Deep Phylogeny and Evolution of Sponges (Phylum Porifera)

Advances in Marine Biology

Volumn 61, Issue , 2012, Pages 1-78

  Worheide G ^a,b   Dohrmann, M ^c   Erpenbeck, D ^a   Larroux, C ^a   Maldonado, M ^d   Voigt, O ^a   Borchiellini, C ^e   Lavrov, D V ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^b BAYERISCHE STAATSSAMMLUNG FÜR PALÄONTOLOGIE UND GEOLOGIE   (Germany)

^c DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^d CENTRE D ESTUDIS AVANÇATS DE BLANES CEAB CSIC   (Spain)

^e AVIGNON UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

^f IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcarea; Demospongiae; Evo devo; Evolution; Hexactinellida; Homoscleromorpha; Non Bilateria; Phylogeny; Porifera; Sponges

Indexed keywords

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY; GENOMICS; METAZOAN; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; PHYLOGENY; RECONSTRUCTION; RELATEDNESS; SPONGE; TAXONOMY; ZOOBENTHOS;

ANIMALIA; BILATERIA; CALCAREA; DEMOSPONGIAE; EUMETAZOA; HEXACTINELLIDA; HOMOSCLEROMORPHA; METAZOA; PORIFERA;

EID: 84860443286     PISSN: 00652881     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387787-1.00007-6     Document Type: Chapter

References (321)

1. Adams C.L., McInerney J.O., Kelly M. Indications of relationships between poriferan classes using full-length 18S rRNA gene sequences. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1999, 44:33-44.
2. Adamska M., Degnan S.M., Green K.M., Adamski M., Craigie A., Larroux C., Degnan B.M. Wnt and TGF-b expression in the sponge Amphimedon queenslandica and the origin of metazoan embryonic patterning. PLoS One 2007, 2:e1031.
3. Adamska M., Matus D.Q., Adamski M., Green K., Rokhsar D.S., Martindale M.Q., Degnan B.M. The evolutionary origin of hedgehog proteins. Current Biology 2007, 17:R836-R837.
4. Adamska M., Larroux C., Adamski M., Green K., Lovas E., Koop D., Richards G.S., Zwafink C., Degnan B.M. Structure and expression of conserved Wnt pathway components in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica. Evolution & Development 2010, 12:494-518.
5. Adamska M., Degnan B.M., Green K., Zwafink C. What sponges can tell us about the evolution of developmental processes. Zoology 2011, 114:1-10.
6. Addis J.S., Peterson K.J. Phylogenetic relationships of freshwater sponges (Porifera, Spongillina) inferred from analyses of 18S rDNA, COI mtDNA, and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Zoologica Scripta 2005, 34:549-557.
7. Adell T., Nefkens I., Müller W.E.G. Polarity factor 'Frizzled' in the demosponge Suberites domuncula: Identification, expression and localization of the receptor in the epithelium/pinacoderm. FEBS Letters 2003, 554:363-368.
8. Alvarez B., Hooper J.N.A. Taxonomic revision of the order Halichondrida (Porifera: Demospongiae) of northern Australia. Family Dictyonellidae. The Beagle 2010, 26:13-36.
9. Alvarez B., van Soest R.W.M., Rützler K. A revision of Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) of the Central West Atlanic Region. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 1998, 598:1-47.
10. Alvarez B., Crisp M.D., Driver F., Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M. Phylogenetic relationships of the family Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) using morphological and molecular data. Zoologica Scripta 2000, 29:169-198.
11. Alvarez B., Krishnan M., Gibb K. Analysis of intragenomic variation of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) in Halichondrida (Porifera: Demospongiae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1599-1605.
12. Amano S., Hori I. Metamorphosis of calcareous sponges. 1. Ultrastructure of free-swimming larvae. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 1992, 21:81-90.
13. Amano S., Hori I. Transdifferentiation of larval flagellated cells to choanocytes in the metamorphosis of the demosponge Haliclona permollis. The Biological Bulletin 1996, 190:161-172.
14. Amano S., Hori I. Metamorphosis of coeloblastula performed by multipotential larval flagellated cells in the calcareous sponge Leucosolenia laxa. The Biological Bulletin 2001, 200:20-32.
15. Anderson S., Bankier A., Barrell B., de Bruijn M., Coulson A., Drouin J., Eperon I., Nierlich D., Roe B., Sanger F., Schreier P., Smith A., Staden R., Young I. Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 1981, 290:457-465.
16. Aouacheria A., Geourjon C., Aghajari N., Navratil V., Deléage G., Lethias C., Exposito J.-Y. Insights into early extracellular matrix evolution: Spongin short chain collagen-related proteins are homologous to basement membrane type IV collagens and form a novel family widely distributed in invertebrates. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006, 23:2288-2302.
17. Ax P. Multicellular animals: A new approach to the phylogenetic order in nature 1996, Springer Verlag, Berlin.
18. Bakran-Petricioli T., Vacelet J., Zibrowius H., Petricioli D., Chevaldonné P., Rada T. New data on the distribution of the 'deep-sea' sponges Asbestopluma hypogea and Oopsacas minuta in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology 2007, 28:10-23.
19. Barucca M., Azzini F., Bavestrello G., Biscotti M.A., Calcinai B., Canapa A., Cerrano C., Olmo E. The systematic position of some boring sponges (Demospongiae, Hadromerida) studied by molecular analysis. Marine Biology 2007, 151:529-535.
20. Belinky F., Rot C., Ilan M., Huchon D. The complete mitochondrial genome of the demosponge Negombata magnifica (Poecilosclerida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 47:1238-1243.
21. Bell J.J. The functional roles of marine sponges. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 2008, 79:341-353.
22. Bergquist P.R. A revision of the supraspecific classification of the orders Dictyoceratida, Dendroceratida, and Verongida (class Demospongiae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 1980, 7:443-503.
23. Bergquist P.R., Cook S.d.C. Family Aplysinidae Carter, 1875. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1082-1085. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
24. Bergquist P.R., Cook S.d.C. Order Dendroceratida Minchin, 1900. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1067. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
25. Bergquist P.R., Cook S.d.C. Order Halisarcida Bergquist, 1996. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1077. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
26. Bergquist P.R., Cook S.d.C. Order Verongida Bergquist, 1978. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1081. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
27. Bergquist P.R., Green C.R. Ultrastructural-study of settlement and metamorphosis in sponge larvae. Cahiers De Biologie Marine 1977, 18:289-302.
28. Bergquist P.R., Sinclair M.E., Hogg J.J. Adaptation ot intertidal existence: Reproductive cycles and larval behaviours in Demospongiae. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 1970, 25:247-271.
29. Bergquist P.R., Green C.R., Sinclair M.E., Roberts H.S. Morphology of cilia in sponge larvae. Tissue & Cell 1977, 9:179-184.
30. Bidder G.P. The skeleton and classification of calcareous sponges. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 1898, 6:61-76.
31. Blanquer A., Uriz M.J. 'A posteriori' searching for phenotypic characters to describe new cryptic species of sponges revealed by molecular markers (Dictyonellidae: Scopalina). Invertebrate Systematics 2008, 22:489-502.
32. Blanquer A., Uriz M.J. Population genetics at three spatial scales of a rare sponge living in fragmented habitats. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10. 13.
33. Blanquer A., Uriz M.J., Pascual M. Polymorphic microsatellite loci isolated from the marine sponge Scopalina lophyropoda (Demospongiae: Halichondrida). Molecular Ecology Notes 2005, 5:466-468.
34. Böger H. Versuch über das phylogenetische System der Porifera. Meyniana 1983, 40:143-154.
35. Borchiellini C., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Le Parco Y. Phylogenetic analysis of the Hsp70 sequences reveals the monophyly of Metazoa and specific phylogenetic relationships between animals and fungi. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1998, 15:647-655.
36. Borchiellini C., Manuel M., Alivon E., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Le Parco Y. Sponge paraphyly and the origin of Metazoa. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2001, 14:171-179.
37. Borchiellini C., Chombard C., Manuel M., Alivon E., Vacelet J., Boury-Esnault N. Molecular phylogeny of Demospongiae: Implications for classification and scenarios of character evolution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 32:823-837.
