Ochratoxin: Contamination and toxicity (A review)

Global Veterinaria

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2012, Pages 519-524

  Gholampour Azizi, I ^a   Rahimi, K ^b   Shateri, S ^a  

^a ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^b ISLAMIC AZAD UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

Author keywords

Fungi; Mycotoxin; Ochratoxin

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; ASPERGILLUS; FUNGI; PENICILLIUM;

EID: 84861926281     PISSN: 19926197     EISSN: 19998163     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Pohland, A.E., S. Nesheim and L. Friedman, 1992. Ochratoxin A, a review. Pure Appl. Chem., 64: 1029-1046.
2. Ringot, D., A. Chango, Y.J. Schneider and Y. Larondelle, 2006. Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of ochratoxin A, an update. Chem. Bio. Interac., 159: 18-46.
3. Mitchell, D., R. Parra, D. Aldred and N. Magan, 2004. Water and temperature relations of growth and ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus carbonarius strains from grapes in Europe and Israel. J. Appl. Microbiol., 97: 439-445.
4. Ramos, A.J., N. Labernia, S. Marin, V. Sanchís and N. Magan, 1998. Effect of water activity and temperature on growth and ochratoxin production by three strains of Aspergillus ochraceus on a barley extract medium and on barley grains. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 44: 133-140.
5. Northolt, M.D., H.P. Vanegmond and W.E. Paulsch, 1979. Ochratoxin A production by some fungal species in relation to water activity and temperature. J. Food Prot., 42: 485-490.
6. Xiao, H., S. Madhyastha, R.R. Marquardt, S. Li, J.K. Vodela, A.A. Frohlich and B.W. Kemppainen, 1996. Toxicity of ochratoxin A, Its opened lactone form and several of its analogs: Structureactivity relationships. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 137: 182-192.
7. Kumar, V., M.S. Basu and T.P. Rajendran, 2008. Mycotoxin research and mycoflora in some commercially important agricultural commodities. Crop Protection, 27: 891-905.
8. Shrif, S.O., E.E. Salama and M.A. Abdel-Wahhab, 2008. Mycotoxins and child health: The need for health risk assessment. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2008.08.002.
9. Amezqueta, S., E. Gonzalez-Penas, M. Murillo-Arbizu and A.L. De Cerain, 2009. Ochratoxin A decontamination: Food Control, 20: 326-333.
10. Abrunhosa, L., R.M. Robert and A. Venâncio, 2010. Biodegradation of Ochratoxin A for Food and Feed Decontamination. Toxins, Rev., 2: 1078-1099.
11. Varga, J., K. Rigo, J. Teren and A. Mesterhazy, 2001. Recent advances in ochratoxin research I. Production, detection and occurrence of ochratoxins. Cereal Res. Communications, 29: 85-92.
12. Majerus, P., I. Cutko, A. Dreyer, S. El-Dessouki, W. Eyrich, H. Reusch, B. Schurer and H.U. Waiblinger, 1993. Zur Belastungssituation von Ochratoxin A, in Lebensmitteln pflanzlichen Ursprungs, Deutesche Lebensmitteln-Rundschau, 89: 112-113.
13. El-Dessouki, S., 1992. Ochratoxin A in beer. Deutsche Lebensmittel-Rundschau, 11: 354-355.
14. Zimmerli, B. and R. Dick, 1996. Ochratoxin A in table wine and grape juice: occurrence and risk assessment. Food Addit. Contam., 13: 655-668.
15. Ngundi, M.M., L.C. Shriver-Lake, M.H. Moore, F.S. Ligler and C.R. Taitt, 2006. Multiplexed detection of mycotoxins in foods with a regenerable array. J. Food Prot., 69: 3047-3051.
16. Jorgensen, K., 1998. Survey of pork, poultry, coffee, bier and pulses for ochratoxin A. Food Addit. Contam., 5: 550-554.
17. Selouane, A., S. Zouhair, D. Bouya, A. Lebrihi and A. Bouseta, 2009. Natural Occurrence of Ochratoxigenic Aspergillius Species and Ochratoxin a in Moroccan Grapes. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7: 297-305.
18. Merwe, K.J., P.S. Steyn, L. Fourie, D.B. Scott and J.J. Theron, 1965. Ochratoxin A, a toxic metabolite produced by Aspergillus ochraceus. Wilh. Nature, 205: 1112-1113.
19. Abdulkadar, A.H.W., A.A. Al-Ali, F.M. Al-Kildi and J.H. Al-Jedah. 2004. Mycotoxins in foods available in Qatar. Food Control, 15: 543-548.
20. Ghali, R., K. Hmaissia-khlifa, H. Ghorbel, K. Maaroufi and A. Hedili, 2008. HPLC determination of ochratoxin A in high consumption Tunisian foods. Food Control, Article in Press.
21. Gholampour Azizi, I. and M. Azarmi, 2009. Determination of Zearalenone and Ochratoxin in Food stuffs. World Applied Science Journal, 7: 1388-1391.
22. Domijan, A. M., M. Peraica, V. Zlender, B. Cvjetkovic, Z. Jurjevic, S. Topolovec-Pintaric and D. Ivic, 2005. Seed-borne fungi and ochratoxin A contamination of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Republic of Croatia. Food Chem. Toxicol., 43: 427-432.
