Therapeutic use of recombinant methionyl human leptin

Biochimie

Volumn 94, Issue 10, 2012, Pages 2116-2125

  Vatier, Camille ^a   Gautier, Jean François ^b,c   Vigouroux, Corinne ^a,d,e  

^a CENTRE DE RECHERCHE SAINT ANTOINE   (France)

^b CENTRE DE RECHERCHE DES CORDELIERS   (France)

^c SAINT LOUIS HOSPITAL   (France)

^d SORBONNE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^e HÔPITAL TENON   (France)

Author keywords

Leptin; Lipodystrophic syndromes; Obesity; R metHuLeptin; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; GLUCOSE; GONADOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROCORTISONE; INSULIN; LEPTIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LUTEINIZING HORMONE; METRELEPTIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PIOGLITAZONE; PLACEBO; PRAMLINTIDE; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 1; SOMATOMEDIN BINDING PROTEIN 2; SOMATOMEDIN C; STAVUDINE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; ZIDOVUDINE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DENSITY; CALORIC RESTRICTION; CD25+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD3+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONGENITAL GENERALIZED LIPODYSTROPHY; DEMENTIA; DEPRESSION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EVENING DOSAGE; FAMILIAL PARTIAL LIPODYSTROPHY; FOOD INTAKE; GENE MUTATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTOLOGY; HIV ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPOGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM; HYPOTHALAMIC AMENORRHEA; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS GONAD SYSTEM; IMMUNOMODULATION; IN VITRO STUDY; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INSULIN TREATMENT; LEPTIN DEFICIENCY; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPID STORAGE; LONG TERM CARE; LOW DRUG DOSE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; OSTEOPOROSIS; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PHASE 1 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PREGNANCY; PROGNOSIS; PUBERTY; RABSON MENDENHALL SYNDROME; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SATIETY; SIDE EFFECT; TH1 CELL; TH2 CELL; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS; HUMANS; LEPTIN; MUTATION; OBESITY;

EID: 84866054749     PISSN: 03009084     EISSN: 61831638     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.03.013     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J.M. Friedman Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue Nature 372 1994 425 432 (Pubitemid 24365442)
2. I.S. Farooqi, S.A. Jebb, G. Langmack, E. Lawrence, C.H. Cheetham, A.M. Prentice, I.A. Hughes, M.A. McCamish, and S. O'Rahilly Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency N. Engl. J. Med. 341 1999 879 884 (Pubitemid 29427050)
3. E.A. Oral, V. Simha, E. Ruiz, A. Andewelt, A. Premkumar, P. Snell, A.J. Wagner, A.M. DePaoli, M.L. Reitman, S.I. Taylor, P. Gorden, and A. Garg Leptin-replacement therapy for lipodystrophy N. Engl. J. Med. 346 2002 570 578 (Pubitemid 34438818)
4. S.B. Heymsfield, A.S. Greenberg, K. Fujioka, R.M. Dixon, R. Kushner, T. Hunt, J.A. Lubina, J. Patane, B. Self, P. Hunt, and M. McCamish Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial JAMA 282 1999 1568 1575 (Pubitemid 29504050)
5. C.T. Montague, I.S. Farooqi, J.P. Whitehead, M.A. Soos, H. Rau, N.J. Wareham, C.P. Sewter, J.E. Digby, S.N. Mohammed, J.A. Hurst, C.H. Cheetham, A.R. Earley, A.H. Barnett, J.B. Prins, and S. O'Rahilly Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans Nature 387 1997 903 908 (Pubitemid 27289591)