38. Borojevic R. Éponges Calcaires des Côtes de France I. Amphiute paulini Hanitsch: les generes Amphiute Hanitsch et Paraheteropia n. gen. Archives De Zoologie Experimentale Et Generale 1965, 106:665-670.
39. Borojevic R. Étude de développement et de la différenciation celullaire d'éponges calcaires calcinéennes (genre Clathrina et Ascandra). Annales D'embryologie et de Morphogénese 1969, 2:15-36.
40. Borojevic R., Lévi C. Morphogenèse expérimentale d'une éponge à partir des cellules de la larve nageante dissociée. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 1965, 68:57-69.
41. Borojevic R., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J. A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcinea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Section A, Zoologie Biologie et Ecologie Animales 1990, 12:243-276.
42. Borojevic R., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J. A revision of the supraspecific classification of the subclass Calcaronea (Porifera, class Calcarea). Zoosystema 2000, 22:203-263.
43. Borojevic R., Boury-Esnault N., Manuel M., Vacelet J. Order Leucosolenida Hartman, 1958. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1157-1184. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
44. Boury-Esnault N. Ultrastructure de la larve parenchymella d'Hamigera hamigera (Schmidt) (Demosponge, Poecilosclerida). Origine des cellules grises. Cahiers De Biologie Marine 1976, 17:9-20.
45. Boury-Esnault N. Order Chondrosida Boury-Esnault & Lopes, 1985. Family Chondrillidae Gray, 1872. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 291-298. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
46. Boury-Esnault N. Systematics and evolution of Demospongiae. Canadian Journal of Zoology-Revue Canadienne De Zoologie 2006, 84:205-224.
47. Boury-Esnault N., Jamieson B. Porifera. Reproductive biology of invertebrates. Progress in male gamete ultrastructure and phylogeny 1999, 1-20. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester. K.G. Adiyodi, R.G. Adiyodi (Eds.).
48. Boury-Esnault N., Muricy G., Gallissian M.-F., Vacelet J. Sponges without skeleton: A new Mediterranean genus of Homoscleromorpha (Porifera, Demospongiae). Ophelia 1995, 43:25-43.
49. Boury-Esnault N., Efremova S., Bezac C., Vacelet J. Reproduction of a hexactinellid sponge: First description of gastrulation by cellular delamination in the Porifera. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 1999, 35:187-201.
50. Boury-Esnault N., Ereskovsky A., Bezac C., Tokina D. Larval development in the Homoscleromorpha (Porifera, Demospongiae). Invertebrate Biology 2003, 122:187-202.
51. Boute N., Exposito J.Y., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Noro N., Miyazaki K., Yoshizato K., Garrone R. Type IV collagen in sponges, the missing link in basement membrane ubiquity. Biology of the Cell 1996, 88:37-44.
52. Bridgham J.T., Eick G.N., Larroux C., Deshpande K., Harms M.J., Gauthier M.E.A., Ortlund E.A., Degnan B.M., Thornton J.W. Protein evolution by molecular tinkering: Diversification of the nuclear receptor superfamily from a ligand-dependent ancestor. PLoS Biology 2010, 8:e1000497.
53. Brien P. Les démosponges. Traité de Zoologie 1973, 133-461. Masson, Paris. P.-P. Grassé (Ed.).
54. Brusca R.C., Brusca G.J. Invertebrates 2003, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
55. Brusca G.J., Brusca R.C., Gilbert S.F. Characteristics of metazoan development. Embryology, Constructing the Organism 1997, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. S.F. Gilbert, A.M. Raunio (Eds.).
56. Byrum C.A., Martindale M.Q. Gastrulation in the Cnidaria and Ctenophora. Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryos 2004, 33-50. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. C.D. Stern (Ed.).
57. Cárdenas P., Xavier J., Tendal O.S., Schander C., Rapp H.T. Redescription and resurrection of Pachymatisma normani (Demospongiae: Geodiidae), with remarks on the genus Pachymatisma. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1511-1525.
58. Cárdenas P., Rapp H.T., Schander C., Tendal O. Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida)-Combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification. Zoologica Scripta 2009, 1-18.
59. Cárdenas P., Xavier J., Reveillaud J., Schander C., Rapp H. Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS One 2011, 6:e18318.
60. Carr M., Leadbeater B.S.C., Hassan R., Nelson M., Baldauf S.L. Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:16641-16646.
61. Cavalier-Smith T., Allsopp M.T.E.P., Chao E.E., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J. Sponge phylogeny, animal monophyly, and the origin of the nervous system: 18S rRNA evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology 1996, 74:2031-2045.
62. Chombard C., Boury-Esnault N. Good Congruence between morphology and molecular phylogeny of Hadromerida, or how to bother sponge taxonomists. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1999, 44:100.
63. Chombard C., Boury-Esnault N., Tillier A., Vacelet J. Polyphyly of " sclerosponges" (Porifera, Demospongiae) supported by 28S ribosomal sequences. The Biological Bulletin 1997, 193:359-367.
64. Chombard C., Boury-Esnault N., Tillier S. Reassessment of homology of morphological characters in tetractinellid sponges based on molecular data. Systematic Biology 1998, 47:351-366.
65. Collins A.G. Evaluating multiple alternative hypotheses for the origin of Bilateria: An analysis of 18S rRNA molecular evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998, 95:15458-15463.
66. Conway K.W., Krautter M., Barrie J.V., Neuweiler M. Hexactinellid sponge reefs on the Canadian continental shelf: A unique 'living fossil'. Geoscience Canada 2001, 28:71-78.
67. Cook S.d.C., Bergquist P.R. Order Dictyoceratida Minchin, 1900. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1021. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
68. Cook S.E., Conway K.W., Burd B. Status of the glass sponge reefs in the Georgia Basin. Marine Environmental Research 2008, 66:S80-S86.
69. Coutinho C.C., Fonseca R.N., Mansure J.J.C., Borojevic R. Early steps in the evolution of multicellularity: Deep structural and functional homologies among homeobox genes in sponges and higher metazoans. Mechanisms of Development 2003, 120:429-440.
70. Degnan B.M., Adamska M., Craigie A., Degnan S.M., Fahey B., Gauthier M., Hooper J.N.A., Larroux C., Leys S.P., Lovas E., Richards G.S. The demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica: Reconstructing the ancestral metazoan genome and deciphering the origin of animal multicellularity. Emerging Model Organisms 2009, 139-165. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. D.A. Crotty, A. Gann (Eds.).
71. Diaz M.C., van Soest R.W.M. The Plakinidae: A systematic review. Sponges in Time and Space; Biology, Chemistry, Paleontology 1994, 93-110. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam. R.W.M. van Soest, T.G. van Kempen, J.C. Braekman (Eds.).
72. Dobzhansky T. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. The American Biology Teacher 1973, 35:125-129.
73. Dohrmann M., Voigt O., Erpenbeck D., Wörheide G. Non-monophyly of most supraspecific taxa of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) revealed by increased taxon sampling and partitioned Bayesian analysis of ribosomal DNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 40:830-843.
74. Dohrmann M., Janussen D., Reitner J., Collins A.G., Wörheide G. Phylogeny and evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Systematic Biology 2008, 57:388-405.
75. Dohrmann M., Collins A.G., Wörheide G. New insights into the phylogeny of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida): Monophyly of Lyssacinosida and Euplectellinae, and the phylogenetic position of Euretidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2009, 52:257-262.
76. Dohrmann M., Göcke C., Janussen D., Reitner J., Lüter C., Wörheide G. Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2011, 163:1003-1025.
77. Dohrmann M., Haen K.M., Lavrov D.V., Wörheide G. Molecular phylogeny of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida): Increased taxon sampling and inclusion of the mitochondrial protein-coding gene, cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Hydrobiologia 2011, 687:11-20.
78. Dunn C.W., Hejnol A., Matus D.Q., Pang K., Browne W.E., Smith S.A., Seaver E., Rouse G.W., Obst M., Edgecombe G.D., Sørensen M.V., Haddock S.H.D., Schmidt-Rhaesa A., Okusu A., Kristensen R.M., Wheeler W.C., Martindale M.Q., Giribet G. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature 2008, 452:745-749.
79. Edgecombe G.D., Giribet G., Dunn C.W., Hejnol A., Kristensen R.M., Neves R.C., Rouse G.W., Worsaae K., Sørensen M.V. Higher-level metazoan relationships: Recent progress and remaining questions. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 2011, 11:151-172.
