SUPPLEMENT 3

Chemie der Erde

Volumn 70, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2010, Pages 119-133

  Bernard, Sylvain ^a   Horsfield, Brian ^a   Schulz, Hans Martin ^a   Schreiber, Anja ^a   Wirth, Richard ^a   Anh Vu, Tiem Thi ^a   Perssen, Ferdinand ^a   Könitzer, Sven ^a   Volk, Herbert ^b   Sherwood, Neil ^b   Fuentes, David ^b  

^a GFZ GERMAN RESEARCH CENTRE FOR GEOSCIENCES   (Germany)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bitumen; Gas shales; Laser ablation pyrolysis GC MS; Nanoscale chemical and mineralogical characterisation; Raman microspectroscopy; STXM; TEM; XANES spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

AUTHIGENIC MINERAL; BITUMEN; BLACK SHALE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DETECTION METHOD; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYDROCARBON GENERATION; MUDSTONE; NATURAL GAS; ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY; RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; SPATIAL VARIATION; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY;

GERMANY;

EID: 77955431634     PISSN: 00092819     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemer.2010.05.005     Document Type: Article

References (101)

1. Aagaard P., Egeberg P.K., Saigal G.C., Morad S., Bjúrlykke K. Diagenetic albitization of detrital K-feldspars in Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous and Tertiary clastic reservoir rocks from offshore Norway, II. Formation water chemistry and kinetic considerations. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 1990, 60:575-581.
2. Ade H., Zhang X., Cameron S., Costello C., Kirz J.W. Chemical contrast in X-ray microscopy and spatially resolved XANES spectroscopy of organic specimens. Science 1992, 258(5084):972-975.
3. Bazin B., Brosse E., Sommer F. Chemistry of oil-field brines in relation to diagenesis of reservoirs. 2. Reconstruction of palaeo-water composition for modelling illite diagenesis in the Greater Alwyn area (North Sea). Marine and Petroleum Geology 1997, 14:497-511.
4. Benzerara K., Yoon T.H., Tyliszczak T., Constantz B.A., Brown G.E. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy study of microbial calcification. Geobiology 2004, 2(4):249-259.
5. Benzerara K., Menguy N., Guyot F., Vanni C.G. TEM study of a silicate-carbonate-microbe interface prepared by focused ion beam milling. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2005, 69(6):1413-1422.
6. Benzerara K., Miller V.M., Barell G., Kumar V.A., Brown G.E., Lieske J.C. Search for microbial signatures within human and microbial calcifications using soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. Journal of Investigative Medicine 2006, 54(7):367-379.
7. Benzerara K., Menguy N., Lopez-Garcia P., Yoon T.H., Tyliszczak T., Guyot F., Brown G.E. Nanoscale detection of organic signatures in carbonate microbialites. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103(25):9440-9445.
8. Benzerara K., Menguy N., Banerjee N.R., Tyliszczak T.B., Guyot F. Alteration of submarine basaltic glass from the Ontong Java Plateau: a STXM and TEM study. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 260(1-2):187-200.
9. Benzerara, K., Meibom, A., Gautier, Q., Kaźmierczak, J., Stolarski, J., Menguy, N., Brown Jr., G.E., 2010. Nanotextures of aragonite in stromatolites from the quasi-marine Satonda crater lake, Indonesia. In: Pedley, H.M., Rogerson, M. (Eds.), Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls, Geological Society of London Special Publications, 336, pp. 211-224.
10. Bernard S., Benzerara K., Beyssac O., Menguy N., Guyot F., Brown G.E., Goffé B. Exceptional preservation of plant fossils in high-pressure metamorphic rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2007, 262(1-2):257-272.
11. Bernard S., Beyssac O., Benzerara K. Raman mapping using advanced line-scanning systems: geological applications. Applied Spectroscopy 2008, 62(11):1180-1188.
