Production of plant proteases in vivo and in vitro - A review

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 983-996

  González Rábade, Nuria ^a   Badillo Corona, Jesús Agustín ^b   Aranda Barradas, Juan Silvestre ^b   Oliver Salvador, María del Carmen ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL   (Mexico)

Author keywords

In vitro; In vivo; Plant proteases

Indexed keywords

BROMELAIN; FOOD INDUSTRIES; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; IN VIVO; IN-VITRO; NATURAL SOURCES; PLANT ENZYMES; PLANT PROTEASE;

NUCLEIC ACIDS;

ENZYMES;

PEPTIDE HYDROLASE; VEGETABLE PROTEIN;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CANCER; DECADAL VARIATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; LITERATURE REVIEW; MILK;

BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; ENZYMOLOGY; PLANT; REVIEW;

BIOTECHNOLOGY; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; PEPTIDE HYDROLASES; PLANT PROTEINS; PLANTS;

EID: 80053439470     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.08.017     Document Type: Review

References (308)

1. Abraham K.I., Joshi P.N. Studies on proteinases from Calotropis gigantea latex. I. Purification and some properties of two proteinases containing carbohydrate. Biophys Acta 1979, 568:111-119.
2. Abreu-Payrol J., Obregon W.D., Natalucci C.L., Caffini N.O. Reinvestigation of the proteolytically active components of Bromelia pinguin fruit. Fitoterapia 2005, 76:540-548.
3. Abreu-Payrol J., Obregon W.D., Trejo S.A., Caffini N.O. Purification and characterization of four new cysteine endopeptidases from fruits of Bromelia pinguin L. grown in Cuba. Protein J 2008, 27:88-96.
4. Adam Z. Protein stability and degradation in chloroplasts. Plant Mol Biol 1996, 32:773-783.
5. Andallu B., Suryakantham V., Lakshimi S.B., Reddy G.K. Effect of mulberry (Morus indica) therapy on plasma erythrocyte membrane lipids in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Chim Acta 2001, 314:47-53.
6. Andallu B., Varadacharyulu N.C. Antioxidant role of mulberry (Morus indica L. cv. Anantha) leaves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 2003, 338:3-10.
7. Antao C.M., Malcata F.X. Plant serine proteases: biochemical, physiological and molecular features. Plant Physiol Biochem 2005, 43:637-650.
8. Apte P.V., Kaklij G.S., Heble M.R. Proteolytic enzymes (bromelains) in tissue cultures of Ananas sativus (Pineapple). Plant Sci Lett 1979, 14:57-62.
9. Arima K., Uchikoba T., Yonezawa H., Shimada M., Kaneda M. Cucumisin-like protease from the latex of Euphorbia supina. Phytochemistry 2000, 53:639-644.
10. Arima K., Uchikoba T., Yonezawa H., Shimada M., Kaneda M. Isolation and characterization of a serine protease from the sprouts of Pleioblastus hindsii Nakai. Phytochemistry 2000, 54:559-565.
11. Arribere M.C., Cortadi A.C., Gattuso M.A., Bettiol M.P., Priolo N.S., Caffini N.O. Comparison of Asclepiadaceae latex proteases and characterization of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. Cysteine peptidases. Phytochem Anal 1998, 9:267-273.
12. Asakura T., Watanabe H., Keiko A., Soichi A. Oryzasin as an aspartic proteinase occurring in rice seeds: purification, characterization, and application to milk-clotting. J Agric Food Chem 1997, 45:1070-1075.
13. Asano N., Yamashita T., Yasuda K., Ikeda K., Kizu H., Kameda Y., et al. Polyhydrozylated alkaloids isolated from mulberry trees (Morus alba L.) and silkworms (Bombix mori L.). J Agric Food Chem 2001, 49:4208-4213.
14. Ascencio-Cabral A., Gutierrez-Pulido H., Rodriguez-Garay B., Gutierrez-Mora A. Plant regeneration of Carica papaya L. through somatic embryogenesis in response to light quality, gelling agent and phloridzin. Sci Hortic 2008, 118:155-160.
15. Asif-Ullah M., Kim K.-S., Yu Y.G. Purification and characterization of a serine protease from Cucumis trigonus Roxburgui. Phytochemistry 2006, 67:870-875.
16. Avrova A.O., Steward H.E., de Jong W., Heilbronn J., Lyon G.D. A cysteine protease gene is expressed early in resistant potato interactions with Phytophtora infestans. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1999, 12:1114-1119.
17. Bailey A., Light N. Connective tissue in: meat and meat products 1989, 213-214. Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd., London.
18. Bah S., Paulsen B.S., Diallo D., Johansen H.T. Characterization of cysteine proteases in Malian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2006, 107:189-198.
19. Barros R.M., Extremina C.I., Goncalves I.C., Braga B.O., Balcao V.M., Malcata F.X. Hydrolysis of alpha-lactalbumin by cardosin A immobilized on highly activated supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003, 33:908-916.
20. Bartling D., Nosek J. Molecular and immunological characterization of leucine aminopeptidase in Arabidopsis thaliana: a new antibody suggests a semi-constitutive regulation of a phylogenetically old enzyme. Plant Sci 1994, 99:199-209.
21. Batkin S., Taussig S., Szekerezes R. Modulation of pulmonary metastases (Lewis lung carcinoma) by bromelain, an extract of the pineapple stem (Ananas comosus). Cancer Invest 1988, 6:241-242.
22. Becker C., Shutov A.D., Nong V.H., Denyuk V.I., Jung R., Horstmann C., et al. Purification, cDNA cloning and characterization of proteinase B, an asparagine-specific endopeptidase from germinating vetch (Vicia sativa L.) seeds. Eur J Biochem 1995, 228:456-462.
23. Beers E.P., Woffenden B.J., Zhao C. Plant proteolytic enzymes: possible roles during programmed cell death. Plant Mol Biol 2000, 44:399-415.
24. Beyene G., Foyer C.H., Kunert K.J. Two new cysteine proteinases with specific expression patterns in mature and senescent tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves. J Exp Bot 2006, 57:1431-1443.
25. Bhalerao R., Keskitalo J., Sterky F., Erlandsson R., Bjorkbacka H., Birve S.J., et al. Gene expression in autumn leaves. Plant Physiol 2003, 131:430-442.
26. Boller T. Roles of proteolytic enzymes in interaction of plants with other organisms. In: Dalling MJ, editor. Plant proteolytic enzymes. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press; 1986. p. 67-96.
27. Borgoño C.A., Michael I.P., Shaw J.L.V., Lui L.-Y., Ghosh M.C., Soosaipillai A., et al. Expression and functional characterization of the cancer-related serine protease, human tissue kallikrein 14. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:2405-2422.
28. Bourgaud F., Gravot A., Milesi S., Gontier E. Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant Sci 2001, 161:839-851.
29. Briones-Martinez R., Cruz-Victoria M.T., Cortes-Vazquez M.I., Oliver-Salvador M.C. Preparaciones enzimaticas de interes industrial. Inf Tecnologica 1994, 5:29-38.
30. Brömme D., Kaleta J. Thiol-dependent cathepsins: pathophysiological implications and recent advances in inhibitor design. Curr Pharm Des 2002, 8:1639-1658.