6. J.L. Halaas, K.S. Gajiwala, M. Maffei, S.L. Cohen, B.T. Chait, D. Rabinowitz, R.L. Lallone, S.K. Burley, and J.M. Friedman Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene Science 269 1995 543 546
7. M.A. Pelleymounter, M.J. Cullen, M.B. Baker, R. Hecht, D. Winters, T. Boone, and F. Collins Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice Science 269 1995 540 543
8. I.S. Farooqi Leptin and the onset of puberty: insights from rodent and human genetics Semin. Reprod. Med. 20 2002 139 144 (Pubitemid 34764278)
9. J. Licinio, S. Caglayan, M. Ozata, B.O. Yildiz, P.B. de Miranda, F. O'Kirwan, R. Whitby, L. Liang, P. Cohen, S. Bhasin, R.M. Krauss, J.D. Veldhuis, A.J. Wagner, A.M. DePaoli, S.M. McCann, and M.L. Wong Phenotypic effects of leptin replacement on morbid obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypogonadism, and behavior in leptin-deficient adults Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 2004 4531 4536 (Pubitemid 38437445)
10. G. Paz-Filho, M.L. Wong, and J. Licinio Ten years of leptin replacement therapy Obes. Rev. 12 2011 e315 323
11. V.P. Andreev, R.C. Dwivedi, G. Paz-Filho, O.V. Krokhin, M.L. Wong, J.A. Wilkins, and J. Licinio Dynamics of plasma proteome during leptin-replacement therapy in genetically based leptin deficiency Pharmacogenomics J. 11 2011 174 190
12. I.S. Farooqi, E. Bullmore, J. Keogh, J. Gillard, S. O'Rahilly, and P.C. Fletcher Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating behavior Science 317 2007 1355 (Pubitemid 47417470)
13. K. Baicy, E.D. London, J. Monterosso, M.L. Wong, T. Delibasi, A. Sharma, and J. Licinio Leptin replacement alters brain response to food cues in genetically leptin-deficient adults Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104 2007 18276 18279 (Pubitemid 350210857)
14. S. Frank, M. Heni, A. Moss, J. von Schnurbein, A. Fritsche, H.U. Haring, S. Farooqi, H. Preissl, and M. Wabitsch Leptin therapy in a congenital leptin-deficient patient leads to acute and long-term changes in homeostatic, reward, and food-related brain areas J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 2011 E1283 E1287
15. W.T. Gibson, I.S. Farooqi, M. Moreau, A.M. DePaoli, E. Lawrence, S. O'Rahilly, and R.A. Trussell Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 2004 4821 4826 (Pubitemid 39391413)
16. J.E. Galgani, F.L. Greenway, S. Caglayan, M.L. Wong, J. Licinio, and E. Ravussin Leptin replacement prevents weight loss-induced metabolic adaptation in congenital leptin-deficient patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95 2010 851 855
17. V.P. Andreev, G. Paz-Filho, M.L. Wong, and J. Licinio Deconvolution of insulin secretion, insulin hepatic extraction post-hepatic delivery rates and sensitivity during 24-hour standardized meals: time course of glucose homeostasis in leptin replacement treatment Horm. Metab. Res. 41 2009 142 151
18. G. Paz-Filho, K. Esposito, B. Hurwitz, A. Sharma, C. Dong, V. Andreev, T. Delibasi, H. Erol, A. Ayala, M.L. Wong, and J. Licinio Changes in insulin sensitivity during leptin replacement therapy in leptin-deficient patients Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 295 2008 E1401 E1408
