The role of bone microenvironment, vitamin D and calcium

Recent Results in Cancer Research

Volumn 192, Issue , 2012, Pages 33-34

  Santini, Daniele ^a   Pantano, Francesco ^a   Vincenzi, Bruno ^a   Tonini, Giuseppe ^a   Bertoldo, Francesco ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY CAMPUS BIO MEDICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

25 HYDROXYVITAMIN D; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTOR; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CALCIUM SENSING RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; ENDOTHELIN 1; ENDOTHELIN RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTEGRIN; NOTCH RECEPTOR; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION FACTOR; OSTEOPONTIN; PARATHYROID HORMONE; PARATHYROID HORMONE RELATED PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3,4,5 TRISPHOSPHATE 3 PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN LYSINE 6 OXIDASE; RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR KAPPA B; SOMATOMEDIN; SONIC HEDGEHOG PROTEIN; STEM CELL FACTOR; STROMAL CELL DERIVED FACTOR 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RELATED APOPTOSIS INDUCING LIGAND; VASCULOTROPIN; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D RECEPTOR; WNT PROTEIN;

ANTIANGIOGENIC ACTIVITY; ANTIPROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BONE; BONE METASTASIS; BONE MICROENVIRONMENT; BREAST CANCER; CANCER STEM CELL; CELL HOMING; CELL MIGRATION; CELL RENEWAL; EPITHELIAL MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; OSTEOBLAST; OSTEOCLAST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM; SELF RENEWAL; STEM CELL MOBILIZATION; STEM CELL NICHE; TUMOR ASSOCIATED LEUKOCYTE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 84858196311     PISSN: 00800015     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21892-7_2     Document Type: Article

References (201)

1. Adami S, Bertoldo F, Braga S et al (2009) 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in healthy premenopausal women: association with bone turnover markers and bone mineral density. Bone 45:423-426
2. Adams GB (2005) Stem cell engraftment at the endosteal niche is specified by the Calcium sensing receptor. Nature 439:599-603
3. Aldridge SE, Lennard TW, Williams JR et al (2005) Vascular endothelial growth factor acts as an osteolytic factor in breast cancer metastases to bone. Br J Cancer 92:1531-1537 (Pubitemid 40705022)
4. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A et al (2003) Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:3983-3988 (Pubitemid 36418143)
5. Almquist M, Manjer J, Bondenson L et al (2007) Serum calcium and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective cohort study of 7, 847 women. Cancer Cause Control 18:595-602 (Pubitemid 46883676)
6. Alonso V, deGortazar AR, Ardura JA (2008) Parathyroid hormone related protein increases human osteoblastic cell survival by activation of vascular endothelial factor receptor-2. J Cell Physiol 217:717-727
7. Arai F, Hirao A, Ohmura M et al (2004) Tie2/angiopoietin-1 signaling regulates hematopoietic stem cell quiescence in the bone marrow niche. Cell 18:149-161 (Pubitemid 38962572)
8. Artavanis-Tsakonas S, Rand MD, Lake RJ (1999) Notch signaling: cell fate control and signal integration in development. Science 284:770-776 (Pubitemid 29291335)
9. Arya M, Ahmed H, Silhi N et al (2007) Clinical importance and therapeutic implications of the pivotal CXCL12-CXCR4 (chemokine ligand-receptor) interaction in cancer cell migration. Tumour Biol 28(3):123-131 (Pubitemid 46975998)
10. Asou Y, Rittling SR, Yoshitake H et al (2001) Osteopontin facilitates angiogenesis, accumulation of osteoclasts, and resorption in ectopic bone. Endocrinology 142:969-973
11. Attia S, Eickhoff J, Wilding G et al (2008) Randomized double blinded phase II evaluation of docetaxel with or without doxecalciferol in patients with metastatic androgen independent prostate cancer. Clin Canc Res 14:2437-2443 (Pubitemid 351551078)
12. Bao BY, Yao J, Lee YF (2006) Alpha 25hydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses interleukin-8-mediated prostate cancer cell angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 247:122-129
13. Bertolini G, Roz L, Perego P (2009) Highly tumorigenic lung cancer CD133+ cells display stem-like features and are spared by cisplatin treatment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(38):16281-16286
14. Bleul CC, Fuhlbrigge RC, Casasnovas JM (1996) A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1). J Exp Med 184(3):1101-1109 (Pubitemid 26313567)
15. Blokzijl A, Dahlqvist C, Reissmann E (2003) Cross-talk between the Notch and TGF-beta signaling pathways mediated by interaction of the Notch intracellular domain with Smad3. J Cell Biol 163(4):723-728 (Pubitemid 37517880)
