Formation of nanoporous pyrobitumen residues during maturation of the Barnett Shale (Fort Worth Basin)

International Journal of Coal Geology

Volumn 103, Issue , 2012, Pages 3-11

  Bernard, Sylvain ^a   Wirth, Richard ^b   Schreiber, Anja ^b   Schulz, Hans Martin ^b   Horsfield, Brian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE   (France)

^b GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

Author keywords

FIB; Kerogen; Organic porosity; Pyrobitumen; Shale gas; STXM; TEM; XANES NEXAFS

Indexed keywords

FIB; PYROBITUMEN; SHALE GAS; STXM; XANES;

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS; HYDROCARBONS; KEROGEN; PETROLEUM GEOLOGY; SULFUR; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

SHALE;

BITUMEN; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); HYDROCARBON GENERATION; KEROGEN; OXYGEN; POROSITY; SHALE; THERMAL MATURITY; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; XANES SPECTROSCOPY;

FORT WORTH BASIN; TEXAS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84868106316     PISSN: 01665162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2012.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (90)

1. Ahuja R., Bruhwiler P.A., Wills J.M., Johansson B., Martensson N., Eriksson O. Theoretical and experimental study of the graphite 1s X-ray absorption edges. Physical Review B 1996, 54(20):14396-14404.
2. Ambrose R.J., Hartman R.C., Diaz-Campos M., Akkutlu I.Y., Sondergeld C.H. New pore-scale considerations for shale gas in place calculations. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/131772-MS.
3. Bassim N.D., de Gregorio B.T., Kylcoyne A.L.D., Scott K., Chou T., Wirick S., Cody G.D., Stroud R.M. Minimizing damage during FIB sample preparation of soft materials. Journal of Microscopy 2012, 245(3):288-301.
4. Behar F., Vandenbroucke M. Chemical modeling of kerogens. Organic Geochemistry 1987, 11(1):15-24.
5. Benzerara K., Yoon T.H., Tyliszczak T., Constantz B., Spormann A.M., Brown G.E. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study of microbial calcification. Geobiology 2004, 2(4):249-259.
6. Benzerara K., Menguy N., Lopez-Garcia P., Yoon T.H., Kazmierczak J., Tyliszczak T., Guyot F., Brown G.E. Nanoscale detection of organic signatures in carbonate microbialites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103(25):9440-9445.
7. Benzerara K., Miller V.M., Barell G., Kumar V., Miot J., Brown G.E., Lieske J.C. Search for microbial signatures within human and microbial calcifications using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2006, 54(7):367-379.
8. Bernard S., Benzerara K., Beyssac O., Menguy N., Guyot F., Brown G.E., Goffe B. Exceptional preservation of fossil plant spores in high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 262(1-2):257-272.
9. Bernard S., Benzerara K., Beyssac O., Brown G.E., Stamm L.G., Duringer P. Ultrastructural and chemical study of modern and fossil sporoderms by Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy (STXM). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2009, 156(1-2):248-261.
10. Bernard S., Horsfield B., Schulz H.-M., Schreiber A., Wirth R., Vu T.T.A., Perssen F., Könitzer S., Volk H., Sherwood N., Fuentes D. Multi-scale detection of organic and inorganic signatures provides insights into gas shale properties and evolution. Chemie der Erde - Geochemistry 2010, 70(S3):119-133.
11. Bernard S., Benzerara K., Beyssac O., Brown G.E. Multiscale characterization of pyritized plant tissues in blueschist facies metamorphic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74:5054-5068.
12. Bernard S., Beyssac O., Benzerara K., Findling N., Brown G.E. XANES, Raman and XRD signatures of anthracene-based cokes and saccharose-based chars submitted to high temperature pyrolysis. Carbon 2010, 48:2506-2516.
13. Bernard S., Horsfield B., Schulz H.M., Wirth R., Schreiber A., Sherwood N. Geochemical evolution of organic-rich shales with increasing maturity: a STXM and TEM study of the Posidonia Shale (Lower Toarcian, northern Germany). Marine and Petroleum Geology 2012, 31(1):70-89.