31. Brömme D., Nallaseth F.S., Turk B. Production and activation of recombinant papain-like cysteine proteases. Methods 2004, 32:199-206.
32. Bruno M.A., Pardo M.F., Caffini N.O., Lopez L.M.I. Hieronymain I, a new cysteine peptidase isolated from unripe fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae). J Prot Chem 2003, 22:127-134.
33. Bruno M.A., Trejo S.A., Aviles X.F., Caffini N.O., Lopez L.M.I. Isolation and characterization of hyeronymain II, another peptidase isolated from fruits of Bromelia hieronymi Mez (Bromeliaceae). Prot J 2006, 25:224-231.
34. Bruno M.A., Trejo S.A., Caffini N.O., Lopez L.M.I. Purification and characterization of Hieronymain III. Comparison with other proteases previously isolated from Bromelia hieronymi Mez. Prot J 2008, 27:426-433.
35. Bryan P.N. Prodomains and protein folding catalysis. Chem Rev 2002, 102:4805-4815.
36. Buchanan-Wollaston V. The molecular biology of leaf senescence. J Exp Bot 1997, 48:181-199.
37. Cabral J.M.S., Fevereiro P., Novais J.M., Pais M.S.S. Comparison of immobilization methods for plant cells and protoplasts. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1984, 434:501-503.
38. Cabral H., Leopoldino A.M., Tajara E.H., Greene L.J., Faca V.M., Mateus R.P., et al. Preliminary functional characterization, cloning and primary sequence of fastuosain, a cysteine peptidase isolated from fruits of Bromelia fastuosa. Protein Pept Lett 2006, 13:83-89.
39. Cai W., Gonsalves C., Tennant P., Fermin G., Souza M., Sarindu N., et al. A protocol for efficient transformation and regeneration of Carica papaya L. In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 1999, 35:61-69.
40. Castañeda-Agullo M., Hernandez A., Loaeza F., Salazar W. Crystallization of mexicain. J Biol Chem 1945, 159:751.
41. Chao W.S., Gu Y.-Q., Pautot V., Bray E., Walling L.L. Leucine aminopeptidase RNAs, proteins, and activities increase in response to water deficit, salinity, and the wound signals systemin, methyl jasmonate, and abscisic acid. Plant Physiol 1999, 120:979-992.
42. Chao W.S., Pautot V., Holzer F.M., Walling L.L. Leucine aminopeptidases: the ubiquity of LAP-N and the specificity of LAP-A. Planta 2000, 210:563-573.
43. Cheon B.S., Kim Y.H., Son K.S., Chang H.W., Kang S.S., Kim H.P. Effects of prenylated flavonoid and biflavonoids on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production from the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264-7. Planta Med 2000, 66:596-600.
44. Cimino C., Cavalli S.V., Spina F., Natalucci C., Priolo N. Callus culture for biomass production of milk thistle as a potential source of milk-clotting peptidases. J Biotechnol 2006, 9:237-240.
45. Coffeen W.C., Wolpert T.J. Purification and characterization of serine proteases that exhibit caspase-like activity and are associated with programmed cell death in Avena sativa. Plant Cell 2004, 16:857-873.
46. Engineering plants for commercial products and applications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996, 792.
47. Cordeiro M.C., Pais M.S., Brodelius P.E. Cynara cardunculus. subsp. flavescens (cardoon): in vitro culture, and the production of cyprosins (milk-clotting enzymes). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 1998, 132-153. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany. Y.P.S. Bajaj (Ed.).
48. Cordeiro M.C., Pais M.S., Brodelius P.E. Tissue-specific expression of multiple forms of cyprosin (aspartic proteinase) in flowers of Cynara cardunculus. Physiol Plant 1994, 92:645-653.
49. Cordeiro M.C., Xue Z.-T., Pietrzak M., Pais M.S., Brodelius P.E. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA from flowers of Cynara cardunculus encoding cyprosin (an aspartic proteinase) and its use to study the organ-specific expression of cyprosin. Plant Mol Biol 1994, 24:733-741.
50. Cordeiro M.C., Xue Z.-T., Pais M.S., Brodelius P.E. Proteases from cell suspension cultures of Cynara cardunculus. Phytochemistry 1993, 33:1323-1326.
51. Cormier F., Charest C., Dufresne C. Partial purification and properties of proteases from fig (Ficus carica) callus cultures. Biotechnol Lett 1989, 11:797-802.
52. Cortes-Vazquez M.I., Muñoz-Sanchez J.L., Briones-Martinez R. Substrate specificity of a cationic peptidase from Bromelia hemisphaerica L. Nat Prod Commun 2008, 3:351-355.
53. Crafts-Brandner S.J., Klein R.R., Klein P., Holze R., Feller U. Coordination of protein and mRNA abundances of stromal enzymes and mRNA abundances of the ClpP protease subunit during senescence of Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) leaves. Planta 1996, 200:312-318.
54. Cruz M.T., Oliver M.C., Del Castillo L.M., Castañeda-Agullo M. Proteinasas de plantas mexicanas. I. Determinacion de pesos moleculares de proteinasas cisteinicas por concentracion de grupos tioles. Rev Latinoam Quim 1974, 5:18-25.
55. Davies D.R. The structure and function of the aspartic proteases. Annu Rev Biophys Biophys Chem 1990, 19:189-215.
56. De Carvalho M.H.C., d'Arcy-Lameta A., Roy-Macauley H., Gareil M., El Maarouf H., Pham-Thi A.T., Zuily-Fodil Y. Aspartic protease in leaves of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp): enzymatic activity, gene expression and relation to drought susceptibility. FEBS Lett 2001, 492:242-246.
57. De Jong A.J., Hoeberichts F.A., Yakimova E.T., Maximova E., Woltering E.J. Chemical-induced apoptotic cell death in tomato cells: involvement of caspase-like proteases. Planta 2000, 211:656-662.
58. Del Pozo O., Lam E. Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of plants to pathogens. Curr Biol 1998, 8:1129-1132.
59. De Sa F.V., Barbosa M. Cheese-making with a vegetable rennet from Cardo (Cynara cardunculus). J Dairy Res 1972, 39:335-343.
60. Dery O., Corvera C.U., Steinhoff M., Bunnett N.W. Proteinase-activated receptors: novel mechanisms of signaling by serine proteases. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 1998, 274:1429-1452.
61. Devaraj K.B., Gowda L.R., Prakash V. An unusual thermostable aspartic protease from the latex of Ficus racemosa (L.). Phytochemistry 2008, 69:647-655.
62. DiCosmo F., Misawa M. Plant cell and tissue culture: alternatives for metabolite production. Biotechnol Adv 1995, 13:425-453.
63. Distefano S., Palma J.M., McCarthy I., Del Rio L.A. Proteolytic cleavage of plant proteins by peroxisomal endoproteases from senescent pea leaves. Planta 1999, 209:308-313.
64. Doi E., Shibata D., Matoba T., Yonezawa D. Characterization of pepstatin-sensitive acid protease in resting rice seeds. Agric Biol Chem 1980, 44:741-747.
65. Doi K., Kojima T., Fujimoto Y. Mulberry leaf extract inhibits the oxidative modification of rabbit and human low-density lipoprotein. Biol Pharm Bull 2000, 23:1066-1071.