12. Bernard S., Benzerara K., Beyssac O., Brown G.E., Grauvogel-Stamm L., Duringer P. Ultrastructural and chemical study of modern and fossil sporoderms by scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2009, 156:248-261.
13. Beyssac O., Goffé B., Chopin C., Rouzaud J.N. Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 2002, 20(9):859-871.
14. Beyssac O., Goffé B., Petitet J.P., Froigneux E.A., Rouzaud J.N. On the characterisation of disordered and heterogeneous carbonaceous materials by Raman spectroscopy. Spectrochimica Acta Part A-Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2003, 59(10):2267-2276.
15. Bluhm H., Andersson K., Araki T., Benzerara K., Brown G.E., Dynes J.J., Ghosal S., Gilles M.K., Hansen H.C., Hemminger J.C., Hitchcock A.P., Ketteler G., Kilcoyne A.L.D., Kneedler E., Lawrence J.R., Leppard G.G., Majzlam J., Mun B.S., Myneni S.C.B., Nilsson A., Ogasawara H., Ogletree D.F., Pecher K., Salmeron M., Shuh D.K., Tonner B., Tyliszczak T., Warwick T., Yoon T.H. Soft X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy at the molecular environmental science beamline at the Advanced Light Source. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2006, 150(2-3):86-104.
16. Botto R.E., Cody G.D., Kirz J., Ade H., Behal S.D. Selective chemical mapping of coal micro-heterogeneity by scanning-transmission X-ray microscopy. Energy and Fuels 1994, 8(1):151-154.
17. Boyce C.K., Cody G.D., Feser M., Jacobsen C., Knoll A., Wirick S. Organic chemical differentiation within fossil plant cell walls detected with X-ray spectromicroscopy. Geology 2002, 30(11):1039-1042.
18. Boyce C.K., Zwieniecki M.A., Cody G.D., Jacobsen C.W., Knoll A.H., Holbrook N.M. Evolution of xylem lignification and hydrogel transport regulation. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101(50):17555-17558.
19. Brandes J.A., Cody G.D., Rumble D., Haberstroh P., Wirick S., Gelinas Y. Carbon K-edge XANES spectromicroscopy of natural graphite. Carbon 2008, 46(11):1424-1434.
20. Brandes J.A., Lee C., Wakeham S., Peterson M.J., Wirick S., Cody G. Examining marine particulate organic matter at sub-micron scales using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and carbon X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Marine Chemistry 2004, 92(1-4):107-121.
21. Braun A., Huggins F.E., Shah N., Chen Y., Wirick S.M., Jacobsen C., Huffman G.P. Advantages of soft X-ray absorption over TEM-EELS for solid carbon studies-a comparative study on diesel soot with EELS and NEXAFS. Carbon 2005, 43(1):117-124.
22. Braun R.L., Rothman A.J. Oil shale pyrolysis: kinetics and mechanism of oil production. Fuel 1975, 54:129-131.
23. Clegg H., Horsfield B., Stasiuk L., Fowler M., Vliex M. Geochemical characterisation of organic matter in Keg River Formation (Elk point group, Middle Devo-nian), La Crete Basin, Western Canada. Organic Geochemistry 1997, 26(11-12):627-643.
24. Cody G.D., Botto R.E., Ade H., Behal S., Disko M.W. C-NEXAFS microanalysis and scanning X-ray microscopy of micro-heterogeneities in a high-volatile A bituminous coal. Energy and Fuels 1995, 9(1):75-83.
25. Cody G.D., Botto R.E., Ade H., Behal S., Disko M.W. Inner-shell spectroscopy and imaging of a subbituminous coal: in-situ analysis of organic and inorganic microstructure using C(1S)-NEXAFS, Ca(2P)-NEXAFS, and C1(2S)-NEXAFS. Energy and Fuels 1995, 9(3):525-533.