19. C.S. Mantzoros, M. Ozata, A.B. Negrao, M.A. Suchard, M. Ziotopoulou, S. Caglayan, R.M. Elashoff, R.J. Cogswell, P. Negro, V. Liberty, M.L. Wong, J. Veldhuis, I.C. Ozdemir, P.W. Gold, J.S. Flier, and J. Licinio Synchronicity of frequently sampled thyrotropin (TSH) and leptin concentrations in healthy adults and leptin-deficient subjects: evidence for possible partial TSH regulation by leptin in humans J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 2001 3284 3291 (Pubitemid 32673499)
20. G. Paz-Filho, T. Delibasi, H.K. Erol, M.L. Wong, and J. Licinio Congenital leptin deficiency and thyroid function Thyroid Res. 2 2009 11
21. K. Hedbacker, K. Birsoy, R.W. Wysocki, E. Asilmaz, R.S. Ahima, I.S. Farooqi, and J.M. Friedman Antidiabetic effects of IGFBP2, a leptin-regulated gene Cell Metab. 11 2010 11 22
22. A. Garg Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 2011 3313 3325
23. C. Vigouroux, M. Caron-Debarle, C. Le Dour, J. Magre, and J. Capeau Molecular mechanisms of human lipodystrophies: from adipocyte lipid droplet to oxidative stress and lipotoxicity Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 43 2011 862 876
24. I. Shimomura, R.E. Hammer, S. Ikemoto, M.S. Brown, and J.L. Goldstein Leptin reverses insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus in mice with congenital lipodystrophy Nature 401 1999 73 76
25. C. Colombo, J.J. Cutson, T. Yamauchi, C. Vinson, T. Kadowaki, O. Gavrilova, and M.L. Reitman Transplantation of adipose tissue lacking leptin is unable to reverse the metabolic abnormalities associated with lipoatrophy Diabetes 51 2002 2727 2733 (Pubitemid 34970925)
26. K.F. Petersen, E.A. Oral, S. Dufour, D. Befroy, C. Ariyan, C. Yu, G.W. Cline, A.M. DePaoli, S.I. Taylor, P. Gorden, and G.I. Shulman Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy J. Clin. Invest. 109 2002 1345 1350 (Pubitemid 34546899)
27. V. Simha, L.S. Szczepaniak, A.J. Wagner, A.M. DePaoli, and A. Garg Effect of leptin replacement on intrahepatic and intramyocellular lipid content in patients with generalized lipodystrophy Diabetes Care 26 2003 30 35 (Pubitemid 36928991)
28. R.H. Unger, G.O. Clark, P.E. Scherer, and L. Orci Lipid homeostasis, lipotoxicity and the metabolic syndrome Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1801 2010 209 214
29. G.I. Shulman Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance J. Clin. Invest. 106 2000 171 176 (Pubitemid 30483118)
30. Y. Minokoshi, Y.B. Kim, O.D. Peroni, L.G. Fryer, C. Muller, D. Carling, and B.B. Kahn Leptin stimulates fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase Nature 415 2002 339 343 (Pubitemid 34087557)
31. A.Y. Chong, B.C. Lupsa, E.K. Cochran, and P. Gorden Efficacy of leptin therapy in the different forms of human lipodystrophy Diabetologia 53 2010 27 35
32. P. Cohen, and J.M. Friedman Leptin and the control of metabolism: role for stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) J. Nutr. 134 2004 2455S 2463S (Pubitemid 39201621)
33. W.A. Haque, I. Shimomura, Y. Matsuzawa, and A. Garg Serum adiponectin and leptin levels in patients with lipodystrophies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 2395
34. J.R. McDuffie, P.A. Riggs, K.A. Calis, R.J. Freedman, E.A. Oral, A.M. DePaoli, and J.A. Yanovski Effects of exogenous leptin on satiety and satiation in patients with lipodystrophy and leptin insufficiency J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 2004 4258 4263 (Pubitemid 39244422)
35. K. Ebihara, H. Masuzaki, and K. Nakao Long-term leptin-replacement therapy for lipoatrophic diabetes N. Engl. J. Med. 351 2004 615 616 (Pubitemid 39025183)