66. Doi K., Kojima T., Makino M., Kimura Y., Fujimoto Y. Studies on the constituents of the leaves of Morus alba L. Chem Pharm Bull 2001, 49:151-153.
67. Domingos A., Cardos P.C., Xue Z.-T., Clemente A., Brodelius P.E., Pais M.S. Purification, cloning and autoproteolytic processing of an aspartic proteinase from Centaurea calcitrapa. Eur J Biochem 2000, 267:6824-6831.
68. Domingos A., Miguel G., Clemente A., Pais M.S.S. Production of clotting enzymes by in vivo plants and cell suspension cultures of Centaurea calcitrapa (Compositae). NATO-ASI series 1992, 511-513. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands.
69. Domsalla A., Melzig M.F. Occurrence and properties of proteases in plant lattices. Planta Med 2008, 74:699-711.
70. Doran P.M. Properties and applications of hairy-root cultures. Plant biotechnology and transgenic plants 2002, 143-162. Mercel Dekker Inc., New York. K.-M. Oksman-Caldenty, W.H. Barz (Eds.).
71. Dryjanski M., Otlewski J., Polanowski A., Wilusz T. Serine protease from Cucurbita ficifolia seed; purification, properties, substrate specificity and action on native squash trypsin inhibitor (CMTI I). Biol Chem Hoppe Seyler 1990, 371:889-895.
72. Eckert K., Grabowska E., Stange R., Schneider U., Eschmann K., Maurer H.R. Effects of oral bromelain administration on the impaired immunocytotoxicity of mononuclear cells from mammary tumor patients. Oncol Rep 1999, 6:1191-1199.
73. Estelle M. Proteases and cellular regulation in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2001, 4:254-260.
74. Faro C., Ramalho-Santos M., Vieira M., Mendes A., Simoes I., Andrade R., et al. Cloning and characterization of cDNA encoding cardosin A, and RGD-containing plant aspartic protease. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:28724-28729.
75. Fernandez G., Pomilio A.B. Optimized growth conditions and determination of the catalytic type of the peptidase complex from a novel callus culture of pineapple (Ananas comosus). Mol Med Chem 2003, 1:39-49.
76. Fernando J.A., Melo M., Soares M.K.M., Appezzato-da-Gloria B. Anatomy of somatic embryogenesis in Carica papaya L. Braz Arch Biol Technol 2001, 44:247-255.
77. Fevereiro P., Cabral J.M.S., Fonseca M.M.R., Novais J.M., Pais M.S. Callus and suspension culture of Silybum marianum. Biosynthesis of proteins with clotting activity. Biotechnol Lett 1986, 8:19-24.
78. Figueiredo C.S., Fevereiro P., Cabral J.M.S., Novais J.M., Pais J.M. Callus and suspension cultures for biomass production of Cynara cardunculus (Compositae). Biotechnol Lett 1987, 9:213-218.
79. Fischer J., Becker C., Hillmer S., Horstmann C., Neuboln C.B., Schlereth A., et al. The families of papain- and legumain-like cysteine proteinases from embryonic axes and cotyledons of Vicia seeds: developmental pattern, intracellular localization and functions in globulin proteolysis. Plant Mol Biol 2000, 43:83-101.
80. Fitch M.M.M. High frequency somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from papaya hypocotyl callus. Plant Cell Tissue Org 1993, 32:205-212.
81. Fontanini D., Jones B.L. SEP-1 - a subtilisin-like serine endopeptidase from germinated seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. cv, Morex. Planta 2002, 215:885-893.
82. Foroughi F., Keshavarz T., Evans C.S. Specificities of proteases for use in leather manufacture. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2006, 81:257-261.
83. Fraguas C.B., Pasqual M., Dutra L.F., Cazetta J.O. Micropropagation of fig (Ficus carica L.) 'Roxo de Valinhos' plants. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2004, 40:471-474.
84. Frazao C., Bento I., Costa J., Soares C.M., Verissimo P., Faro C., et al. Crystal structure of cardosin A, a glycosylated and Arg-Gly-Asp-containing aspartic proteinase from the flowers of Cynara cardunculus L. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:27694-27701.
85. Fuke Y., Sekiguchi M., Matsuoka H. Nature of stem bromelain treatments on the aggregation and gelation of soybean proteins. J Food Sci 1985, 50:1283-1288.
86. Garcia Martinez J.L., Moreno J. Proteolysis of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase in citrus leaf extracts. Physiol Plant 1986, 66:377-383.
87. Gavira J.A., Gonzalez-Ramirez L.A., Oliver-Salvador M.C., Soriano-Garcia M., Garcia-Ruiz J.M. Structure of the mexicain-E-64 complex and comparison with other cysteine proteases of the papain family. Acta Crystallogr 2007, 63:555-563.
88. Genelhu M.S., Zanini M.S., Veloso I.F., Carneiro A.M.D., Lopes M.T.P., Salas C.E. Use of a cysteine proteinase from Carica candamarcensis as a protective agent during DNA extraction. Braz J Med Biol Res 1998, 31:1129-1132.
89. Georgiev M.I., Pavlov A.I., Bley T. Hairy root type plant in vitro systems as sources of bioactive substances. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007, 74:1175-1185.
90. Giri A., Dhingra V., Giri C.C., Singh A., Ward O.P., Lakshmi-Narasu M.L. Biotransformations using plant cells, organ cultures and enzyme systems: current trends and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2001, 19:175-199.
91. Giri A., Lakshmi-Narasu M.L. Transgenic hairy roots: recent trends and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2000, 18:1-22.
92. Graham J.S., Xiong J., Gillikin J.W. Purification and developmental analysis of a metalloendoproteinase from the leaves of Glycine max. Plant Physiol 1991, 97:786-792.
93. Groover A., Jones A.M. Tracheary element differentiation uses a novel mechanism coordinating programmed cell death and secondary cell wall synthesis. Plant Physiol 1999, 119:375-384.
94. Grudkowska M., Zagdanska B. Multifunctional role of plant cysteine proteinases. Acta Biochim Pol 2004, 51:609-624.
95. Gu Y.-Q., Holzer F.M., Walling L.L. Overexpression, purification and biochemical characterization of the wound-induced leucine aminopeptidase of tomato. Eur J Biochem 1999, 263:726-735.
96. Guerrero C., de la Calle M., Reid M.S., Valpuesta V. Analysis of the expression of two thiolprotease genes from daylily (Hemerocallis spp.) during flower senescence. Plant Mol Biol 1998, 36:565-571.
97. Guevara M.G., Daleo G.R., Oliva C.R. Purification and characterization of an aspartic protease from potato leaves. Physiol Plant 2001, 112:321-326.
98. Guevara M.G., Oliva C.R., Machinandiarena M., Daleo G.R. Purification and properties of an aspartic protease from potato tuber that is inhibited by a basic chitinase. Physiol Plant 1999, 106:164-169.
99. Guevara M.G., Verissimo P., Pires E., Faro C., Daleo G.R. Potato aspartic proteases: induction, antimicrobial activity and substrate specificity. J Plant Pathol 2004, 86:233-238.
100. Guillon S., Tremouillaux-Guiller J., Pati P.K., Rideau M., Gantet P. Hairy root research: recent scenario and exciting prospects. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2006, 9:341-346.
