Nutritional Care for Aging Cats and Dogs

Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 769-791

  Laflamme, D P ^a  

^a NESTLÉ RESEARCH CENTER   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Cognitive dysfunction; Diet; Geriatrics; Nutritional evaluation; Obesity; Osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

CYCLOOXYGENASE 2 INHIBITOR; FISH OIL; MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITOR; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; NUTRACEUTICAL; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID;

AGED PET; AGING; ANIMAL CARE; ANIMAL HEALTH; BODY CONSTITUTION; BODY FAT; CAT; DIET; DIET THERAPY; DOG; ENERGY BALANCE; ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT; FEEDING; HEALTH STATUS; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LOW CALORY DIET; MUSCLE; MUSCLE ATROPHY; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PET ANIMAL; PHYSIOTHERAPY; PROTEIN CONTENT; REVIEW; WEIGHT CONTROL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

AGING; ANIMAL FEED; ANIMAL NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; ANIMALS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; COGNITION DISORDERS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS;

EID: 84862573785     PISSN: 01955616     EISSN: 18781306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.04.002     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Lund E.M., Armstrong P.J., Kirk C.A., et al. Health status and population characteristics of dogs and cats examined at private veterinary practices in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999, 214:1336-1341.
2. Laflamme D.P., Abood S.K., Fascetti A.J., et al. Pet feeding practices among dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008, 232:687-694.
3. Kraft W. Geriatrics in canine and feline internal medicine. Eur J Med Res 1998, 3:31-41.
4. Baldwin K., Bartges J., Buffington T., et al. AAHA Nutritional assessment guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2010, 46:285-296.
5. Freeman L., Becvarova I., Cave N., et al. WSAVA nutritional assessment guidelines. J Fel Med Surg 2011, 13:516-525.
6. Laflamme D.P. Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs: a clinical tool. Can Pract 1997, 22:10-15.
7. Laflamme D.P. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Fel Pract 1997, 25:13-18.
8. German A.J., Holden S.L., Moxham G.L., et al. A simple, reliable tool for owners to assess the body condition of their dog or cat. J Nutr 2006, 136:2031S-2033S.
9. Perez-Camargo G. Cat nutrition: what's new in the old?. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 2004, 26(Suppl 2A):5-10.
10. Michel K.E., Anderson W., Cupp C., et al. Correlation of a feline muscle mass score with body composition determined by DEXA. Br J Nutr 2011, 106:S57-S59.
11. Fujita S., Volpi E. Nutrition and sarcopenia of aging. Nutr Res Rev 2004, 17:69-76.
12. Cupp C.J., Kerr W.W. Effect of diet and body composition on life span in aging cats 2010, Proceedings of the Nestle Purina Companion Animal Nutrition Summit: focus on gerontology. Clearwater Beach (FL), March 26-27, 2010., Nestlé Purina PetCare, St Louis (MO).
13. Han S.S., Kim K.W., Kim K.I., et al. Lean mass index: a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in elderly Asians. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010, 58:312-317.
14. Freeman L.M., Abood S.K., Fascetti A.J., et al. Disease prevalence and use of therapeutic diets and dietary supplements among dog and cat owners. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 229:531-534.
15. Harper E.J. Changing perspectives on aging and energy requirements: aging and energy intakes in humans, dogs and cats. J Nutr 1998, 128:2623S-2626S.
16. Laflamme D.P., Martineau B., Jones W., et al. Effect of age on maintenance energy requirements and apparent digestibility of canine diets. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 2000, 22(Suppl 9A):113.
17. Bermingham E.N., Thomas D.G., Morris P.J., et al. Energy requirements of adult cats. Brit J Nutr 2010, 103:1083-1093.
18. Laflamme D.P., Ballam J.M. Effect of age on maintenance energy requirements of adult cats. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 2002, 24(Suppl 9A):82.
19. Cupp C., Perez-Camargo G., Patil A., et al. Long-term food consumption and body weight changes in a controlled population of geriatric cats. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 2004, 26(Suppl 2A):60.