16. Bonnet D, Dick JE (1997) Human acute myeloid leukaemia is organised as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 3:730-737 (Pubitemid 27298715)
17. Bouilon E et al (2006) Vitamin D and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 102:156-162
18. Boyce BF, Xing L, Shakespeare W et al (2003) Regulation of bone remodelling and emerging breakthrough drugs for osteoporosis and osteolytic bone metastases. Kidney Int Suppl 85:S2-S5 (Pubitemid 36605852)
19. Brown J, Corey E, Lee Z et al (2001a) Osteoprotegerin and rank ligand expression in prostate cancer. Urology 57:611-616
20. Brown JM, Vessella RL, Kostenuik PJ et al (2001b) Serum osteoprotegerin levels are increased in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 7(10):2977-2983 (Pubitemid 32963814)
21. Bryden AAG, Hoyland JA, Freemong AJ et al (2002) Parathyroid hormone relate peptide and receptor expression in paired primary prostate cancer and bone metastases. Br J Cancer 86:322-325 (Pubitemid 34185110)
22. Bunyaratavej P, Hullinger TG, Somerman MJ (2000) Bone morphogenetic proteins secreted by breast cancer cells upregulate bone sialoprotein expression in preosteoblast cells. Exp Cell Res 260:324-333
23. Burtis WJ, Wu T, Bunch C, Wysolmerski J et al (1987) Identification of a novel 17, 000-dalton parathyroid hormone-like adenylate cyclase-stimulating protein from a tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. J Biol Chem 262(15):7151-7156 (Pubitemid 17105018)
24. Calvi L (2006) Osteoblastic activation in the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Ann NY Acad 1068:477-488 (Pubitemid 43824176)
25. Calvi LM, Adams GB, Weibrecht KW et al (2003) Osteoblastic cells regulate the hematopoietic stem cell niche. Nature 425:841-846 (Pubitemid 37351468)
26. Campbell MJ, Elstner E, Holden S et al (1997) Inhibition of proliferation of prostate cancer cells by a 19-norhexafluoride vitamin D 3 analogue involves the induction of p21 waf1p27 kip 1 and E-cadherin. J Mol Endocrinol 19:15-27 (Pubitemid 27345239)
27. Campbell MJ, Gombart AF, Kwok SH et al (2000) The antiproliferative effects of 1alpha 25(OH)D on breast and prostate cancer cell are associated with induction of BRCA1 gene expression. Oncogene 19:5091-5097
28. Canon JR, Roudier M, Bryant R et al (2008) Inhibition of RANKL blocks skeletal tumor progression and improves survival in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 25(2):119-129
29. Casimiro S, Guise A, Chirgwin J (2009) The critical role of bone microenvironment in cancer metastasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 310:71-81
30. Catz SD, Johnoston JL (2001) Transcriptional regulation of BCL-2 by nuclear factor kappa and its significance in prostate cancer. Oncogene 41:3283-3294
31. Chan JS, Beer TM, Quin DI et al (2008) A phase II study of high dose calcitriol combined with mitoxantrone and prednisone for androgen.indipendent prostate cancer. BJU Int 102:1601-1606
32. Chen G, Sircar K, Aprikian A et al (2006) Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer as markers of disease stage and functional regulation. Cancer 107:289-298 (Pubitemid 44036558)
33. Cheney IW, Johnson DE, Vaillancourt MT et al (1998) Suppression of tumorigenicity of glioblastoma cells by adenovirus-mediated MMAC1/PTEN gene transfer. Cancer Res 58(11):2331-2334 (Pubitemid 28252688)
34. Chenn A, Walsh CA (2002) Regulation of cerebral cortical size by control of cell cycle exit in neural precursors. Science 297:365-369 (Pubitemid 34790759)
35. Chiao JW, Moonga BS, Yang YM et al (2000) Endothelin-1 from prostate cancer cells is enhanced by bone contact which blocks osteoclastic bone resorption. Br J Cancer 83:360-365 (Pubitemid 30453577)
36. Chlebowski RT, Jhonson KC, Kooperberger C et al (2008) Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1581-1591
37. Chung I, Han G, Seshadri M et al (2009) Role of vitamin D receptor in the proliferative effects of cacitriol in tumor derived endothelial cells and tumor angiogenesis in vivo. Cancer Res 69:967-975
38. Collins AT, Berry PA, Hyde C et al (2005) Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 65:10946-10951 (Pubitemid 41713363)
39. Coyle D, McNeill RE, Hennessy E (2006) Calcium sensing receptor gene expression and breast to bone metastases. Br J Surg 93:898
40. Crew KD, Shane E, Cremers S et al (2009) High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency despite supplementation in premenopausal women with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 27:2151-2156
41. Cross SS, Harrison RF, Balasubramanian SP et al (2006) Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappabeta ligand (RANKL) and tumour necrosis factor related, apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in breast cancer, and their relations with osteoprotegerin, oestrogen receptor, and clinicopathological variables. J Clin Pathol 59(7):716-720 (Pubitemid 44048780)