101. Guimaraes-Ferreira C.A., Rodrigues E.G., Mortara R.A., Cabral H., Serrano F.A., Ribeiro-dos-Santos R., et al. Antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo and mechanisms of protection against melanoma B16F10-Nex2 cells by fastuosain, a cysteine proteinase from Bromelia fastuosa. Neoplasia 2007, 9:723-733.
102. Guo Z.-J., Lamb C., Dixon R.A. A serine protease from suspension-cultured soybean cells. Phytochemistry 1998, 47:547-553.
103. Hale L.P., Fitzhugh D.J., Staats H.F. Oral immunogenicity of the plant proteinase bromelain. Int Immunopharmacol 2006, 6:2038-2046.
104. Hale L.P., Greer P.K., Sempowski G.D. Bromelain treatment alters leukocyte expression of cell surface molecules involved in cellular adhesion and activation. Clin Immunol 2002, 104:183-190.
105. Hara-Nishimura I., Inoue K., Nishimura M. A unique vacuolar processing enzyme responsible for conversion of several proprotein precursors into mature forms. FEBS Lett 1991, 294:89-94.
106. Hara-Nishimura I., Kinoshita T., Hiraiwa N., Nishimura M. Vacuolar processing enzymes in protein-storage vacuoles and lytic vacuoles. J Plant Physiol 1998, 152:668-674.
107. Headon D., Walsh G. The industrial production of enzymes. Biotechnol Adv 1994, 12:635-646.
108. Heimgartner U., Pietrzak M., Geertsen R., Brodelius P., Figueiredo A.C., Pais M.S.S. Purification and partial characterization of milk-clotting proteases from flowers of Cynara cardunculus. Phytochemistry 1990, 29:1405-1410.
109. Hellwig S., Drossard J., Twyman R.M., Fischer R. Plant cell cultures for the production of recombinant proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2004, 22:1415-1422.
110. Hernandez-Arana A., Rodriguez-Romero A., Cruz-Victoria M.T., Del Castillo L.M. Proteinases of Mexican plants. IX. Structure relationships and taxomomy. Rev Latinoam Quim 1983, 14:95-98.
111. Hildmann T., Ebneth M., Peña-Cortes H., Sanchez-Serano J.J., Willmitzer L., Prat S. General roles for abscisic and jasmonic acids in gene activation as a result of mechanical wounding. Plant Cell 1992, 4:1157-1170.
112. Hiraiwa N., Kondo M., Nishimura M., Hara-Nishimura I. An aspartic endopeptidase is involved in the breakdown of propeptides of storage proteins in protein-storage vacuoles of plants. Eur J Biochem 1997, 246:133-141.
113. Holwerda B.C., Rogers J.C. Purification and characterization of aleurain. Plant Physiol 1992, 99:848-855.
114. Huang T.-K., McDonald K.A. Bioreactor engineering for recombinant protein production in plant cell suspension cultures. Biochem Eng J 2009, 45:168-184.
115. Huet J., Looze Y., Bartik K., Raussens V., Wintjens R., Boussard P. Structural characterization of the papaya cysteine proteinases at low pH. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006, 341:620-626.
116. Huffaker R.C. Proteolytic activity during senescence of plants. New Phytol 1990, 116:199-231.
117. Jang M.H., Kim H., Shin M.C., Lim B.V., Lee Th., Jung S.B., et al. Administration of folium Mori extract decreases nitric oxide synthase expression in the hypothalamus of rats. Jpn J Pharmacol 2002, 90:189-192.
118. Jiang B., Siregar U., Willeford K.O., Luthe D.S., Williams W.P. Association of a 33-kilodalton cysteine proteinase found in corn callus with the inhibition of fall armyworm larval growth. Plant Physiol 1995, 108:1631-1640.
119. Jones J.T., Mullet J.E. Developmental expression of a turgor-responsive gene that encodes an intrinsic membrane protein. Plant Mol Biol 1995, 28:1055-1065.
120. Jordan M. Somatic embryogenesis from cell suspension cultures in Carica candamarcensis. Plant Cell Tissue Org 1986, 7:257-261.
121. Jordan M., Velozo J. Improvement of somatic embryogenesis in highland-papaya cell suspensions. Plant Cell Tissue Org 1996, 44:189-194.
122. Kamphuis I.G., Drenth J., Baker E.N. Comparative studies based on the high-resolution structures of papain and actinidin, and on amino acid sequence information for cathepsins B and H, and stem bromelain. J Mol Biol 1985, 182:317-329.
123. Kaneda K., Tominaga N. Isolation and characterization of a protease from the sarcocarp of melon fruit. J Biochem 1975, 78:1287-1296.
124. Kelly G.S. Bromelain: a literature review and discussion of its therapeutic applications. Altern Med Rev 1996, 1:405-410.
125. Kervinen J., Tobin G.J., Costa J., Waugh D.S., Wlodawer A., Zdanov A. Crystal structure of plant aspartic proteinase prophytepsin: inactivation and vacuolar targeting. EMBO J 1999, 18:3947-3955.
126. Kieran P. Bioreactor design for plant cell suspension cultures. Principles of multiphase reactor design 2001, 391-426. Harwood Academic Publishers. J.M.S. Cabral (Ed.).
127. Kim K.-M., Kim M.Y., Yun P.Y., Chandrasekhar T., Lee H.-Y., Song P.-S. Production of multiple shoots and plant regeneration from leaf segments of fig tree (Ficus carica L.). J Plant Biol 2007, 50:440-446.
128. Kim M., Hamilton S.E., Guddat L.W., Overall C.M. Plant collagenase: unique collagenolytic activity of cysteine proteases from ginger. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1170:1627-1635.
129. Kim Y., Wyslouzil B., Weathers P. Secondary metabolism of hairy root cultures in bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2002, 10:1-10.
130. Kinoshita T., Nishimura M., Hara-Nishimura I. Homologues of vacuolar processing enzyme that are expressed in different organs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Mol Biol 1995, 29:81-89.
131. Kleef R., Delohery T., Boubjerg D. Selective modulation of cell adhesion molecules on lymphocytes by bromelain protease 5. Pathobiology 1996, 64:339-346.
132. Koizumi M., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K., Tsuji H., Shinozaki K. Structure and expression of two genes that encode distinct drought-inducible cysteine proteinases in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 1993, 129:175-182.
133. Konno K., Hirayama C., Nakamura M., Tateishi K., Tamura Y., Hattori M., et al. Papain protects papaya trees from herbivorous insects: role of cysteine proteases in latex. Plant J 2004, 37:370-378.
134. Kruger J., Thomas C.M., Golstein C., Dixon M.S., Smoker M., Tang S., et al. A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of tomato necrosis. Science 2002, 296:744-747.
135. Kumar-Dubey V., Jagannadham M.V. Procerain, a stable cysteine protease from the latex of Calotropis procera. Phytochemistry 2003, 62:1057-1071.
136. Kundu S., Sundd M., Jagannadham M.V. Purification and characterization of a stable cysteine protease ervatamin B, with two disulfide bridges, from the latex of Ervatamia coronaria. J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48:171-179.
