Other Principles: Analysis of Lipids, Stable Isotopes and Trace Elements

Fishery Products: Quality, Safety and Authenticity

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 388-410

  Martinez, Iciar ^a  

^a SINTEF OCEAN   (Norway)

Author keywords

Analysis of lipids, stable isotopes and trace elements; Correct labeling of seafood National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and 'The Seafood List'; High resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy; Identification of geographic origin; Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and SNIF NMR; Law on Standardization and Proper Labeling of Agricultural and Forestry products (Japanese Agricultural Standards JAS Law); Production method verification; Seafood information being compulsory in the European Union (EU); Species and breeding stock identification by lipid analysis

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; FISHERIES; ISOTOPES; LIPIDS; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEATS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; TRACE ELEMENTS;

EUROPEAN UNION; FORESTRY PRODUCTS; GEOGRAPHIC ORIGINS; ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY; LIPID ANALYSIS; NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICES; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR); PRODUCTION METHODS; STABLE ISOTOPES;

TRACE ANALYSIS;

EID: 84874021141     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444322668.ch18     Document Type: Chapter

References (112)

1. Andersson, M., Van Nieuwerburgh, L. and Snoeijs. P. (2003) Pigment transfer from phytoplankton to zooplankton with emphasis on astaxanthin production in the Baltic Sea food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series 254: 213-224.
2. Ando, T., Nishimura, K., Aoyanagi, N. and Takagi, T. (1992) Stereospecific analysis of fish oil triacylsn-glycerols. Marine Ecology Progress Series 69: 417-424.
3. Ando, Y., Kobayashi, S., Sugimoto, T. and Takamaru, N. (2004a) Positional distribution of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in triacylglycerols (TAG) of rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) enriched with fish and seal oils TAG. Aquaculture 229: 275-288.
4. Ando, Y., Samoto, H. and Murayama, Y. (2004b) Positional distribution of DHA and EPA in triacylsn-glycerols (TAG) of Artemia franciscana nauplii enriched with fish oils ethyl esters and TAG. Aquaculture 233: 321-335.
5. Aparicio, R., MaIntyre, P., Aursand, M., Eveleigh, L., Marighetto, N., Rossell, B., Sacchi, R., Wilson, R. and Woolfe, M. (1998) Oils and fats. In: M. Lees (Ed.) Food Authenticity, Issues and Methodologies. FAIM Concerted Action no. AIR3-CT94-2452. Eurofins Scientific, Nantes, France. pp. 211-269.
6. Aursand, M. and Axelson, D. (2001) Origin recognition of wild and farmed salmon (Norway and Scotland) using 13C NMR spectroscopy in combination with pattern recognition techniques. In: G.A. Webb, P.S. Belton, A.M. Gil, and I. Delgadillo (Eds) Magnetic Resonance in Food Science: A View to the Future. The Royal Society of Chemistry, pp. 227-231.
7. Aursand, M. and Grasdalen, H. (1992) Interpretation of the 13C-NMR spectra of omega-3 fatty acids and lipid extracted from the white muscle of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 62: 239-251.
8. Aursand, M., Jørgensen L. and Grasdalen, H. (1995a) Positional distribution of -3 fatty acids in marine lipid triacylglycerols by high resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Marine Ecology Progress Series 72: 293-297.
9. Aursand, M., Jørgensen, L. and Grasdalen, H. (1995b) The use of high resolution 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra to obtain information on the composition of fats and oils. LIPIDFORUM 49: 14-17.
10. Aursand, M., Jørgensen, L. and Grasdalen, H. (1995c) Information on the composition of fats and oils from their high resolution 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. In: LIPIDFORUM, Proceedings of the 18th Nordic Lipid Symposium, Reykjavik, Iceland. Aursand, M., Mabon, F. and Martin, G.J. (2000) Characterization of farmed and wild salmon (Salmo salar) by a combined use of compositional and isotopic analyses. Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society 77: 659-666.
11. Aursand, M., Standal, I.B. and Axelson, D. (2007) High-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy pattern recognition of fish oil capsules. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55: 38-47.