42. Cui Y, Rohan TE (2006) Vitamin D, calcium and breast cancer risk: a review. Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1427-1437 (Pubitemid 44299311)
43. Dahmane N, Lee J, Robins P et al (1997) Activation of the transcription factor Gli1 and the Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway in skin tumours. Nature 389(6653):876-881 (Pubitemid 27462984)
44. Dai J, Kitagawa Y, Zhang J et al (2004) Vascular endothelial growth factors contributes to the prostate cancer-induced osteoblast differentiation mediated by bone morphogentic protein. Cancer Res 64:994-999 (Pubitemid 38176902)
45. De Palma M, Murdoch C, Venneri MA et al (2007) Tie2-expressing monocytes: regulation of tumor angiogenesis and therapeutic implications. Trends Immunol 28:519-524
46. Deftos LJ, Barken I, Burton DW (2005) Direct evidences that PTHrp expression promotes prostate cancer progression in bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 327:468-472 (Pubitemid 40040499)
47. Derynck R, Akhurst RJ, Balmain A (2001) TGF-b signaling in tumor suppression and cancer progression. Nat Genet 29:117-129 (Pubitemid 32952643)
48. Dougall WC, Chaisson M (2006) The RANK/RANKL/OPG triad in cancer-induced bone diseases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25:541-549 (Pubitemid 46071863)
49. Emery JG, McDonnell P, Burke MB et al (1998) Osteoprotegerin is a receptor for the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL. J Biol Chem 273:14363-14367 (Pubitemid 28319153)
50. Eriksen EF, Eghbali-Fatourechi GZ, Klosha S (2007) Remodeling and vascular space in bone. J Bone Miner Res 22:1-6
51. Erler JT, Giaccia AJ (2006) Lysyl oxidase mediates hypoxic control of metastasis. Cancer Res 66(21):10238-10241 (Pubitemid 44799737)
52. Erler JT, Bennewith KL, Cox TR et al (2009) Hypoxia-induced lysyl oxidase is a critical mediator of bone marrow cell recruitment to form the premetastatic niche. Cancer Cell 15:35-44
53. Esbrit P, Alvarez-Arroyo MV, DeMiguel F et al (2000) C-terminal parathyroid hormone-related protein increases vascular endothelial growth factor in human osteoblastci cell. J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1085-1092 (Pubitemid 30367938)
54. Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J et al (2000) The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell 103:41-50
55. Ferrara N (2009) Vascular endothelial growth factor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29(6): 789-791
56. Flaig TW, Barqawi A, Miller G et al (2006) A phase II trail of dexamethasone, vitamin D, and carboplatin in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 107:266-274 (Pubitemid 44036555)
57. Folkman J (1995) Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med 1:27-31
58. Gerritsen ME, Peale FV, Wu T (2002) Gene expression profiling in silico: relative expression of candidate angiogenesis associated genes in renal cell carcinomas. Exp Nephrol 10:114-119 (Pubitemid 34293679)
59. Glinsky VV, Glinsky GV, Rittenhouse-Olson K et al (2001) The role Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in adhesion of human breast and prostate cancer cells to the endothelium. Cancer Res 61:4851-4857 (Pubitemid 32691901)
60. Gocek E, Studzinski GP (2009) Vitamin D and differentiation in cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 46:190. doi:10.1080/10408360902982128
61. Grill V, Ho P, Body JJ et al (1991) Parathyroid hormone-relate protein: elevated levels in both humoral hypercalcemia and hypercalcemia complicating metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:1309-1315 (Pubitemid 121000708)
62. Guise TA, Yin JJ, Mohammad KS (2003) Role of endothelin-1 in osteoblastic bone metastases. Cancer 97(3):779-784 (Pubitemid 36131076)
63. Hagemann T (2005) Macrophages induce invasiveness of epithelial cancer cells via NF-jB and JNK. J Immunol 175:1197-1205 (Pubitemid 41095008)
64. Harada S, Rodan GA (2003) Control of osteoblast function and regulation of bone mass. Nature 423:349-355 (Pubitemid 40852710)
65. Hauschka PV, Mavrakos AE, Iafrati MD et al (1986) Growth factors in bone matrix. J Biol Chem 261:12665-12674
66. Heissig B, Hattori K, Dias S et al (2002) Recruitment of stem and progenitor cells from the bone marrow niche requires MMP-9 mediated release of kit-ligand. Cell 109:625-637 (Pubitemid 34628725)
67. Henderson MA, Danks JA, Slavin JL et al (2006) Parathyroid hormone-related protein localization in breast cancers predict improved prognosis. Cancer Res 66:7402-7411
68. Hofbauer L, Rachner T, Singh S (2008) Fatal attraction: why breast cancer cells home to bone. Breast Cancer Res 10:101
69. Holen I, Croucher PI, Hamdy FC et al (2002) Osteoprotegerin is a survival factor for human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 62:1619-1623 (Pubitemid 34408480)
70. Holen I, Cross SS, Neville-Webbe HL et al (2005) Osteoprotegerin expression by breast cancer cells in vitro and breast tumours in vivo-a role in tumour cell survival? Breast Cancer Res Treat 92:207-215 (Pubitemid 41279631)