20. Elia M. The inter-organ flux of substrates in fed and fasted man, an indicated by arteriovenous balance studies. Nutr Res Rev 1991, 4:3-31.
21. Kealy R.D. Factors influencing lean body mass in aging dogs. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 1999, 21(11K):34-37.
22. Hutchinson D., Freeman L.M., Schreiner K.E., et al. Survey of opinions about nutritional requirements of senior dogs and analysis of nutrient profiles of commercially available diets for senior dogs. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2011, 9:68-79.
23. Lund E.M., Armstrong P.J., Kirk C.A., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005, 3:88-96.
24. Lund E.M., Armstrong P.J., Kirk C.A., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2006, 4:177-186.
25. Finco D.R. Effects of dietary protein and phosphorus on the kidney of dogs. Proc Waltham/OSU Symposium 1992, 39-41. Kal Kan Foods, Inc., Vernon (CA).
26. Finco D.R., Brown S.A., Crowell W.A., et al. Effects of aging and dietary protein intake on uninephrectomized geriatric dogs. Am J Vet Res 1994, 55:1282-1290.
27. Bovee K.C. Mythology of protein restriction for dogs with reduced renal function. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 1999, 21(Suppl 11):15-20.
28. Laflamme D.P. Issues in pet food safety: dietary protein. Top Comp Anim Med 2008, 23:154-157.
29. Wannemacher R.W., McCoy J.R. Determination of optimal dietary protein requirements of young and old dogs. J Nutr 1966, 88:66-74.
30. Richardson A., Birchenall-Sparks M.C. Age-related changes in protein synthesis. Rev Biol Res Aging 1983, 1:255-273.
31. Williams D.A., Steiner J.M., Ruaux C.G. Older cats with gastrointestinal disease are more likely to be cobalamin deficient. Comp Cont Educ Small Anim Pract 2004, 26(Suppl 2A):62.
32. Simpson K.W., Fyfe J., Cornetta A., et al. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease. J Vet Intern Med 2001, 15:26-32.
33. Packer L., Landvik S. Vitamin E: introduction to biochemistry and health benefits. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1989, 570:1-6.
34. Freeman L.M., Rush J.E., Milbury P.E., et al. Antioxidant status and biomarkers of oxidative stress in dogs with congestive heart failure. J Vet Intern Med 2005, 19:537-541.
35. Yu S., Paetau-Robinson I. Dietary supplements of vitamins E and C and beta-carotene reduce oxidative stress in cats with renal insufficiency. Vet Res Commun 2006, 30:403-413.
36. Wedekind K.J., Zicker S., Lowry S., et al. Antioxidant status of adult beagles is affected by dietary antioxidant intake. J Nutr 2002, 132:1658S-1660S.
37. Brown S.A. Oxidative stress and chronic kidney disease. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 2008, 38:157-166.
38. Cupp C.J., Kerr W.W., Jean-Philippe C., et al. The role of nutritional interventions in the longevity and maintenance of long-term health in aging cats. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2008, 6:69-81.
39. Head E. Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurchem Res 2009, 34:670-678.
40. Jacob R.A., Burri B.J. Oxidative damage and defense. Am J Clin Nutr 1996, 63:985S-990S.
41. Afanas'ev I. ROS and RNS signaling in heart disorders: could antioxidant treatment be successful?. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2011, 2011:293769.
42. Neilson J.C., Hart B.L., Cliff K.D., et al. Prevalence of behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 218:1787-1791.
43. Heath S.E., Barabas S., Craze P.G. Nutritional supplementation in cases of canine cognitive dysfunction: a clinical trial. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007, 105:284-296.
44. Zakona G., Garcia-Belenguer S., Chacon G., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for behavioural changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in geriatric dogs. J Sm Anim Pract 2009, 50:87-91.
45. Landsberg G., Denenberg S., Araujo J. Cognitive dysfunction in cats: a syndrome we used to dismiss as 'old age'. J Fel Med Surg 2010, 12:837-848.