137. Kyndt T., Van Damme E.J.M., Van Beeumen J., Gheysen G. Purification and characterization of the cysteine proteinases in the latex of Vasconcellea spp. FEBS J 2007, 274:451-462.
138. Lahl W.J., Brown S.D. Enzymatic production of protein hydrolyzates for food use. Food Technol 1994, 48:68-71.
139. Laplaze L., Ribeiro A., Franche C., Duhoux E., Auguy F., Bogusz D., et al. Characterization of a Casuarina glauca nodule-specific subtilisin-like protease gene, a homolog of Alnus glutinosa ag12. Mol Microbe Interact 2000, 13:113-117.
140. La Valle J., Krinsky D., Hawkins E. Natural therapeutics pocket guide 2000, Lexi-Comp, Hudson, Ohio.
141. Lawrie R. Meat science 1985, 195-197. Pergamon Press, London.
142. Leary D., Vierros M., Hamon G., Arico S., Monagle C. Marine genetic resources: a review of scientific and commercial interest. Mar Policy 2009, 33:183-194.
143. Lecaille F., Kaleta J., Brömme D. Human and parasitic papain-like cysteine proteases: their role in physiology and pathology and recent developments in inhibitor design. Chem Rev 2002, 102:4459-4488.
144. Lee K., Albee K., Bernasconi R., Edmunds T. Complete amino acid sequence of ananain and a comparison with stem bromelain and other plant cysteine proteases. Biochem J 1997, 327:199-202.
145. Leipner J., Ilen F., Saller R. Therapy with proteolytic enzymes in rheumatic disorders. BioDrugs 2001, 15:779-789.
146. Liggieri C.S., Arribere M.C., Trejo S.A., Canals F., Aviles F.X., Priolo N.S. Purification and biochemical characterization of asclepain c I from the latex Asclepias curassavica L. Protein J 2004, 23:403-411.
147. Lima-Costa M.E., Van Gulik W.M., Ten Hoopen H.J.G., Pais M.S.S., Cabral J.M.S. Protease and phenol production of Cynara cardunculus L. cell suspension in a chemostat. Enzyme Microb Technol 1996, 19:493-500.
148. Lindahl M., Spetea C., Hundal T., Oppenheim A.B., Adam Z., Andersson B. The thylakoid FtsH protease plays a role in the light-induced turnover of the photosystem II D1 protein. Plant Cell 2000, 12:419-431.
149. Lindholm P., Kuittinen T., Sorri O., Guo D.Y., Mertis A., Tormakangas K., et al. Glycosylation of phytepsin and expression of dad1, dad2 and ost1 during onset of cell death in germinating barley scutella. Mech Dev 2000, 93:169-173.
150. Liu C.Y., Xu H., Graham J.S. Cloning and characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA homologous to the matrix metalloproteinases. Plant Physiol 1998, 117:11-27.
151. Llorente B.E., Brutti C.B., Natalucci C.L., Caffini N.O. Partial characterization of a milk clotting proteinase isolated from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L., Asteraceae). Acta Farm Bonaerense 1997, 16:37-42.
152. Lopez L., Camas A., Shivaji R., Ankala A., Williams P., Luthe D. Mir1-CP, a novel defense cysteine protease accumulates in maize vascular tissues in response to herbivory. Planta 2007, 226:517-527.
153. Lopez L.M.I., Sequeiros C., Natalucci C.L., Brullo A., Maras B., Barra D., et al. Purification and characterization of macrodontain I, a cysteine peptidase from unripe fruits of Pseudananas macrodontes (Morr.) Harms (Bromeliaceae). Prot Exp Purif 2000, 18:133-140.
154. Losada E. Bromelain (on-line). Importancia de las Enzimas en el Asma Ocupacional 1999, URL:, (accessed February, 2011). http://www.alergoaragon.org/1999/tercera2.html.
155. Lotti T. Controlled clinical studies of bromeline in the treatment of urogenital inflammation. Drugs 1993, 46:144-146.
156. Lourenco P.M.L., de Castro S., Martins T.M., Clemente A., Domingos A. Growth and proteolytic activity of hairy roots from Centaurea calcitrapa: effect of nitrogen and sucrose. Enzyme Microb Technol 2002, 31:242-249.
157. Lynn K.R., Brockbank W.J., Clevette-Radford N.A. Multiple forms of the asclepains cysteinyl proteases from milkweed. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980, 612:119-125.
158. MacKay D., Miller A.L. Nutritional support for wound healing. Altern Med Rev 2003, 8:359-377.
159. Mahmoud M.I. Physicochemical and functional properties of protein hydrolysates in nutritional products. Food Technol 1994, 48:89-95.
160. Manhart N., Akomeah R., Bergmeister H., Spittler A., Ploner M., Roth E. Administration of proteolytic enzymes bromelain and trypsin diminish the number of CD4+ cells and the interferon-gamma response in Peyer's patches and spleen in endotoxemic balb/c mice. Cell Immunol 2002, 215:113-119.
161. Martilla S., Jones B.L., Mikkonen A. Differential localization of two acid proteinases in germinating barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds. Physiol Plant 1995, 93:317-327.
162. Maurer H.R. Bromelain: biochemistry, pharmacology and medical use. Cell Mol Life Sci 2001, 58:1234-1235.
163. Maurer H.R., Hozumi M., Honma Y., Kado O. Bromelain induces the differentiation of leukemic cells in vitro: an explanation for its cytostatic effects?. Planta Med 1988, 54:377-381.
164. McDonald K.A., Ming Hong L., Trombly D.M., Xie Q., Jackman A.P. Production of human alpha-1-antitrypsin from transgenic rice cell culture in a membrane bioreactor. Biotechnol Prog 2005, 21:728-734.
165. McKerrow J.H., Caffrey C., Kelly B., Loke P., Sajid M. Proteases in parasitic diseases. Annu Rev Pathol 2006, 1:497-536.
166. Meichtry J., Amrhein N., Schaller A. Characterization of the subtilase gene family in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Plant Mol Biol 1999, 39:749-760.
167. Melis G. Clinical experience with metoxybutropate vs bromelain in the treatment of female pelvic inflammation. Minerva Ginecol 1990, 42:309-312.
168. Mello V.J., Gomes M.T.R., Lemos F.O., Delfino J.L., Andrade S.P., Lopes M.T.P., et al. The gastric ulcer protective and healing role of cysteine proteinases from Carica candamarcensis. Phytomedicine 2008, 15:237-244.
169. Miller, A. Improved sausage casing. US Patent 3 666 844; 1982.
170. Mohan S., Ma P.W.K., Pechan T., Bassford E.R., Williams W.P., Luthe D.S. Degradation of the S. frugiperda peritrophic matrix by an inducible maize cysteine protease. J Insect Physiol 2006, 52:21-28.
171. Montes C., Amador M., Cuevas D., Cordoba F. Subunit structure of karatasin, the proteinase isolated from Bromelia plumieri (karatas). Agric Biol Chem 1990, 54:17-24.
172. Morcelle S.R., Trejo S.A., Canals F., Aviles F.X., Priolo N.S. Proteolytic properties of Funastrum clausum latex. Protein J 2004, 23:205-215.
173. Muntz K., Shutov A.D. Legumain and their functions in plants. Trends Plant Sci 2002, 7:340-344.
174. Muntz K., Blattner F.R., Shutov A.D. Legumains - a family of asparagine-specific cysteine endopeptidases involved in propolypeptide processing and protein breakdown in plants. J Plant Physiol 2002, 160:1281-1293.