14. Bernard, S., Wirth, R., Schreiber, A., Bowen, L., Aplin, A.C., Mathia, E.J., Schulz, H.M., Horsfield, B., in press. FIB-SEM and TEM investigations of an organic-rich shale maturation series from the Lower Toarcian Posidonia Shale, Germany: nanoscale pore system and fluid-rock interactions. AAPG Bulletin.
15. Bluhm H., Andersson K., Araki T., Benzerara K., Brown G.E., Dynes J.J., Ghosal S., Gilles M.K., Hansen H.C., Hemminger J.C., Hitchcock A.P., Ketteler G., Kilcoyne A.L.D., Kneedler E., Lawrence J.R., Leppard G.G., Majzlam J., Mun B.S., Myneni S.C.B., Nilsson A., Ogasawara H., Ogletree D.F., Pecher K., Salmeron M., Shuh D.K., Tonner B., Tyliszczak T., Warwick T., Yoon T.H. Soft X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy at the molecular environmentalscience beamline at the Advanced Light Source. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2006, 150(2-3):86-104.
16. Bowker K.A. Barnett Shale gas production, Fort Worth Basin: issues and discussion. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):523-533.
17. Brandes J.A., Wirick S., Jacobsen C. Carbon K-edge spectra of carbonate minerals. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2010, 17:676-682.
18. Braun A., Huggins F.E., Shah N., Chen Y., Wirick S., Mun S.B., Jacobsen C., Huffman G.P. Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies: a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS. Carbon 2005, 43(1):117-124.
19. Braun A., Kubatova A., Wirick S., Mun S. Radiation damage from EELS and NEXAFS in diesel soot and diesel soot extracts. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2009, 170(1-3):42-48.
20. Cody G.D., Ade H., Wirick S., Mitchell G.D., Davis A. Determination of chemical-structural changes in Vitrinite accompanying luminescence alteration using C-NEXAFS analysis. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 28(7-8):441-455.
21. Curtis M.E., Sondergeld C.H., Ambrose R.J., Rai C.S. Structural characterization of gas shales on the micro- and nano-scales. Proceedings of the Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference 2010, 10.2118/137693-MS.
22. Curtis M.E., Ambrose R.J., Sondergeld C.H., Rai C.S. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy investigation of pore connectivity of gas shales on the nanoscale. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/144391-MS.
23. Curtis M.E., Ambrose R.J., Sondergeld C.H., Rai C.S. Investigation of the relationship between organic porosity and thermal maturity in the Marcellus shale. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/144370-MS.
24. Curtis M.E., Ambrose R.J., Sondergeld C.H., Rai C.S. Microstructural investigation of gas shales in two and three dimensions using nanometer-scale resolution imaging. AAPG Bulletin 2012, 96(4):665-677.
25. h (octahedral) symmetry. Physical Review B 1990, 41(2):928-937.
26. Drobne D., Milani M., Leser V., Tatti F. Surface damage induced by FIB milling and imaging of biological samples is controllable. Microscopy Research and Technique 2007, 70(10):895-903.
27. Eglinton T.I., Sinninghe-Damsté J.S., Kohnen M.E.L., de Leeuw J.W., Larter S.R., Patience R.L. Analysis of maturity-related changes in the organic sulfur composition of kerogens by flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography. ACS Symposium Series, 429: Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels 1990, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, DC. W.L. Orr, C.M. White (Eds.).
28. Elgmati M., Zobaa M., Zhang H., Bai B., Oboh-Ikuenobe F. Palynofacies analysis and submicron pore modeling of shale-gas plays. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/144267-MS.
29. Elgmati M., Zhang H., Bai B., Flori R. Submicron-pore characterization of shale gas plays. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2011, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/144050-MS.
30. Heaney P.J., Vicenzi E.P., Giannuzzi L.A., Livi K.J.T. Focused ion beam milling: a method of site-specific sample extraction for microanalysis of Earth and planetary materials. American Mineralogist 2001, 86(9):1094-1099.