46. Gunn-Moore D. Cognitive dysfunction in cats: clinical assessment and management. Top Comp Anim Med 2011, 26:17-24.
47. Bain M.J., Hart B.L., Cliff K.D., et al. Predicting behavioral changes associated with age-related cognitive impairment in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001, 218:1792-1795.
48. Cummings B.J., Head E., Ruehl W., et al. The canine as an animal model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiol Aging 1996, 17:259-268.
49. Taha A.Y., Henderson S.T., Burnham W.M. Dietary enrichment with medium chain triglycerides (AC-1203) elevates polyunsaturated fatty acids in the parietal cortex of aged dogs: implications for treating age-related cognitive decline. Neurochem Res 2009, 34(9):1619-1625.
50. Pan Y., Larson B., Araujo J.A., et al. Dietary supplementation with medium-chain TAG has long-lasting cognition-enhancing effects in aged dogs. Br J Nutr 2010, 103:1746-1754.
51. Parihar M.S., Brewer G.J. Mitogenic failure in Alzheimer disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007, 292:C8-C23.
52. Head E. Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurochem Res 2009, 34:670-678.
53. Pop V., Head E., Hill M.A., et al. Synergistic effects of long-term antioxidant diet and behavioral enrichment on β-amyloid load and non-amyloidogenic processing in aged canines. J Neurosci 2010, 30:9831-9839.
54. Fahnestock M., Marchese M., Head E., et al. BDNF increases with behavioral enrichment and an antioxidant diet in aged dog. Neurobiol Aging 2012, 33(3):546-554.
55. Jiang L., Shi Y., Wang L., et al. The influence of orally administered docosahexaenoic acid on cognitive ability in aged mice. J Nutr Biochem 2009, 20:735-741.
56. Heinemann K.M., Bauer J.E. Docohexaenoic acid and neurological development in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006, 228:700-705.
57. Studzinski C.M., MacKay W.A., Beckett T.L., et al. Induction of ketosis may improve mitochondrial function and decrease steady-state amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) levels in the aged dog. Brain Res 2008, 1226:209-217.
58. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurosci 2003, 23:5928-5935.
59. Quistorff B., Secher N.H., Van Lieshout J.J. Lactate fuels the human brain during exercise. Fed Assoc Soc Exp Biol J 2008, 22:3443-3449.
60. Page K.A., Williamson A., Yu N., et al. Medium-chain fatty acids improve cognitive function in intensively treated type I diabetic patients and support in vitro synaptic transmission during acute hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2009, 58:1237-1244.
61. Reger M.A., Henderson S.T., Hale C., et al. Effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults. Neurobiol Aging 2004, 25:311-314.
62. Roush J.K., McLaughlin R.M., Radlinsky M.A. Understanding the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Vet Med 2002, 97:108-112.
63. Kerwin S.C. Osteoarthritis in cats. Top Comp Anim Med 2010, 25:218-232.
64. Johnston S.A. Osteoarthritis. Joint anatomy, physiology and pathobiology. Vet Clin North Am Sm Anim Pract 1997, 27(4):699-723.
65. Goranov N.V. Serum markers of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymatic defense, and collagen degradation in an experimental (Pond-Nuki) canine model of osteoarthritis. Vet Clin Pathol 2007, 36:192-195.
66. Maccoux L.J., Salway F., Day P.J.R., et al. Expression profiling of select cytokines in canine osteoarthritis tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007, 118:59-67.
67. Foye P.M., Stitik T.P., Chen B., et al. Osteoarthritis and body weight. Nutr Res 2000, 20:899-903.
68. Kealy R.D., Lawler D.F., Ballam J.M., et al. Effects of diet restriction on life span and age-related changes in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2002, 220:1315-1320.
69. Marshall W.G., Bockstahler B.A., Hulse D.A., et al. A review of osteoarthritis and obesity: current understanding of the relationship and benefit of obesity treatment and prevention in the dog. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2009, 22:339-345.
70. Scarlett J.M., Donoghue S. Associations between body condition and disease in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998, 212:1725-1731.
71. Rai M.F., Sandell L. Inflammatory mediators: tracing links between obesity and osteoarthritis. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Exp 2011, 21:131-142.