175. Murachi T. Bromelain enzymes. Methods Enzymol 1976, 45:475-485.
176. Mutlu A., Chen X., Reddy S.M., Gal S. The aspartic proteinase is expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds and localized in the protein bodies. Seed Sci Res 1999, 9:75-84.
177. Mutlu A., Gal S. Plant aspartic proteinases: enzymes on the way to a function. Physiol Plant 1999, 105:569-576.
178. Mynott T.L., Guandalini S., Raimondi F., Fasano A. Bromelain prevents secretion caused by Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins in rabbit ileum in vitro. Gastroenterol 1997, 113:175-184.
179. Nallamsetty S., Kundu S., Jagannadham M.V. Purification and biochemical characterization of a highly active cysteine protease ervatamin A from the latex of Ervatamia coronaria. J Protein Chem 2003, 22:1-13.
180. Napper A.D., Bennett S.P., Borowski M., Holdridge M.B., Leonard M.J.C., Rogers E.E., et al. Purification and characterization of multiple forms of the pineapple-stem-derived cysteine proteinases ananain and comosain. Biochem J 1994, 301:727-735.
181. Nassar A.H., Newbury H.J. Ficin production by callus cultures of Ficus carica. J Plant Physiol 1987, 131:171-179.
182. Natalucci C.L., Brullo A., Lopez L.M.I., Hilal R.M., Caffini N.O. Macrodontain, a new protease isolated from fruits of Pseudananas macrodontes (Morr.) Harms (Bromeliaceae). J Food Biochem 1996, 19:443-454.
183. Noh Y.S., Amasino R.M. Regulation of developmental senescence is conserved between Arabidopsis and Brassica napus. Plant Mol Biol 1999, 41:181-194.
184. Nomura T. The chemistry and biosynthesis of isoprenilated flavonoids from Moraceous plants. Pure Appl Chem 1999, 71:1115-1118.
185. Obregon W.D., Arribere M.C., Morcelle del Valle S., Liggieri C., Caffini N.O., Priolo N.S. Two new cysteine endopeptidases obtained from the latex of Araujia hortorum fruits. J Protein Chem 2001, 20:317-335.
186. Okamoto T., Minamikawa T. Purification of a processing enzyme (VmPE-1) that is involved in post-translational processing of a plant cysteine endopeptidase (SH-EP). Eur J Biochem 1995, 231:300-305.
187. Oliver-Salvador M.C., Gonzalez-Ramirez L.A., Gavira J.A., Soriano-Garcia M., Garcia-Ruiz J.M. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of mexicain. Acta Crystallogr 2004, 60:2058-2060.
188. Ostersetzer O., Adam Z. Light-stimulated degradation of an unassembled Rieske FeS protein by a thylakoid-bound protease: the possible role of the FtsH protease. Plant Cell 1997, 9:957-965.
189. Ota S., Muta E., Katahira J., Okamoto Y. Reinvestigation of fractionation and some properties of the proteolytically active components of stem and fruit bromelains. J Biochem 1985, 98:219-228.
190. Otsuki N., Dang N.H., Kumagai E., Kondo A., Iwata S., Morimoto C. Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves exhibits anti-tumor activity and immunomodulatory effects. J Ethnopharmacol 2010, 127:760-767.
191. Pal G., Sinha N.K. Isolation, crystallization, and properties of calotropins DI and DII from Calotropis gigantea. Arch Biochem Biophys 1980, 202:321-329.
192. Palma J.M., Sandalio L.M., Corpas F.J., Romero-Puertas M.C., McCarthy I., Del Rio L.A. Plant proteases, protein degradation, and oxidative stress: role of peroxisomes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2002, 40:521-530.
193. Panavas T., Pikula A., Reid P.D., Rubinstein B., Walker E.L. Identification of senescence-associated genes from daylily petals. Plant Mol Biol 1999, 40:237-248.
194. Panjaitan S.B., Aziz M.A., Rashid A.A., Saleh N.M. In vitro plantlet regeneration from shoot tip of field-grown hermaphrodite papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Eksotika). Int J Agric Biol 2007, 9:827-832.
195. Pardo M.F., Lopez M.I., Canals F., Zviles F.X., Natalucci C.L., Caffini N.O. Purification of balansain I, an endopeptidase from unripe fruits of Bromelia balansae Mez (Bromeliaceae). J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48:3795-3800.
196. Parisi M., Moreno S., Fernandez G. Characterization of a novel cysteine peptidase from tissue culture of garlic (Allium sativum L.). In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 2002, 38:608-612.
197. Pasqual M., Ferreira E.A. Micropropagation of fig tree (Ficus carica L.). Protocols for micropropagation of woody trees and fruits 2007, 409-416. Springer, Brazil. S.M. Jain, H. Haggman (Eds.).
198. Pautot V., Holzer F.M., Chaufaux J., Walling L.L. The induction of tomato aminopeptidase genes (LapA) after Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato infection is primarly a wound response triggered by coronatine. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2001, 14:214-224.
199. Pautot V., Holzer F.M., Reisch B., Walling L.L. Leucine aminopeptidase: an inducible component of the defense response in Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993, 90:9906-9910.
200. Pechan T., Ye L., Chang Y.-M., Mitra A., Lin L., Davis F.M., et al. A unique 33-kD cysteine proteinase accumulates in response to larval feeding in maize genotypes resistant to fall armyworm and other Lepidoptera. Plant Cell 2000, 12:1031-1040.
201. Perez A., Carvajal C., Trejo S., Torres M.J., Martin M.I., Lorenzo J.C., et al. Penduliflorain I: a cysteine protease isolated from Hohenbergia penduliflora (A.Rich.) Mez (Bromeliaceae). Prot J 2010, 29:225-233.
202. Perez A., Napoles L., Carvajal C., Hernandez M., Lorenzo J.C. Effect of sucrose, inorganic salts, inositol, and thiamine on protease excretion during pineapple culture in temporary immersion bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 2004, 40:311-316.
203. Perez A., Napoles L., Lorenzo J.C., Hernandez M. Protease excretion during pineapple micropropagation in themporary immersion bioreactors. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 2003, 39:311-315.
204. Perpetuo E.A., Juliano L., Lebrun I. Biochemical and pharmacological aspects of two bradykinin-potentiating peptidases obtained from tryptic hydrolysis of casein. J Protein Chem 2003, 22:601-606.
205. Pino A., Prados F., Galan E., McSweeney P.L.H., Fernandez-Salguero J. Proteolysis during the ripening of goats' milk cheese made with plant coagulant or calf rennet. Food Res Int 2009, 42:324-330.
206. Polanowski A., Wilusz T., Kolaczkowska M.K., Wieczorek M., Wilimowska-Pele A. Purification and characterisation of aspartic proteinases from Cucumis sativus and Curcubita maxima seeds. Aspartic proteinases and their inhibitors 1985, 49-52. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany. V. Kosta (Ed.).
