Agriculture and bioactives: Achieving both crop yield and phytochemicals

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 4203-4222

  García Mier, Lina ^a   Guevara González, Ramón G ^a   Mondragón Olguín, Víctor M ^a   Verduzco Cuellar, Beatriz del Rocío ^a   Torres Pacheco, Irineo ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE QUERÉTARO   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Conventional agriculture; Elicitor; GMOs; Organic agriculture; Plant stress; Secondary metabolite

Indexed keywords

ALKALOID; PESTICIDE; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; POLYPHENOL; TERPENE;

AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT; CROP PRODUCTION; CULTIVAR; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOOD INDUSTRY; FOOD INTAKE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; HARVEST; PLANT DEFENSE; PLANT METABOLISM; PLANT STRESS; REVIEW; SALINITY;

EID: 84875110627     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024203     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Davies, B.; Baulcombe, D.; Crute, I.; Dunwell, J.; Gale, M.; Jones, J.; Pretty, J.; Sutherlnd, W.; Toulmin, C. Reaping the Benefits: Science and the Sustainable Intensification of Global Agriculture; the Royal Society: London, UK, 2009.
2. Hawkesworth, S.; Dangour, A.D.; Johnston, D.; Lock, K.; Poole, N.; Rushton, J.; Uauy, R.; Waage, J. Feeding the world healthily: The challenge of measuring the effects of agriculture on health. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B 2010, 365, 3083-3097.
3. Ruhul Amin, A.R.M.; Kucuk, O.; Khuri, F.R.; Shin, D.M. Perspectives for cancer prevention with natural compounds. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 2712-2725.
4. Jahangir, M.; Abdel-Farid, I.B.; Kim, H.K.; Choi, Y.H.; Verpoorte, R. Healthy and unhealthy plants: The effect of stress on the metabolism of Brassicaceae. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 67, 23-33.
5. Dayan, F.E.; Cantrell, C.L.; Duke, S.O. Natural products in crop protection. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2009, 17, 4022-4034.
6. Azadi, H.; Schoonbeek, S.; Mahmoudi, H.; Derudder, B.; de Maeyer, P.; Witlox, F. Organic agriculture and sustainable food production system: main potentials. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2011, 144, 92-94.
7. Bennett, A.J.; Bending, G.D.; Chandler, D.; Hilton, S.; Mills, P. Meeting the demand for crop production: the challenge of yield decline in crops grown in short rotation. Biol. Rev. 2012, 87, 52-71.
8. Frost, C.J.; Mescher, M.C.; Carlston, J.E.; de Moraes, C.M. Plant defense priming against herbivores: getting ready for a different battle. Plant Physiol. 2008, 146, 818-824.
9. Rea, G.; Antonacci, A.; Lambreva, M.; Margonelli, A.; Ambrosi, C.; Giardi, M.T. The NUTRA-SNACKS Project: Basic Research and Biotechnological Programs on Nutraceutic. In Bio-Farms for Nutraceuticals: Functional Food and Safety Control by Biosensors; Giardi, M.T., Rea, G., Berra, B., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 1-13.
10. Kim, H.-J.; Chen, F.; Wang, X.; Rajapakse, N.C. Effect of methyl jasmonate on secondary metabolites of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2006, 54, 2327-2332.
11. Ramos-Solano, B.; Algar, E.; García-Villaraco, A.; García-Cristóbal, J.; Lucas García, J.A.; Gutierrez-Mañero, F.J. Biotic elicitation of isoflavone metabolism with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in early stages of development in Glycine max var. Osumi. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 1484-1492.
12. Xiong, L.; Schumaker, K.S.; Zhu, J.-K. Cell signaling during cold, drought, and salt stress. Plant Cell 2002, 14, S165-S183.
13. Godfray, J.H.C.; Bedington, J.R.; Crute, I.R.; Haddad, L.; Lawrence, D.; Muir, J.F.; Pretty, J.; Robinson, S.; Thomas, S.M.; Toulmin, C. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 2010, 327, 812-818.