72. Fernandez-Sanchez A., Madrigal-Santillan E., Bautista M., et al. Inflammation, oxidative stress and obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2011, 12:3117-3132.
73. Marshall W.G., Hazewinkel H.A.W., Mullen D., et al. The effect of weight loss on lameness in obese dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Res Commun 2010, 34:241-253.
74. Impellizeri J.A., Tetrick M.A., Muir P. Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000, 216:1089-1091.
75. Millis D.L., Weigel J.P., Moyers T., et al. The effect of deracoxib, a new COX-2 inhibitor, on the prevention of lameness induced by chemical synovitis in dogs. Vet Ther 2002, 3:7-18.
76. Dionne R.A., Khan A.A., Gordon S.M. Analgesia and COX-2 inhibition. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001, 19(Suppl 25):S63-S70.
77. Holtzsinger R.N., Parker R.B., Beale B.S., et al. The therapeutic effect of carprofen (Rimadyl) in 209 clinical cases of canine degenerative joint disease. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 1992, 5:140-144.
78. Trumble T.N., Billinghurst R.C., McIlwraith C.W. Correlation of prostaglandin E2 concentrations in synovial fluid with ground reaction forces and clinical variables for pain or inflammation in dogs with osteoarthritis induced by transection of the cranial cruciate ligament. Am J Vet Res 2004, 65:1269-1275.
79. Burnett B.P., Bitto A., Altavilla D., et al. Flavocoxid inhibits phospholipase A2, peroxidase moieties of the cyclooxygenases (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase, modifies COX-2 gene expression, and acts as an antioxidant. Mediators Inflamm 2011, 2011:385780.
80. Laufer S. Role of eicosanoids in structural degradation in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003, 15:623-627.
81. Drevon C.A. Marine oils and their effects. Nutr Rev 1992, 50:38-45.
82. Schoenherr W.D., Jewell D.E. Nutritional modulation of inflammatory diseases. Semin Vet Med Surg (Sm Anim) 1997, 12:212-222.
83. LeBlanc C.J., Horohov D.W., Bauer J.E., et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil on in vivo production of inflammatory mediators in clinically normal dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008, 69:486-493.
84. Curtis C.L., Rees S.G., Little C.G., et al. Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n3 fatty acids. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1544-1553.
85. Richardson D.C., Schoenherr W.D., Zicker S.C. Nutritional management of osteoarthritis. Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 1997, 27:883-911.
86. Hurst S., Zainal Z., Caterson B., et al. Dietary fatty acids and arthritis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2010, 82:315-318.
87. Miller W.H., Scott D.W., Wellington J.R. Treatment of dogs with hip arthritis with a fatty acid supplement. Canine Pract 1992, 17:6-8.
88. Hansen R.A., Harris M.A., Pluhar E., et al. Fish oil decreases matrix metalloproteinases in knee synovial of dogs with inflammatory joint disease. J Nutr Biochem 2008, 19:101-108.
89. Fritsch D.A., Allen T.A., Dodd C.E., et al. A multicenter study of the effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on carprofen dosage in dogs with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010, 236:535-539.
90. Roush J.K., Cross A.R., Renberg W.C., et al. Evaluation of the effects of dietary supplementation with fish oil omega-3 fatty acids on weight bearing in dogs with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010, 236:67-73.
91. Moreau M., Troncy E., del Castillo J.R.E., et al. Feeding a high omega-3 fatty acids diet improves the pain-related disability in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. J Sm Anim Pract 2012, in press.
92. Lascelles B.D.X., DePuy V., Hansen T.B., et al. Evaluation of a therapeutic diet for feline digestive joint disease. J Vet Intern Med 2010, 24:487-495.
93. Sierra S., Lara-Villoslada F., Comalada M., et al. Dietary eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid equally incorporate as decosahexaenoic acid but differ in inflammatory effects. Nutrition 2008, 24:245-254.
94. Bauer J.E. Responses of dogs to dietary omega-3 fatty acids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007, 231:1657-1660.