31. Heath J.E., Dewers T.A., McPherson B.J.O.L., Petrusak R., Chidsey T.C., Rinehart A.J., Mozley P.S. Pore networks in continental and marine mudstones: characteristics and controls on sealing behavior. Geosphere 2011, 7(2):429-454.
32. Hickey J.J., Henk B. Lithofacies summary of the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Mitchell 2 T.P. Sims well, Wise County, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91:437-443.
33. Hill R.J., Tang Y.C., Kaplan I.R. Insights into oil cracking based on laboratory experiments. Organic Geochemistry 2003, 34(12):1651-1672.
34. Hill R.J., Jarvie D.M., Zumberge J., Henry M., Pollastro R.M. Oil and gas geochemistry and petroleum systems of the Fort Worth Basin. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):445-473.
35. Hill R.J., Zhang E., Katz B.J., Tang Y. Modeling of gas generation from the Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):501-521.
36. Hitchcock A. Chemical mapping with soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. American Laboratory 2001, 33(16):30-36.
37. Hitchcock A.P., Dynes J.J., Johansson G., Wang J., Botton G. Comparison of NEXAFS microscopy and TEM-EELS for studies of soft matter. Micron 2008, 39(3):311-319.
38. Horsfield B. Practical criteria for classifying kerogens: some observations from pyrolysis-gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1989, 53:891-901.
39. Jarvie D.M., Hill R.J., Ruble T.E., Pollastro R.M. Unconventional shale-gas systems: the Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):475-499.
40. Jenkins C., Boyer C. Coalbed and shale-gas reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Technology 2008, 60(2):92-99.
41. Kaznatcheev K.V., Karunakaran Ch., Lanke U.D., Urquhart S.G., Obst M., Hitchcock A.P. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy beamline at the CLS: commissioning results. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 2007, 582:96-99.
42. Kelemen S.R., Afeworki M., Gorbaty M.L., Sansone M., Kwiatek P.J., Walters C.C., Freund H., Siskin M., Bence A.E., Curry D.J., Solum M., Pugmire R.J., Vandenbroucke M., Leblond M., Behar F. Direct characterization of kerogen by X-ray and solid-state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance methods. Energy & Fuels 2007, 21(3):1548-1561.
43. Kilcoyne A.L.D., Tyliszczak T., Steele W.F., Fakra S., Hitchcock P., Franck K., Anderson E., Harteneck B., Rightor E.G., Mitchell G.E., Hitchcock A.P., Yang L., Warwick T., Ade H. Interferometer-controlled scanning transmission X-ray microscopes at the Advanced Light Source. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2003, 10:125-136.
44. Kruge M.A., Landais P., Bensley D.F., Stankiewicz B.A., Elie M., Ruau O. Separation and artificial maturation of macerals from Type II kerogen. Energy & Fuels 1997, 11(3):503-514.
45. Langford R.M. Focused Ion Beams techniques for nanomaterials characterization. Microscopy Research and Technique 2006, 69(7):538-549.
46. Leif R.N., Simoneit B.R.T. Ketones in hydrothermal petroleums and sediment extracts from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Organic Geochemistry 1995, 23(10):889-904.
47. Lewan M.D. Sulphur-radical control on petroleum formation rates. Nature 1998, 391:164-166.
48. Lis G.P., Mastalerz M., Schimmelmann A., Lewan M.D., Stankiewicz B.A. FTIR absorption indices for thermal maturity in comparison with vitrinite reflectance R-0 in type-II kerogens from Devonian black shales. Organic Geochemistry 2005, 36(11):1533-1552.
49. Lis G.P., Mastalerz M., Schimmelmann A. Increasing maturity of kerogen type II reflected by alkylbenzene distribution from pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Organic Geochemistry 2008, 39(4):440-449.
50. Liu G.M., Natarajan S., Kim S.H. Photochemical production of oligothiophene and polythiophene micropatternsfrom 2,5-diiodothiophene on Au in UHV. Surface Science 2005, 592(1-3):L305-L309.
51. Loucks R.G., Ruppel S.C. Mississippian Barnett Shale: lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):579-601.