26. Cody G.D., Botto R.E., Ade H., Wirick S. The application of soft X-ray microscopy to the in-situ analysis of sporinite in coal. International Journal of Coal Geology 1996, 32(1-4):69-86.
27. Cody G.D., Ade H., Wirick S., Mitchell G.D., Davis A. Determination of chemical-structural changes in vitrinite accompanying luminescence alteration using C-NEXAFS analysis. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 28(7-8):441-455.
28. Cody G., Alexander C., Yabuta H., Kilcoyne A.A., Ade H., Dera P., Fogel M., Militzer B., Mysen B. Organic thermometry for chondritic parent bodies. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2008, 272(1-2):446-455.
29. Cooles G.P., Mackenzie A.S., Quigley T.M. Calculation of petroleum masses generated and expelled from source rocks. Organic Geochemistry 1986, 10(1-3):235-245.
30. Crampon N. Metamorphisme hydrothermal en facies salins et penesalins sur l'exemple du complexe salifere de l'extreme Nord Tunisien. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 1973, 39:117-140.
31. Curiale J.A. Origin of solid bitumens, with emphasis on biological marker results. Organic Geochemistry 1986, 10:559-580.
32. Curtis J.B. Fractured shale-gas systems. AAPG Bulletin 2002, 86(11):1921-1938.
33. Dembicki H. Three common source rock evaluation errors made by geologists during prospect or play appraisals. AAPG Bulletin 2009, 93(3):341-356.
34. Dieckmann V., Schenk H.J., Horsfield B., Welte D.H. Kinetics of petroleum generation and cracking by programmed-temperature closed system pyrolysis of Toarcian Shales. Fuel 1998, 77(1-2):23-31.
35. Drobne D., Milani M., Leser V., Tatti F. Surface damage induced by FIB milling and imaging of biological samples is controllable. Microscopy Research and Technique 2007, 70(10):895-903.
36. Espitalié J., Laporte J.L., Madec M., Marquis F., Leplat P., Paulet J., Boutefeu A. Méthode rapide de caractérisation des roches mères, de leur potentiel pétrolier et de leur degré d'évolution. Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 1977, 32:23-42.
37. Espitalie J., Marquis F, Barsony I. Geochemical logging. Analytical Pyrolysis 1984, 276-304. Butterworth. K.J. Voorhees (Ed.).
38. Felten A., Hody H., Bittencourt C., Pireaux J.J.A., Hitchcock A.P. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy of isolated multiwall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 2006, 89(9):093123.
39. Francis J.T., Hitchcock A.P. Inner-shell spectroscopy of p-benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and phenol: distinguishing quinoid and benzenoid structures. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1992, 96(16):6598-6610.
40. Greenwood P.F., George S.C, Hall K. Applications of laser micropyrolysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 29(5-7):1075-1089.
41. Haberstroh P.R., Brandes J.A., Gelinas Y., Dickens A., Wirick S., Cody G. Chemical composition of the graphitic black carbon fraction in riverine and marine sediments at sub-micron scales using carbon X-ray spectromicroscopy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2006, 70(6):1483-1494.
42. Hamblin A.P. The ''Shale Gas'' Concept in Canada: a Preliminary Inventory of Possibilities, Open File 5384 2006, Geological Survey of Canada.
43. Heaney P.J., Vicenzi E.P., Giannuzzi L.A., Livi K. Focused ion beam milling: a method of site-specific sample extraction for microanalysis of Earth and planetary materials. American Mineralogist 2001, 86(9):1094-1099.
44. Hitchcock A. Chemical mapping with soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. American Laboratory 2001, 33(16):30-36.
45. Hitchcock A.P., Morin C., Tyliszczak T., Koprinarov I., Ikeura-Sekiguchi H., Lawrence J.R., Leppard G.G. Soft X-ray microscopy of soft matter: hard information from two softs. Surface Review and Letters 2002, 9(1):193-201.
