Inflammatory mediators: Tracing links between obesity and osteoarthritis

Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 131-142

  Rai, Muhammad Farooq ^a   Sandell, Linda J ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adipokines; Cartilage; Cytokines; Inflammation; Obesity; Osteoarthritis

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE; ADIPONECTIN; APELIN; CHEMOKINE; COLLAGENASE 3; CYTOKINE; GELATINASE B; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; LEPTIN; NICOTINAMIDE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; RESISTIN; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; AGED; BIOMECHANICS; DISABILITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; FEMUR; FINGER; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MECHANICAL STRESS; MEDIATOR RELEASE; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TIBIA;

EID: 80755136757     PISSN: 10454403     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukarGeneExpr.v21.i2.30     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Arden N, Nevitt MC. Osteoarthritis: epidemiology. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2006;20(1):3-25.
2. Dillon CF, Rasch EK, Gu Q, Hirsch R. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in the United States: arthritis data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1991-94. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(11):2271-9.
3. Fukui N, Zhu Y, Maloney WJ, Clohisy J, Sandell LJ. Stimulation of BMP-2 expression by pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 and TNF-{alpha} in normal and osteoarthritic chondrocytes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(Suppl 3):59-66.
4. Goldring MB, Goldring SR. Osteoarthritis. J Cell Physiol. 2007;213(3):626-34.
5. Goldring M, Sandell LJ. Transcriptional control of chondrocyte gene expression. In: Buckwalter J, Lotz M, Stotlz JF, ed. Osteoarthritis, inflammatin and degradation: a continuum. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press; 2007. p. 118-42.
6. Loeser RF. Age-related changes in the musculoskeletal system and the development of osteoarthritis. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010;26(3):371-86.
7. Hart DJ, Spector TD. The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford Study. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(2):331-5.
8. Buckwalter JA, Brown TD. Joint injury, repair, and remodeling: roles in post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(423):7-16.
9. Cicuttini FM, Baker JR, Spector TD. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women: a twin study. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(7):1221-6.
10. Anderson JJ, Felson DT. Factors associated with osteoarthritis of the knee in the first national Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I). Evidence for an association with overweight, race, and physical demands of work. Am J Epidemiol. 1988;128(1):179-89.
11. Fletcher E, Lewis-Faning E. Chronic rheumatic diseases: with special reference to chronic arthritis a survey based on 1,000 cases. Postgrad Med J. 1945;21(230):1-13.
12. Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM. Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I). Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1990;20(3 Suppl 1):34-41.
13. Hochberg MC, Lethbridge-Cejku M, Scott WW Jr, Reichle R, Plato CC, Tobin JD. The association of body weight, body fatness and body fat distribution with osteoarthritis of the knee: data from the Baltimore Longitu dinal Study of Aging. J Rheumatol. 1995;22(3):488-93.
14. Manninen P, Riihimaki H, Heliovaara M, Makela P. Overweight, gender and knee osteoarthritis. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1996;20(6):595-7.
15. Englund M, Lohmander LS. Risk factors for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis fifteen to twenty-two years after meniscectomy. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(9):2811-9.
16. Cooper C, Snow S, McAlindon TE, Kellingray S, Stuart B, Coggon D, Dieppe PA. Risk factors for the incidence and progression of radiographic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43(5):995-1000.
17. Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1992;116(7):535-9.
18. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Loeser RF. Inflammatory biomarkers and physical function in older, obese adults with knee pain and self-reported osteoarthritis after intensive weight-loss therapy. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(4):644-51.
19. Powell A, Teichtahl AJ, Wluka AE, Cicuttini FM. Obesity: a preventable risk factor for large joint osteoarthritis which may act through biomechanical factors. Br J Sports Med. 2005;39(1):4-5.
20. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA. 2002;288(14):1723-7.
21. Tilg H, Moschen AR. Adipocytokines: mediators linking adipose tissue, inflammation and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(10):772-83.
22. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999;282(16):1523-9.
23. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(17):1625-38.
24. Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Naimark A, Walker AM, Meenan RF. Obesity and knee osteoarthritis. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988;109(1):18-24.
25. Christensen R, Bartels EM, Astrup A, Bliddal H. Effect of weight reduction in obese patients diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(4):433-9.