95. Talahalli R.R., Vallikannan B., Sambaiah K., et al. Lower efficacy in the utilization of dietary ALA as compared to preformed DPA + DHA on long chain n3 PUFA levels in rats. Lipids 2010, 45:799-808.
96. Anderson M.A. Oral chondroprotective agents. Part I. Common compounds. Compendium 1999, 21:601-609.
97. Richy F., Bruyere O., Ethgen O., et al. Structural and symptomatic efficacy of glucosamine and chondroitin in knee osteoarthritis. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1514-1522.
98. Jerosch J. Effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on cartilage metabolism in OA: outlook on other nutrient partners especially omega-3 fatty acids. Int J Rheumatol 2011, 2011:969012.
99. Bucsi L., Poor G. Efficacy and tolerability of oral chondroitin sulfate as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for osteoarthritis (SYSADOA) in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1998, 6(3):31-36.
100. Michel B., Stucki G., Frey D., et al. Condroitins 4 and 6 sulphate in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:779-786.
101. Iovu M., Dumais G., duSouich P. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008, 16(Suppl 3):S14-S18.
102. Aragon C.L., Hofmeister E.H., Budsbuerg S.C. Systematic review of clinical trials of treatments for osteoarthritis in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2007, 230:514-521.
103. McCarthy G., O'Donovan J., Jones B., et al. Randomised double-blind, positive-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of glucosamine/chondroitin sulfate for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet J 2007, 174:54-61.
104. Gupta R.C., Canerdy T.D., Lindley J., et al. Comparative therapeutic efficacy and safety of type-II collagen (uc-II), glucosamine and chondroitin in arthritic dogs: pain evaluation by ground force plate. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2011, 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01166.x.
105. Moreau M., Dupuis J., Bonneau N.H., et al. Clinical evaluation of a powder of quality elk velvet antler for the treatment of osteoarthrosis in dogs. Can Vet J 2004, 45:133-139.
106. Bierer T.L., Bui L.M., et al. Improvement of arthritic signs in dogs fed green-lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). J Nutr 2002, 132:S1634-S1636.
107. Hielm-Bjorkman A., Tulamo R.M., Salonen H., et al. Evaluating complementary therapies for canine osteoarthritis. Part I: green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus). Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2009, 6(3):365-373.
108. Dobenecker B., Beetz Y., Kienzle E. A placebo-controlled double-blinded study on the effect of nutraceuticals (chondroitin sulfate and mussel extract) in dogs with joint diseases as perceived by their owners. J Nutr 2002, 132:1690S-1691S.
109. Maheu E., Mazières B., Valat J.P., et al. Symptomatic efficacy of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip. Arthritis Rheum 1998, 41:81-91.
110. Lippiello L., Nardo J.V., Harlan R., et al. Metabolic effects of avocado/soy unsaponifiables on articular chondrocytes. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2008, 5:191-197.
111. Boileau C., Martel-Pelletier J., Caron J., et al. Protective effects of total fraction of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on the structural changes in experimental dog osteoarthritis: inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-13. Arthritis Res Ther 2009, 11:R41.
112. Pavelka K., Coste P., Géher P., et al. Efficacy and safety of piascledine 300 versus chondroitin sulfate in a 6 months treatment plus 2 months observation in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Clin Rheumatol 2010, 29:659-670.
113. 2 levels in canine joint fluid. Tohoku J Exp Med 2007, 211:181-186.
114. Henrotin Y.E., Bruckner P., Pujol J.P.L. The role of reactive oxygen species in homeostasis and degradation of cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003, 11:747-755.
115. Yudoh K., van Trieu N., Nakamura H., et al. Potential involvement of oxidative stress in cartilage senescence and development of osteoarthritis: oxidative stress induces chondrocyte telomere instability and downregulation of chondrocyte function. Arthritis Res Ther 2005, 7:R380-R391.
116. Kurz B., Jost B., Schanke M. Dietary vitamins and selenium diminish the development of mechanically induced osteoarthritis and increase the expression of antioxidative enzymes in the knee joint of STR/1N mice. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2002, 10:119-126.