46. Hitchcock A.P., Morin C., Zhang X., Araki T.D., Stover H., Brash J., Lawrence J., Leppard G.G. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of biological and synthetic polymer systems. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2005, 144-147:259-269.
47. Hitchcock A.P., Li J., Reijerkerk S.R., Foley P.A., Shirley I. X-ray absorption spectroscopy of polyureas and polyurethanes and their use in characterizing chemical gradients in thin-walled polyurea capsules. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2007, 156:467-471.
48. Hitchcock A.P., Dynes J.J., Johansson G., Wang J. Comparison of NEXAFS microscopy and TEM-EELS for studies of soft matter. Micron 2008, 39(3):311-319.
49. Horsfield B. Practical criteria for classifying kerogens: some observations from pyrolysis, gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 1989, 53(4):891-901.
50. Horsfield B., Yordy K.L., Crelling J.C. Determining the petroleum-generating potential of coal using organic geochemistry and organic petrology. Organic Geochemistry 1988, 13(1-3):121-129.
51. Horsfield B., Schenk H., Mills N., Welte D. An investigation of the in-reservoir conversion of oil to gas: compositional and kinetic findings from closed-system programmed-temperature pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry 1992, 19(1-3):191-204.
52. Hwang R.J., Teerman S.C., Carlson R.M. Geochemical comparison of reservoir solid bitumens with diverse origins. Organic Geochemistry 1998, 29(1-3):505-517.
53. Ishii I., Hitchcook A.P. The oscillator strengths for C1s and O1s excitation of some saturated and unsaturated organic alcohols, acids and esters. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 1988, 46(1):55-84.
54. Jacobsen C. Soft X-ray microscopy. Trends in Cell Biology 1999, 9(2):44-47.
55. Jacobsen C., Chapman H., Kirz J., Maser J., Osanna A.S., Wang S., Wirick S., Zhang X. Cell biology applications of a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. Molecular Biology of the Cell 1995, 6:660.
56. Jacobsen C., Wirick S., Flynn G., Zimba C. Soft X-ray spectroscopy from image sequences with sub-100nm spatial resolution. Journal of Microscopy-Oxford 2000, 197:173-184.
57. Jarvie D.M., Hill R.J., Ruble T.E., Pollastro R.M. Unconventional shale-gas systems: the Mississippian Barnett Shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):475-499.
58. Jenkins C., Boyer C. Coalbed and shale-gas reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Technology. Distinguished Author Series 2008, 92-99.
59. Kastner M., Siever R. Low temperature feldspars in sedimentary rocks. American Journal of Science 1979, 279:435-479.
60. Kempe A., Wirth R., Altermann W., Stark R., Schopf J.W., Heckl W.M. Focused ion beam preparation and in situ nanoscopic study of Precambrian acritarchs. Precambrian Research 2005, 140(1-2):36-54.
61. Langford R.M. Focused ion beams techniques for nanomaterials characterisation. Microscopy Research and Technique 2006, 69(7):538-549.
62. Larter S.R., Horsfield B. Determination of structural components of kerogen using analytical pyrolysis methods. Organic Geochemistry 1993, 271-287. Plenum Publishing Corporation. M. Engel, S. Macko (Eds.).
63. Lehmann J., Liang B.Q., Solomon D., Lerotic M.A., Kinyangi J., Schafer T., Wirick S., Jacobsen C. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy for mapping nano-scale distribution of organic carbon forms in soil: application to black carbon particles. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 2005, 19(1):GB1013.
64. Lehmann J., Solomon D., Kinyang J., Dathe L., Wirick S., Jacobsen C. Spatial complexity of soil organic matter forms at nanometre scales. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1:238-242.
65. Lepot K., Benzerara K., Brown G.E., Philippot P. Microbially influenced formation of 2724-million-year-old stromatolites. Nature Geoscience 2008, 1(2):118-121.