14. Floros, J.D.; Newsome, R.; Fisher, W.; Barbosa-Cánovas, G.V.; Chen, H.; Dunne, C.P.; German, J.B.; Hall, R.L.; Heldman, D.R.; Karwe, M.V.; et al. Feeding the world today and tomorrow: The importance of food science and technology. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. F 2010, 9, 572-599.
15. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The State of Food Insecurity in the World, Economic Crises-Impacts and Lessons Learned; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2009.
16. Wirsenius, S.; Azar, C.; Berndes, G. How much land is needed for global food production under scenarios of dietary changes and livestock productivity increases in 2030? Agric. Syst. 2010, 103, 621-638.
17. Bolognesi, C.; Merlo, F.D. Pesticides: Human Health Effects. In Encyclopedia of Environmental Health; Nriagu, J.O., Ed.; Elsevier: Burlington, MA, USA, 2011; pp. 438-453.
18. McKinlay, R.; Plant, J.A.; Bell, J.N.B.; Voulvoulis, N. Endocrine disrupting pesticides: Implications for risk assessment. Environ. Int. 2008, 34, 168-183.
19. Nemecek, T.; Huguenin-Elie, O.; Dubois, D.; Gaillard, G.; Schaller, B.; Chervet, A. Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: II. Extensive and intensive production. Agric. Syst. 2011, 104, 233-245.
20. Connor, D.J. Organic agriculture cannot feed the world. Field Crop Res. 2008, 106, 187-190.
21. Nemecek, T.; Duboi, D.; Huguenin-Elie, O.; Gaillard, G. Life cycle assessment of Swiss farming systems: I. Integrated and organic farming. Agric. Syst. 2011, 104, 217-232.
22. De Boer, I.J.M. Environmental impact assessment of conventional and organic milk production. Livest. Prod. Sci. 2003, 80, 69-77.
23. Wood, R.; Lenzen, M.; Dey, C.; Lundie, S. A comparative study of some environmental impacts of conventional and organic farming in Australia. Agric. Syst. 2006, 89, 324-348.
24. Archer, D.W.; Jaradat, A.A.; Johnson, J.M.-F.; Weyers, S.L.; Gesch, R.W.; Forcella, F.; Kludze, H.K. Crop productivity and economics during the transition to alternative cropping systems. Agron. J. 2007, 99, 1538-1547.
25. Gopinath, K.A.; Saha, S.; Mina, B.L.; Pande, H.; Srivastva, A.K.; Gupta, H.S. Bell pepper yield and soil properties during conversion from conventional to organic production in Indian Himalayas. Sci. Hortic-Amsterdam 2009, 122, 339-345.
26. De Ponti, T.; Rijk, B.; van Ittersum, M.K. The crop yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. Agric. Syst. 2012, 108, 1-9.
27. Del Amor, F.M. Growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of sweet pepper plants as affected by the cultivation method. Ann. Appl. Biol. 2006, 148, 133-139.
28. Herencia, J.F.; García-Galavís, P.A.; Ruiz Dorado, J.R.; Maqueda, C. Comparison of nutritional quality of the crops grown in an organic and conventional fertilized soil. Sci. Hortic-Amsterdam 2011, 129, 882-888.
29. Huber, M.; Rembiałkowska, E.; Srednicka, D.; Bügel, S.; van de Vijver, L.P.L. Organic food and impact on human health: Assessing the status quo and prospects of research. NJAS-Wagen. J. Life Sci. 2011, 58, 103-109.
30. Pérez-López, A.J.; López-Nicolas, J.M.; Núñez-Delicado, E.; del Amor, F.M.; Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A. Effects of agricultural practices on color, carotenoids composition, and minerals contents of sweet pepper, c.v. Almuden. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2007, 55, 8158-8164.