52. Loucks R.G., Reed R.M., Ruppel S.C., Jarvie D.M. Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2009, 79(12):848-861.
53. Loucks R.G., Reed R.M., Ruppel S.C., Hammes U. Preliminary classification of matrix pores in mudrocks. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions 2010, 60:435-441.
54. Mao J., Fang X., Lan Y., Schimmelmann A., Mastalerz M., Xu L., Schmidt-Rohr K. Chemical and nanometer-scale structure of kerogen and its change during thermal maturation investigated by advanced solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2010, 74(7):2110-2127.
55. Mayer J., Giannuzzi L.A., Kamino T., Michael J. TEM sample preparation and FIB-induced damage. MRS Bulletin 2007, 32(5):400-407.
56. Michels R., Langlois E., Ruau O., Mansuy L., Elie M., Landais P. Evolution of asphaltenes during artificial maturation: a record of the chemical processes. Energy & Fuels 1996, 10(1):39-48.
57. Montgomery S.L., Jarvie D.M., Bowker K.A., Pollastro R.M. Mississippian Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, north-central Texas: gas-shale play with multi-trillion cubic foot potential. AAPG Bulletin 2005, 89:155-175.
58. Moore C.H. Carbonate diagenesis and porosity. Developments in Sedimentology 1997, 46:1-338. Elsevier.
59. Myneni S.C.B. Soft X-ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy studies of organic molecules in the environment. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2002, 49(1):485-579.
60. Nelson P.H. Pore throat sizes in sandstones, tight sandstones, and shales. AAPG Bulletin 2009, 93:1-13.
61. Obst M., Gasser P., Mavrocordatos D., Dittrich M. TEM-specimen preparation of cell/mineral interfaces by Focused Ion Beam milling. American Mineralogist 2005, 90(8-9):1270-1277.
62. Passey Q.R., Bohacs K.M., Esch W.L., Klimentidis R., Sinha S. From oil-prone source rock to gas-producing shale reservoir - geologic and petrophysical characterization of unconventional shale gas reservoirs. Proceedings of the North American Unconventional Gas Conference and Exhibition 2010, Society of Petroleum Engineers. 10.2118/131350-MS.
63. Patience R.L., Mann A.L., Poplett I.J.F. Determination of molecular-structure of kerogens using C-13 NMR-spectroscopy. 2. The effects of thermal maturation on kerogens from marine-sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1992, 56(7):2725-2742.
64. Pollastro R.M. Total petroleum system assessment of undiscovered resources in the giant Barnett Shale continuous (unconventional) gas accumulation, Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):551-578.
65. Pollastro R.M., Jarvie D.M., Hill R.J., Adams C.W. Geologic framework of the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Barnett-Paleozoic total petroleum system, Bend arch-Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):405-436.
66. Putschew A., Schaeffer-Reiss C., Schaeffer P., Koopmans M.P., de Leeuw J.W., Lewan M.D., Sinninghe Damste J.S., Maxwell J.R. Release of sulfur- and oxygen-bound components from a sulfur-rich kerogen during simulated maturation by hydrous pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 29(8):1875-1890.
67. Ravel B., Newville M. ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2005, 12(4):537-541.
68. Requejo A.G., Gray N.R., Freund H., Thomann H., Melchior M.T., Gebhard L.A., Bernardo M., Pictroski C.F., Hsu C.S. Maturation of petroleum source rocks. 1. Changes in kerogen structure and composition associated with hydrocarbon generation. Energy & Fuels 1992, 6(2):203-214.
69. Rightor E.G., Hitchcock A.P., Ade H., Leapman R.D., Urquhart S.G., Smith A.P., Mitchell G., Fischer D., Shin H.J., Warwick T. Spectromicroscopy of poly(ethylene terephthalate): comparison of spectra and radiation damage rates in X-ray absorption and electron energy loss. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B 1997, 101(11):1950-1960.
70. Ross D.J., Bustin R.M. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas storage potential of shale gas reservoirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology 2009, 26(6):916-927.
71. Rubanov S., Munroe P.R. FIB-induced damage in silicon. Journal of Microscopy 2004, 214(3):213-221.