36. E.D. Javor, E.K. Cochran, C. Musso, J.R. Young, A.M. Depaoli, and P. Gorden Long-term efficacy of leptin replacement in patients with generalized lipodystrophy Diabetes 54 2005 1994 2002 (Pubitemid 40911261)
37. E.D. Javor, M.G. Ghany, E.K. Cochran, E.A. Oral, A.M. DePaoli, A. Premkumar, D.E. Kleiner, and P. Gorden Leptin reverses nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with severe lipodystrophy Hepatology 41 2005 753 760 (Pubitemid 40462937)
38. E.D. Javor, S.A. Moran, J.R. Young, E.K. Cochran, A.M. DePaoli, E.A. Oral, M.A. Turman, P.R. Blackett, D.B. Savage, S. O'Rahilly, J.E. Balow, and P. Gorden Proteinuric nephropathy in acquired and congenital generalized lipodystrophy: baseline characteristics and course during recombinant leptin therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 2004 3199 3207 (Pubitemid 38951884)
39. K. Ebihara, T. Kusakabe, M. Hirata, H. Masuzaki, F. Miyanaga, N. Kobayashi, T. Tanaka, H. Chusho, T. Miyazawa, T. Hayashi, K. Hosoda, Y. Ogawa, A.M. DePaoli, M. Fukushima, and K. Nakao Efficacy and safety of leptinreplacement therapy and possible mechanisms of leptin actions in patients with generalized lipodystrophy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 92 2007 532 541
40. J.A. Yiannias, D.J. DiCaudo, and E. Maskin Peripheral T-cell lymphoma presenting as lipoatrophy and nodules Int. J. Dermatol. 45 2006 1415 1419 (Pubitemid 44869746)
41. E.A. Oral, E.D. Javor, L. Ding, G. Uzel, E.K. Cochran, J.R. Young, A.M. DePaoli, S.M. Holland, and P. Gorden Leptin replacement therapy modulates circulating lymphocyte subsets and cytokine responsiveness in severe lipodystrophy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91 2006 621 628 (Pubitemid 43236934)
42. S.A. Moran, N. Patten, J.R. Young, E. Cochran, N. Sebring, J. Reynolds, A. Premkumar, A.M. Depaoli, M.C. Skarulis, E.A. Oral, and P. Gorden Changes in body composition in patients with severe lipodystrophy after leptin replacement therapy Metabolism 53 2004 513 519 (Pubitemid 38419197)
43. V. Simha, J.E. Zerwekh, K. Sakhaee, and A. Garg Effect of subcutaneous leptin replacement therapy on bone metabolism in patients with generalized lipodystrophy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 4942 4945 (Pubitemid 35316329)
44. E.A. Oral, E. Ruiz, A. Andewelt, N. Sebring, A.J. Wagner, A.M. Depaoli, and P. Gorden Effect of leptin replacement on pituitary hormone regulation in patients with severe lipodystrophy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 87 2002 3110 3117 (Pubitemid 34816352)
45. C. Musso, E. Cochran, E. Javor, J. Young, A.M. Depaoli, and P. Gorden The long-term effect of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy on hyperandrogenism and menstrual function in female and pituitary function in male and female hypoleptinemic lipodystrophic patients Metabolism 54 2005 255 263 (Pubitemid 40174856)
46. A.O. Lungu, E. Safar Zadeh, A. Goodling, E. Cochran, and P. Gorden Insulin resistance is a sufficient basis for hyperandrogenism in lipodystrophic women with polycystic ovarian syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2011
47. J. Beltrand, M. Beregszaszi, D. Chevenne, G. Sebag, M. De Kerdanet, F. Huet, M. Polak, N. Tubiana-Rufi, D. Lacombe, A.M. De Paoli, and C. Levy-Marchal Metabolic correction induced by leptin replacement treatment in young children with Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipoatrophy Pediatrics 120 2007 e291 296