31. Kim, G.D.; Lee, Y.S.; Cho, J.Y.; Lee, Y.H.; Choi, K.J.; Lee, Y.; Han, T.H.; Lee, S.H.; Park, K.H.; Moon, J.H. Comparison of the content of bioactive substances and the inhibitory effects against rat plasma oxidation of conventional and organic hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2010, 58, 12300-12306.
32. Luthria, D.; Singh, A.P.; Wilson, T.; Vorsa, N.; Banuelos, G.S.; Vinyard, B.T. Influence of conventional and organic agricultural practices on the phenolic content in eggplant pulp: Plant-to-plant variation. Food Chem. 2010, 121, 406-411.
33. Mózner, Z.; Tabi, A.; Csutora, M. Modifying the yield factor based on more efficient use of fertilizer-The environmental impacts of intensive and extensive agricultural practices. Ecol. Indic. 2012, 16, 58-66.
34. Casado, G.I.G.; de Molina, M.G. Preindustrial agriculture versus organic agriculture. The land cost of sustainability. Land Use Policy 2009, 26, 502-510.
35. Stefanelly, D.; Goodwin, I.; Jones, R. Minimal nitrogen and water use in horticulture: Effects on quality and content of selected nutrients. Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 1833-1843.
36. Hanson, J.D.; Franzluebbers, A. Principles of integrated agricultural systems. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 2008, 23, 263-264.
37. Carvalho, F.P. Agriculture, pesticides, food security and food safety. Environ. Sci. Policy 2006, 9, 685-692.
38. Popkin, B.M. Global nutrition dynamics: The world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 289-298.
39. Foresight. The Future of Food and Farming. Executive Summary; the Government Office for Science: London, UK, 2011.
40. McGill, A.E.J. The potential effects of demands for natural and safe foods on global food security. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2009, 20, 402-406.
41. Middaugh, A.L.; Fisk, P.S.; Brunt, A.; Rhee, Y.S. Few associations between income and fruit and vegetable consumption. J. Nutr. Educ. Behav. 2012, 44, 196-203.
42. Fresco, L.O. Challenges for food system adaptation today and tomorrow. Environ. Sci. Policy 2009, 12, 378-385.
43. Vermeulen, S.J.; Aggarwal, P.K.; Ainslie, A.; Angelone, C.; Campbell, B.M.; Challinor, A.J.; Hansen, J.W.; Ingram, J.S.I.; Jarvis, A.; Kristjanson, P.; et al. Options for support to agriculture and food security under climate change. Environ. Sci. Policy 2012, 15, 136-144.
44. Gerbens-Leenes, P.W.; Nonhebel, S.; Krol, M.S. Food consumption patterns and economic growth. Increasing affluence and the use of natural resources. Appetite 2010, 55, 597-608.
45. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). How to Feed the World in 2050. In Proceedings of High Level Expert Forum, Rome, Italy, 12-13 October 2009; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 2009.
46. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2012 World POPClock Projection. Available online: http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html (accessed on 27 August 2012).
47. United Nations (UN). World Population Prospects; the 2010 Revision; Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations: New York, NY, USA, 2010.
48. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030. An FAO Perspective; Bruinsma, J., Ed.; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/Earthscan: London, UK, 2003.
49. Khan, S.; Hanjra, M.A. Footprints of water and energy inputs in food production-Global perspectives. Food Policy 2009, 34, 130-140.
50. The Royal Society. Sustainable Biofuels: Prospects and Challenges; the Royal Society: London, UK, 2008.
51. Mullie, P.; Clarys, P.; Hulens, M.; Vansant, G. Dietary patterns and socioeconomic position. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 64, 231-238.
52. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO). Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases: Report of a Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation; WHO technical report series 916; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
53. World Health Organization (WHO). Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases 2010; World Health Organization: Rome, Italy, 2011.
54. Falguera, V.; Aliguer, N.; Falguera, M. An integrated approach to current trends in food consumption: moving toward functional and organic products? Food Control 2012, 26, 274-281.
55. Shahidi, F. Nutraceuticals and functional foods: Whole versus processed foods. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2009, 20, 376-387.