26. Richette P, Poitou C, Garnero P, Vicaut E, Bouillot JL, Lacorte JM, Basdevant A, Clément K, Bardin T, Chevalier X. Benefits of massive weight loss on symptoms, systemic inflammation and cartilage turnover in obese patients with knee osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(1):139-44.
27. Carman WJ, Sowers M, Hawthorne VM, Weissfeld LA. Obesity as a risk factor for osteoarthritis of the hand and wrist: a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;139(2):119-29.
28. Pottie P, Presle N, Terlain B, Netter P, Mainard D, Berenbaum F. Obesity and osteoarthritis: more complex than predicted! Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(11):1403-5.
29. Pudel V, Ellrott T. [Social and political aspects of adiposis]. Chirurg. 2005;76(7):639-46.
30. Hauner H. The new concept of adipose tissue function. Physiol Behav. 2004;83(4):653-8.
31. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2548-56.
32. Gabay O, Hall DJ, Berenbaum F, Henrotin Y, Sanchez C. Osteoarthritis and obesity: experimental models. Joint Bone Spine. 2008;75(6):675-9.
33. Bastard JP, Jardel C, Bruckert E, Blondy P, Capeau J, Laville M, Vidal H, Hainque B. Elevated levels of interleukin 6 are reduced in serum and subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(9):3338-42.
34. Festa A, D'Agostino R Jr, Williams K, Karter AJ, Mayer- Davis EJ, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1407-15.
35. Cancello R, Clement K. Is obesity an inflammatory illness? Role of low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in human white adipose tissue. BJOG. 2006;113(10):1141-7.
36. Sharma L, Chang A. Overweight: advancing our understanding of its impact on the knee and the hip. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(2):141-2.
37. Sowers MF, Yosef M, Jamadar D, Jacobson J, Karvonen- Gutierrez C, Jaffe M. BMI vs. body composition and radiographically defined osteoarthritis of the knee in women: a 4-year follow-up study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(3):367-72.
38. Muthuri SG, Hui M, Doherty M, Zhang W. What if we prevent obesity? Risk reduction in knee osteoarthritis estimated through a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 Mar 18. doi: 10.1002/acr.20464. [Epub ahead of print]
39. Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Cirillo PA, Reed JI, Walker AM. Body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Epidemiology. 1999;10(2):161-6.
40. Slemenda C, Heilman DK, Brandt KD, Katz BP, Mazzuca SA, Braunstein EM, Byrd D. Reduced quadriceps strength relative to body weight: a risk factor for knee osteoarthritis in women? Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41(11):1951-9.
41. Felson DT, Goggins J, Niu J, Zhang Y, Hunter DJ. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(12):3904-9.
42. Creamer P, Hochberg MC. Osteoarthritis. Lancet. 1997;350(9076):503-8.
43. Brooks P. Inflammation as an important feature of osteo arthritis. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(9):689-90.
44. Ehrlich GE. The rise of osteoarthritis. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(9):630.
45. Garnero P, Delmas PD. Biomarkers in osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2003;15(5):641-6.
46. Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammation, stress, and diabetes. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(5):1111-9.
47. Gnacinska M, Malgorzewicz S, Stojek M, Lysiak-Szydlowska W, Sworczak K. Role of adipokines in complications related to obesity: a review. Adv Med Sci. 2009;54(2):150-7.
48. Frayn KN, Karpe F, Fielding BA, Macdonald IA, Coppack SW. Integrative physiology of human adipose tissue. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(8):875-88.
49. Cheverud JM, Pletscher LS, Vaughn TT, Marshall B. Differential response to dietary fat in large (LG/J) and small (SM/J) inbred mouse strains. Physiol Genomics. 199;1(1):33-9.
50. Klein-Wieringa IR, Kloppenburg M, Bastiaansen-Jenniskens YM, Yusuf E, Kwekkeboom JC, El-Bannoudi H, Nelissen RG, Zuurmond A, Stojanovic-Susulic V, Van Osch GJ, Toes RE, Ioan-Facsinay A. The infrapatellar fat pad of patients with osteoarthritis has an inflammatory phenotype. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(5):851-7.
51. Distel E, Cadoudal T, Durant S, Poignard A, Chevalier X, Benelli C. The infrapatellar fat pad in knee osteoarthritis: an important source of interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(11):3374-7.