12. Baker, R. and Gunther, C. (2004) The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15: 484-488.
13. Bell., J.G., MsEnvoy, J., Tocher, D.R., McGhee, F., Campbell, P.J. and Sargent, J.R. (2001) Replacement of fish oil with rapeseed oil in diets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 119-127.
14. Bell, J.G., Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R., McGhee, F., Dick, J.R., Porter, A., Smullen, R. and Sargent, J.R. (2002) Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue fatty acid compositions and hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Journal of Nutrition 132: 222-230.
15. Bell, J.G., McGhee, F., Campbell, P.J. and Sargent, J.R. (2003a) Rapeseed oil as an alternative to marine fish oil in diets of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): changes in flesh fatty acid composition and effectiveness of subsequent fish oil 'wash out'. Aquaculture 218: 515-528.
16. Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., Henderson, R.J., Dick, J.R. and Crampton. V.O. (2003b) Altered fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing linseed and rapeseed oils can be partially restored by a subsequent fish oil finishing diet. Journal of Nutrition 133: 2793-2801.
17. Bernhard K. (1990) Synthetic astaxanthin. The route of a carotenoid from research to commercialization. In: N.I. Krinski, M.M. Mathews-Roth and R.F. Taylor (Eds) Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 337-364.
18. Bjerkeng, B., Hatlen, B. and Wathne, E. (1999) Deposition of astaxanthin in fillets of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets with herring, capelin, sandeel, or Peruvian high PUFA oils. Aquaculture 180: 307-319.
19. Brockerhoff, H., Hoyle, R.J., Hwang, P.C. and Litchfield, C. (1968). Positional distribution of fatty acids in depot triglycerides of aquatic animals. Lipids 3: 24-29.
20. Boner, M. and Förstel, H. (2004) Stable isotope variation as a tool to trace the authenticity of beef. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 378: 301-310.
21. Born, E.W., Outridge, P., Riget, F.F., Hobson, K.A., Dietz, R., Oien, N. and Haug, T. (2003) Population substructure of North Atlantic minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) inferred from regional variation of elemental and stable isotopic signatures in tissues. Journal of Marine Systems 43: 1-17.
22. Campana, S.E. (1999) Chemistry and composition of fish otoliths: pathways, mechanisms and applications. Marine Ecology Progress Series 188: 263-297.
23. Campana, S.E., Fowler, A.J. and Jones, C.M. (1994) Otolith elemental fingerprinting for stock identification of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using laser ablation ICPMS. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51: 1942-1950.
24. Campana, S.E., Gagne, J.A. and McLaren, J.W. (1995) Elemental fingerprinting of fish otoliths using ID ICPMS. Marine Ecology Progress Series 122: 115-120.
25. Campana, S.E. and Thorrold, S.R. (2001) Otoliths, increments, and elements: keys to a comprehensive understanding of fish populations? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 58: 30-38.
26. Cowey, C.B. and Sargent, J.R. (1977) Minireview: lipid nutrition in fish. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 57B: 269-273.
27. Dalsgaard, J., St John, M., Kattner, G., Müller-Navarra, D. and Hagen, W. (2003) Fatty acid trophic markers in the pelagic marine environment. Advances in Marine Biology 46: 225-340.
28. Danielsdottir, A.K. (1998) Genetic studies on redfish species and stocks. Past-Ongoing-Future. ICES 1998; SGRS: WD3.
29. Deering, M.J., Fielder, D.R. and Hewitt, D.R. (1997) Growth and fatty acid composition of juvenile leader prawns, Penaeus monodon, fed different lipids. Aquaculture 151: 131-141.
30. Dempster, T., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Bayle-Sempere, J.T., Gimenez-Casalduero, F. and Valle, C. (2002) Attraction of wild fish to sea-cage fish farms in the south-western Mediterranean Sea: spatial and short-term temporal variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 242: 237-252.
31. Dennis, M.J. (1998) Recent developments in food authentication. The Analyst 123: 151R-156R.
32. Dosanjh, B.S., Higgs, D.A., Plotnikoff, M.D., Markert, J.R., and Buckley, J.T. (1988) Preliminary evaluation of canola oil, pork lard and marine lipid singly and in combination as supplemental dietary lipid sources for juvenile fall chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Aquaculture 68: 325-343.