56. Szakály, Z.; Szente, V.; Kövér, G.; Polereczki, Z.; Szigeti, O. The influence of lifestyle on health behavior and preference for functional foods. Appetite 2012, 58, 406-413.
57. Swaminathan, M.S. Can science and technology feed the world in 2025? Field Crop. Res. 2007, 104, 3-9.
58. Spiertz, H. Food production, crops and sustainability: restoring confidence in science and technology. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain. 2010, 2, 439-443.
59. European Commision DG Environment. Integrated Crop Management Systems in the EU; Amended Final Report for European Commission DG Environment; Agra CEAS Consulting: Brussels, Belgium, 2002.
60. Hassimotto, N.M.A.; Genovese, M.I.; Lajolo, F.M. Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 2928-2935.
61. Larsson, S.C.; Virtamo, J.; Wolk, A. Total and specific fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of stroke: a prospective study. Atherosclerosis 2012, doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.12.022.
62. Raaman, N. Categories of Phytochemicals. In Phytochemical Techniques; New India Publishing Agency: New Delhi, India, 2006; pp. 197-274.
63. Liu, R.H. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: Mechanism of action. J. Nutr. 2004, 134, 3479S-3485S.
64. Heredia, J.B.; Cisneros-Zevallos, L. The effects of exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate on the accumulation of phenolic antioxidants in selected whole and wounded fresh produce. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 1500-1508.
65. Yahia, E.M.; Ornelas-Paz, J.J. Chemistry, Stability and Biological Actions of Carotenoids. In Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals: Chemistry, Nutritional Value and Stability; de la Rosa, L.A., Álvarez-Parrilla, E., González-Aguilar, G.A., Eds.; Wiley-Blackwell: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 177-222.
66. Menichini, F.; Tundis, R.; Bonesi, M.; Loizzo, M.R.; Conforti, F.; Statti, G.; De Cindio, B.; Houghton, P.J.; Menichini, F. The influence of fruit ripening on the phytochemical content and biological activity of Capsicum chinense Jacq. cv Habanero. Food Chem. 2009, 114, 553-560.
67. Matsufuji, H.; Ishikawa, K.; Nunomura, O.; Chino, M.; Takeda, M. Anti-oxidant content of different coloured sweet peppers, white, green, yellow, orange and red (Capsicum annuum L.). Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 2007, 42, 1482-1488.
68. Marín, A.; Gil, M.I.; Flores, P.; Hellín, P.; Selma, M.V. Microbial quality of bioactive constituents of sweet peppers from sustainable production systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 11334-11341.
69. Roussos, P.A. Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of orange (Citrus sinensis (1.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) juice produced under organic and integrated farming system in Greece. Sci. Hort. 2011, 129, 253-258.
70. Shilpa, K.; Varun, K.; Lakshmi, B.S. An alternate method of natural drug production: Eliciting secondary metabolite production using plant cell culture. J. Plant Sci. 2010, 5, 222-247.
71. Zhao, J.; Davis, L.C.; Verpoorte, R. Elicitor signal transduction leading to production of plant secondary metabolites. Biotechnol. Adv. 2005, 23, 283-333.
72. Modolo, L.V.; Reichert, A.I.; Dixon, R.A. Introduction to the Different Classes of Biosynthetic Enzymes. In Plant-Derived Natural Products; Osbourns, A.E., Lanzottim, V., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 143-163.
73. Jeong, G.-T.; Park, D.-H. Enhancement of growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis: Effect of elicitors derived from plants and insects. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2005, 10, 73-77.
74. Mazid, M.; Khan, T.A.; Mohammad, F. Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biol. Med. 2011, 3, 232-249.
75. Züst, T.; Joseph, B.; Shimizu, K.K.; Kliebenstein, D.J.; Turnbull, L.A. Using knockout mutant to reveal the growth cost of defensive traits. Proc. R. Soc. B 2011, 278, 2598-2603.