23. Legarda, T.M. and P.A. Burdaspal, 2001. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in samples of bread marketed in Spain and twelve other countries. Alimentaria, 321: 89-96.
24. Roscoe, V., G.A. Lombaert, V. Huzel, G. Neumann, J. Melietio, D. Kitchen, S. Kotello, T. Krakalovich, R. Trelka and P.M. Scott, 2008. Mycotoxins in breakfast cereals from the Canadian retail market: A 3-year survey, Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure & Risk Assessment, 25: 347-355.
25. Kabak, B., 2009. Ochratoxin A in cereal-derived products in Turkey: Occurrence and exposure assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol., 47: 348-352.
26. Juan, C., A. Zinedine, L. Idrissi and J. Mañes, 2008. Ochratoxin A in rice on the Moroccan retail market. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 126: 83-85.
27. Ozden, S., A.S. Akdeniz and B. Alpertunga, 2012. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in cereal-derived food products commonly consumed in Turkey. Food Control, 25: 69-74.
28. Birzele, B., A. Prange and J. KrÄmer, 2000. Deoxynivalenol and ochratoxin A in German wheat and changes of level in relation to storage parameters. Food Addit. Contam., 17: 1027-1035.
29. Juan, C., A. Pena, C. Lino, J.C. Molto and J. Manes, 2008. Levels of ochratoxin A in wheat and maize bread from the central zone of Portugal. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 127: 284-289.
30. Zinedine, A., C. Juan, L. Idrissi and J. Manes, 2007. Occurrence of ochratoxin A in bread consumed in Morocco. Microchem. J., 87: 154-158.
31. 1development of a method for simultaneous extraction of ochratoxin A and citrinin. Food Chem., 92: 391-400.
32. Muller, G., H. Rosner, B. Rohrmann, W. Erler, G. Geschwend, U. Grafe, B. Burkert, U. Moller, R. Diller, K. Sachse and H. Kohler, 2003. Effects of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A and some of its metabolites on the human cell line THP-1. Toxicology., 184: 69-82.
33. Krogh, P., 1992. Role of ochratoxin in disease causation. Food Chem. Toxicol., 30: 213-224.
34. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A. and R.A. Manderville, 2007. Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol. Nutr. Food Res., 51: 61-99.
35. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., T. Petkova-Bocharova, I.N. Chernozemsky and M. Castegnaro, 2002. Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: A review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins. Food Addit. Contam., 19: 282-302.
36. Pfohl-Leszkowicz, A., 2009. Ochratoxin A and Aristolochic Acid Involvement in Nephropathies and Associated Urothelial Tract Tumours. Arh. Hig. Rada Toxicol., 60: 465-483.
37. Castegnaro, M., R. Plestina, G. Dirheimer, I.N. Chernozemisky and H. Bartsch (Eds.), 1991. Mycotoxins, Endemic Nephropaty and Urinary Tracts Tumours, IARC Scientific Publication No. 115, International Agency for Research on cancer, Lyon.
38. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1993. In: IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, IARC, Lyon, pp: 489.
39. Pitt, J.I., 2000. Toxigenis fungi and mycotoxins, Br. Med. Bull., 56: 184-92.
40. Obrien, E. and D.R. Dietrich, 2005. Ochratoxin A: The continuing enigma. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 35: 33-60.
41. Zimmerli, B. and R. Dick, 1995. Determination of ochratoxin A at the ppt level in human blood, serum, milk and some foodstuffs by high-performance liquid chromatography with enhanced fluorescence detection and immunoaffinity column cleanup: methodology and Swiss data. J. Chromatogr. B., 666: 85-99.
42. Abdel-Wahhab, M.A., M.M. Abdel-Galil and M. El-Lithey, 2005. Melatonin counteracts oxidative stress in rats fed with an ochratoxin A contaminated diet. J. Pineal Res., 38: 130-135.
43. Schaaf, G.J., S.M. Nijmeijer, R.F.M. Mass, P. Roestenberg, E. M. de Groene and J. Fink-Gremmels, 2002. The roles of oxidative stress in the ochratoxin Mediated toxicity in proximal tubular cells. Biochemistry and Biophysic Acta., 1588:149-158.
44. Grosse, Y., L. Chekir-Ghedira, A. Huc, S. Obrecht-Pflumio, G. Dirheimer and H. Bacha, 1997. Retinol, ascorbic acid and a-tocopherol prevent DNA adduct formation in mice treated with the mycotoxins ochratoxin A and zearalenone. Cancer Letters, 114: 225-229.
45. 1Induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2) and a human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line (CaCo-2). British Journal of Nutrition, 94: 211-220.
