Differentiation of wild salmon, conventionally and organically farmed salmon

Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau

Volumn 100, Issue 11, 2004, Pages

  Ostermeyer, Ute ^a   Schmidt, Thomas ^a  

^a FEDERAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF NUTRITION AND FOOD   (Germany)

Author keywords

Astaxanthin; Astaxanthin isomers; Canthaxanthin; Chiral HPLC; Conventionally farmed salmon; Organically farmed salmon; Reversed phase HPLC; Wild salmon

Indexed keywords

HIGH PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOILS; YEAST;

ORGANIC SALMONS; SALMON FLESH; SHRIMPS SHELLS;

MEATS;

DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); PISCES; XANTHOPHYLLOMYCES DENDRORHOUS;

EID: 19744382162     PISSN: 00120413     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (30)

1. Shahidi, F., A. Metusalach, and J. A. Brown: Carotenoid pigments in seafoods and aquaculture. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 38, 1-67 (1998).
2. Nickell, D. C., and J. R. C. Springate: Pigmentation of farmed salmonids. In Kestin, S. C. and P. D. Warriss (eds.): Farmed Fish Quality, pp. 58-75. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (2001).
3. Putnam, M.: A review of the nature, function, variability, and supply of pigments in salmonid fish. In Pauw, N. De and J. Joyce (eds.): Aquaculture and the Environment. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication No.16, Gent, pp. 245-263 (1991).
4. Bjerkeng, B.: Chromatographic analysis of synthesized astaxanthin - a handy tool for the ecologist and the forensic chemist? Prog. Fish Cult. 59, 129-140 (1997).
5. IFOAM-Standards 2002, Internet: www.ifoam.org.
6. Naturland-Verband für naturgemäßen Landbau e.V.: Naturland Richtlinien für die ökologische Aquakultur, Version 12/2002, Internet: www. naturland.de.
7. Soil Association Organic Standards, Internet: www.soilassociation.org.
8. KRAV-Standards 2003, Internet: www.krav.se.
9. Debio-Standards, Internet: www.debio.no.
10. Turujman, S. A., W. G. Warner, R. R. Wei, and R. H. Albert. Rapid liquid chromatographic method to distinguish wild salmon from aquacultured salmon fed synthetic astaxanthin. JAOAC 80, 622-632 (1997).
11. Storebakken, T., P. Foss, E. Austreng, and S. Liaaen-Jensen: Carotenoids in diets for salmonids: II. Epimerization studies with astaxanthin in Atlantic salmon. Aquaculture 44, 259-269 (1985).
12. Vecchi, M., and R. K. Müller. Separation of (3S,3'S)-, (3R,3'R)- and (3S,3'R)- astaxanthin via (-)-camphanic acid esters. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. Chromatogr. Commun. 2, 195-196 (1979).
13. Maoka, T., T. Komori, and T. Matsuno: Direct diastereomeric resolution of carotenoids. J. Chromatogr. 318, 122-124 (1985)
14. Sanderson, G. W., and S. O. Jolly. The value of Phaffia yeast as a feed ingredient for salmonid fish. Aquaculture 124, 193-200 (1994).
15. Abu-Lafi, S., and S. A. Turujman: Reproducibility of the separation of astaxanthin stereoisomers on Pirkle covalent L-leucine and D-phenylglycine columns. J. Chromatogr. A 855, 157-170 (1999).
16. Matsuno, T., T. Maoka, M. Katsuyama, M. Ookubo, K. Katagiri, and H. Jimura: The occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin in aquatic animals. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish 50, 1589-1592 (1984).
17. Lura, H., and H. Sægrov. A method of separating offspring from farmed and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on different ratios of opti cal isomers of astaxanthin. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48, 429-433 (1991).
18. Lura, H., and F. Økland: Content of synthetic astaxanthin in escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., ascending Norwegian rivers. Fisheries Manag. Ecol. 1, 205-216 (1994).
19. Craick, J. C. A., and S. M. Harvey. A biochemical method for distinguishing between wild and farmed salmonid fishes by their carotenoid pigmentation. J. Forensic Sci. Soc. 27, 47-55 (1987).
20. Whyte, J. N. C., D. Travers, and K. L. Sherry. Deposition of astaxanthin isomers in chinook salmon (Onc. tshawytscha) fed different sources of pigment. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2206 (1998).
21. Whyte, J. N. C., and K. L. Sherry: Pigmentation and composition of flesh of Atlantic salmon fed diets supplemented with the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. N. Am. Aquacult. 63, 52-57 (2001).
22. Johnson, E. A., and M. J. Lewis: Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. J. Gen. Microbiol. 115, 173-183 (1979).
23. Metusalach, J. A. Brown, and F. Shahidi: Effects of stocking density on colour characteristics and deposition of carotenoids in cultured Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Food Chem. 59, 107-114 (1997).
24. Sheehan, E. M., T. P. O'Connor, P. J. A. Sheehy, D. J. Buckley, and R. FitzGerald: Stability of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in raw and smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during frozen storage. Food Chem 63, 313-317 (1998).
25. Oehlenschläger, J.: Eine universell verwendbare Methode zur Bestimmung des Fettgehaltes in Fischen und anderen Meerestieren. Inf. Fischw. 33, 188-190 (1986).
26. Torrissen, O. J., R. W. Hardy, and K. D. Shearer. Pigmentation of salmonids - carotenoid deposition and metabolism. Crit. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 1, 209-225 (1989).
27. Schiedt, K., F. J. Leuenberger, and M. Vecchi: Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin 5. Ex wild salmon (Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus). Helv Chim Acta 64, 449-457 (1981).
28. Kanemitsu, T., and H. Aoe: On the studies of carotenoids of the salmon - II. Determination of muscle pigment. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. 24, 555-558 (1958).
29. Renstrøm, B., G. Borch, and S. Liaaen-Jensen: Natural occurrence of enantiomeric and meso-astaxanthin 4. Ex shrimps (Pandalus borealis). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 69 B, 621-624 (1981).
30. Kitahara, T.: Carotenoids in the Pacific salmon during the marine period. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 78 B, 859-862 (1984).