48. J. Beltrand, N. Lahlou, T. Le Charpentier, G. Sebag, S. Leka, M. Polak, N. Tubiana-Rufi, D. Lacombe, M. de Kerdanet, F. Huet, J.J. Robert, D. Chevenne, P. Gressens, and C. Levy-Marchal Resistance to leptin-replacement therapy in Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy: an immunological origin Eur. J. Endocrinol. 162 2010 1083 1091
49. J.Y. Park, E.D. Javor, E.K. Cochran, A.M. DePaoli, and P. Gorden Long-term efficacy of leptin replacement in patients with Dunnigan-type familial partial lipodystrophy Metabolism 56 2007 508 516 (Pubitemid 46427848)
50. J.M. Guettier, J.Y. Park, E.K. Cochran, C. Poitou, A. Basdevant, M. Meier, K. Clement, J. Magre, and P. Gorden Leptin therapy for partial lipodystrophy linked to a PPAR-gamma mutation Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 68 2008 547 554 (Pubitemid 351388716)
51. J.Y. Park, A.Y. Chong, E.K. Cochran, D.E. Kleiner, M.J. Haller, D.A. Schatz, and P. Gorden Type 1 diabetes associated with acquired generalized lipodystrophy and insulin resistance: the effect of long-term leptin therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93 2008 26 31
52. E.A. Oral, and J.L. Chan Rationale for leptin-replacement therapy for severe lipodystrophy Endocr. Pract. 16 2010 324 333
53. D.B. Savage, and S. O'Rahilly Leptin therapy in lipodystrophy Diabetologia 53 2010 7 9
54. M. Caron-Debarle, C. Lagathu, F. Boccara, C. Vigouroux, and J. Capeau HIV-associated lipodystrophy: from fat injury to premature aging Trends Mol. Med. 16 2010 218 229
55. F. Villarroya, P. Domingo, and M. Giralt Drug-induced lipotoxicity: lipodystrophy associated with HIV-1 infection and antiretroviral treatment Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1801 2010 392 399
56. J.H. Lee, J.L. Chan, E. Sourlas, V. Raptopoulos, and C.S. Mantzoros Recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy in replacement doses improves insulin resistance and metabolic profile in patients with lipoatrophy and metabolic syndrome induced by the highly active antiretroviral therapy J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 91 2006 2605 2611 (Pubitemid 44024625)
57. K. Mulligan, H. Khatami, J.M. Schwarz, G.K. Sakkas, A.M. DePaoli, V.W. Tai, M.J. Wen, G.A. Lee, C. Grunfeld, and M. Schambelan The effects of recombinant human leptin on visceral fat, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated lipoatrophy and hypoleptinemia J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94 2009 1137 1144
58. F. Magkos, A. Brennan, L. Sweeney, E.S. Kang, J. Doweiko, A.W. Karchmer, and C.S. Mantzoros Leptin replacement improves postprandial glycemia and insulin sensitivity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected lipoatrophic men treated with pioglitazone: a pilot study Metabolism 60 2011 1045 1049
59. A.M. Brennan, J.H. Lee, S. Tsiodras, J.L. Chan, J. Doweiko, S.N. Chimienti, S.G. Wadhwa, A.W. Karchmer, and C.S. Mantzoros R-metHuLeptin improves highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced lipoatrophy and the metabolic syndrome, but not through altering circulating IGF and IGF-binding protein levels: observational and interventional studies in humans Eur. J. Endocrinol. 160 2009 173 176
60. C.K. Welt, J.L. Chan, J. Bullen, R. Murphy, P. Smith, A.M. DePaoli, A. Karalis, and C.S. Mantzoros Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea N. Engl. J. Med. 351 2004 987 997 (Pubitemid 39166262)