76. Bajguz, A.; Tretyn, A. The chemical characteristic and distribution of brassinosteroids in plants. Phytochemistry 2003, 62, 1027-1046.
77. Bent, A.F.; Mackey, D. Elicitors, effectors and R genes: The new paradigm and a lifetime supply of questions. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 2007, 45, 399-436.
78. Boller, T.; Felix, G. A renaissance of elicitors: perception of Microbe-associated molecular patterns and danger signals by pattern-recognition. Ann. Rev. Plant Biol. 2009, 60, 379-406.
79. Lewinsohn, E.; Gijzen, M. Phytochemical diversity: The sounds of silent metabolism. Plant Sci. 2009, 176, 161-169.
80. Boughton, A.J.; Hoover, K.; Felton, G.W. Impact of chemical elicitor applications on greenhouse tomato plants and population growth of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2006, 120, 175-188.
81. Fu, Z.Q.; Yan, S.; Saleh, A.; Wang, W.; Ruble, J.; Oka, N.; Mohan, R.; Spoel, S.H.; Tada, Y.; Zheng, N.; et al. NPR3 and NPR4 are receptors for the immune signal salicylic acid in plants. Nature 2012, 486, 228-233.
82. Ferrari, S. Biological Elicitors of Plant Secondary Metabolites: Mode of Action and Use in the Production of Nutraceutics. In Bio-Farms for Nutraceuticals: Functional Food and Safety Control by Biosensors; Giardi, M.T., Rea, G., Berra, B., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2010; pp. 152-166.
83. Bari, R.; Jone, J.D.G. Role of plant hormones in plant defence responses. Plant Mol. Biol. 2009, 69, 473-488.
84. Chithrashree, A.C.; Udayashankar, A.C.; Chandra Nayaka, S.; Reddy, M.S.; Srinivas, C. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria mediate induced systemic resistance in rice against bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Biol. Control 2011, 59, 114-122.
85. Großkinsky, D.K.; van der Graaff, E.; Roitsch, T. Phytoalexin transgenics in crop protection-fairy tale with a happy end? Plant Sci. 2012, 195, 54-70.
86. Issa, A.Y.; Volate, S.R.M.; Wargovich, M.J. The role of phytochemicals in inhibition of cancer and inflammation: new directions and perspectives. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2006, 19, 40-419.
87. Bernal, J.; Mendiola, J.A.; Ibáñez, E.; Cifuentes, A. Advanced analysis of nutraceuticals. J. Pharm. Biomed. 2011, 55, 758-774.
88. Manach, C.; Scalbert, A.; Morand, C.; Rémésy, C.; Jiménez, L. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2004, 79, 727-747.
89. Cardador-Martínez, A.; Castaño-Tostado, E.; Loarca-Piña, G. Antimutagenic activity of natural phenolic compounds present in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) against aflatoxin B1. Food Addit. Contam. 2002, 19, 62-69.
90. Fresco, P.; Borges, F.; Diniz, C.; Marques, M.P.M. New insights on the anticancer properties of dietary polyphenols. Med. Res. Rev. 2006, 26, 747-766.
91. Sur, R.; Nigam, A.; Grote, D.; Liebel, F.; Southall, M.D. Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2008, 300, 569-574.
92. González-Molina, E.; Domínguez-Perles, R.; Moreno, D.A.; García-Viguera, C. Natural bioactive compounds of Citrus limon for food and health. J. Pharm. Biomed. 2010, 51, 327-345.
93. Hanhineva, K.; Törrönen, R.; Bondia-Pons, I.; Pekkinen, J.; Kolehmainen, M.; Mykkänen, H.; Poutanen, K. Impact of dietary polyphenols on carbohydrate metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2010, 11, 1365-1402.