71. Holick MF, Chen TC (2008) Vitamin D deficiency: a world wide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 87:10805-10865
72. Hughes DP (2009) How the NOTCH pathway contributes to the ability of osteosarcoma cells to metastasize. Cancer Treat Res 152:479-496
73. Hugo H, Ackland ML, Blick T et al (2007) Epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions in carcinoma progression. J Cell Physiol 213:374-383 (Pubitemid 47509716)
74. Hullinger TG, Pan Q, Viswanathan HL (2001) TGFbeta and BMP-2 activation of the OPN promoter: roles of smad-and hox-binding elements. Exp Cell Res 262(1):69-74 (Pubitemid 32989009)
75. Isowa A, Shimo T, Ibaragi S et al (2010) PTHrP regulates angiogenesis and bone resorption via VEGF expression. Anticancer Res 30:2755-2768
76. Ite H, Yoshida T, Matsumoto N, Aoki K, Osada Y, Sugimura T, Terada M (1997) Growth regulation of human prostate cancer cells by bone morphogenetic protein-2. Cancer Res 57:5022-5027 (Pubitemid 27498113)
77. Iwasaki H, Suda T (2009) Cancer stem cell and their niche. Cancer Sci 100:1166-1172
78. Javed A, Barnes GL, Pratap J et al (2005) Impaired intranuclear trafficking of Runx2 (AML3/CBFA1) transcription factors in breast cancer cells inhibits osteolysis in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:1454-1459 (Pubitemid 40209191)
79. Jones DH, Nakashima T, Sanchez OH et al (2006) Regulation of cancer cell migration and bone metastasis by RANKL. Nature 440:692-696
80. Jung Y, Wang J, Schneider A (2006) Regulation of SDF-1 (CXCL12) production by osteoblasts a possible mechanism for stem cell homing. Bone 38:497
81. Kagan HM, Li W (2003) Lysyl oxidase: properties, specificity, and biological roles inside and outside of the cell. J Cell Biochem 88:660-672 (Pubitemid 36258816)
82. Kaplan RN, Riba RD, Zacharoulis S et al (2005) VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche. Nature 438(7069):820-827 (Pubitemid 41753060)
83. Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B (1996) Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. Cell 87:159-170 (Pubitemid 26358996)
84. Kirschmann DA, Seftor EA, Fong SF et al (2002) A molecular role for lysyl oxidase in breast cancer invasion. Cancer Res 62:4478-4483 (Pubitemid 34827311)
85. Kitano Y, Kurihara H, Kurihara Y et al (1998) Gene expression of bone matrix proteins and endothelin receptors in endothelin-1-deficient mice revealed by in situ hybridization. J Bone Miner Res 13:237-244 (Pubitemid 28082379)
86. Kitten AM, Harvey SA, Criscimagna N et al (1997) Osteogenic protein-1 downregulates endothelin A receptors in primary rat osteoblasts. Am J Physiol 272((6 Pt 1)):E967-E975
87. Kleeberger W, Bova GS, Nielsen ME, Epstein JI, Berman DM et al (2007) Roles for the stem cell associated intermediate filament Nestin in prostate cancer migration and metastasis. Cancer Res 67:9199-9206 (Pubitemid 47535906)
88. Knerr K, Ackermann K, Neidhart T et al (2004) Bone metastasis: osteoblasts affect growth and adhesion regulons in prostate tumor cells and provoke osteomimicry. Int J Cancer 11:152-159 (Pubitemid 38859297)
89. Koch H, Jadlowiec JA, Campbell PG (2005) Insulin-like growth factor-I induces early osteoblast gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 14:621-631 (Pubitemid 43201896)
90. Kollett O, Dar A, Schvtiel S et al (2006) Osteoclasts degrade endosteal components and promote mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nat Med 12:657-664 (Pubitemid 43865234)
91. Kollt O, Dar A, Shivtiel S et al (2006) Osteoclasts degradate endosteal components and promote mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Nature Med 12:657-664 (Pubitemid 43865234)
92. Kostenuik PJ, Nguyen HQ, McCabe J et al (2009) Denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, inhibits bone resorption and increases BMD in knock-in mice that express chimeric (murine/human) RANKL. J Bone Miner Res 24:182-195
93. Kunnimalaiyaan M, Chen H (2007) Tumor suppressor role of Notch-1 signaling in neuroendocrine tumors. Oncologist 12:535-542 (Pubitemid 350012116)
94. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93:165-176 (Pubitemid 28180851)
95. Lapidot T, Sirard C, Vormoor J et al (1994) A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367:645-648 (Pubitemid 24067706)
96. Lappe JM, Travers-Gustafson D, Davies KM et al (2007) Vitamin D and calcium supplementation reduces cancer risk:results of a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 85:1586-1591 (Pubitemid 46890428)
97. Li G, Cui Y, McIlmmuray L et al (2005) rhBMP2, rhVEGF (165), rhPTN and thrombin related peptide, TP 508 induce chemotaxis of human osteoblasts and microvascular endothelial cells. J Ortop Res 23:680-685 (Pubitemid 40631342)
98. Li X, Huang M, Zheng H, Wang Y (2008) CHIP promotes Runx2 degradation and negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation. J Cell Biol 181(6):959-972 (Pubitemid 351846829)