61. S.H. Chou, J.P. Chamberland, X. Liu, G. Matarese, C. Gao, R. Stefanakis, M.T. Brinkoetter, H. Gong, K. Arampatzi, and C.S. Mantzoros Leptin is an effective treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 108 2011 6585 6590
62. E. Sienkiewicz, F. Magkos, K.N. Aronis, M. Brinkoetter, J.P. Chamberland, S. Chou, K.M. Arampatzi, C. Gao, A. Koniaris, and C.S. Mantzoros Long-term metreleptin treatment increases bone mineral density and content at the lumbar spine of lean hypoleptinemic women Metabolism 60 2011 1211 1221
63. M.G. Myers, M.A. Cowley, and H. Munzberg Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance Annu. Rev. Physiol. 70 2008 537 556 (Pubitemid 351738191)
64. J.C. Won, P.G. Jang, C. Namkoong, E.H. Koh, S.K. Kim, J.Y. Park, K.U. Lee, and M.S. Kim Central administration of an endoplasmic reticulum stress inducer inhibits the anorexigenic effects of leptin and insulin Obesity 17 2009 1861 1865
65. H.S. Moon, G. Matarese, A.M. Brennan, J.P. Chamberland, X. Liu, C.G. Fiorenza, G.H. Mylvaganam, L. Abanni, F. Carbone, C.J. Williams, A.M. De Paoli, B.E. Schneider, and C.S. Mantzoros Efficacy of metreleptin in obese patients with type 2 diabetes: cellular and molecular pathways underlying leptin tolerance Diabetes 60 2011 1647 1656
66. L. Ozcan, A.S. Ergin, A. Lu, J. Chung, S. Sarkar, D. Nie, M.G. Myers Jr., and U. Ozcan Endoplasmic reticulum stress plays a central role in development of leptin resistance Cell Metab. 9 2009 35 51
67. J.D. Roth, B.L. Roland, R.L. Cole, J.L. Trevaskis, C. Weyer, J.E. Koda, C.M. Anderson, D.G. Parkes, and A.D. Baron Leptin responsiveness restored by amylin agonism in diet-induced obesity: evidence from nonclinical and clinical studies Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 2008 7257 7262 (Pubitemid 351754465)
68. E. Ravussin, S.R. Smith, J.A. Mitchell, R. Shringarpure, K. Shan, H. Maier, J.E. Koda, and C. Weyer Enhanced weight loss with pramlintide/ metreleptin: an integrated neurohormonal approach to obesity pharmacotherapy Obesity 17 2009 1736 1743
69. M. Rosenbaum, R. Goldsmith, D. Bloomfield, A. Magnano, L. Weimer, S. Heymsfield, D. Gallagher, L. Mayer, E. Murphy, and R.L. Leibel Low-dose leptin reverses skeletal muscle, autonomic, and neuroendocrine adaptations to maintenance of reduced weight J. Clin. Invest. 115 2005 3579 3586 (Pubitemid 43121846)
70. N. Chinookoswong, J.L. Wang, and Z.Q. Shi Leptin restores euglycemia and normalizes glucose turnover in insulin-deficient diabetes in the rat Diabetes 48 1999 1487 1492 (Pubitemid 29297316)
71. F. Miyanaga, Y. Ogawa, K. Ebihara, S. Hidaka, T. Tanaka, S. Hayashi, H. Masuzaki, and K. Nakao Leptin as an adjunct of insulin therapy in insulin-deficient diabetes Diabetologia 46 2003 1329 1337 (Pubitemid 37297202)
72. X. Yu, B.H. Park, M.Y. Wang, Z.V. Wang, and R.H. Unger Making insulin-deficient type 1 diabetic rodents thrive without insulin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105 2008 14070 14075
73. M.Y. Wang, L. Chen, G.O. Clark, Y. Lee, R.D. Stevens, O.R. Ilkayeva, B.R. Wenner, J.R. Bain, M.J. Charron, C.B. Newgard, and R.H. Unger Leptin therapy in insulin-deficient type I diabetes Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107 2010 4813 4819
74. A.J. Kruger, C. Yang, K.L. Lipson, S.C. Pino, J.H. Leif, C.M. Hogan, B.J. Whalen, D.L. Guberski, Y. Lee, R.H. Unger, D.L. Greiner, A.A. Rossini, and R. Bortell Leptin treatment confers clinical benefit at multiple stages of virally induced type 1 diabetes in BB rats Autoimmunity 44 2011 137 148