52. Presle N, Pottie P, Dumond H, Guillaume C, Lapicque F, Pallu S, Mainard D, Netter P, Terlain B. Differential distribution of adipokines between serum and synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis. Contribution of joint tissues to their articular production. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006;14(7):690-5.
53. Buchholz AL, Niesen MC, Gausden EB, Sterken DG, Hetzel SJ, Baum SZ, Squire MW, Kaplan LD. Metabolic activity of osteoarthritic knees correlates with BMI. Knee. 2010;17(2):161-6.
54. Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM. Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee - evidence from the national-health-and-nutrition-examination-survey (NHANES I). Semin Arthritis Rheu. 1990;20(3):34-41.
55. Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM. The role of metabolic factors and blood pressure in the association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the knee. J Rheumatol. 1988;15(12):1827-32.
56. Zhang Y, Proenca R, Maffei M, Barone M, Leopold L, Friedman JM. Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue. Nature. 1994;372(6505):425-32.
57. Green ED, Maffei M, Braden VV, Proenca R, DeSilva U, Zhang Y, Chua SC Jr, Leibel RL, Weissenbach J, The human obese (OB) gene: RNA expression pattern and mapping on the physical, cytogenetic, and genetic maps of chromosome 7. Genome Res. 1995;5(1):5-12.
58. Halaas JL, Gajiwala KS, Maffei M, Cohen SL, Chait BT, Rabinowitz D, Lallone RL, Burley SK, Friedman JM. Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. Science. 1995;269(5223):543-6.
59. Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998;395(6704):763-70.
60. Friedman JM. The alphabet of weight control. Nature. 1997;385(6612):119-20.
61. Lonnqvist F, Nordfors L, Schalling M. Leptin and its potential role in human obesity. J Intern Med. 1999;245(6):643-52.
62. Al-Daghri N, Bartlett WA, Jones AF, Kumar S. Role of leptin in glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2002;4(3):147-55.
63. Carlsson B, Lindell K, Gabrielsson B, Karlsson C, Bjarnason R, Westphal O, Karlsson U, Sjöström L, Carlsson LM. Obese (ob) gene defects are rare in human obesity. Obes Res. 1997;5(1):30-5.
64. Howard JK, Cave BJ, Oksanen LJ, Tzameli I, Bjorbaek C, Flier JS. Enhanced leptin sensitivity and attenuation of diet-induced obesity in mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs3. Nat Med. 2004;10(7):734-8.
65. Vuolteenaho K, Koskinen A, Kukkonen M, Nieminen R, Paivarinta U, Moilanen T, Moilanen E. Leptin enhances synthesis of proinflammatory mediators in human osteoarthritic cartilage--mediator role of NO in leptin-induced PGE2, IL-6, and IL-8 production. Mediators Inflamm. 2009;2009:345-838.
66. Iliopoulos D, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Epigenetic regulation of leptin affects MMP-13 expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes: possible molecular target for osteoarthritis therapeutic intervention. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(12):1616-21.
67. Dumond H, Presle N, Terlain B, Mainard D, Loeuille D, Netter P, Pottie P. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(11):3118-29.
68. Otero M, Gomez Reino JJ, Gualillo O. Synergistic induction of nitric oxide synthase type II: in vitro effect of leptin and interferon-gamma in human chondrocytes and ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(2):404-9.
69. Griffin TM, Huebner JL, Kraus VB, Guilak F. Extreme obesity due to impaired leptin signaling in mice does not cause knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2935-44.
70. Sandell LJ. Obesity and osteoarthritis: is leptin the link? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(10):2858-60.
71. Nemet D, Wang P, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Tanaka S, Engelman L, Cooper DM. Adipocytokines, body composition, and fitness in children. Pediatr Res. 2003;53(1):148-52.
72. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, Takahashi M, Maeda K, Mi yagawa J, Hotta K, Shimomura I, Nakamura T, Miyaoka K, Kuriyama H, Nishida M, Yamashita S, Okubo K, Matsubara K, Muraguchi M, Ohmoto Y, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999;257(1):79-83.
73. Laurberg TB, Frystyk J, Ellingsen T, Hansen IT, Jorgensen A, Tarp U, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Hornung N, Poulsen JH, Flyvbjerg A, Stengaard-Pedersen K. Plasma adiponectin in patients with active, early, and chronic rheumatoid arthritis who are steroid- and disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-naive compared with patients with osteoarthritis and controls. J Rheumatol. 2009;36(9):1885-91.