117. Canter P.H., Wider B., Ernst E. The antioxidant vitamins A, C, E and selenium in the treatment of arthritis: a systemic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology 2007, 46:1223-1233.
118. Firuzi O., Miri R., Tavakkoli M., et al. Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects. Curr Med Chem 2011, 18:3871-3888.
119. Peregoy J., Wilder F.V. The effects of vitamin C supplementation on incident and progressive knee osteoarthritis: a longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr 2011, 14:709-715.
120. Pelletier J., Jovanovic D., Fernandes J.C., et al. Reduction in the structural changes of experimental osteoarthritis by a nitric oxide inhibitor. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 1999, 7:416-418.
121. Calamia V., Ruiz-Romero C., Rocha B., et al. Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2010, 12:R138.
122. Li Z.H., Zhao W.H., Zhou Q.L. Experimental study of velvet antler polypeptides against oxidative damage of osteoarthritis cartilage cells. Zhongguo Gu Shang 2011, 24:245-248.
123. Kremer J.M., Bigaouette J. Nutrient intake of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is deficient in pyridoxine, zinc, copper, and magnesium. J Rheumatol 1996, 23(6):990-994.
124. Stone J., Doube A., Dudson D., et al. Inadequate calcium, folic acid, vitamin E, zinc, and selenium intake in rheumatoid arthritis patients: results of a dietary survey. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1998, 27:180-185.
125. McGreevy P.D., Thomson P.C., Price C., et al. Prevalence of obesity in dogs examined by Australian veterinary practices and the risk factors involved. Vet Rec 2005, 156:695-702.
126. Colliard L, Ancel J, Benet JJ, et al. Risk factors for obesity in dogs in France. 2006;136:1951S-4S.
127. Colliard L., Paragon B.M., Lemuet B., et al. Prevalence and risk factors of obesity in an urban population of healthy cats. J Fel Med Surg 2009, 11:135-140.
128. Courcier E.A., O'Higgins R., Mellor D.J., et al. Prevalence and risk factors for feline obesity in a first opinion practice in Glasgow, Scotland. J Fel Med Surg 2010, 12:746-753.
129. Courcier E.A., Thomson R.M., Mellor D.J., et al. An epidemiological study of environmental factors associated with canine obesity. J Sm Anim Pract 2010, 51:362-367.
130. German A.J. The growing problem of obesity in dogs and cats. J Nutr 2006, 136:1940S-1946S.
131. Montoya J.A., Morris P.J., Bautista I., et al. Hypertension: a risk factor associated with weight status in dogs. J Nutr 2006, 136:2011S-2013S.
132. Back J.F., Rozanski E.A., Bedenice D., et al. Association of expiratory airway dysfunction with marked obesity in healthy adult dogs. Am J Vet Res 2007, 68:670-675.
133. Lawler D.F., Larson B.T., Ballam J.M., et al. Diet restriction and aging in the dog: major observations over two decades. Br J Nutr 2008, 99:793-805.
134. Bouthegourd J.C., Kelly M., Clety N., et al. Effects of weight loss on heart rate normalization and increase in spontaneous activity in moderately exercised overweight dogs. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2009, 7:153-164.
135. Gayet C., Leray V., Saito M., et al. The effects of obesity-associated insulin resistance on mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ target genes, in dogs. Br J Nutr 2007, 98:497-503.
136. Eirmann L.A., Freeman L.M., Laflamme D.P., et al. Comparison of adipokine concentrations and markers of inflammation in obese versus lean dogs. Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 2009, 7:196-205.
137. German A.J., Hervera M., Hunter L., et al. Improvement in insulin resistance and reduction in plasma inflammatory adipokines after weight loss in obese dogs. Dom Anim Endocrinol 2009, 37:214-226.
138. Radin M.J., Sharkey L.C., Holycross B.J. Adipokines: a review of biological and analytical principles and an update in dogs, cats and horses. Vet Clin Pathol 2009, 38:136-156.
139. Wakshlag J.J., Struble A.M., Levine C.B., et al. The effects of weight loss on adipokines and markers of inflammation in dogs. Br J Nutr 2011, 106:11-14S.