33. Edmonds, J.S., Moran, M.J., Caputi, N. and Morita, M. (1989) Trace element analysis of fish sagittae as an aid to stock identification: pink snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) in Western Australian waters. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 50-54.
34. Farrell, J. and Campana, S.E. (1996) Regulation of calcium and strontium deposition on the otoliths of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 115A: 103-109.
35. Fernandez-Jover, D., Lopez-Jimenez, J.A., Sanchez-Jerez, P., Bayle-Sempere, J., Gimenez Casalduero, F., Martinez-Lopez, F.J. and Dempster, T. (2007) Changes in body condition and fatty acid composition of wild Mediterranean horse mackerel (Trachurus mediterraneus, Steindachner, 1868) associated to sea cage fish farms. Marine Environmental Research 63: 1-18.
36. Foran, J.A., Hites, R.A., Carpenter, D.O., Hamilton, M.C., Mathews-Amos, A. and Schwager, S.J. (2004) A survey of metals in tissues of farmed Atlantic and wild Pacific salmon. Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry 23: 2108-2110.
37. Fowler, A.J., Campana, S.E., Jones, C.M. and Thorrold, S.R. (1995) Experimental assessment of the effects of temperature and salinity on elemental composition of otoliths using laser ablation ICPMS. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52: 1431-1441.
38. Franke, B.M., Gremaud, G., Hadorn, R. and Kreuzer, M. (2005) Geographic origin of meat - elements of an analytical approach to its authentication. European Food Research and Technology 221: 493-503.
39. González-Félix, M.L., Lawrence, A.L., Gatlin, D.M. and Perez-Velazquez, M. (2002) Growth, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed different oils in the presence and absence of phospholipids. Aquaculture 205: 325-343.
40. Grahl-Nielsen, O. (1997) Fatty acid profiles as natural marks for stock identification. ICES CM 1997/ M:2, Annex 3.
41. Grahl-Nielsen, O. and Mjaavatten, O. (1992) Discrimination of striped bass stocks: a new method based on chemometry of the fatty acid profile in heart tissue. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 121: 307-314.
42. Grahl-Nielsen, O. and Ulvund, K.A. (1990) Distinguishing populations of herring by chemometry of fatty acids. American Fisheries Society Symposium 7: 566-571.
43. Hardy, R.W., Scott, T.M. and Harrell, L.W. (1987) Replacement of herring oil with menhaden oil, soybean oil, or tallow in the diets of Atlantic salmon raised in marine net-pens. Aquaculture 65: 267-277.
44. Hidalgo, F.J. and Zamora, R. (2003) Edible oil analysis by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: recent advances and future perspective. Trends in Food Science and Technology 14: 499-506.
45. Hites, R.A., Foran, J.A., Carpenter, D.O., Hamilton, M.C., Knuth, B.A. and Schwager, S.J. (2004) Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon. Science 303: 226-229.
46. Hobson, K.A. (2005) Using stable isotopes to trace long-distance dispersal in birds and other taxa. Diversity and Distributions 11: 157-164.
47. Jacobs, M.N., Covaci, A. and Schepens, P. (2002) Investigation of selected persistent organic pollutants in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), salmon aquaculture feed, and fish oil components of the feed. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 2797-2805.
48. Jobling, M. (2004) Are modifications in tissue fatty acid profiles following a change in diet the result of dilution? Test of a simple dilution model. Aquaculture 232: 551-562.
49. Jobling, M., Larsen, A.V., Andreassen, B., Sigholt, T. and Olsen, R.L. (2002) Influence of a dietary shift on temporal changes in fat deposition and fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon post-smolt during the early phase of seawater rearing. Aquaculture Research 33: 875-889.
50. Joensen, H. and Grahl-Nielsen, O. (2000) Discrimination of Sebastes viviparus, S. marinus, and S. mentella from Faroe Islands by chemometry of the fatty acid profile in heart and gill tissues and in the skull oil. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 126B: 69-79.
51. Joensen, H. and Grahl-Nielsen, O. (2001) The redfish species Sebastes viviparus, Sebastes marinus and Sebastes mentella have different composition of their tissue fatty acids. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 129B: 73-85.