66. Lepot K., Benzerara K., Rividi N., Cotte M., Brown G.E., Philippot P. Organic matter heterogeneities in 2.72Ga stromatolites: alteration versus preservation by sulfur incorporation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73(21):6579-6599.
67. Lerotic M., Jacobsen C., Schäfer T., Vogt S. Cluster analysis of soft X-ray spectromicroscopy data. Ultramicroscopy 2004, 100(1-2):35-57.
68. Lerotic M., Jacobsen C., Gillow J., Francis A.A., Vogt S., Maser J. Cluster analysis in soft X-ray spectromicroscopy: finding the patterns in complex specimens. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena 2005, 144-147:1137-1143.
69. Lewan M.D., Winters J.C., McDonald J.H. Generation of oil-like pyrolyzates from organic-rich shales. Science 1979, 203:897-899.
70. Littke R., Baker D.R., Rullkötter J. Deposition of petroleum source rocks. Petroleum and Basin Evolution 1997, 271-333. Springer, Heidelberg. D.H. Welte, B. Horsfield, D.R. Baker (Eds.).
71. Liu G.M., Natarajan S., Kim S.H. Photochemical production of oligothiophene and polythiophene micropatterns from 2,5-diiodothiophene on Au in UHV. Surface Science 2005, 592(1-3):305-309.
72. Lomando A.J. The influence of solid reservoir bitumen on reservoir quality. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists 1992, 76:1137-1152.
73. Loucks R.G, Reed R.M., Ruppel S.C., Jarvie D.M. Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometre-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale. Journal of Sedimentary Research 2009, 79:848-861.
74. Mann U., Hantschel T., Schaefer R.G., Krooss B., Leytheauser D., Littke R.F., Sachsenhofer R. Petroleum migration: mechanisms, pathways, efficiencies and numerical simulations. Petroleum and Basin Evolution 1997, 397-515. Springer, Heidelberg. D.H. Welte, B. Horsfield, D.R. Baker (Eds.).
75. Mansuy L., Landais P., Ruau O. Importance of the reacting medium in artificial maturation of a coal by confined pyrolysis. 1. Hydrocarbons and polar compounds. Energy and Fuels 1995, 9:691-703.
76. Mastalerz M, Glikson M. In-situ analysis of solid bitumen in coal: examples from the Bowen Basin and the Illinois Basin. International Journal of Coal Geology 2000, 42:207-220.
77. Miot J., Benzerara K., Morin G., Kappler A., Bernard S., Obst M., Férard C., Skouri-Panet F., Guigner J.M., Posth N., Galvez M., Brown G.E. Iron biomineralization by neutrophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 2009, 73(3):696-711.
78. Miot J., Benzerara K., Morin G., Bernard S., Beyssac O., Larquet E., Ona-Nguema G., Kappler A., Guyot F. Transformation of vivianite by anaerobic nitrate-reducing iron-oxidizing bacteria. Geobiology 2009, 7:373-384.
79. Muscio G.P.A., Horsfield B., Welte D.H. Compositional changes in the macromolecular organic matter (kerogens, asphaltenes and resins) of a naturally matured source rock sequence from northern Germany as revealed by pyrolysis methods. Organic Geochemistry Advances and Applications in the Natural Environment 1991, 447-449. Manchester University Press, Manchester and New York. D.A.C. Manning (Ed.).
80. Muscio G.P.A., Horsfield B., Welte D.H. Occurrence of thermogenic gas in the immature zone-implications from the Bakken in source reservoir system. Organic Geochemistry 1994, 22:461-476.
81. Myneni S.C.B. Soft X-ray spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy studies of organic molecules in the environment. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 2002, 49:485-579.
82. Obst M., Gasser P., Mavrocordatos D., Dittrich M. TEM-specimen preparation of cell/mineral interfaces by focused ion beam milling. American Mineralogist 2005, 90(8-9):1270-1277.
83. Pollastro R.M., Jarvie D.M., Hill R.J., Adams C.W. Geologic framework of the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Barnett-Paleozoic total petroleum system, Bend arch-Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bulletin 2007, 91(4):405-436.