140. Root M.V., Johnston S.D., Olson P.N. Effect of prepuberal and postpuberal gonadectomy on heat production measured by indirect calorimetry in male and female domestic cats. Am J Vet Res 1996, 57:371-374.
141. Nguyen P.G., Dumon H.J., Siliart B.S., et al. Effects of dietary fat and energy on body weight and composition after gonadectomy in cats. Am J Vet Res 2004, 65:1708-1713.
142. Backus R.C., Cave N.J., Keisler D.H. Gonadectomy and high fat diet but not high dietary carbohydrate induce gains in body weight and fat of domestic cats. Br J Nutr 2007, 98:641-650.
143. Belsito K.R., Vester B.M., Keel T., et al. Impact of ovariohysterectomy and food intake on body composition, physical activity, and adipose gene expression in cats. J Anim Sci 2009, 87:594-602.
144. Heuberger R., Wakshlag J.J. The relationship of feeding pattern and obesity in dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011, 95(1):98-105.
145. Bjornvad C.R., Nielsen D.H., Armstrong P.J., et al. Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats. Am J Vet Res 2011, 72:433-437.
146. German A.J., Morgan L.E. How often do veterinarians assess the bodyweight and body condition of dogs?. Vet Rec 2008, 163:503-505.
147. Laflamme D.P., Kuhlman G., Lawler D.F. Evaluation of weight loss protocols for dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 1997, 33:253-259.
148. Wakshlag J.J., Struble A.M., Warren B., et al. Physical activity and body size influence weight loss during a weight reduction protocol. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011, in press.
149. Laflamme D.P., Kuhlman G. The effect of weight loss regimen on subsequent weight maintenance in dogs. Nutr Res 1995, 15:1019-1028.
150. Rosenbaum M., Hirsch J., Gallagher D.A., et al. Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 88:906-912.
151. Villaverde C., Ramsey J.J., Green A.S., et al. Energy restriction results in mass-adjusted decrease in energy expenditure in cats that is maintained after weight regain. J Nutr 2008, 138:856-860.
152. Bosy-Westphal A., Kossel E., Goele K., et al. Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss-associated decline in resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:993-1001.
153. Diez M., Nguyen P., Jeusette I., et al. Weight loss in obese dogs: evaluation of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. J Nutr 2002, 132:1685-1687S.
154. Bierer T.L., Bui L.M. High-protein low-carbohydrate diets enhance weight loss in dogs. J Nutr 2004, 134:2087S-2089S.
155. Laflamme D.P., Hannah S.S. Increased dietary protein promotes fat loss and reduces loss of lean body mass during weight loss in cats. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005, 3:62-68.
156. Paddon-Jones D., Westman E., Mattes R.D., et al. Protein, weight management, and satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:1558S-1561S.
157. Vasconcellos R.S., Borges N.C., Goncalves K.N.V., et al. Protein intake during weight loss influences the energy required for weight loss and maintenance in cats. J Nutr 2009, 139:855-860.
158. Wei A., Fascetti A.J., Liu K.J., et al. Influence of a high-protein diet on energy balance in obese cats allowed ad libitum access to food. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011, 95(3):359-367.
159. Jackson J.R., Laflamme D.P., Owens S.F. Effects of dietary fiber content on satiety in dogs. Vet Clin Nutr 1997, 4:130-134.
160. Jewell D.E., Toll P.W., Novotny B.J. Satiety reduced adiposity in dogs. Vet Ther 2000, 1:17-23.
161. Bosch G., Verbrugghe A., Hesta M., et al. The effects of dietary fibre type on satiety-related hormones and voluntary food intake in dogs. Br J Nutr 2009, 102:318-325.
162. Weber M., Bissot T., Servet E., et al. A high-protein, high-fiber diet designed for weight loss improves satiety in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21:1203-1208.
163. Morris P.J., Calvert E.L., Holmes K.L., et al. Energy intake in cats as affected by alterations in diet energy density. J Nutr 2006, 136:2072S-2074S.