46. Baldi, A., M.N. Losio, F. Cheli, R. Rebucci, L. Sangalli and E. Fusi, 2004. Evaluation of the protective effects of alpha-tocopherol and retinol against ochratoxin A cytotoxicity. Br. J. Nut., 91: 507-512.
47. Renzulli, C., F. Galvano, L. Piredomenico, E. Speroni and M.C. Guerra, 2004. Effects of Rosmarinic acid against aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A-Induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). J. Appl. Toxicol., 24: 289-296.
48. Costa, S., A. Utan, R. Cervellati, E. Speroni and M.C. Guerra, 2007. Catechins: Natural free-radical scavengers against ochratoxin A-induced cell damage in a pig kidney cell line (LLC-PK1). Food Chem. Toxicol., 45: 1910-1917.
49. Creppy, E.E., 2002. Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 17: 19-28.
50. Lee, S.E., B.S. Park, P. Bayman, J.L. Baker, W.S. Choi and B.C. Campbell, 2007. Suppression of ochratoxin biosynthesis by naturally occurring alkaloids. Food Addit. Contam., 24: 391-397.
51. Hundhausen, C., C. Bösch-Saadatmandi, K. Augustin, R. Blank, S. Wolffram and G. Rimbach, 2005. Effect of vitamin E and polyphenols on ochratoxin Ainduced cytotoxicity in liver (HepG2) cells. J. Plant Physiol., 162: 818-822.
52. FAO/WHO/UNEP, 1999a. Minimising risks posed by mycotoxins utilising the HACCP Concept. Third Joint FAO/WHO/UNEP International Conference on Mycotoxins, 8 b, 1-13. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/esn/food/myco8b.pdf (accession date: 2008/03/10).
53. EMAN, 2004. Fact sheets on HACCP-Prevention and control. Available at: (accession date: 2008/03/10).
54. Riley, R.T. and W.P. Norred, 1999. Mycotoxin prevention and decontamination-A case study on maize. Food Nutr. Agric., 23: 25-32.
55. Karlovsky, P., 1999. Biological detoxification of fungal toxins and its use in plant breeding, feed and food production. Nat. Toxins., 7: 1-23.
56. Deberghes, P., A.M. Betbeder, F. Boisard, R. Blanc, J.F. Delaby, S. Krivobok, R. Steiman, F. Seigle-Murandi and E.E. Creppy, 1995. Detoxification of ochratoxin A, a food contaminant: Prevention of growth of Aspergillus ochraceus and its production of ochratoxin A. Mycotoxin Research, 11: 37-47.
57. Varga, J., K. Rigó and J. Téren, 2000. Degradation of ochratoxin A by Aspergillus species. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 59: 1-7.
58. Stander, M.A., U.T. Bornscheuer, E. Henke and P.S. Steyn, 2000. Screening of commercial hydrolases for the degradation of ochratoxin A. J. Agr. Food Chem., 48: 5736-5739.
59. Abrunhosa, L., L. Santos and A. Venancio, 2006. Degradation of ochratoxin A by proteases and by a crude enzyme of Aspergillus niger. Food Biotechnol., 20: 231-242.
60. Abrunhosa, L. and E.A. Venâncio, 2007. Isolation and purification of an enzyme hydrolyzing ochratoxin A from Aspergillus niger. Biotechnological Letters., 29: 1909-1914.
61. Peteri, Z., J. Teren, C. Vagvolgyi and J. Varga, 2007. Ochratoxin degradation and adsorption caused by astaxanthin-producing yeasts. Food Microbiol., 24: 205-210.
62. Reddy, K.R.N., N.I. Farhana, B. Salleh and C.A.F. Oliveira, 2010. Microbiological Control of Mycotoxins: Present Status and Future Concerns, Current Research, Technology and Education Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology A. Mende Z-Vilas.
63. Abrunhosa, L., R. Serra and A. Venâncio, 2002. Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by fungi isolated from grapes. J. Agr. Food Chem., 50: 7493-7496.
64. Fuchs, S., G. Sontag, R. Stidl, V. Ehrlich, M. Kundi and S. Knasmuller, 2008. Detoxification of patulin and ochratoxin A, two abundant mycotoxins, by lactic acid bacteria. Food Chem. Toxicol., 46: 1398-1407.
65. Krogh, P., B. Hald, P. Gjersten and F. Myken, 1974. Fate of ochratoxin A and citrinin during malting and brewing experiments. Appl. Microbiol., 28: 31-34.
66. ICV, Institute Français du Vin, 2002. Ochratoxine A dans les vins. État des connaissances. ICV, pp: 9.
67. Richard, J.L., 2007. Some major mycotoxins and their mycotoxicoses-An overview. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 119: 3-10. www.elsevier.com/locate/ ijfoodmicro. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.019.
68. Duarte, S.C., A. Pena and C.M. Lino, 2010. A review on ochratoxin A occurrence and effects of processing of cereal and cereal derived food products. Food Microbiol., 27: 87-189.
69. Glenn, A.E., 2007. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in animal feed. Animal Feed Sci. Technol., 3-4: 213-240.