80. Efremova S.M. Once more on the position among the Metazoa- gastrulation and grminal layers of sponges. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 1997, 20:7-15.
81. Ehrlich H., Deutzmann R., Brunner E., Cappellini E., Koon H., Solazzo C., Yang Y., Ashford D., Thomas-Oates J., Lubeck M., Baessmann C., Langrock T., Hoffmann R., Wörheide G., Reitner J., Simon P., Tsurkan M., Ereskovsky A.V., Kurek D., Bazhenov V.V., Hunoldt S., Mertig M., Vyalikh D.V., Molodtsov S.L., Kummer K., Worch H., Smetacek V., Collins M.J. Mineralization of the metre-long biosilica structures of glass sponges is templated on hydroxylated collagen. Nature Chemistry 2010, 2:1084-1088.
82. Eisen J.A., Fraser C.M. Phylogenomics: intersection of evolution and genomics. Science 2003, 300:1706-1707.
83. Elliott G.R.D., Leys S.P. Sponge coughing: Stimulated contractions in a juvenile freshwater sponge, Ephydatia muelleri. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2003, 43:817.
84. Ereskovsky A. The Comparative Embryology of Sponges 2010, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
85. Ereskovsky A.V., Tokina D.B. Morphology and fine structure of the swimming larvae of Ircinia oros (Porifera, Demospongiae, Dictyoceratida). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2004, 45:137-150.
86. Ereskovsky A.V., Willenz P. Larval development in Guancha arnesenae (Porifera, Calcispongiae, Calcinea). Zoomorphology 2008, 127:175-187.
87. Ereskovsky A.V., Borchiellini C., Gazave E., Ivanisevic J., Lapébie P., Perez T., Renard E., Vacelet J. The Homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella lobularis, a promising sponge model in evolutionary and developmental biology. BioEssays 2009, 31:89-97.
88. Ereskovsky A., Lavrov D., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J. Molecular and morphological description of a new species of Halisarca (Demospongiae: Halisarcida) from Mediterranean Sea and a redescription of the type species Halisarca dujardini. Zootaxa 2011, 2768:5-31.
89. Erpenbeck D. On the phylogeny of halichondrid demosponges 2004, (PhD Thesis, 208 pp., University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam).
90. Erpenbeck D., Van Soest R.W.M. A survey for biochemical synapomorphies to reveal phylogenetic relationships of halichondrid demosponges (Metazoa: Porifera). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 2005, 33:585-616.
91. Erpenbeck D., Van Soest R.W.M. Status and perspective of sponge chemosystematics. Marine Biotechnology 2007, 9:2-19.
92. Erpenbeck D., Wörheide G. On the molecular phylogeny of sponges (Porifera). Zootaxa 2007, 1668:107-126.
93. Erpenbeck D., Breeuwer J.A.J., van der Velde H.C., van Soest R.W.M. Unravelling host and symbiont phylogenies of halichondrid sponges (Demospongiae, Porifera) using a mitochondrial marker. Marine Biology 2002, 141:377-386.
94. Erpenbeck D., McCormack G.P., Breeuwer J.A.J., Van Soest R.W.M. Order level differences in the structure of partial LSU across demosponges (Porifera): New insights into an old taxon. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2004, 32:388-395.
95. Erpenbeck D., Breeuwer J.A.J., van Soest R.W.M. Identification, characterization and phylogenetic signal of an elongation factor-1 alpha fragment in demosponges (Metazoa, Porifera, Demospongiae). Zoologica Scripta 2005, 34:437-445.
96. Erpenbeck D., Breeuwer J.A.J., van Soest R.W.M. Implications from a 28S rRNA gene fragment for the phylogenetic relationships of halichondrid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2005, 43:93-99.
97. Erpenbeck D., Breeuwer J.A.J., Parra-Velandia F.J., van Soest R.W.M. Speculation with spiculation?-Three independent gene fragments and biochemical characters versus morphology in demosponge higher classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2006, 38:293-305.
98. Erpenbeck D., Duran S., Rützler K., Paul V., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G. Towards a DNA taxonomy of Caribbean demosponges: A gene tree reconstructed from partial mitochondrial CO1 gene sequences supports previous rDNA phylogenies and provides a new perspective on the systematics of Demospongiae. Journal of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1563-1570.
99. Erpenbeck D., Hooper J.N.A., List-Armitage S.E., Degnan B.M., Wörheide G., Van Soest R.W.M. Affinities of the family Sollasellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae). II. Molecular evidence. Contributions to Zoology 2007, 76:95-102.
100. Erpenbeck D., List-Armitage S.E., Alvarez B., Degnan B.M., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G. The systematics of Raspailiidae (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Microcionina) reanalysed with a ribosomal marker. Journal of the Marine Biological Society of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1571-1576.
101. Erpenbeck D., Voigt O., Adamski M., Adamska M., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G., Degnan B.M. Mitochondrial diversity of early-branching Metazoa is revealed by the complete mt genome of a haplosclerid demosponge. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007, 24:19-22.
102. Erpenbeck D., Voigt O., Wörheide G., Lavrov D. The mitochondrial genomes of sponges provide evidence for multiple invasions by Repetitive Hairpin-forming Elements (RHE). BMC Genomics 2009, 10:591.
103. Erpenbeck D., Sutcliffe P., Cook S.C., Dietzel A., Maldonado M., van Soest R.W.M., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G. Horny sponges and their affairs: On the phylogenetic relationships of keratose sponges. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. online early. 2012, 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.02.024.
104. Erpenbeck D., Weier T., de Voogd N.J., Wörheide G., Sutcliffe P., Todd J.A., Michel E. Insights into the evolution of freshwater sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae: Spongillina): Barcoding and phylogenetic data from Lake Tanganyika endemics indicate multiple invasions and unsettle existing taxonomy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2011, 61:231-236.
105. Erpenbeck D., Hall K., Alvarez B., Büttner G., Sacher K., Schätzle S., Schuster A., Vargas S., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G. The phylogeny of halichondrid demosponges: Past and present re-visited with DNA-barcoding data. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 2012, 12:57-70.
106. Erwin P.M., Thacker R.W. Phylogenetic analyses of marine sponges within the order Verongida: A comparison of morphological and molecular data. Invertebrate Biology 2007, 126:220-234.
107. Erwin D.H., Laflamme M., Tweedt S.M., Sperling E.A., Pisani D., Peterson K.J. The Cambrian conundrum: Early divergence and later ecological success in the early history of animals. Science 2011, 334:1091-1097.
108. Fahey B., Larroux C., Woodcroft B.J., Degnan B.M. Does the high gene density in the sponge NK homeobox gene cluster reflect limited regulatory capacity?. The Biological Bulletin 2008, 214:205-217.
109. Farias I., Orti G., Sampaio I., Schneider H., Meyer A. The cytochrome b gene as a phylogenetic marker: The limits of resolution for analyzing relationships among cichlid fishes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 2001, 53:89-103.
110. Faulkner J. Marine natural products. Natural Products Reports 2002, 19:1-48.
111. Felsenstein J. Cases in which parsimony or compatibility methods will be positively misleading. Systematic Zoology 1978, 27:401-410.
112. Felsenstein J. Confidence limits on phylogenies: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 1985, 39:783-791.
113. Franzén Å. Spermatogenesis. Reproduction in Marine Invertebrates 1987, 1-47. Boxwood Press, Pacific Groove, CA. A.C. Giese, J.S. Pearse, V.B. Pearse (Eds.).
114. Franzen W. Oogenesis and larval development of Scypha ciliata (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoomorphology 1988, 107:349-357.
115. Fromont J. Reproductive development and timing of tropical sponges (Order Haplosclerida) from the Great-Barrier-Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 1994, 13:127-133.
116. Funayama N., Nakatsukasa M., Hayashi T., Agata K. Isolation of the choanocyte in the fresh water sponge, Ephydatia fluviatilis and its lineage marker, Ef annexin. Development, Growth & Differentiation 2005, 47:243-253.
117. Funayama N., Nakatsukasa M., Mohri K., Masuda Y., Agata K. Piwi expression in archeocytes and choanocytes in demosponges: Insights into the stem cell system in demosponges. Evolution & Development 2010, 12:275-287.