94. Veloz-García, R.; Marín-Martínez, R.; Veloz-Rodríguez, R.; Rodríguez-Guerra, R.; Torres-Pacheco, I.; González Chavira, M.M.; Anaya-López, J.L.; Guevara-Olvera, L.; Feregrino-Pérez, A.A.; Loarca-Piña, G.; et al. Antimicrobial activities of cascalote (Caesalpinia cacalaco) phenolics-containing extract against fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. Ind. Crop. Prod. 2010, 31, 134-138.
95. Jiao, R.; Zhang, Z.; Yu, H.; Huang, Y.; Chen, Z.-Y. Hypocholesterolemic activity of grape seed proanthocyanidin is mediated by enhancement of bile acid excretion and up-regulation of CYP7A1. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2010, 21, 1134-1139.
96. Feregrino-Pérez, A.A.; Torres-Pacheco, I.; Vargas-Hernández, M.; Munguía-Fragozo, P.V.; Loarca-Piña, G.F.; Mendoza-Díaz, S.O.; Ocampo-Velázquez, R.V.; Rico-García, E.; Guevara-González, R.G. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Acacia pennatula pods. J. Sci. Ind. Res. India 2011, 70, 859-864.
97. Silva, J.C.; Rodrigues, S.; Feás, X.; Estevinho, L.M. Antimicrobial activity, phenolic profile and role in the inflammation of propolis. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2012, 50, 1790-1795.
98. Krinsky, N.I.; Johnson, E.J. Carotenoid actions and their relation to health and disease. Mol. Aspects Med. 2005, 26, 459-516.
99. Mathabe, M.C.; Hussein, A.A.; Nikolova, R.V.; Basson, A.E.; Meyer, J.J.; Lall, N. Antibacterial activities and cytotoxicity of terpenoids isolated from Spirostachys africana. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 194-197.
100. Lage, H.; Duarte, N.; Coburger, C.; Hilgeroth, A.; Ferreira, M.J.U. Antitumor activity of terpenoids against classical and atypical multidrug resistant cancer cells. Phytomedicine 2010, 17, 441-448.
101. Patil, R.; Patil, R.; Ahirwar, B.; Ahirwar, D. Current status of Indian medicinal plant with antidiabetic potential: a review. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2011, 1, S291-S298.
102. Herraiz, T.; Galisteo, J. Tetrahydro-β-carboline alkaloids occur in fruits and fruit juice. Activity as antioxidant and radical scavengers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51, 7156-7161.
103. Wang, C.; Dai, Y.; Yang, J.; Chou, G.; Wang, C.; Wang, Z. Treatment with total alkaloids from Radix Linderae reduces inflammation and joint destruction in type II collagen-induced model for rheumatoid arthritis. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 111, 322-328.
104. Yang, C.-W.; Chuang, T.-H.; Wu, P.-L.; Huang, W.-H.; Lee, S.-J. Anti-inflammatory effects of 7-methoxycryptopleurine and structure-activity relations of phenanthroindolizidines and phenanthroquinolizidines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2007, 354, 942-948.
105. Baunbæk, D.; Trinkler, N.; Ferandin, Y.; Lozach, O.; Ploypradith, P.; Rucirawat, S.; Ishibashi, F.; Iwao, M.; Meijer, L. Anticancer alkaloid lamellarins inhibit protein kinases. Mar. Drugs 2008, 6, 514-527.
106. Kabashima, H.; Miura, N.; Shimizu, M.; Shinoda, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, Z.; Takahashi, S.; Harada, T.; Maruyama, H.; Tashiro, S.; et al. Preventive impact of alkaloids with anti-cancer effect extracted from natural herb and the derivatives. Webmed Central Preventive Med. 2010, 1, WMC00519.
107. Monteiro, F.S.; Silva, A.C.L.; Martins, I.R.R.; Correia, A.C.C.; Basílio, I.J.L.D.; Agra, M.F.; Bhattacharyya, J.; Silva, B.A. Vasorelaxant action of the total alkaloid fraction obtained from Solanum paludosum Moric. (Solanaceae) involves NO/cGMP/PKG pathway and potassium channels. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2012, 141, 895-900.