52. Joensen, H. and Grahl-Nielsen, O. (2004) Stock structure of Sebastes mentella in the North Atlantic revealed by chemometry of the fatty acid profile in heart tissue. ICES Journal of Marine Science 61: 113-126.
53. Joensen, H., Steingrund, P., Fjallstein, I. and Grahl-Nielsen, O. (2000) Discrimination between two reared stocks of cod (Gadus morhua) from the Faroe Islands by chemometry of the fatty acid composition in the heart tissue. Marine Biology 136: 573-580.
54. Kalish, J.M. (1989) Otolith microchemistry: validation of the effects of physiology, age, and environment on otolith composition. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 132: 151-178.
55. Kelly, S., Heaton, K. and Hoogewerff, J. (2005) Tracing the geographical origin of food: the application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis. Trends in Food Science and Technology 16: 555-567.
56. Kumaraguru Vasagam, K.P., Ramesh, S. and Balasubramanian, T. (2005) Dietary value of different vegetable oil in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in the presence and absence of soy lecithin supplementation: effect on growth, nutrient digestibility and body composition. Aquaculture 250: 317-327.
57. Lie, Ø., Waagbø, R. and Sandnes, K. (1988) Growth and chemical composition of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed dry silage based diets. Aquaculture 69: 343-353.
58. Limburg, K.E. (1995) Otolith strontium traces environmental history of subyearling American shad Alosa sapidissima. Marine Ecology Progress Series 119: 25-35.
59. Litchfield, C. (1968) Predicting the positional distribution of cocosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid sin aquatic animal triglycerides. Lipids 3: 417-419.
60. Lura, H. and Sægrov, H. (1991) A method of separating offspring from farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on different ratios of optical isomers of astaxanthine. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 429-433.
61. Madeniian, C.P., O'Connor, D.V., Stewart, D.J., Miller, M.A. and Masnado, R.G. (2002) Field estimate of net trophic transfer efficiency of PCBs to Lake Michigan chinook salmon from their prey. Environmental Science and Technology 36: 5029-5033.
62. Martin, G. (2005) Advances in the authentication of food by SNIF-NMR. In: S.B. Engelson, P.S. Belton and H.J. Jakobsen (Eds) Magnetic Resonance in Food Science. The Multivariate Challenge. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp. 31-38.
63. Martin, G.J. and Martin, M.L. (1988) The site-specific natural isotope fraction-NMR method applied to the study of wines. In: H.F. Linkens and J.F. Johnsen (Eds) Modern Methods of Plant Analysis, Wine analysis, Volume 6. Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, pp. 258-275.
64. Martin, G.J. and Martin, M.L. (1991) Deuterium labelling at the natural abundance level as studied by high field quantitative 2H-NMR. Tetrahedron Letters 22: 3525-3528.
65. Martin, G.J., Guillou, C., Martin, M.L., Cabanis, M.T., Tep, Y. and Aerny, J. (1988) Natural factors of isotopic fractionation and the characterization of wines. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 36: 316-322.
66. Martin, G.G., Wood, R. and Martin, G.J. (1996) Detection of added beet sugar in concentrated and single strength fruit juice by deuterium NMR (SNIF-NMR method). Collaborative study. Journal of AOAC International 79: 917-928.
67. Martinez, I. (2006) Revision of analytical methodologies to verify the production method of fish. In: J.B. Luten, C. Jacobsen, K. Bekaert, A. Sæbø, and J. Oehlenschlager (Eds) Seafood from Fish to Dish, Quality, Safety and Processing of Wild and Farmed Fish. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, The Netherlands, pp. 541-550.
68. Martinez, I., Aursand, M., Erikson, U., Singstad, T.E., Veliyulin, E. and van der Zwaag, C. (2003) Destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques for authentication and composition analyses of foodstuffs. Trends in Food Science and Technology 14: 489-498.
69. McCoy, M. (1999) Astaxanthin market a hard one to crack. Chemical and Engineering News 77: 15-17.
70. Medina, I., Aubourg, S.P. and Martin, R.P. (1997) Species differentiation by multivariate analysis of phospholipids from canned Atlantic tuna. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45: 2495-2499.