118. Gallissian M.F., Vacelet J. Ultrastructure of the oocyte and embryo of the calcified sponge, Petrobiona massiliana (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoomorphology 1992, 112:133-141.
119. Gauthier M., Degnan B.M. The transcription factor NF-kappa B in the demosponge Amphimedon queenslandica: Insights on the evolutionary origin of the Rel homology domain. Development Genes and Evolution 2008, 218:23-32.
120. Gazave E., Lapébie P., Renard E., Bézac C., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Pérez T., Manuel M., Borchiellini C. NK homeobox genes with choanocyte-specific expression in homoscleromorph sponges. Development Genes and Evolution 2008, 218:479-489.
121. Gazave E., Labépie P., Richards G.S., Brunet F., Ereskovsky A.V., Degnan B.M., Borchiellini C., Vervoort M., Renard E. Origin and evolution of the Notch signalling pathway: An overview from eukaryotic genomes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2009, 9:249.
122. Gazave E., Carteron S., Chenuil A., Richelle-Maurer E., Boury-Esnault N., Borchiellini C. Polyphyly of the genus Axinella and of the family Axinellidae (Porifera: Demospongiae(p)). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010, 57:35-47.
123. Gazave E., Lapébie P., Renard E., Vacelet J., Rocher C., Ereskovsky A., Lavrov D., Borchiellini C. Molecular phylogeny restores the supra-generic subdivision of homoscleromorph sponges (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). PLoS One 2010, 5:e14290.
124. Gazave E., Lapébie P., Ereskovsky A., Vacelet J., Renard E., Cárdenas P., Borchiellini C. No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera. Hydrobiologia 2011, 687:3-10.
125. Gerasimova E., Erpenbeck D., Plotkin A. Vosmaeria Fristedt, 1885 (Porifera, Demospongiae, Halichondriidae): Revision of species, phylogenetic reconstruction and evidence for split. Zootaxa 2008, 1694:1-37.
126. Gonobobleva E.L., Ereskovsky A.V. Metamorphosis of the larva of Halisarca dujardini (Demospongiae, Halisarcida). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Biologie 2004, 74:101-115.
127. Grothe F. On the phylogeny of homoscleromorphs. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 1989, 106:155-164.
128. Haeckel E. Die Gastrea-Theorie, die phylogenetische Klassifikation des Tierreichs, und die Homologie der Keimblätter. Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 1874, 8:1-55.
129. Haen K.M., Lang B.F., Pomponi S.A., Lavrov D.V. Glass sponges and bilaterian animals share derived mitochondrial genomic features: A common ancestry or parallel evolution?. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007, 24:1518-1527.
130. Harcet M., Bilandžija H., Bruvo-Madarić B., Ćetković H. Taxonomic position of Eunapius subterraneus (Porifera, Spongillidae) inferred from molecular data-A revised classification needed?. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2010, 54:1021-1027.
131. Harcet M., Roller M., Cetkovic H., Perina D., Wiens M., Müller W.E.G., Vlahovicek K. Demosponge EST sequencing reveals a complex genetic toolkit of the simplest metazoans. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2010, 27:2747-2756.
132. Harrison F.W., De Vos L. Porifera. Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates 1991, 29-89. Wiley-Liss Inc., New York. F.W. Harrison, J.A. Westfall (Eds.).
133. Hartman W.D. A re-examination of Bidder's classification of the Calcarea. Systematic Zoology 1958, 7:97-110.
134. Heim I., Nickel M., Brümmer F. Phylogeny of the genus Tethya (Tethyidae: Hadromerida: Porifera): Molecular and morphological aspects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1615-1627.
135. Heim I., Nickel M., Brümmer F. Molecular markers for species discrimination in poriferans: A case study on species of the genus Aplysina. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and SustainaBility 2007, 361-371. Museu Nacional de Rio de Janiero Book Series, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. M.R. Custódio, G. Lôbo-Hajdu, E. Hajdu, G. Muricy (Eds.).
136. Heim I., Nickel M., Picton B., Brümmer F. Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya hibernica sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Northern Ireland with remarks on the European species of the genus Tethya. Zootaxa 2007, 1595:1-15.
137. Hejnol A., Obst M., Stamatakis A., Ott M., Rouse G.W., Edgecombe G.D., Martinez P., Baguñà J., Bailly X., Jondelius U., Wiens M., Müller W.E.G., Seaver E., Wheeler W.C., Martindale M.Q., Giribet G., Dunn C.W. Assessing the root of bilaterian animals with scalable phylogenomic methods. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 2009, 276:4261-4270.
138. Hill A., Boll W., Ries C., Warner L., Osswalt M., Hill M., Noll M. Origin of Pax and Six gene families in sponges: Single PaxB and Six1/2 orthologs in Chalinula loosanoffi. Developmental Biology 2010, 343:106-123.
139. Holmes B., Blanch H. Genus-specific associations of marine sponges with group I crenarchaeotes. Marine Biology 2007, 150:759-772.
140. Holstien K., Rivera A., Windsor P., Ding S.Y., Leys S.P., Hill M., Hill A. Expansion, diversification, and expression of T-box family genes in Porifera. Development Genes and Evolution 2010, 220:251-262.
141. Hooper J.N.A. Sigmaxinella soelae and Desmacella ithystela, two new desmacellid sponges (Porifera, Axinellida, Desmacellidae) from the Northwest shelf of Western Australia, with a revision of the family Desmacellidae. Monograph series of the Northern Territory Museum of Arts and Sciences 1984, 2:1-58.
142. Hooper J.N.A. Family Hemiasterellidae Lendenfeld, 1889. Systema Porifera. Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 186-195. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
143. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M. Family Spirasigmidae Hallmann, 1912. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 102-104. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
144. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M. Order Astrophorida Sollas, 1888. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 105-107. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
145. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M. Order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 403-408. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
146. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M. Systema Porifera, A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, KluwerAcademic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow.
147. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M., Debrenne F. Phylum Porifera Grant, 1836. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 9-14. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. van Soest (Eds.).
148. Hooper J.N.A., Van Soest R.W.M., Pisera A. Phylum Porifera Grant, 1826 [sic!]. Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-Level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness 2011, 13-18. Zootaxa. Z.-Q. Zhang (Ed.).
149. Itskovich V.B., Belikov S.I., Efremova S.M., Masuda Y. Phylogenetic relationships between Lubomirskiidae, Spongillidae and some marine sponges according partial sequences of 18S rDNA. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1999, 275-280. J.N.A. Hooper (Ed.).
150. Itskovich V.B., Belikov S., Efremova S.M., Masuda Y., Krasko A., Schröder H.C., Müller W.E.G. Monophyletic origin of freshwater sponges in ancient lakes based on partial structures of COXI gene. Hydrobiologia 2006, 568:155-159.
151. Itskovich V., Belikov S., Efremova S., Masuda Y., Perez T., Alivon E., Borchiellini C., Boury-Esnault N. Phylogenetic relationships between freshwater and marine Haplosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae) based on the full length 18S rRNA and partial COXI gene sequences. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability 2007, 383-391. Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. M.R. Custódio, G. Lôbo-Hajdu, E. Hajdu, G. Muricy (Eds.).
152. Itskovich V., Gontcharov A., Masuda Y., Nohno T., Belikov S., Efremova S., Meixner M., Janussen D. Ribosomal ITS sequences allow resolution of freshwater sponge phylogeny with alignments guided by secondary structure prediction. Journal of Molecular Evolution 2008, 67:608-620.
153. Ivaniševic J., Thomas O.P., Lejeusne C., Chevaldonné P., Pérez T. Metabolic fingerprinting as an indicator of biodiversity: Towards understanding inter-specific relationships among Homoscleromorpha sponges. Metabolomics 2010, 7:289-304.
154. Janussen D., Reiswig H.M. Re-description of Cyathella lutea Schmidt and formation of a new subfamily Cyathellinae (Hexactinellida, Aulocalycoida, Aulocalycidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 2003, 82:1-10.
155. Johnson M. Gametogenesis and embryonic development in the calcareous sponges Clathrina coriacea and C. blanca from Santa Catalina Island, California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 1979, 78:183-191.
156. Karpov S.A., Leadbeater B.S.C. Cytoskeleton structure and composition in choanoflagellates. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 1998, 45:361-367.