108. Capanoglu, E. The potential of priming in food production. Trends Food Sci. Tech. 2010, 21, 399-407.
109. Holopainen, J.K.; Heijari, J.; Nerg, A.M.; Vuorinen, M.; Kainulainen, P. Potential for the use of exogenous chemical elicitors in disease and insect pest management of conifer seedling production. Open For. Sci. J. 2009, 2, 17-24.
110. Montesano, M.; Brader, G.; Palva, E.T. Pathogen derived elicitors: Searching for receptors in plants. Mol. Plant Pathol. 2003, 4, 73-79.
111. Saw, N.M.M.T.; Riedel, H.; Kütük, O.; Ravichandran, K.; Smetanska, I. Effect of elicitors and precursors on the synthesis of anthocyanin in grape Vitis vinifera cell culture. Energy Rec. J. 2010, 1, 189-192.
112. Ortega-Ortiz, H.; Benavides-Mendoza, A.; Mendoza-Villarreal, R.; Ramírez-Rodríguez, H.; de Alba Romenus, K. Enzymatic activity in tomato fruits as a response to chemical elicitors. J. Mex. Chem. Soc. 2007, 51, 141-144.
113. Walters, D.; Walsh, D.; Newton, A.; Lyon, G. Induced resistance for plant disease control: maximizing the efficacy of resistance elicitors. Phytopathology 2005, 95, 1368-1373.
114. Ramakrishna, A.; Ravishankar, G.A. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signal. Behav. 2011, 6, 1720-1731.
115. Terry, L.A.; Joyce, D.C. Elicitors of induced disease resistance in postharvest horticultural crops: A brief review. Postharvest Biol. Tec. 2004, 32, 1-13.
116. Rohwer, C.L.; Erwin, J.E. Horticultural applications of jasmonates: A review. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotech. 2008, 83, 283-304.
117. Nadarajah, K.; Turner, J.G. The role of jasmonate in plant pathogen interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Teknologi 2003, 39, 9-16.
118. Bautista-Baños, S.; Hernández-López, M.; Bosquez-Molina, E.; Wilson, C.L. Effects of chitosan and plant extracts on grown of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, anthracnose levels and quality of papaya fruit. Crop Prot. 2003, 22, 1087-1092.
119. Boonlertnirun, S.; Meechoui, S.; Sarobol, E. Physiological and morphological responses of field corn seedlings to chitosan under hypoxic conditions. Sci. Asia 2010, 36, 89-93.
120. Pérez-Balibrea, S.; Moreno, D.A.; García-Viguera, C. Improving the phytochemical composition of broccoli sprouts by elicitation. Food Chem. 2011, 129, 35-44.
121. Eswaranandam, S.; Salyer, J.; Chen, P.; Lee, S.O. Effect of elicitor spray at different reproductive stages on saponin content of soybean. J. Food Sci. 2012, 77, H81-H86.
122. Puthusseri, B.; Divya, P.; Lokesh, V.; Neelwarne, B. Enhancement of folate content and its stability using food grade elicitors in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 2012, 67, 162-170.
123. Chen, H.; Jones, D.; Howe, G. Constitutive activation of the jasmonate signaling pathway enhances the production of secondary metabolites in tomato. FEBS Lett. 2006, 580, 2540-2546.
124. Warabieda, W.; Olszak, R.W. Effect of exogenous methyl jasmonate on numerical growth of the population of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) on strawberry plants and young apple trees. J. Plant Prot. Res. 2010, 50, 541-544.
125. Apel, K.; Hirt, H. Reactive oxygen species: Metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2004, 55, 373-399.
126. Choi, H.W.; Kim, Y.J.; Lee, S.C.; Hong, J.K.; Hwang, B.K. Hydrogen peroxide generation by the pepper extracellular peroxidase CaPO2 activates local and systemic cell death and defense response to bacterial pathogens. Plant Physiol. 2007, 145, 890-904.