71. Molnar, T., Szabo, A., Szabo, G., Szabo, C. and Hancz, C. (2006) Effect of different dietary fat content and fat type on the growth and body composition of intensively reared pikeperch Sander lucioperca (L.). Aquaculture Nutrition 12: 173-182.
72. Moltenkin, J., Meisel, H., Lehman, I. and Rehbein, H. (2007) Identification of organically farmed Atlantic salmon by analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids. European Food Research and Technology 224: 535-543.
73. Nedreaas, K. and Nævdal, G. (1991a) Genetic studies of redfish (Sebastes spp.) along the continental slopes from Norway to East Greenland. ICES Journal of Marine Science 48: 173-186.
74. Nedreaas, K. and Nævdal, G. (1991b) Identification of 0- and 1-group redfish (genus Sebastes) using electrophoresis. ICES Journal of Marine Science 48: 91-99.
75. Nedreaas, K., Johansen, T. and Nævdal, G. (1994) Genetic studies of redfish (Sebastes spp.) from Iceland and Greenland waters. ICES Journal of Marine Science 51: 461-467.
76. Ng, S. (1985) Analysis of positional distribution of fatty acids in palm oil by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Lipids 20: 778-182.
77. Ng, W.K., Lim, P.K. and Sidek, H. (2001) The influence of a dietary lipid source on growth, muscle fatty acid composition and erythrocyte osmotic fragility of hybrid tilapia. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 25: 301-310.
78. Ng, W.K., Lim, P.K. and Boey, P.L. (2003) Dietary lipid and palm oil source affects growth, fatty acid composition and -tocopherol concentration in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Aquaculture 215: 229-243.
79. Ng, W.K., Sigholt, T. and Bell, J.G. (2004) The influence of environmental temperature on the apparent nutrient and fatty acid digestibility in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed finishing diets containing different blends of fish oil, rapeseed oil and palm oil. Aquaculture Research 35: 1228-1237.
80. Nichols, P.D., Mooney, B.D. and Elliot, N.G. (2002) Nutritional Value of Australian Seafood II. CSIRO Marine Research and FRDC, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. 198 pp.
81. O'Leary, M. (1981) Carbon isotope fraction in plants. Phytochemistry 20: 553-567.
82. Ostermeyer, U. and Schmidt, T. (2004) Differentiation of wild salmon, conventionally and organically farmed salmon. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau 100: 437-444.
83. Pfeffer, P.E., Sampugna, J., Schwartz, D.P. and Schoolery, J.N. (1977) Analytical 13C NMR: detection, quantitation and positional analysis of butyrate in butter oil. Lipids 12: 869-871.
84. Prache, S., Cornu, A., Berdague, J.L. and Priolo, A. (2005) Traceability of animal feeding diet in the meat and milk of small ruminants. Small Ruminants Research 59: 157-168.
85. Proctor, C.H., Thresher, R.E., Gunn, J.S., Mills, D.J., Harrowfield, I.R. and Sie, S.H. (1995) Stock structure of the southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii: an investigation based on probe microanalysis of otolith composition. Marine Biology 122: 511-526.
86. Refsgaard, H.H.F., Brockhoff, P.B. and Jensen, B. (1998) Biological variation of lipid constituents and distribution of tocopherols and astaxanthin in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46: 808-812.
87. Rehbein, H. (1983) Differentiation of redfishes from the Northeast Atlantic (Sebastes marinus L., S. mentella Travin, S. viviparus Krøer and Helicolenus dactylopterus D. Delaroche 1809) by isoelectric focusing of sarcoplasmic proteins. ICES CM G: 40, p. 11.
88. Rezzi, S., Guillou, C.G., Reiniero, F., Holland, M. and Ghelli, S. (2003) Natural abundance 2H-NMR spectroscopy. Application to food analysis. In: P.A. de Groot (Ed.) Handbook of Stable Isotope Analytical Techniques, Chapter 5. Elsevier Science, pp. 103-121.
89. Roques, S., Pallotta, D., Sévigny, J.M. and Bernatchez, L. (1999a) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in the North Atlantic redfish (Teleostei: Scorpaenidae, genus Sebastes). Molecular Ecology 8: 685-702.
90. Roques, S., Duchesne, P. and Bernatchez, L. (1999b) Potential of microsatellites for individual assignment: the North Atlantic redfish (genus Sebastes) species complex as a case study. Molecular Ecology 8: 1703-1717.
91. Sægrov, H., Hindar, K. Kålås, S. and Lura, H. (1997) Escaped farmed Atlantic salmon replace the original salmon stock in the River Vosso, western Norway. ICES Journal of Marine Science 54: 1166-1172.