157. Kayal E., Voigt O., Wörheide G., Lavrov D.V. Calcareous sponges redefine the limits of mtDNA evolution in the animal kingdom 2010, 76. Girona, Spain.
158. Kelly-Borges M., Pomponi S.A. Phylogeny and classification of lithistid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae): A preliminary assessment using ribosomal DNA sequence comparisons. Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 1994, 3:87-103.
159. Kelly-Borges M., Bergquist P.R., Bergquist P.L. Phylogenetic relationships within the order Hadromerida (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinomorpha) as indicated by ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 1991, 19:117-125.
160. Kelly M., Samaai T. Family Podospongiidae de Laubenfels, 1936. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 694-702. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
161. Kim J., Kim W., Cunningham C.W. A new perspective on lower metazoan relationships from 18S rDNA sequences. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1999, 16:423-427.
162. King N., Westbrook M., Young S., Kuo A., Abedin M., Chapman J., Fairclough S., Hellsten U., Isogai Y., Letunic I., Marr M., Pincus D., Putnam N., Rokas A., Wright K., Zuzow R., Dirks W., Good M., Goodstein D., Lemons D., Li W., Lyons J., Morris A., Nichols S., Richter D., Salamov A., Sequencing J., Bork P., Lim W., Manning G., Miller W., McGinnis W., Shapiro H., Tjian R., Grigoriev I., Rokhsar D. The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans. Nature 2008, 451:783-788.
163. Klautau M., Valentine C. Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2003, 139:1-62.
164. Kober K., Nichols S. On the phylogenetic relationships of hadromerid and poecilosclerid sponges. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:14.
165. Koziol C., Leys S.P., Müller I.M., Müller W.E.G. Cloning of Hsp70 genes from the marine sponges Sycon raphanus (Clacarea) and Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni (Hexactinellida). An approach to solve the phylogeny of sponges. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1997, 62:581-592.
166. Krautter M., Conway K.W., Barrie J.V., Neuweiler M. Discovery of a 'living dinosaur': Globally unique modern hexactinellid sponge reefs off British Columbia, Canada. Facies 2001, 44:265-282.
167. Kruse M., Leys S.P., Müller I.M., Müller W.E.G. Phylogenetic position of the Hexactinellida within the phylum Porifera based on the amino acid sequence of the protein kinase C from Rhabdocalyptus dawsoni. Journal of Molecular Evolution 1998, 46:721-728.
168. Labépie P., Gazave E., Ereskovsky A., Derelle R., Bézac C., Renard E., Houliston E., Borchiellini C. WNT/beta-catenin signalling and epithelial patterning in the homoscleromorph sponge Oscarella. PLoS One 2009, 4:e5823.
169. Lafay B., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Christen R. An analysis of partial 28S ribosomal RNA sequences suggests early radiations of sponges. Biosystems 1992, 28:139-151.
170. Larroux C., Fahey B., Liubicich D., Hinman V.F., Gauthier M., Gongora M., Green K., Wörheide G., Leys S.P., Degnan B.M. Developmental expression of transcription factor genes in a demosponge: Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity. Evolution & Development 2006, 8:150-173.
171. Larroux C., Fahey B., Degnan S.M., Adamski M., Rokhsar D.S., Degnan B.M. The NK homeobox gene cluster predates the origin of Hox genes. Current Biology 2007, 17:706-710.
172. Larroux C., Luke G.N., Koopman P., Rokhsar D.S., Shimeld S.M., Degnan B.M. Genesis and expansion of metazoan transcription factor gene classes. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2008, 25:980-996.
173. Lavrov D. Key transitions in animal evolution: A mitochondrial DNA perspective. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2007, 47:734-743.
174. Lavrov D.V., Forget L., Kelly M., Lang B.F. Mitochondrial genomes of two demosponges provide insights into an early stage of animal evolution. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2005, 22:1231-1239.
175. Lavrov D., Frishman N., Haen K., Shao Z., Wang X. Mitochondrial genomics of sponges-Implications for sponge phylogeny and animal mtDNA evolution. 7th International Sponge Symposium: Biodiversity, Innovation, Sustainability. Book of abstacts 2006, 192. Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. M. Custodio, G. Lobo-Hajdu, E. Hajdu, G. Muricy (Eds.).
176. Lavrov D., Wang X., Kelly M. Reconstructing ordinal relationships in the Demospongiae using mitochondrial genomic data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 49:111-124.
177. Lee P.N., Pang K., Matus D.Q., Martindale M.Q. A WNT of things to come: Evolution of Wnt signaling and polarity in cnidarians. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 2006, 17:157-167.
178. Lévi C. Etudes des Halisarca de Roscoff. Embryologie et systématique des Démosponges. Archives of Zoological Experimental Genetics 1956, 93:1-181.
179. Lévi C. Ontogeny and systematics in sponges. Systematic Zoology 1957, 6:174-183.
180. Lévi C. Systématique de la Classe des Demospongiaria (Démosponges). Spongiaires. Anatomie, Physiologie, Systématique, Ecologie 1973, 577-631. Masson et Cíe, Paris. P.P. Grassé (Ed.).
181. Leys S.P. Gastrulation in sponges. Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryos 2004, 23-31. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. C. Stern (Ed.).
182. Leys S.P., Degnan B.M. Cytological basis of photoresponsive behavior in a sponge larva. The Biological Bulletin 2001, 201:323-338.
183. Leys S.P., Degnan B.M. Embryogenesis and metamorphosis in a haplosclerid demosponge: Gastrulation and transdifferentiation of larval ciliated cells to choanocytes. Invertebrate Biology 2002, 121:171-189.
184. Leys S.P., Eerkes-Medrano D. Gastrulation in calcareous sponges: In search of Haeckel's gastraea. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2005, 45:342-351.
185. Leys S.P., Ereskovsky A.V. Embryogenesis and larval differentiation in sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2006, 84:262-287.
186. Leys S.P., Riesgo A. Epithelia, an evolutionary novelty of metazoans. Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part B, Molecular and Developmental Evolution 2011, (online early), doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21442.
187. Leys S.P., Cheung E., Boury-Esnault N. Embryogenesis in the glass sponge Oopsacas minuta: Formation of syncytia by fusion of blastomeres. Integrative and Comparative Biology 2006, 46:104-117.
188. Leys S.P., Mackie G.O., Reiswig H.M. The biology of glass sponges. Advances in Marine Biology 2007, 52:1-145.
189. López-Legentil S., Pawlik J. Genetic structure of the Caribbean giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta using the I3-M11 partition of COI. Coral Reefs 2008, 28:157-165.
190. Lukic-Bilela L., Brandt D., Pojskic N., Wiens M., Gamulin V., Müller W.E.G. Mitochondrial genome of Suberites domuncula: Palindromes and inverted repeats are abundant in non-coding regions. Gene 2008, 412:1-11.
191. Maddison W.P., Maddison D.R. Mesquite: A Modular System for Evolutionary Analysis 2011, Version 2.75. http://mesquiteproject.org.
192. Magie C.R., Daly M., Martindale M.Q. Gastrulation in the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis occurs via invagination not ingression. Developmental Biology 2007, 305:483-497.
193. Maldonado M. Choanoflagellates, choanocytes, and animal multicellularity. Invertebrate Biology 2004, 123:1-22.
194. Maldonado M. Embryonic development of verongid demosponges supports the independent acquisition of spongin skeletons as an alternative to the siliceous skeleton of sponges. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009, 97:427-447.
195. Maldonado M., Bergquist P.R. Phylum Porifera. Atlas of Marine Invertebrate Larvae 2002, 21-50. Academic Press, San Diego. C.M. Young, M.A. Sewell, M.E. Rice (Eds.).
196. Maldonado M., Riesgo A. Intra-epithelial spicules in a homosclerophorid sponge. Cell and Tissue Research 2007, 328:639-650.
197. Maldonado M., Riesgo A. Reproduction in the phylum Porifera: A synoptic overview. Treballs de la SCB 2008, 59:29-49.
198. Maldonado M., Riesgo A. Reproductive output in a Mediterranean population of the homosclerophorid Corticium candelabrum (Porifera, Demospongiae), with notes on the ultrastructure and behavior of the larva. Marine Ecology 2008, 29:298-316.