72. Seewald J.S. Model for the origin of carboxylic acids in basinal brines. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65(21):3779-3789.
73. Seewald J.S. Aqueous geochemistry of low molecular weight hydrocarbons at elevated temperatures and pressures: constraints from mineral buffered laboratory experiments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2001, 65(10):1641-1664.
74. Seewald J.S., Benitez-Nelson B.C., Whelan J.K. Laboratory and theoretical constraints on the generation and composition of natural gas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1998, 62(9):1599-1617.
75. Shi J.R., Xu Y.J., Zhang J. Study on amorphous carbon nitride film prepared by facing target sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2005, 483(1-2):169-174.
76. Simoneit B.R.T., Leif R.N., Ishiwatari R. Phenols in hydrothermal petroleums and sediment bitumen from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Organic Geochemistry 1996, 24(3):377-388.
77. Slatt R.M., O'Brien N.R. Pore types in the Barnett and Woodford gas shales: contribution to understanding gas storage and migration pathways in fine-grained rocks. AAPG Bulletin 2011, 95(12):2017-2030.
78. Smernik R.J., Schwark L., Schmidt M.W.I. Assessing the quantitative reliability of solid-state C-13 NMR spectra of kerogens across a gradient of thermal maturity. Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2006, 29(4):312-321.
79. Smith A.J., Munroe P.R., Tran T., Wainwright M.S. FIB preparation of a sensitive porous catalyst for TEM elemental mapping at high magnifications. Journal of Materials Science 2001, 36(14):3519-3524.
80. Solomon D., Lehmann J., Kinyangi J., Liang B.Q., Heymann K., Dathe L., Hanley K., Wirick S., Jacobsen C. Carbon (1s) NEXAFS spectroscopy of biogeochemically relevant reference organic compounds. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2009, 73(6):1817-1830.
81. Thieme J., Sedlmair J., Gleber S.C., Prietzel J., Coates J., Eusterhues K., Abbt-Braun G., Salome M. X-ray spectromicroscopy in soil and environmental sciences. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2010, 17:149-157.
82. Thompson L.E., Rice P.M., Delenia E., Lee V.Y., Brock P.J., Magbitang T.P., Dubois G., Volksen W., Miller R.D., Kim H.-C. Imaging thin films of nanoporous low-k dielectrics: comparison between ultramicrotomy and focused ion beam preparations for transmission electron microscopy. Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006, 12:156-159.
83. Vandenbroucke M., Behar F., San Torcuato A., Rullkötter J. Kerogen maturation in a reference kerogen Type II series: the Toarcian shales of the Hils syncline, NW Germany. Organic Geochemistry 1993, 20(7):961-972.
84. Walls J.D., Sinclair S.W. Eagle Ford shale reservoir properties from digital rock physics. First Break 2011, 29:97-101.
85. Wang J., Morin C., Li L., Hitchcock A., Scholl A., Doran A. Radiation damage in soft X-ray microscopy. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2009, 170(1-3):25-36.
86. Waples D.W. The kinetics of in-reservoir oil destruction and gas formation: constraints from experimental and empirical data, and from thermodynamics. Organic Geochemistry 2000, 31(6):553-575.
87. Wei Z.B., Gao X.X., Zhang D.J., Da J. Assessment of thermal evolution of kerogen geopolymers with their structural parameters measured by solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy. Energy & Fuels 2005, 19(1):240-250.
88. Wirth R. Focused Ion Beam (FIB): a novel technology for advanced application of micro- and nanoanalysis in geosciences and applied mineralogy. European Journal of Mineralogy 2004, 16(6):863-876.
89. Wirth R. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) combined with SEM and TEM: advanced analytical tools for studies of chemical composition, microstructure and crystal structure in geomaterials on a nanometre scale. Chemical Geology 2009, 261(3-4):217-229.
90. Zhao H., Givens N.B., Curtis B. Thermal maturity of the Barnett Shale determined from well-log analysis. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):535-549.