92. Schmidt, O., Quilter, J.M., Bahar, B., Moloney, A.P., Scrimgeour, C.M., Begley, I.S. and Monahan, F.J. (2005) Inferring the origin and dietary history of beef from C, N and S stable isotope ratio analysis. Food Chemistry 91: 545-549.
93. Secor, D.H. (1992) Application of otolith microchemistry analysis to investigate anadromy in Chesapeake Bay striped bass. Fisheries Bulletin 90: 798-806.
94. Secor, D.H. and Piccoli, P.M. (1996) Age- and sex-dependent migrations of the Hudson River striped bass population determined from otolith microanalysis. Estuaries 19: 778-793.
95. Secor, D.H. and Zdanowicz, V.S. (1998) Otolith microconstituent analysis of juvenile bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) from the Mediterranean Sea and Pacific Ocean. Fisheries Research 36: 251-256.
96. Secor, D.H., Henderson-Arzapalo, A. and Piccoli, P.M. (1995) Can otolith microchemistry chart patterns of migration and habitat utilization in anadromous fishes? Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 192: 15-33.
97. Secor, D.H., Campana, S.E., Zdanowicz, V.S., Lam, J.W.H., Yang, L. and Rooker, J.R. (2002) Interlaboratory comparison of Atlantic and Mediterranean bluefin tuna otolith microconstituents. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 1294-1304.
98. Sener, E., Yildiz, M. and Savas, E. (2006) Effects of dietary lipids on growth and fatty acid composition in Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii) juveniles. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences 29: 1101-1107.
99. Skog, T.E., Hylland, K., Torstensen, B.E. and Berntssen, M.H.G. (2003) Salmon farming affects the fatty acid composition and taste of wild saithe Pollachius virens L. Aquaculture Research 34: 999-1007.
100. Shul'man, G.E. (1960) Dynamics of the fat content of the body of fish. Russian Review of Biology 49: 209-222.
101. Siddiqui, N., Sim, J., Silwood, C.J.L., Toms, H., Iles, R.A. and Grootveld, M. (2003) Multicomponent analysis of encapsulated marine oil supplements using high-resolution 1H and 13C techniques. Journal of Lipid Research 44: 2406-2427.
102. Smith, T.B., Marra, P., Webster, M.S., Lovette, I., Gibbs, L., Holmes, R.T., Hobson, K.A. and Rohwer, S. (2003) A call for feather sampling. Auk 120: 218-221.
103. Sundt, R.C. and Johansen, T. (1998) Low levels of interspecific DNA sequence variation of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA in North Atlantic redfish Sebastes (Pisces, Scorpaenidae). Sarsia 83: 449-452.
104. Torrissen, O.J. and Christiansen, R. (1995) Requirements for carotenoids in fish diets. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 11: 225-230.
105. Torstensen, B.E., Froyland, L. and Lie, Ø. (2004a) Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oil - effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) tissue and lipoprotein lipid composition and lipogenic enzyme activities. Aquaculture Nutrition 10: 175-192.
106. Torstensen, B.E., Froyland, L., Ørnsrud, R. and Lie, Ø (2004b) Tailoring of a cardioprotective muscle fatty acid composition of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed vegetable oils. Food Chemistry 87: 567-580.
107. Torstensen, B.E., Lie, Ø. and Froyland, L. (2000) Lipid metabolism and tissue composition in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) - effects of capelin oil, palm oil and oleic acid-enriched sunflower oil as dietary lipid sources. Lipids 35: 653-664.
108. Thresher, R.E., Proctor, C.H., Gunn, J.S. and Horrowfield, I.R. (1994) An evaluation of electron-probe microanalysis of otoliths for stock delineation and identification of nursery areas in a southern temperate groundfish, Nemadactylus macropterus (Cheilodactylidae). Fisheries Bulletin 92: 817-840.
109. Yamashita, Y., Omura, Y and Okazaki, E. (2005) Total mercury and methylmercury levels in commercially important fishes in Japan. Fisheries Science 71: 1029-1035.
110. Yamashita, Y., Omura, Y and Okazaki, E. (2006) Distinct regional profiles of trace element content in muscle of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica from Japan, Taiwan, and China. Fisheries Science 72: 1109-1113.
111. Zamora, R., Alba, V. and Hidalgo, F.J. (2001) Use of high-resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the screening of virgin olive oils. Marine Ecology Progress Series 78: 89-94.
112. Ziegler, H., Osmond, C.B., Stichler, W. and Trimborn, P. (1976) Hydrogen isotope discrimination in higher plants: correlations with photosynthetic pathway and environment. Planta 128: 85-92.