199. Maldonado M., Riesgo A. Gametogenesis, embryogenesis, and larval features of the oviparous sponge Petrosia ficiformis (Haplosclerida, Demospongiae). Marine Biology 2009, 156:2181-2197.
200. Maldonado M., Young C.M. Effects of physical factors on larval behavior, settlement and recruitment of four tropical demosponges. Marine Ecology Progress Series 1996, 138:169-180.
201. Maldonado M., Young C.M. Effects of the duration of larval life on postlarval stages of the demosponge Sigmadocia caerulea. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 1999, 232:9-21.
202. Maldonado M., Carmona M.C., Uriz M.J., Cruzado A. Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation. Nature 1999, 401:785-788.
203. Maldonado M., Durfort M., McCarthy D.A., Young C.M. The cellular basis of photobehavior in the tufted parenchymella larva of demosponges. Marine Biology 2003, 143:427-441.
204. Manuel M. Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2006, 84:225-241.
205. Manuel M., Le Parco Y. Homeobox gene diversification in the calcareous sponge, Sycon raphanus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2000, 17:97-107.
206. Manuel M., Borojevic R., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J. Class Calcarea Bowerbank,1864. Systema Porifera: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1103-1110. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. van Soest (Eds.).
207. Manuel M., Borchiellini C., Alivon E., Le Parco Y., Vacelet J., Boury-Esnault N. Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges: Monophyly of Calcinea and Calcaronea, high level of morphological homoplasy, and the primitive nature of axial symmetry. Systematic Biology 2003, 52:311-333.
208. Manuel M., Borchiellini C., Alivon E., Boury-Esnault N. Molecular phylogeny of calcareous sponges using 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA sequences. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Instituti Biologici 2004, 68:449-461.
209. Mariani S., Uriz M.J., Turon X. The dynamics of sponge larvae assemblages from northwestern Mediterranean nearshore bottoms. Journal of Plankton Research 2005, 27:249-262.
210. McCormack G.P., Kelly M. New indications of the phylogenetic affinity of Spongosorites suberitoides Diaz et al., 1993 (Porifera, Demospongiae) as revealed by 28S ribosomal DNA. Journal of Natural History 2002, 36:1009-1021.
211. McCormack G.P., Erpenbeck D., Van Soest R.W.M. Major discrepancy between phylogenetic hypotheses based on molecular and morphological criteria within the Order Haplosclerida (Phylum Porifera: Class Demospongiae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2002, 40:237-240.
212. Medina M., Collins A.G., Silberman J.D., Sogin M.L. Evaluating hypotheses of basal animal phylogeny using complete sequences of large and small subunit rRNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:9707-9712.
213. Mehl D. Die Entwicklung der Hexactinellida seit dem Mesozoikum. Paläobiologie, Phylogenie und Evolutionsökologie. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe (E), Palaeobiologie 1992, 2:1-164.
214. Meixner M.J., Luter C., Eckert C., Itskovich V., Janussen D., von Rintelen T., Bohne A.V., Meixner J.M., Hess W.R. Phylogenetic analysis of freshwater sponges provide evidence for endemism and radiation in ancient lakes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 45:875-886.
215. Miller G. Origins. On the origin of the nervous system. Science 2009, 325:24-26.
216. Minchin E.A. The Porifera and Coelenterata. Treatise on Zoology 1900, 1-178. A. & Ch. Black, London. R. Lakenster (Ed.).
217. Mitchell K.D., Hall K.A., Hooper J.N.A. A new species of Sigmaxinella Dendy, 1897 (Demospongiae, Poecilosclerida, Desmacellidae) from the Tasman Sea. Zootaxa 2011, 2901:19-34.
218. Moore W.S. Inferring phylogenies from mtDNA variation-Mitochondrial-gene trees versus nuclear-gene trees. Evolution 1995, 49:718-726.
219. Moritz C., Dowling T.E., Brown W.M. Evolution of the animal mitochondrial DNA: Relevance for population biology and systematics. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1987, 18:269-292.
220. Morrow C.C., Picton B.E., Erpenbeck D., Boury-Esnault N., Maggs C.A., Allcock A.L. Congruence between nuclear and mitochondrial genes in Demospongiae: A new hypothesis for relationships within the G4 clade (Porifera: Demospongiae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2012, 62:174-190.
221. Müller W.E.G., Wang X., Kropf K., Boreiko A., Schloßmacher U., Brandt D., Schröder H., Wiens M. Silicatein expression in the hexactinellid Crateromorpha meyeri: The lead marker gene restricted to siliceous sponges. Cell and Tissue Research 2008, 333:339-351.
222. Muricy G., Diaz M. Order Homosclerophorida Dendy, 1905, Family Plakinidae Schulze, 1880. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 71-82. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
223. Muricy G., Boury-Esnault N., Bézac C., Vacelet J. Cytological evidence for cryptic speciation in Mediterranean Oscarella species (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha). Canadian Journal of Zoology 1996, 74:881-896.
224. Muricy G., Boury-Esnault N., Bézac C., Vacelet J. Taxonomic revision of the Mediterranean Plakina Schulze (Porifera, Demospongiae, Homoscleromorpha). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 1998, 124:169-203.
225. Nakamura Y., Okada K. The ultrastructure of spermatozoa and its structural change in the choanocytes of Sycon calcaravis Hozawa. Sponge Sciences: Multidisciplinary Perspectives 1998, 179-191. Springer, Tokyo. Y. Watanabe, N. Fusetani (Eds.).
226. Nichols S.A. An evaluation of support for order-level monophyly and interrelationships within the class Demospongiae using partial data from the large subunit rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2005, 34:81-96.
227. Nichols S., Barnes P. A molecular phylogeny and historical biogeography of the marine sponge genus Placospongia (Phylum Porifera) indicate low dispersal capabilities and widespread crypsis. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 2005, 323:1-15.
228. Nichols S.A., Dirks W., Pearse J.S., King N. Early evolution of animal cell signaling and adhesion genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:12451-12456.
229. Nielsen C. Six major steps in animal evolution: Are we derived sponge larvae?. Evolution & Development 2008, 10:241-257.
230. Okada Y. On the development of a hexactinellid sponge Farrea sollasii. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo 1928, 2:1-29.
231. Parra-Velandia F.J. Speciation scenarios of sessile organisms in the Caribbean Sea: The genus Agelas (Porifera: Demospongiae), a case of high diversity in the area 2011, (Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, 165 pp.).
232. Perovic S., Schroder H.C., Sudek S., Grebenjuk V.A., Batel R., Stifanic M., Müller I.M., Müller W.E.G., Nicholas K.B., Nicholas H.B. Expression of one sponge Iroquois homeobox gene in primmorphs from Suberites domuncula during canal formation. Evolution & Development 2003, 5:240-250.
233. Peterson K.J., Butterfield N.J. Origin of the Eumetazoa-Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2005, 102:9547-9552.
234. Peterson K.J., Eernisse D.J. Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences. Evolution & Development 2001, 3:170-205.
235. Peterson K.J., McPeek M.A., Evans D.A.D. Tempo and mode of early animal evolution: Inferences from rocks, Hox, and molecular clocks. Paleobiology 2005, 31(Suppl. 2):36-55.
236. Peterson K.J., Cotton J.A., Gehling J.G., Pisani D. The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: Congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 2008, 363:1435-1443.
237. Peterson K.J., Lyons J.B., Nowak K.S., Takacs C.M., Wargo M.J., McPeek M.A. Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 2004, 101:6536-6541.
238. Philippe H., Telford M.J. Large-scale sequencing and the new animal phylogeny. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2006, 21:614-620.
239. Philippe H., Derelle R., Lopez P., Pick K., Borchiellini C., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Deniel E., Houliston E., Quéinnec E., Da Silva C., Wincker P., Le Guyader H., Leys S., Jackson D.J., Schreiber F., Erpenbeck D., Morgenstern B., Wörheide G., Manuel M. Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships. Current Biology 2009, 19:706-712.
240. Philippe H., Brinkmann H., Lavrov D.V., Littlewood D.T.J., Manuel M., Wörheide G., Baurain D. Resolving difficult phylogenetic questions: Why more sequences are not enough. PLoS Biology 2011, 9:e1000602.
241. Pick K.S., Philippe H., Schreiber F., Erpenbeck D., Jackson D.J., Wrede P., Wiens M., Alié A., Morgenstern B., Manuel M., Wörheide G. Improved phylogenomic taxon sampling noticeably affects non-bilaterian relationships. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2010, 27:1983-1987.