84. Ravel B., Newville M. ATHENA, ARTEMIS, HEPHAESTUS: data analysis for X-ray absorption spectroscopy using IFEFFIT. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2005, 12:537-541.
85. Rightor E.G., Hitchcock A.P., Ade H., Leapman R.D., Smith A.P., Mitchell G., Fischer D.S., Warwick T. Spectromicroscopy of poly(ethylene terephthalate): comparison of spectra and radiation damage rates in X-ray absorption and electron energy loss. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1997, 101(11):1950-1960.
86. Ross D.J., Bustin R.M. The importance of shale composition and pore structure upon gas storage potential of shale gas reservoirs. Marine and Petroleum Geology 2009, 26(6):916-927.
87. Schiffbauer J.D., Xiao S. Novel application of focused ion beam electron microscopy (FIB-EM) in preparation and analysis of microfossil ultrastructures: a new view of complexity in early eukaryotic organisms. Palaios 2009, 24(9):616-626.
88. Shi J.R., Xu Y.J., Zhang J. Study on amorphous carbon nitride film prepared by facing target sputtering. Thin Solid Films 2005, 483(1-2):169-174.
89. Spötl C., Longstaffe F.J., Ramseyer K., Rüdinger B. Authigenic albite in carbonate rocks-a tracer for deep-burial brine migration?. Sedimentology 1999, 46:649-666.
90. Stasiuk L.D. The origin of pyrobitumens in Upper Devonian Leduc Formation gas reservoirs, Alberta Canada: an optical and EDS study of oil to gas transformation. Marine and Petroleum Geology 1997, 14:915-929.
91. Stöhr J. NEXAFS spectroscopy. Springer Series in Surface Science 1992, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, p. 25.
92. Tissot B. Premières données sur les mécanismes et la cinétique de la formation du pétrole dans les sédiments-simulation d'un schéma réactionnel sur ordinateur. Oil and Gas Science and Technology-Rev. IFP 1969, 24:470-501.
93. Tissot B.P., Welte D.H. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence 1984, Springer-Verlag. second ed.
94. * C=O transition in the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectra of organic molecules. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2002, 106(34):8531-8538.
95. Vu T.A.T., Horsfield B., Sykes R. Influence of in-situ bitumen on the generation of gas and oil in New Zealand coals. Organic Geochemistry 2008, 39(11):1606-1619.
96. Waples D.W. The kinetics of in-reservoir oil destruction and gas formation: constraints from experimental and empirical data, and from thermodynamics. Organic Geochemistry 2000, 31(6):553-575.
97. Winn B., Ade H., Buckley C., Feser M., Howells M., Hulbert S., Jacobsen C., Kaznacheyev K., Kirz J., Osanna A., Maser J., McNulty I., Miao J., Oversluizen T., Spector S., Sullivan B., Wang Y., Wirick S., Zhang H. Illumination for coherent soft X-ray applications: the new X1A beamline at the NSLS. Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 2000, 7:395-404.
98. Wirth R. Focused ion beam (FIB): a novel technology for advanced application of micro-and nanoanalysis in geosciences and applied mineralogy. European Journal Mineralogy 2004, 16:863-876.
99. Wirth R. Focused ion beam (FIB) combined with SEM and TEM: advanced analytical tools for studies of chemical composition, microstructure and crystal structure in geomaterials on a nanometre scale. Chemical Geology 2009, 261(3-4):217-229.
100. Zhou D., Metzler R.A., Tyliszczak T., Guo J.H., Abrecht M., Coppersmith S.N., Gilbert P.U.P.A. Assignment of polarization-dependent peaks in carbon K-edge spectra from biogenic and geologic aragonite. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 2008, 112(41):13128-13135.
101. h (octahedral) symmetry. Physical Review B 1990, 41(2):928-937.