99. Liang Z, Wu T, Lou H et al (2004) Inhibition of breast cancer metastasis by selective synthetic polypeptide against CXCR4. Cancer Res 64:4302-4308 (Pubitemid 38802437)
100. Liao J, Li X, Koh AJ et al (2008) Tumor expressed PTHrP facilitates prostate cancer-induced osteoblastic lesions. Int J Cancer 123(10):2267-2278
101. Lyden D, Young AZ, Zagzag D et al (1999) Id1 and Id3 are required for neurogenesis, angiogenesis and vascularization of tumour xenografts. Nature 401:670-677
102. Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR et al (1998) Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4-and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(16):9448-9453 (Pubitemid 28506251)
103. Makuch LA, Sosnoski DM, Gay CV (2006) Osteoblast-conditioned media influence the expression of E-selectin on bone-derived vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biochem 98:1221-1229 (Pubitemid 44128361)
104. Mantovani A, Schioppa T, Porta C et al (2006) Role of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor progression and invasion. Cancer Metastasis Rev 25(3):315-322 (Pubitemid 44922352)
105. Matthews D, LaPorta E, Zinser GM et al (2010) Genomic vitamin D signalling in breast cancer: insights from animal models and human cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 121:36-367
106. McGrath CM, Soule HD et al (1984) Calcium regulation of normal human mammary epithelial cell growth in culture. In Vitro 20:625-662
107. Merryman JI, DeWille JW, Werkmeister JR et al (1994) Effects of transforming growth factor-b on parathyroid hormone-related protein production and ribonucleic acid expression by a squamous carcinoma cell line in vitro. Endocrinology 134:2424-2430 (Pubitemid 24170853)
108. Miettinen PJ, Ebner R, Lopez AR, Derynck R (1994) TGF-b induced transdifferentiation of mammary epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells: involvement of type I receptors. J Cell Biol 127:2021-2036
109. Mihai M (2008) The calcium sensing receptor: from understanding parathyroid calcium homeostasis to bone metastasis. Ann R Coll Sur Engl 90:271-277
110. Min JK, Kim JM et al (2003) Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulates expression of receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) in endothelial cells. Concomitant increase of angiogenic response to RANK ligand. J Biol Chem 278:39548-39557
111. Moseley JM, Kubota M, Diefenbach-Jagger H et al (1987) Parathyroid hormone-related protein purified from a human lung cancer cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:5048-5052 (Pubitemid 17095861)
112. Muller A, Homey B, Soto H et al (2001) Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature 410:50-56 (Pubitemid 32225831)
113. Murdoch C, Muthana M, Coffelt SB et al (2008) The role of myeloid cells in the promotion of tumour angiogenesis. Nature Rev Cancer 8:618-631
114. Nakagawa M, Kaneda T, Arakawa T et al (2000) Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEF^GF) directly enhances osteoclastic bone resorption and survival of mature osteoclast. FEBS Lett 473:161-164 (Pubitemid 30254282)
115. Nefedova Y, Cheng P, Alsina M (2004) Involvement of Notch-1 signaling in bone marrow stroma-mediated de novo drug resistance of myeloma and other malignant lymphoid cell lines. Blood 103(9):3503-3510 (Pubitemid 38525684)
116. Nelson JB, Hedican SP, George DJ et al (1995) Identification of endothelin-1 in the pathophysiology of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Nat Med 1:944-949
117. Nelson JB, Nguyen SH, Wu-Wong JR et al (1999) New bone formation in an osteoblastic tumor model is increased by endothelin-1 overexpression and decreased by endothelin A receptor blockade. Urology 53(5):1063-1069 (Pubitemid 29196330)
118. Nobta M, Tsukazaki T, Shibata Y et al (2005) Critical regulation of bone morphogenetic proteininduced osteoblastic differentiation by Delta1/Jagged1-activated notch1 signaling. J Biol Chem 280(16):15842-15848 (Pubitemid 40616705)
119. Noda M, Rodan GA (1989) Transcriptional regulation of osteopontin production in rat osteoblastlike cells by parathyroid hormone. J Cell Biol 08(1):713-718 (Pubitemid 19065866)
120. O'Brien CA, Pollet A, Gallinger S et al (2007) A human colon cancer cell capable of initiating tumour growth in immunodeficient mice. Nature 445:106-110 (Pubitemid 46067310)
121. Oh HS, Moharita A, Potian JG et al (2004) Bone marrow stroma influences tranforming growth factor-beta production production in breast cancer cells to regulate c-myc activation of the preprotachykinin-I gene in breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 64:6327-6336 (Pubitemid 39129438)
122. Pardal R, Clark MF, Morrison SJ (2003) Applying the principals of stem-cell biology to cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:895-902 (Pubitemid 37500174)
123. Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R et al (2006) Highly purified CD44+ prostate cancer cells from xenograft human tumors are enriched in tumorigenic and metastatic progenitor cells. Oncogene 25:1696-1708
124. Pecheur I, Peyruchaud O, Serre CM et al (2002) Integrin amb3 expression confers on tumor cells a greater propensity to metastasixe to bone. FASEB J 16:1266-1268
125. Pepe J, Romagnoli E, Nofroni I et al (2006) Vitamin D status as the major factor determining the circulating levels of parathyroid hormone: a study in normal subjects. Osteopor Int 16:805-812 (Pubitemid 40933597)
126. Peterlik M, Grant WB, Cross HS (2009) Calcium, vitamin D and cancer. Anticancer Res 29:3687-3698
127. Pfeilschifter J, Mundy GR (1987) Modulation of transforming growth factor b activity in bone cultures by osteotropic hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2024-2028 (Pubitemid 17054142)
128. Phadke PA, Mercer R, Harms JF (2006) Kinetics of metastatic breast cancer cell trafficking bone. Clin Cancer Res 12(5):1431-1440
129. Piek E, Moustakas A, Kurisaki A et al (1999) TGF-b type I receptor/ALK-5 and Smad proteins mediate epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation in NMuMG breast epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 112:4557-4568 (Pubitemid 30034805)
130. Polakis P (1999) The oncogenic activation of b-catenin. Curr Opin Genet Dev 9:15-21
131. Pollard JW (2009) Trophic macrophages in development and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 9(4):259-270
132. Ponomariov T, Peled A, Petit I et al (2000) Induction of the chemokines stromal-derived factor-1 following DNA damage improves human stem cell functions. J Clin Invest 106:1331-1339
133. Powell GJ, Southby J, Danks JA et al (1991) Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer metastasis: increased incidence in bone compared with other sites. Cancer Res 51:3059-3061
134. Powell SM, Zilz N, Beazer-Barclay Y et al (1992) APC mutations occur early during colorectal tumorigenesis. Nature 359:235-237
135. Prince CW, Butler WT (1987) 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulates the biosyntheis of osteopontin, a bone-derived cell attachment protein, in clonal osteoblast-like osteosarcoma cells. Coll Relat Res 7:305-313 (Pubitemid 17128256)
136. Proweller A, Tu L, Lepore JJ et al (2006) Impaired notch signaling promotes de novo squamous cell carcinoma formation. Cancer Res 66:7438-7444 (Pubitemid 44289196)
137. Pukrop T, Klemm F, Hagemann TH et al (2006) Wnt 5a signaling is critical for macrophageinduced invasion of breast cancer cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:5454-5459
138. Radtke F, Raj K (2003) The role of Notch in tumorigenesis: oncogene or tumour suppressor? Nat Rev Cancer 3:756-767 (Pubitemid 37328814)
139. Raimondi S, Johansson H, Maisonneuve P et al (2009) Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk. Carcinogenesis 30:1170-1180
140. Ramaswamy S, Ross KN, Lander ES et al (2003) A molecular signature of metastasis in primary solid tumors. Nat Genet 33:49-54 (Pubitemid 36068681)
141. IARC Working Group Reports (2008) IARC vitamin D and cancer, vol 5. International Agency for Research on Cancer
142. Ritchie CK, Andrews LR, Thomas KG et al (1997a) The effects of growth factors associated with osteoblasts on prostate carcinoma proliferation and chemotaxis: implications for the development of metastatic disease. Endocrinology 138:1145-1150 (Pubitemid 27089772)
143. Ritchie CK, Thomas KG, Andrews LR et al (1997b) Effects of the calciotrophic peptides calcitonin and PTH on prostate growth and chemotaxis. Prostate 30:183-187 (Pubitemid 27149277)
144. Rodland KD (2004) The role of the calcium-sensing receptor in cancer. Cell Calcium 35(3): 291-295 (Pubitemid 38292373)
145. Rubin J, Chung LW, Fan X et al (2004) Prostate carcinoma cells that have resided in bone have an upregulated IGF-I axis. Prostate 58:41-49 (Pubitemid 38057987)
146. Rucci N, Recchia I, Angelucci A et al (2006) Inhibition of protein kinase c-Src reduces the incidence of breast cancer metastases and increases survival in mice: implication for therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:161-172
147. Ruiz i Altaba A, Sánchez P, Dahmane N (2002) Gli and hedgehog in cancer: tumours, embryos and stem cells. Nat Rev Cancer 2(5):361-372 (Pubitemid 37328949)
148. Santini D, Perrone G, Roato I et al (2010a) Expression pattern of receptor activator of NFjB (RANK) in a series of primary solid tumors and related bone metastases. J Cell Physiol 226:780-784
149. Santini D, Vincenzi B, Russo A et al. (2010b) Association of receptor activator of NF-kb (RANK) expression with bone metastasis in breast carcinomas. ASCO 2010 abstract 1053
150. Sasaki T, Hong MH (1993) Endothelin-1 localization in bone cells and vascular endothelial cells in rat bone marrow. Anat Rec 237:332-337 (Pubitemid 23320112)