242. Pisani D., Benton M.J., Wilkinson M. Congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies. Acta Biotheoretica 2007, 55:269-281.
243. Pisera A., Lévi C. 'Lithistid' Demospongiae. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 299-301. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
244. Pöppe J., Sutcliffe P., Hooper J.N.A., Wörheide G., Erpenbeck D. COI Barcoding reveals new clades and radiation patterns of Indo-Pacific sponges of the Family Irciniidae (Demospongiae: Dictyoceratida). PLoS One 2010, 5:e9950.
245. Price A.L., Patel N.H. The evolution of gastrulation: Cellular and molecular aspects. Gastrulation: From Cells to Embryos 2004, 695-701. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY. C.D. Stern (Ed.).
246. Raleigh J., Redmond N.E., Delahan E., Torpey S., Van Soest R.W.M., Kelly M., McCormack G.P. Mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 phylogeny supports alternative taxonomic scheme for the marine Haplosclerida. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2007, 87:1577-1584.
247. Rapp H.T., Janussen D., Tendal O.S. Calcareous sponges from abyssal and bathyal depths in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Deep-Sea Research Part II 2011, 58:58-67.
248. Rasmont R. Les eponges: Des metazoaires et des societes de cellules. Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1979, 291:21-29.
249. Redmond N.E., McCormack G.P. Large expansion segments in 18S rDNA support a new sponge clade (Class Demospongiae, Order Haplosclerida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 47:1090-1099.
250. Redmond N.E., McCormack G.P. Ribosomal internal transcribed spacer regions are not suitable for intra- or inter-specific phylogeny reconstruction in haplosclerid sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2009, 89:1251-1256.
251. Redmond N.E., Van Soest R.W.M., Kelly N., Raleigh J., Travers S.A.A., McCormack G.P. Reassessment of the classification of the Order Haplosclerida (Class Demospongiae, Phylum Porifera) using 18S rRNA gene sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2007, 43:344-352.
252. Reiswig H.M. Porifera. Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates 1983, 1-21. Wiley and sons, Chichester. K.G. Adiyodi, R.G. Adiyodi (Eds.).
253. Reiswig H.M. Class Hexactinellida Schmidt, 1870. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1201-1202. Plenum, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
254. Reiswig H.M., Kelly M. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Hexasterophoran Glass Sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida. NIWA Biodiversity Memoirs 2011, 124:1-176.
255. Reitner J. " Coralline Spongien" . Der Versuch einer phylogenetisch taxonomischen Analyse. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe (E), Palaeobiologie 1992, 1:1-352.
256. Reitner J., Mehl D. Monophyly of the Porifera. Verhandlungen des natrurwissenschaftlichen Vereins Hamburg 1996, 36:5-32.
257. Reunov A. Problem of terminology in characteristics of spermatozoa of Metazoa. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology 2001, 36:335-351.
258. Richards G.S., Degnan B.M. The dawn of developmental signaling in the metazoa. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 2009, 74:81-90.
259. Richards G.S., Simionato E., Perron M., Adamska M., Vervoort M., Degnan B.M. Sponge genes provide new insight into the evolutionary origin of the neurogenic circuit. Current Biology 2008, 18:1156-1161.
260. Riesgo A., Maldonado M. An unexpectedly sophisticated, V-shaped spermatozoon in Demospongiae (Porifera): Reproductive and evolutionary implications. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2009, 97:413-426.
261. Rivera A.S., Hammel J.U., Haen K.M., Danka E.S., Cieniewicz B., Winters I.P., Posfai D., Wörheide G., Lavrov D.V., Knight S.W., Hill M.S., Hill A.L., Nickel M. RNA interference in marine and freshwater sponges: Actin knockdown in Tethya wilhelma and Ephydatia muelleri by ingested dsRNA expressing bacteria. BMC Biotechnology 2011, 11:67.
262. Rokas A., Carroll S.B. Bushes in the Tree of Life. PLoS Biology 2006, 4:e352.
263. Rokas A., King N., Finnerty J., Carroll S.B. Conflicting phylogenetic signals at the base of the metazoan tree. Evolution & Development 2003, 5:346-359.
264. Rokas A., Krüger D., Carroll S.B. Animal evolution and the molecular signature of radiations compressed in time. Science 2005, 310:1933-1938.
265. Rosengarten R., Sperling E., Moreno M., Leys S., Dellaporta S. The mitochondrial genome of the hexactinellid sponge Aphrocallistes vastus: Evidence for programmed translational frameshifting. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:33.
266. Rot C., Goldfarb I., Ilan M., Huchon D. Putative cross-kingdom horizontal gene transfer in sponge (Porifera) mitochondria. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2006, 6:71.
267. Rua C.P.J., Zilberberg C., Solé-Cava A.M. New polymorphic mitochondrial markers for sponge phylogeography. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 2011, 91:1015-1022.
268. Saller U. Oogenesis and larval development of Ephydatia fluviatilis (Porifera, Spongillidae). Zoomorphology 1988, 108:23-28.
269. Schierwater B., Eitel M., Jakob W., Osigus H.-J., Hadrys H., Dellaporta S.L., Kolokotronis S.-O., DeSalle R., Penny D. Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern " Urmetazoon" hypothesis. PLoS Biology 2009, 7:e20.
270. Schmitt S., Hentschel U., Zea S., Dandekar T., Wolf M. ITS-2 and 18S rRNA gene phylogeny of Aplysinidae (Verongida, Demospongiae). Journal of Molecular Evolution 2005, 60:327-336.
271. Schröder H.C., Efremova S.M., Itskovich V.B., Belikov S., Masuda Y., Krasko A., Müller I.M., Müller W.E.G., Medina M., Weil E., Szmant A.M. Molecular phylogeny of the freshwater sponges in Lake Baikal. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 2003, 41:80-86.
272. Schütze J., Krasko A., Custodio M.R., Efremova S.M., Müller I.M., Müller W.E.G. Evolutionary relationships of Metazoa within the eukaryotes based on molecular data from Porifera. Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 1999, 266:63-73.
273. Sethmann I., Wörheide G. Structure and composition of calcareous sponge spicules: A review and comparison to structurally related biominerals. Micron 2008, 39:209-228.
274. Shimodaira H., Hasegawa M. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Molecular Biology and Evolution 1999, 16:1114-1116.
275. Simionato E., Ledent V., Richards G., Thomas-Chollier M., Kerner P., Coornaert D., Degnan B.M., Vervoort M. Origin and diversification of the basic helix-loop-helix gene family in metazoans: Insights from comparative genomics. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2007, 7:33.
276. Simpson T.L. The Cell Biology of Sponges 1984, Springer Verlag, New York.
277. Solé-Cava A.M., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet J., Thorpe J.P. Biochemical genetic divergence and systematics in sponges of the genera Corticium and Oscarella (Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha) in the Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology 1992, 113:299-304.
278. Sperling E.A., Peterson K.J. MicroRNAs and metazoan phylogeny: Big trees from little genes. Animal Evolution: Genomes, Fossils, and Trees 2009, 157-170. Oxford University Press, Oxford. M.J. Telford, D.T.J. Littlewood (Eds.).
279. Sperling E.A., Pisani D., Peterson K.J. Poriferan paraphyly and its implications for Precambrian paleobiology. Journal of the Geological Society of London, Special Publications 1999, 286:355-368.
280. Sperling E.A., Peterson K.J., Pisani D. Phylogenetic signal dissection of nuclear housekeeping genes supports the paraphyly of sponges and the monophyly of Eumetazoa. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2009, 26:2261-2274.
281. Sperling E.A., Robinson J.M., Pisani D., Peterson K.J. Where's the glass? Biomarkers, molecular clocks, and microRNAs suggest a 200-Myr missing Precambrian fossil record of siliceous sponge spicules. Geobiology 2010, 8:24-36.
282. Srivastava M., Larroux C., Lu D.R., Mohanty K., Chapman J., Degnan B.M., Rokhsar D.S. Early evolution of the LIM homeobox gene family. BMC Biology 2010, 8:4.