164. Pan Y. Use of soy isoflavones for weight management in spayed/neutered dogs. FASEB J 2006, 20:A854-A855.
165. Cave N.J., Backus R.C., Marks S.L., et al. Oestradiol, but not genistein, inhibits the rise in food intake following gonadectomy in cats, but genistein is associated with an increase in lean body mass. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2007, 91L400-10.
166. Pan Y., Tavazzi I., Oberson J.M., et al. Effect of isoflavones, conjugated linoleic acid, and L-carnitine on weight loss and oxidative stress in overweight dogs. Comp Cont Educ Vet 2008, 30(3A):69.
167. Center S.A., Harte J., Watrous D., et al. The clinical and metabolic effects of rapid weight loss in obese pet cats and the influence of supplemental oral L-carnitine. J Vet Intern Med 2000, 14:598-608.
168. Umeda T., Bauer J.E., Otsuji K. Weight loss effect of dietary diacylglycerol in obese dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2006, 90:208-215.
169. Bauer J.E., Nagaoka D., Porterpan B., et al. Postprandial lipolytic activities, lipids, and carbohydrate metabolism are altered in dogs fed diacylglycerol meals containing high- and low-glycemic index starches. J Nutr 2006, 136:1955S-1957S.
170. Dyck D.J. Dietary fat intake, supplements, and weight loss. Can J Appl Physiol 2000, 25:495-523.
171. Brandsch C., Eder K. Effect of L-carnitine on weight loss and body composition of rats fed a hypocaloric diet. Ann Nutr Metab 2002, 46:205-210.
172. Melton S.A., Keenan M.J., Stanciu C.E., et al. L-carnitine supplementation does not promote weight loss in ovariectomized rats despite endurance exercise. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005, 75:156-160.
173. Yaissle J.E., Holloway C., Buffington C.A.T. Evaluation of owner education as a component of obesity treatment programs for dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004, 224:1932-1935.
174. German A.J., Holden S.L., Bissot T., et al. Dietary energy restriction and successful weight loss in obese client-owned dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2007, 21:1174-1180.
175. Wadden T.A., West D.S., Neiberg R., et al. One-year weight losses in the look AHEAD study: factors associated with success. Obesity 2009, 17:713-722.
176. Garaulet M., Perez de Heredia F. Behavioural therapy in the treatment of obesity (I): new directions for clinical practice. Nutr Hosp 2009, 24:629-639.
177. Rohlf V.I., Toukhsati S., Coleman G.J., et al. Dog obesity: can dog caregivers' (owners') feeding and exercise intentions and behaviours be predicted from attitudes?. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2010, 13(3):213-236.
178. Jackson M., Ballam J.M., Laflamme D.P. Client perceptions and canine weight loss. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 2001, 23(9a):90.
179. Bland I.M., Guthrie-Jones A., Taylor R.D., et al. Dog obesity: veterinary practices' and owners' opinions on cause and management. Prev Vet Med 2010, 94:310-315.
180. German A.J., Holden S.L., Mason S.L., et al. Imprecision when using measuring cups to weigh out extruded dry kibbled food. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011, 95(3):368-373.
181. Stoa Luedtke E., Schmidt C., Laflamme D. The effect of food bowl size on the amount of food fed to cats. Proc Am Assoc Vet Nutr Annual Symposium 2011 2011, 8. Royal Canin, St Charles (MO), June 15.
182. Murphy M., Lusby A.L., Bartges J.W., et al. Size of food bowl and scoop affects amount of food owners feed their dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2012, 96(2):237-241.
183. Gossellin J., McKelvie J., Sherington J., et al. An evaluation of dirlotapide to reduce body weight of client-owned dogs in two placebo-controlled clinical studies in Europe. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007, 30(Suppl 1):73-80.
184. Wren J.A., Ramudo A.A., Campbell S.L., et al. Efficacy and safety of dirlotapide in the management of obese dogs evaluated in two placebo-controlled, masked clinical studies in North America. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2007, 30(Suppl 1):81-89.
185. Dobenecker B., De Bock M., Engelen M., et al. Effect of mitratapide on body composition, body measurements and glucose tolerance in obese beagles. Vet Res Commun 2009, 33(8):839-847.