151. Sasaki A, Ishikawa K, Haraguchi N et al (2007) Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma with bone metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 14(3):1191-1199
152. Schnieder A, Kalikin LM, Mattos AC (2005) Bone turnover mediates preferential localization of prostate cancer in the skeleton. Endocrinology 146:1727-1736 (Pubitemid 40396881)
153. Schwalbe M, Sanger J, Eggers R et al (2003) Differential expression and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in breast cancer. Int J Oncol 23:89-95
154. Schwaninger R, Rentsch CA, Wetterwald A, van der Horst G, van Bezooijen RL, van der Pluijm G, Lowik CW, Ackermann K, Pyerin W, Hamdy FC et al (2007) Lack of noggin expression by cancer cells is a determinant of the osteoblast response in bone metastases. Am J Pathol 170:160-175 (Pubitemid 47339197)
155. Schwartz GG (2008) Prostate cancer, serum parathyroid hormone and the progression of skeletal metastases. Canc Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:478-483 (Pubitemid 351469195)
156. Shimoyama A, Wada M, Ikeda F et al (2007) Ihh/Gli2 signaling promotes osteoblast differentiation by regulating Runx2 expression and function. Mol Biol Cell 18:2411-2418 (Pubitemid 47025707)
157. Shioide M, Noda M (1993) Endothelin modulates osteopontin and osteocalcin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cells. J Cell Biochem 53:176-180 (Pubitemid 23294604)
158. Shipitsin M, Polyak K (2008) The cancer stem cell hypothesis: in search of definitions, markers and relevance. Lab Invest 88:459-463 (Pubitemid 351581449)
159. Shipitsin M, Campbell LL, Argani P et al (2007) Molecular definition of breast tumor heterogeneity. Cancer Cell 11:69-82
160. Shmelkov SV, Butler JM, Hooper AT et al (2008) CD133 expression is not restricted to stem cells, and both CD133+ and CD133-metastatic colon cancer cells initiate tumors. J Clin Invest 118:2111-2120 (Pubitemid 351872330)
161. Sing SK (2003) Identification of a cancer stem cell in human brain tumours. Cancer Res 63: 5821-5828
162. Southby J, Kissin MW, Danks JA et al (1990) Immunohistochemical localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein in breast cancer. Cancer Res 50:7710-7716
163. Spinella F, Rosanò L, Di Castro V et al (2003) Endothelin-1 decreases gap junctional intercellular communication by inducing phosphorylation of connexin 43 in human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 278(42):41294-41301 (Pubitemid 37280957)
164. Spinella-Jaegle S, Rawadi G, Kawai S et al (2001) Sonic hedgehog increases the commitment of pluripotent mesenchymal cells into the osteoblastic lineage and abolishes adipocytic differentiation. J Cell Sci 114:2085-2094 (Pubitemid 32586633)
165. Stern PH, Tatrai A, Semler DE et al (1995) Endothelin receptors, second messengers, and actions in bone. J nutr 125(Suppl):2028S-2032S
166. Street J, Bao M, deGuzman L et al (2002) Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates bone repair by promoting angiogenesis and bone turnover. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:9656-9661 (Pubitemid 34831103)
167. Strewler GJ, Stern P, Jacobs J, Eveloff J, Klein RF, Leung SC et al (1987) Parathyroid hormonelike protein from human renal carcinoma cells structural and functional homology with parathyroid hormone. J Clin Invest 80:1803-1807 (Pubitemid 18007159)
168. Sugiyama T, Kohara H, Noda M et al (2006) Maintainance of the hematopoietic stem cell pool by CXCL12-CXCR4 chemokine signalling in bone marrow stromal cell niches. Immunity 25:977-988 (Pubitemid 44894948)
169. Sun YX, Shelburne CE, Lopatin DE et al (2003) The expression of CXCR4 and CXCL12 (SDF-1) in human prostate camncers in vivo. J Cell Biochem 89:462-473 (Pubitemid 36648768)
170. Sun YX, Schneider A, Jung Y et al (2005) Skeletal localization and neutralization of the SDF1 (CXCL12)/CXCR4 axis blocks prostate cancer metastasis and growth in osseus sites in vivo. J Bone Miner Res 20:318-329
171. Tombran-Tink J, Barnstable CJ (2004) Osteoblasts and osteoclasts express PEDF, VEGF-A isoforms, and VEGF receptors: possible mediators of angiogenesis and matrix remodelling in the bone. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 316:573-579 (Pubitemid 38338629)
172. Tretli S, Hernes E, Berg JP (2009) Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer. Br J Canc 100:450-454
173. Trump DL, Potter DM, Muindi J et al (2006) Phase II trial of high dose intermittent calcitriol and dexamethasone in androgen independent prostate cancer. Cancer 106:2136-2142 (Pubitemid 43673234)
174. Trump DL, Chadha MK, Sunga AY et al (2009) Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among patients with prostate cancer. BJU Int 104:909-914
175. Tuck AB, Hota C, Wilson SM et al (2003) Osteopontin-induced migration of human mammary epithelial cells involves activation of EGF receptor and multiple signal transduction pathways. Oncogene 22:1198-1205 (Pubitemid 36363383)