75. T. Kusakabe, H. Tanioka, K. Ebihara, M. Hirata, L. Miyamoto, F. Miyanaga, H. Hige, D. Aotani, T. Fujisawa, H. Masuzaki, K. Hosoda, and K. Nakao Beneficial effects of leptin on glycaemic and lipid control in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with increased adiposity induced by streptozotocin and a high-fat diet Diabetologia 52 2009 675 683
76. S.P. Kalra Central leptin gene therapy ameliorates diabetes type 1 and 2 through two independent hypothalamic relays; a benefit beyond weight and appetite regulation Peptides 30 2009 1957 1963
77. D. Accili, A. Cama, F. Barbetti, H. Kadowaki, T. Kadowaki, and S.I. Taylor Insulin resistance due to mutations of the insulin receptor gene: an overview J. Endocrinol. Invest. 15 1992 857 864 (Pubitemid 23060039)
78. E. Cochran, J.R. Young, N. Sebring, A. DePaoli, E.A. Oral, and P. Gorden Efficacy of recombinant methionyl human leptin therapy for the extreme insulin resistance of the Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 2004 1548 1554 (Pubitemid 38507901)
79. I.S. Farooqi, J.M. Keogh, S. Kamath, S. Jones, W.T. Gibson, R. Trussell, S.A. Jebb, G.Y. Lip, and S. O'Rahilly Partial leptin deficiency and human adiposity Nature 414 2001 34 35 (Pubitemid 33041612)
80. N. Yamada, G. Katsuura, Y. Ochi, K. Ebihara, T. Kusakabe, K. Hosoda, and K. Nakao Impaired CNS leptin action is implicated in depression associated with obesity Endocrinology 152 2011 2634 2643
81. G.E. Miller, K.E. Freedland, R.M. Carney, C.A. Stetler, and W.A. Banks Pathways linking depression, adiposity, and inflammatory markers in healthy young adults Brain Behav. Immun. 17 2003 276 285 (Pubitemid 36794148)
82. E.D. London, S.M. Berman, S. Chakrapani, T. Delibasi, J. Monterosso, H.K. Erol, G. Paz-Filho, M.L. Wong, and J. Licinio Short-term plasticity of gray matter associated with leptin deficiency and replacement J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96 2011 E1212 E1220
83. N. Tezapsidis, J.M. Johnston, M.A. Smith, J.W. Ashford, G. Casadesus, N.K. Robakis, B. Wolozin, G. Perry, X. Zhu, S.J. Greco, and S. Sarkar Leptin: a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease J. Alzheimers Dis. 16 2009 731 740
84. S.J. Greco, A. Hamzelou, J.M. Johnston, M.A. Smith, J.W. Ashford, and N. Tezapsidis Leptin boosts cellular metabolism by activating AMPK and the sirtuins to reduce tau phosphorylation and beta-amyloid in neurons Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 414 2011 170 174
85. T. Olsson, B. Nasman, S. Rasmuson, and B. Ahren Dual relation between leptin and cortisol in humans is disturbed in Alzheimer's disease Biol. Psychiatry 44 1998 374 376 (Pubitemid 28432651)
86. D.A. Power, J. Noel, R. Collins, and D. O'Neill Circulating leptin levels and weight loss in Alzheimer's disease patients Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord. 12 2001 167 170 (Pubitemid 32149724)
87. K.F. Holden, K. Lindquist, F.A. Tylavsky, C. Rosano, T.B. Harris, and K. Yaffe Serum leptin level and cognition in the elderly: findings from the Health ABC Study Neurobiol. Aging 30 2009 1483 1489
88. W. Lieb, A.S. Beiser, R.S. Vasan, Z.S. Tan, R. Au, T.B. Harris, R. Roubenoff, S. Auerbach, C. DeCarli, P.A. Wolf, and S. Seshadri Association of plasma leptin levels with incident Alzheimer disease and MRI measures of brain aging JAMA 302 2009 2565 2572
89. J.M. Johnston, S.J. Greco, A. Hamzelou, J.W. Ashford, and N. Tezapsidis Repositioning leptin as a therapy for Alzheimer's disease Therapy 8 2011 481 490