207. Popovic T., Puizdar V., Brzin J. A novel subtilase from common bean leaves. FEBS Lett 2002, 530:163-168.
208. Priolo N.S., Del Valle S.M., Arribere M.C., Lopez L., Caffini N.O. Isolation and characterization of a cysteine protease from the latex of Araujia hortorum fruits. J Prot Chem 2000, 19:39-49.
209. Priolo N.S., Lopez L.M.I., Arribere M.C., Natalucci C.L., Caffini N.O. New purified plant proteinases for the food industry. Acta Alimentaria 1991, 20:189-196.
210. Queiroz-Macedo I., Faro C.J., Pires E.M. Specificity and kinetics of the milk-clotting enzyme from cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) toward bovine k-casein. J Agric Food Chem 1993, 41:1537-1540.
211. Radlowski M., Kalinowski A., Adamczyk J., Krolikowski Z., Bartkowiak S. Proteolytic activity in the maize pollen wall. Physiol Plant 1996, 98:172-178.
212. Rajeevan M.S., Pandey R.M. Lateral bud culture of papaya (Carica papaya L.) for clonal propagation. Plant Cell Tissue Org 1986, 6:181-188.
213. Ramalho-Santos M., Pissarra J., Verissimo P., Pereira S., Salema R., Pires E., et al. Cardosin A, an abundant aspartic proteinase, accumulates in protein storage vacuoles in the stigmatic papillae of Cynara cardunculus L. Planta 1997, 203:204-212.
214. Ramalho-Santos M., Verissimo P., Faro C., Pires E. Action of bovine alphaS1-casein of cardosins A and B, aspartic proteinases from the flowers of the cardoon Cynara cardunculus L. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996, 1297:83-89.
215. Rao M.B., Tanksale A.M., Ghatge M.S., Deshpande V.V. Molecular and biotechnological aspects of microbial proteases. Microb Mol Biol Rev 1998, 62:597-635.
216. Raposo S., Domingos A. Purification and characterization milk-clotting aspartic proteases from Centaurea calcitrapa cell suspension cultures. Process Biochem 2008, 43:139-144.
217. Raposo S., Lima-Costa M.E. Rheology and shear stress of Centaurea calcitrapa cell suspension cultures grown in bioreactor. Biotechnol Lett 2006, 28:431-438.
218. Rawlings N.D., Barrett A.J. Families of serine peptidases. Methods Enxymol 2004, 244:19-61.
219. Rawlings N.D., Barrett A.J., Bateman A. MEROPS: the peptidase database. Nucleic Acids Res 2010, 38:D227-D233.
220. Reis P.M., Lourenco P.L., Domingos A., Clemente A., Pais M.S.S., Malcata F.X. Applicability of extracts from Centaurea calcitrapa in ripening of bovine cheese. Int Dairy J 2000, 10:775-780.
221. Reuveni O., Shlesinger D.R., Lavi U. In vitro clonal propagation of dioecious Carica papaya. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 1990, 20:41-46.
222. Richter S., Lamppa G.K. A chloroplast processing enzyme functions as the general stromal processing peptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998, 95:7463-7468.
223. Ribeiro A., Akkermans A.D.L., van Kammen A., Bisseling T., Pawloski K. A nodule-specific gene encoding a subtilisin-like protease is expressed in early stages of actinorhizal nodule development. Plant Cell 1995, 7:785-794.
224. Roberts S.C., Shuler M.L. Large-scale plant cell culture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1997, 8:154-159.
225. Rodrigo I., Vera P., Conejero V. Degradation of tomato pathogenesis-related proteins by an endogenous 37-kDa aspartyl endoproteinase. Eur J Biochem 1989, 184:663-669.
226. Rodrigo I., Vera P., Van Loon L.C., Conejero V. Degradation of tobacco pathogenesis-related proteins. Plant Physiol 1991, 95:616-622.
227. Rout G.R., Samantaray S., Das P. In vitro manipulation and propagation of medicinal plants. Biotechnol Adv 2000, 18:91-120.
228. Rowan A.D., Buttle D.J., Barrett A.J. Ananain: a novel cysteine proteinase found in pineapple stem. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988, 267:262-270.
229. Rowan A.D., Buttle D.J., Barrett A.J. The cysteine proteinases of the pineapple plant. Biochem J 1990, 266:869-875.
230. Rowan A.D., Buttle D.F. Pineapple cysteine endopeptidases. Methods Enzymol 1994, 244:555.
231. Rudenskaya G.N., Bogacheva A.M., Preusser A., Kuznetsova A.V., Dunaevsky Y.E., Golovkin B.N., et al. Macluralisin - a serine protease from fruits of Maclura pomifera (Raf.) Schneid. Planta 1995, 196:174-179.
232. Rudenskaya G.N., Bogacheva A.M., Preusser A., Kuznetsova A.V., Dunaevsky Y.E., Golovkin B.N., et al. Taraxalisin - a serine protease from dandelion Taraxacum officinale Webb. S. I. FEBS Lett 1998, 437:237-240.
233. Runeberg-Roos P., Kervinen J., Kovaleva V., Rakhel N.V., Gal Susannah The aspartic proteinase of barley is a vacuolar enzyme that processes probarley lectin in vitro. Plant Physiol 1994, 105:321-329.
234. Runeberg-Roos P., Tormakangas K., Ostman A. Primary structure of a barley-grain aspartic proteinase. A plant aspartic proteinase resembling mammalian cathepsin D. Eur J Biochem 1991, 202:1021-1027.
235. Salas C.E., Gomes M.T.R., Hernandez M., Lopes M.T.P. Plant cysteine proteinases: evaluation of the pharmacological activity. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:2263-2269.
236. Sarkinnen P., Kalkkinen N., Tilgman C., Siuro J., Kervinen J., Mikola L. Aspartic proteinases from barley grains is related to mammalian lysosomal cathepsin D. Planta 1992, 186:317-323.
237. Sauza C.A., De-Carvalho R.R., Kuriyama S.N., Araujo I.B., Rodrigues R.P., Vollmer R.S., et al. Study of the embryofeto-toxicity of crown of thorns (Euphorbia milii) late, a natural molluscicide. Braz J Med Biol Res 1997, 30:1325-1332.
238. Schall V.T., Vasconcellos M.C., Rocha R.S., Souza C.P., Mendes N.M. The control of the schistosome-transmitting snails Biomphalaria glabrata by the plant molluscicide Euphorbia splendese var. hislopii (syn milii Des. Moul): a longitudinal field study in an endemic area in Brazil. Acta Trop 2001, 79:165-170.
239. Schaller A. A cut above the rest: the regulatory function of plant proteases. Planta 2004, 220:183-197.
240. Schaller A., Bergey D.R., Ryan C.A. Induction of wound response genes in tomato leaves by bestatin, an inhibitor of aminopeptidases. Plant Cell 1995, 7:1893-1898.
241. Schlereth A., Becker C., Horstmann C., Tiedemann J., Muntz K. Comparison of globulin mobilization of cysteine proteinases in embryonic axes and cotyledons during germination and seedling growth of vetch (Vicia sativa L.). J Exp Bot 2000, 51:1423-1433.
242. Scott M.P., Jung R., Muntz K., Nielsen N.C. A protease responsible for post-translational cleavage of a conserved Asn-Gly linkage in glycinin, a major storage protein of soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992, 89:658-662.