74. Filková M, Lisková M, Hulejová H, Haluzík M, Gatterová J, Pavelková A, Pavelka K, Gay S, Müller-Ladner U, Senolt L. Increased serum adiponectin levels in female patients with erosive compared with non-erosive osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(2):295-6.
75. Schäffler A, Ehling A, Neumann E, Herfarth H, Tarner I, Schölmerich J, Müller-Ladner U, Gay S. Adipocytokines in synovial fluid. JAMA. 2003;290(13):1709-10.
76. Kang EH, Lee YJ, Kim TK, Chang CB, Chung JH, Shin K, Lee EY, Lee EB, Song YW. Adiponectin is a potential catabolic mediator in osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12(6):R231.
77. Steppan CM, Bailey ST, Bhat S, Brown EJ, Banerjee RR, Wright CM, Patel HR, Ahima RS, Lazar MA. The hormone resistin links obesity to diabetes. Nature. 2001;409(6818):307-12.
78. Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-9; quiz 20.
79. Reilly MP, Lehrke M, Wolfe ML, Rohatgi A, Lazar MA, Rader DJ. Resistin is an inflammatory marker of atherosclerosis in humans. Circulation. 2005;111(7):932-9.
80. Senolt L, Housa D, Vernerova Z, Jirasek T, Svobodova R, Veigl D, Anderlová K, Müller-Ladner U, Pavelka K, Haluzík M. Resistin in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue, synovial fluid and serum. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(4):458-63.
81. Zhang Z, Xing X, Hensley G, Chang LW, Liao W, Abu- Amer Y, Sandell LJ. Resistin induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human articular chondrocytes via transcription and messenger RNA stabilization. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(7):1993-2003.
82. Bokarewa M, Nagaev I, Dahlberg L, Smith U, Tarkowski A. Resistin, an adipokine with potent proinflammatory properties. J Immunol. 2005;174(9):5789-95.
83. Luheshi GN, Gardner JD, Rushforth DA, Loudon AS, Rothwell NJ. Leptin actions on food intake and body temperature are mediated by IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96(12):7047-52.
84. Matsuki T, Horai R, Sudo K, Iwakura Y. IL-1 plays an important role in lipid metabolism by regulating insulin levels under physiological conditions. J Exp Med. 2003;198(6):877-88.
85. Jager J, Gremeaux T, Cormont M, Le Marchand-Brustel Y, Tanti JF. Interleukin-1beta-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes through down-regulation of insulin receptor substrate-1 expression. Endocrinology. 2007;148(1):241-51.
86. Smith MD, Triantafillou S, Parker A, Youssef PP, Coleman M. Synovial membrane inflammation and cytokine production in patients with early osteoarthritis. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(2):365-71.
87. Pelletier JP, McCollum R, Cloutier JM, Martel-Pelletier J. Synthesis of metalloproteases and interleukin 6 (IL- 6) in human osteoarthritic synovial membrane is an IL-1 mediated process. J Rheumatol Suppl. 1995;43:109-14.
88. Sandell LJ, Xing X, Franz C, Davies S, Chang LW, Patra D. Exuberant expression of chemokine genes by adult human articular chondrocytes in response to IL-1ß. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008;16(12):1560-71
89. Rai MF, Rachakonda PS, Manning K, Vorwerk B, Brunnberg L, Kohn B, Schmidt MF. Quantification of cytokines and inflammatory mediators in a three-dimensional model of inflammatory arthritis. Cytokine. 2008;42(1):8-17.
90. Martel-Pelletier J, Alaaeddine N, Pelletier JP. Cytokines and their role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Front Biosci. 1999;4:694-703.
91. Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, Atkinson RL, Spiegelman BM. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 1995;95(5):2409-15.
92. van de Loo FA, Joosten LA, van Lent PL, Arntz OJ, van den Berg WB. Role of interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6 in cartilage proteoglycan metabolism and destruction. Effect of in situ blocking in murine antigen- and zymosan-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(2):164-72.
93. Martel-Pelletier J. Proinflammatory mediators and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 1999;7(3):315-6.
94. Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR. Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors. Nature. 1986;319(6053):516-8.
95. Saklatvala J. Tumour necrosis factor alpha stimulates resorption and inhibits synthesis of proteoglycan in cartilage. Nature. 1986;322(6079):547-9.