176. Valcourt U, Kowanetz M, Niimi H et al (2005) TGF-b and the Smad signaling pathway support transcriptomic reprogramming during epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition. Mol Biol Cell 16:1987-2002 (Pubitemid 40471965)
177. van Dijke P, Yamashita H, Sampath TK, Reddi AH, Estevex M, Riddle DL, Ichijo H, Heldin CH, Miyazono K (1994) Identification of type I receptors for osteogenic protein-1 and bone morphogenetic protein-4. J Biol Chem 269:16985-16988 (Pubitemid 24204009)
178. Vargas SJ, Gillespie MT, Powell GJ et al (1992) Localization of parathyroid hormone-related protein mRNA expression and metastatic lesions by in situ hybridization. J Bone Miner Res 7(8):971-980
179. Wai PY, Kuo PC (2004) The role of osteopontin in tumor metastasis. J Surg Res 121:228-241 (Pubitemid 39387464)
180. Wiesner C, Nabha SM, Dos Santos EB et al (2008) C-kit and its ligand stem cell factor: potential contribution to prostate cancer bone metastasis. Neoplasia 10:996-1003
181. Wu JY, Scadden DT, Kronenberg M (2009) Role of the osteoblast lineage in the bone marrow hematopoietic niches. J Bone Min Res 24:759-763
182. Wyckoff JB (2007) Direct visualization of macrophageassisted tumor cell intravasation in mammary tumors. Cancer Res 67:2649-2656 (Pubitemid 46548952)
183. Xie Y, Yin T, Wiegraebe W et al (2009) Detection of functional haematopoietic stem cell niche using real-time imaging. Nature 457:97-101
184. Xu J, Lamouille S, Derynck R (2009) TGF-beta-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Cell Res 19(2):156-172
185. Yates AJ, Gutierrez GE, Smolens P et al (1988) Effects of a synthetic peptide of a parathyroid hormone-related protein on calcium homeostasis, renal tubular calcium reabsorption, and bone metabolism in vivo and in vitro in rodents. J Clin Invest 81:932-938 (Pubitemid 18079748)
186. Yin T, Li L et al (2006) The stem cell niche in bone. J Clin Invest 116:1195-1201
187. Yin L, Raum E, Haug U et al (2009) Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies: serum vitamin D and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidem 33:435-445
188. Yin L, Grandi N, Raum E et al (2010) Meta-analysis: serum vitamin D and breast cancer risk. Eu J Cancer 46:2196-2205
189. Yu XF, Collin-Osdoby P, Osdoby P (2003a) SDF-1 increases recruitment of osteoclast precursors by upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 9 activity. Connect Tissue Res 44:79-84 (Pubitemid 36395426)
190. Yu XF, Huang YF, Collin-Osdoby P et al (2003b) Stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) recruits osteoclast precursors by inducing chemotaxis, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity, and collagen transmigration. J Bone Miner Res 18(8):1404-1418 (Pubitemid 41070795)
191. Yucha C, Guthrie D (2003) Renal homeostasis of calcium. Nephrol Nurs J 30:755-764
192. Zakalik D, Diep D, Hooks MA et al (1992) Transforming growth factor b increases stability of parathyroid hormone-related protein messenger RNA. J Bone Miner Res 7(Suppl 1): 104A, S118
193. Zavadil J, Cermak L, Soto-Nieveset N et al (2004) Integration of TGF-beta/Smad and Jagged1/Notch signalling in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. EMBO J 23(5):1155-1165 (Pubitemid 38436879)
194. Zeisberg M, Hanai J, Sugimoto H, Mammoto T, Charytan D, Strutz F, Kalluri R (2003) BMP-7 counteracts TGF-b1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal injury. Nat Med 9:964-968 (Pubitemid 36889942)
195. Zhang J, Dai J, Qi Y, Lin DL et al (2001) Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone. J Clin Invest 107(10): 1235-1244 (Pubitemid 32494540)
196. Zhang J, Grindley JC, Yin T et al (2006) PTEN maintains haematopoietic stem cells and acts in lineage choice and leukaemia prevention. Nature 441:518-522 (Pubitemid 44050154)
197. Zhang XH, Wang Q, Gerald W et al (2009) Latent bone metastasis in breast cancer tied to Srcdependent survival signals. Cancer Cell 16:67-78
198. Zheng H, Fu G, Dai T, Huang H (2007) Migration of endothelial progenitor cells mediated by stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha/CXCR4 via PI3 K/Akt/eNOS signal transduction pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 50(3):274-280 (Pubitemid 47428975)
199. Zhou J, Wulfkuhle J, Zhang H et al (2007) Activation of the PTEN/mTOR/STAT3 pathway in breast cancer stem-like cells is required for viability and maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104(41):16158-16163 (Pubitemid 350099378)
200. Zhu AJ, Watt FM (1999) b-catenin signalling modulates proliferative potential of human epidermal keratinocytes independently of intercellular adhesion. Development 126: 2285-2298 (Pubitemid 29271712)
201. Zunich SM, Douglas T, Valdovinos M, Chang T, Bushman W, Walterhouse D, Iannaccone P, Lamm ML (2009) Paracrine sonic hedgehog signalling by prostate cancer cells induces osteoblast differentiation. Mol Cancer 8:12