283. Srivastava M., Simakov O., Chapman J., Fahey B., Gauthier M.E.A., Mitros T., Richards G.S., Conaco C., Dacre M., Hellsten U., Larroux C., Putnam N.H., Stanke M., Adamska M., Darling A., Degnan S.M., Oakley T.H., Plachetzki D.C., Zhai Y.F., Adamski M., Calcino A., Cummins S.F., Goodstein D.M., Harris C., Jackson D.J., Leys S.P., Shu S.Q., Woodcroft B.J., Vervoort M., Kosik K.S., Manning G., Degnan B.M., Rokhsar D.S. The Amphimedon queenslandica genome and the evolution of animal complexity. Nature 2010, 466:720-727.
284. Szitenberg A., Rot C., Ilan M., Huchon D. Diversity of sponge mitochondrial introns revealed by cox1 sequences of Tetillidae. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:288.
285. Tabachnick K.R. Family Euplectellidae Gray, 1867. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 1388-1434. Plenum, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. van Soest (Eds.).
286. Taylor M.W., Thacker R.W., Hentschel U. Genetics. Evolutionary insights from sponges. Science 2007, 316:1854-1855.
287. Telford M.J., Copley R.R. Improving animal phylogenies with genomic data. Trends in Genetics 2011, 27:186-195.
288. Tuzet O., Grassé P.P. Éponges calcaires. Traité de zoologie. Spongiaires 1973, 7-132. Masson et Cie, Paris.
289. Uriz M.-J. Mineral skeletogenesis in sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology 2006, 84:322-356.
290. Uriz M., Turon X., Becerro M., Agell G. Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: Origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions. Microscopy Research and Technique 2003, 62:279-299.
291. Usher K.M., Ereskovsky A.V. Larval development, ultrastructure and metamorphosis in Chondrilla australiensis Carter, 1873 (Demospongiae, Chondrosida, Chondrillidae). Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 2005, 47:51-62.
292. Vacelet J., Boury-Esnault N., Harmelin J.-G. Hexactinellid cave, a unique deep-sea habitat in the SCUBA zone. Deep-Sea Research Part I 1994, 41:965-973.
293. Vacelet J., Borchiellini C., Perez T., Bultel-Ponce V., Brouard J.P., Guyot M. Morphological, chemical and biochemical characterization of a new species of sponge without skeleton (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Mediterranean Sea. Zoosystema 2000, 22:313-326.
294. Van de Peer Y., de Wachter R. Evolutionary relationships among the eukaryotic crown taxa taking into account site-to-site rate variation in 18S rRNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution 1997, 45:619-630.
295. Van Soest R.W.M. Marine sponges from Curacao and other Caribbean Localities. Part III. Poecilosclerida. Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and Other Caribbean Islands 1984, Foundation for Scientific Research in Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles, Utrecht, The Netherlands, (No. 112). P. Wagenaar-Hummelinck, L.J. van der Steen (Eds.).
296. Van Soest R.W.M. Towards a phylogenetic classification of sponges 1990, 344-348. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. K. Rützler, V.V. Macintyre, K.P. Smith (Eds.).
297. Van Soest R.W.M. Demosponge higher taxa classification re-examined. Fossil and Recent Sponges 1991, 54-71. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. J. Reitner, H. Keupp (Eds.).
298. Van Soest R.W.M., Braekman J.C. Chemosystematics of Porifera: A review. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1999, 44:569-589.
299. Van Soest R.W.M., Hooper J.N.A. Order Halichondrida Gray, 1867. Systema Porifera, A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 721-723. KluwerAcademic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
300. Van Soest R.W.M., Hooper J.N.A. Order Haplosclerida Topsent, 1928. Systema Porifera. A Guide to the Classification of Sponges 2002, 831-832. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. J.N.A. Hooper, R.W.M. Van Soest (Eds.).
301. Van Soest R.W.M., Diaz M.C., Pomponi S.A. Phylogenetic classification of the halichondrids (Porifera, Demospongiae). Beaufortia 1990, 40:15-62.
302. Van Soest R.W.M., Hooper J.N.A., Beglinger E., Erpenbeck D. Affinities of the family Sollasellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae). I. Morphological evidence. Contributions to Zoology 2006, 75:133-144.
303. Van Soest R.W.M., Boury-Esnault N., Hooper J.N.A., Rützler K., de Voogd N.J., Alvarez de Glasby B., Hajdu E., Pisera A.B., Manconi R., Schoenberg C., Janussen D., Tabachnick K.R., Klautau M., Picton B., Kelly M. World Porifera database 2011, (accessed 01 May 2011). http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera.
304. Veremeichik G.N., Shkryl Y.N., Bulgakov V.P., Shedko S.V., Kozhemyako V.B., Kovalchuk S.N., Krasokhin V.B., Zhuravlev Y.N., Kulchin Y.N. Occurrence of a silicatein gene in glass sponges (Hexactinellida: Porifera). Marine Biotechnology 2011, 13:810-819.
305. Viamontes G.I., Kirk D.L. Cell shape change and the mechanism of inversion in Volvox. The Journal of Cell Biology 1977, 75:719-730.
306. Voigt O., Erpenbeck D., Wörheide G. Molecular evolution of rDNA in early diverging Metazoa: First comparative analysis and phylogenetic application of complete SSU rRNA secondary structures in Porifera. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:69.
307. Voigt O., Eichmann V., Wörheide G. First evaluation of mitochondrial DNA as a marker for phylogeographic studies of Calcarea: a case study from Leucetta chagosensis. Hydrobiologia 2011, 687:101-106.
308. Voigt O., Wülfing E., Wörheide G. Molecular phylogenetic evaluation of classification and scenarios of character evolution in calcareous sponges (Porifera, Class Calcarea). PLoS ONE 2012, 10.1371/journal.pone.0033417.
309. Wang X., Lavrov D. Mitochondrial genome of the homoscleromorph Oscarella carmela (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals unexpected complexity in the common ancestor of sponges and other animals. Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007, 24:363-373.
310. Wang X., Lavrov D. Seventeen new complete mtDNA sequences reveal extensive mitochondrial genome evolution within the Demospongiae. PLoS One 2008, 3:e2723.
311. Wapstra M., van Soest R.W.M. Sexual reproduction, larval morphology and behaviour in demosponges from the southwest of the Netherlands. Taxonomy of Porifera from the N.E. Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea 1987, 281-307. Springer Verlag, New York. J. Vacelet, N. Boury-Esnault (Eds.).
312. Wiens M., Belikov S.I., Kaluzhnaya O.V., Adella T., Schröder H.C., Perovic-Ottstadt S., Kaandorp J.A., Müller W.E.G. Regional and modular expression of morphogenetic factors in the demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Micron 2008, 39:447-460.
313. Windsor P.J., Leys S.P. Wnt signaling and induction in the sponge aquiferous system: Evidence for an ancient origin of the organizer. Evolution & Development 2010, 12:484-493.
314. Woollacott R.M. Structure and swimming behavior of the larva of Halichondria melanadocia (Porifera, Demospongiae). Journal of Morphology 1990, 205:135-145.
315. Woollacott R.M. Structure and swimming behavior of the larva of Haliclona tubifera (Porifera, Demospongiae). Journal of Morphology 1993, 218:301-321.
316. Woollacott R.M., Hadfield M.G. Larva of the sponge Dendrilla cactus (Demospongiae, Dendroceratida). Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 1989, 108:410-413.
317. Woollacott R., Pinto R. Flagellar basal apparatus and its utility in phylogenetic analyses of the Porifera. Journal of Morphology 1995, 226:247-265.
318. Wörheide G. The reef cave dwelling ultraconservative coralline demosponge Astrosclera willeyana Lister 1900 from the Indo-Pacific-Micromorphology, ultrastructure, biocalcification, isotope record, taxonomy, biogeography, phylogeny. Facies 1998, 38:1-88.
319. Wörheide G. A hypercalcified sponge with soft relatives: Vaceletia is a keratose demosponge. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 2008, 47:433-438.
320. Wörheide G., Hooper J.N.A. Calcarea from the Great Barrier Reef. 1: Cryptic Calcinea from Heron Island and Wistari Reef (Capricorn-Bunker Group). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 1999, 43:859-891.
321. Zrzavy J., Mihulka S., Kepka P., Bezdek A., Tietz D. Phylogeny of the Metazoa based on morphological and 18S ribosomal DNA evidence. Cladistics 1998, 14:249-285.