96. Wallenius V, Wallenius K, Ahren B, Rudling M, Carlsten H, Dickson SL, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO. Interleukin- 6-deficient mice develop mature-onset obesity. Nat Med. 2002;8(1):75-9.
97. Lorenzo JA. The role of cytokines in the regulation of local bone resorption. Crit Rev Immunol. 1991;11(3- 4):195-213.
98. Poree B, Kypriotou M, Chadjichristos C, Beauchef G, Renard E, Legendre F, Melin M, Gueret S, Hartmann DJ, Malléin-Gerin F, Pujol JP, Boumediene K, Galéra P. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or soluble IL-6 receptor down-regulation of human type II collagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes requires a decrease of Sp1.Sp3 ratio and of the binding activity of both factors to the COL2A1 promoter. J Biol Chem. 2008;283(8):4850-65.
99. Nietfeld JJ, Wilbrink B, Helle M, van Roy JLAM, den Otter W, Swaak AJG, Huber-Bruning O. Interleukin- 1-induced interleukin-6 is required for the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis by interleukin-1 in human articular cartilage. Arthritis Rheum. 1990;33:1695-701.
100. Hedbom E, Hauselmann HJ. Molecular aspects of pathogenesis in osteoarthritis: the role of inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002;59(1):45-53.
101. Gerhardt CC, Romero IA, Cancello R, Camoin L, Strosberg AD. Chemokines control fat accumulation and leptin secretion by cultured human adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2001;175(1-2):81-92.
102. Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Regulation of interleukin 8 production and gene expression in human adipose tissue in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86(3):1267-73.
103. Bruun JM, Verdich C, Toubro S, Astrup A, Richelsen B. Association between measures of insulin sensitivity and circulating levels of interleukin-8, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Effect of weight loss in obese men. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;148(5):535-42.
104. Kaneko S, Satoh T, Chiba J, Ju C, Inoue K, Kagawa J. Interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels in serum and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. Cytokines Cell Mol Ther. 2000;6(2):71-9.
105. Elford PR, Cooper PH. Induction of neutrophil-mediated cartilage degradation by interleukin-8. Arthritis Rheum. 1991;34(3):325-32.
106. Moreau M, Brocheriou I, Petit L, Ninio E, Chapman MJ, Rouis M. Interleukin-8 mediates downregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in cholesterol-loaded human macrophages: relevance to stability of atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation. 1999;99(3):420-6.
107. Kleinz MJ, Davenport AP. Emerging roles of apelin in biology and medicine. Pharmacol Ther. 2005;107(2):198-211.
108. Rayalam S, Della-Fera MA, Krieg PA, Cox CM, Robins A, Baile CA. A putative role for apelin in the etiology of obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2008;368(3):815-9.
109. Hu PF, Chen WP, Tang JL, Bao JP, Wu LD. Apelin plays a catabolic role on articular cartilage: in vivo and in vitro studies. Int J Mol Med. 2010;26(3):357-63.
110. Fukuhara A, Matsuda M, Nishizawa M, Segawa K, Tanaka M, Kishimoto K, Matsuki Y, Murakami M, Ichisaka T, Murakami H, Watanabe E, Takagi T, Akiyoshi M, Ohtsubo T, Kihara S, Yamashita S, Makishima M, Funahashi T, Yamanaka S, Hiramatsu R, Matsuzawa Y, Shimomura I. Visfatin: a protein secreted by visceral fat that mimics the effects of insulin. Science. 2005;307(5708):426-30.
111. Moschen AR, Kaser A, Enrich B, Mosheimer B, Theurl M, Niederegger H, Tilg H. Visfatin, an adipocytokine with proinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. J Immunol. 2007;178(3):1748-58.
112. Zhang Z, Bryan JL, DeLassus E, Chang LW, Liao W, Sandell LJ. CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein β and NF- κB mediate high level expression of chemokine genes CCL3 and CCL4 by human chondrocytes in response to IL-1β. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(43):33092-103.
113. Acosta JC, O'Loghlen A, Banito A, Guijarro MV, Augert A, Raguz S, Fumagalli M, Da Costa M, Brown C, Popov N, Takatsu Y, Melamed J, ďAdda di Fagagna F, Bernard D, Hernando E, Gil J. Chemokine signaling via the CXCR2 receptor reinforces senescence. Cell. 2008;133(6):1006-18.