi M., Takahashi Y., Takahashi F.N., et al. Chemerin enhances insulin signaling and potentiates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1adypocytes. FEBS Lett 2008, 582:573-578.
148. Sell H., Laurencikiene J., Taube A., et al. Chemerin is a novel adipocyte-derived factor inducing insulin resistance in primary human skeletal muscle cells. Diabetes 2009, 58:2731-2740.
149. Sell H., Divoux A., Poitou A., et al. Chemerin correlates with markers for fatty liver in morbidly obese patients and strongly decreases after weight loss induced by bariatric surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:2892-2896.
150. Bozaoglu K., Segal D., Shields K.A., et al. Chemerin is associated with metabolic syndrome phenotypes in a Mexican American population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:3085-3088.
151. Chakaroun R., Raschpichler M., Kloting N., et al. Effects of weight loss and exercise on chemerin serum concentration and adipose tissue expression in human obesity. Metabolism 2011, 61:706-714.
152. Roman A.A., Parlee S.D., Sinal C.J. Chemerin: a potential endocrine link between obesity and type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2012, 42:243-251.
153. Weisberg S.P., McCann D., Desai M., Rosenbaum M., Leibel R.L., Ferrante A.W. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1796-1808.
154. Xu H., Barnes G.T., Yang Q., et al. Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 2003, 112:1821-1830.
155. Lumeng C., Bodzin J., Saltiel A. Obesity induces phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Clin Invest 2007, 117:175-184.
156. Clark I.A. How TNF, was recognized as a key mechanism of disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007, 18:335-343.
157. Lorenzo M., Fernandez-Veledo S., Vila-Bedmar R., et al. Insulin resistance induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha in myocytes and brown adipocytes. J Anim Sci 2008, 86:E94-E104.
158. Choy J.C., Granville D.J., Hunt D.W., McManus B.M. Endothelial cell apoptosis: biochemical characteristics and potential implications for atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2001, 33:1673-1690.
159. Collins T., Read M.A., Neish A.S., Whitley M.Z., Thanos D., Maniatis T. Transcriptional regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules: NF-kappa B and cytokine-inducible enhancers. FASEB J 1995, 9:899-909.
160. Antunes F., Dan H. Redox regulation of NF-Kappa B: from basic to clinical research. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009, 11:2209-2222.
161. Hehlgans T., Pfeffer K. The intriguing biology of the tumour necrosis factor/tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily: players, rules and the games. Immunology 2005, 115:1-20.
162. Romanatto T., Roman E.A., Arruda A.P., et al. Deletion of the tumor necrosis factor-? receptor 1 (TNFR1) protects against diet-induced obesity by means of increased thermogenesis. J Biol Chem 2009, 284:36213-36222.
163. Mohamed-Ali V., Goodrick S., Rawesh A., et al. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. Am J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:4196-4200.
164. Nieto-Vasquez I., Fernandez-Veledo S., de Alvaro C., Lorenzo M. Dual role of interleukin-6 in regulating insulin sensitivity in murine skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2008, 57:3211-3221.
165. Lagathu C., Bastard J.P., Auclair M., Maachi M., Capeau J., Caron M. Chronic interleukin-6 (IL-6) treatment increased IL-6 secretion and induced insulin resistance in adipocyte: prevention by rosiglitazone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003, 311:372-379.
166. Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003, 107:363-369.
167. Sparks J.D., Cianci J., Jokinen J., Chen L.S., Sparks C.E. Interleukin-6 mediates hepatic hypersecretion of apolipoprotein B. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010, 299:980-989.
168. Bruun J.M., Lihn A.S., Verdich C., et al. Regulation of adiponectin by adipose tissue-derived cytokines: in vivo and in vitro investigations in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003, 285:E257-E533.
169. Wang B., Trayurhn P. Acute and prolonged effects of TNF-alpha on the expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by human adipocyte differentiated in culture. Pflugers Arch 2006, 452:418-427.
170. Ye J., Gao Z., Yin J., et al. Hypoxia is a potential risk factor for chronic inflammation and adiponectin reduction in adipose tissue of ob/ob and dietary obese mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 293:E1118-E1128.
171. Wree A., Mayer A., Westphal S., et al. Adipokine expression in brown and white adipocytes in response to hypoxia. J Endocrinol Invest 2012, 35:522-527.
172. Skurk T., Alberti-Huber C., Herder C., Hauner H. Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:1023-1033.
173. Lundgren M., Svensson M., Lindmark S., Renstrom F., Ruge T., Eriksson J.W. Fat cell enlargement is an independent marker of insulin resistance and hyperleptinaemia. Diabetologia 2007, 50:625-633.
174. Sopasakis V.R., Sandqvist M., Gustafson B., et al. High local concentrations and effects on differentiation implicate interleukin-6 as a paracrine regulator. Obes Res 2004, 12:454-460.
175. Stephens J.M., Butts M.D., Pekala P.H. Regulation of transcription factor mRNA accumulation during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation by tumor necrosis factor-?. J Mol Endocrinol 1992, 9:61-72.
176. Hotamisligil G.S., Shargill N.S., Spiegelman B.M. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity linked-insulin resistance. Science 1993, 259:87-91.
177. Cassis L.A., Saye J., Peach M.J. Location and regulation of rat angiotensinogen messenger RNA. Hypertension 1998, 11:591-596.