127. Yoshioka, H.; Mase, K.; Yoshioka, M.; Kobayashi, M.; Asai, S. Regulatory mechanisms of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species generation and their role in plant immunity. Nitric Oxide-Biol. Chem. 2011, 25, 216-221.
128. Bolwell, G.P.; Bindschedler, L.V.; Blee, K.A.; Butt, V.S.; Davies, D.R.; Gardner, S.L.; Gerrish, C.; Minibayeva, F. The apoplastic oxidative burst in response to biotic stress in plants: A three-component system. J. Exp. Bot. 2002, 53, 1367-1376.
129. Tierranegra-García, N.; Salinas-Soto, P.; Torres-Pacheco, I.; Ocampo-Velázquez, R.V.; Rico-García, E.; Mendoza-Diaz, S.O.; Feregrino-Pérez, A.A.; Mercado-Luna, A.; Vargas-Hernández, M.; Soto-Zarazúa, G.M.; Guevara-González, R.G. Effect of foliar salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate applications on protection against pill-bugs in lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa). Phytoparasitica 2011, 39, 137-144.
130. Paradikovic, N.; Vinkovic, T.; Vinkovi Vrcek, I.; Zuntar, I.; Bojic, M.; Medic-Saric, M. Effect of natural biostimulants on yield and nutritional quality: An example of sweet yellow pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2011, 91, 2146-2152.
131. Benavides-Mendoza, A.; Burgos-Limón, D.; Ortega-Ortiz, H.; Ramírez, H. El ácido benzoico y el poliácido acrílico-quitosán en la calidad y el rendimiento del tomate cultivado en suelo calcáreo. Terra Latinoamericana 2007, 25, 261-268 (in Spanish).
132. Singh, J.S.; Pandey, V.C.; Singh, D.P. Efficient soil microorganisms: a new dimension for sustainable agriculture and environmental development. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 2011, 140, 339-353.
133. Iriti, M.; Giulia, C.; Sara, V.; Ilaria, M.; Soave, C.; Fico, G.; Faoro, F. Chitosan-induced ethylene-independent resistance does not reduce crop yield in bean. Biol. Control 2010, 54, 241-247.
134. Kim, H.-J.; Chen, F.; Wang, X.; Rajapakse, N.C. Effect of chitosan on the biological properties of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2005, 53, 3696-3701.
135. Cho, M.H.; No, H.K.; Prinyawiwatkul, W. Chitosan treatments affected growth and selected quality of sunflower sprout. J. Food Sci. 2008, 73, S70-S77.
136. Bishnoi, U.R.; Payyavula, R.S.; Kumar, S. Enhancing disease resistance and yield in tomato and canola with plant activator. Res. Crop. 2004, 23, 268-273.
137. Boonlertnirun, S.; Boonraung, C.; Suvanasara, R. Application of chitosan in rice production. J. Met. Mater. Miner. 2008, 18, 47-52.
138. Mejía-Teniente, L.; Torres-Pacheco, I.; González-Chavira, M.M.; Ocampo-Velázquez, R.V.; Herrera-Ruiz, G.; Chapa-Oliver, A.M.; Guevara-González, R.G. Use of elicitors as an approach for sustainable agriculture. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 2010, 9, 9155-9162.
139. Conrath, U. Priming of induced plant defense responses. Adv. Bot. Res. 2009, 51, 361-395.
140. Heijari, J.; Nerg, A.-M.; Kainulainen, P.; Viiri, H.; Vuorinen, M.; Holopainen, J.K. Application of methyl jasmonate reduces growth, but increases chemical defence and resistance against Hylobius abietis in Scots pine seedlings. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 2005, 115, 117-24.
141. Ibrahim, M.A.; Nissinen, A.; Holopainen, J.K. The response of Plutella xylostella and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae to volatile compounds. J. Chem. Ecol. 2005, 31, 1969-1984.
142. Cipollini, D.; Purringon, C.B.; Bergelson, J. Costs of induced responses in plants. Basic Appl. Ecol. 2003, 4, 79-85.