243. Seidah N.G., Day R.M., Marcinkiewica M., Cheriten M. Precursor convertase: an evolutionary ancient, cell-specific, combinatorial mechanism yielding diverse bioactive peptides and proteins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998, 839:9-24.
244. Seker S., Beyenal H., Tanyolac A. Modeling milk-clotting activity in the continuous production of microbial rennet from Mucor miehei. J Food Sci 1999, 64:525-529.
245. Sequeiros C., Torres M.J., Trejo S.A., Esteves J.L., Natalucci C.L., Lopez L.M.I. Philibertain g I, the most basic cysteine endopeptidase purified from the latex of Philibertia gilliessi Hook. Et Arn. (Apocynaceae). Protein J 2005, 24:445-453.
246. Silva S.V., Malcata F.X. Partial identification of watersoluble peptides released at early stages of proteolysis in sterilized ovine cheese-like systems: influence of type of coagulant and starter. J Dairy Sci 2005, 88:1947-1954.
247. Silva S.V., Malcata F.X. Studies pertaining to coagulant and proteolytic activities of plant proteases from Cynara cardunculus. Food Chem 2005, 89:19-26.
248. Simoes I., Faro C. Structure and function of plant aspartic proteinases. Eur J Biochem 2004, 271:2067-2075.
249. Singh V.K., Patel A.K., Moir A.J., Jagannadham M.V. Indicain, a dimeric serine protease from Morus indica cv. K2. Phytochemistry 2008, 69:1220-1229.
250. St. Angelo A.J., Ory R.L., Hansen H.J. Localization of an acid proteinase in hempseed. Phytochemistry 1969, 8:1135-1138.
251. St. Angelo A.J., Ory R.L., Hansen H.J. Properties of a purified proteinase from hempseed. Phytochemistry 1970, 9:1933-1938.
252. Stano J., Neubert K., Micieta K., Blanarikova V. Demonstration of aminopeptidase activities secreted by Amsonia tabernaemontana Walt. Cells. Eng Life Sci 2005, 5:375-377.
253. Sutoh K., Kato H., Minamikawa T. Identification and possible roles of three types of endopeptidase from germinated wheat seeds. J Biochem 1999, 126:700-707.
254. Swanson S.J., Bethke P.C., Jones R.L. Barley aleurone cells contain two types of vacuoles: characterization of lytic organlles by use of fluorescent probles. Plant Cell 1998, 10:685-698.
255. Tablero M., Arreguin R., Arreguin B., Soriano M., Sanchez R.I., Rodriguez-Romero A., et al. Purification and characterization of multiple forms of asclepain g from Asclepias glaucescens Hbk. Plant Sci 1991, 74:7-15.
256. Takahashi K., Matsumoto K., Nishii W., Muramatsu M., Kubota K., Shibata C., et al. Comparative studies on the acid proteinase activities in the digestive fluids of Nepenthes, Cephalotus, Dionaea, and Drosera. Carniv Pl Newsl 2009, 38:75-82.
257. Takeda N., Kistner C., Kosuta S., Winzer T., Pitzschke A., Groth M., et al. Proteases in plant root symbiosis. Phytochemistry 2007, 68:111-121.
258. Tamer M.I. Identification and partial purification of a novel milk-clotting enzyme from Onopordum turcicum. Biotechnol Lett 1993, 13:427-432.
259. Tamer M.I., Mavituna F. Protease from callus and cell suspension cultures of Onopordum turcicum (Compositae). Biotehcnol Lett 1996, 18:361-366.
260. Tamer M.I., Mavituna F. Protease from freely suspended and immobilized Mirabilis jalapa. Process Biochem 1997, 32:195-200.
261. Tan-Wilson A.L., Liu X., Chen R., Qi X., Wilson K.A. An acidic amino acid-specific protease from germinating soybeans. Phytochemistry 1996, 42:313-319.
262. Targoni O., Tary L., Lehmann P. Prevention of murine EAE by oral hydrolytic enzyme treatment. J Autoimmun 1999, 12:191-198.
263. Tavaria F., Sousa M.J., Domingos A., Malcata F.X., Brodelius P.E., Clemente A., et al. Degradation of caseins from different types by extracts of Centaurea calcitrapa. J Agric Food Chem 1997, 45:3760-3765.
264. Taylor A.A., Horsch A., Rzepeczysk A., Hasenkampf C.A., Riggs C.D. Maturation and secretion of a serine proteinase is associated with events of late microsporogenesis. Plant J 1997, 12:1261-1271.
265. Teixeira R.D., Ribeiro H.A.L., Gomes M.T.R., Lopes M.T.P., Salas C.E. The proteolytic activites in latex from Carica candamarcensis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2008, 46:956-961.
266. Teng W.-L. An alternative propagation method of Ananas through nodule culture. Plant Cell Rep 1997, 16:454-457.
267. Tepfer D. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Physiol Plant 1990, 79:140-146.
268. Thakurta P.G., Biswas S., Chakrabarti C., Sundd M., Jagannadham M.V., Dattagupta J.K. Structural basis of the unusual stability and substrate specificity of ervatamin C, a plant cysteine protease from Ervatamia coronaria. Biochemistry 2004, 43:1532-1540.
269. Thorpe T.A. History of plant tissue culture. Mol Biotechnol 2007, 37:169-180.
270. Tian R.H., Zhang G.Y., Yan C.H., Dai Y.R. Involvement of poly (AND-ribose) polymerase and activation of caspase-3-like protease in heat shock-induced apoptosis in tobacco suspension cells. FEBS Lett 2000, 474:11-15.
271. Tokes Z.A., Woon W.C., Chambers S.M. Digestive enzymes secreted by the carnivorous plant Nepenthes macferlanei L. Planta 1974, 119:39-46.
272. Tornero P., Conejero V., Vera P. Identification of a new pathogen-induced member of the subtilisin-like processing protease family from plants. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:14412-14419.
273. Toro-Goyco E., Maretzki A., Matos M.L. Isolation, purification and partial characterization of pinguinain, the proteolytic enzyme from Bromelia pinguin L. Arch Biochem Biophys 1968, 126:91-104.
274. Toro-Goyco E., Rodriguez-Costas I., Ehrig H. Structural studies on pinguinain: changes induced by carboxamidomethylation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1980, 622:151-159.
275. Torres M.J., Trejo S.A., Martin M.I., Natalucci C.L., Aviles F.X., Lopez L.M.I. Purification and characterization of a cysteine endopeptidase from Vasconcellea quercifolia A. St.-Hil. latex displaying high substrate specificity. J Agric Food Chem 2010, 58:11027-11035.
276. Tournaire C., Kushnir S., Bauw G., Inze D., De la Serve B.T., Renaudin J.-P. A thiol protease and an anionic peroxidase are induced by lowering cytokinins during callus growth in Petunia. Plant Physiol 1996, 111:159-168.
277. Trejo S.A., Lopez L.M.I., Caffini N.O., Natalucci C.L., Canals F., Aviles F.X. Sequencing and characterization of asclepain f: the first cysteine peptidase cDNA cloned and expressed from Asclepias fruticosa latex. Planta 2009, 230:319-328.
278. Trejo S.A., Lopez L.M.I., Cimino C.V., Caffini N.O., Natalucci C.L. Sequencing and characterization of asclepain f: the first cysteine peptidase cDNA cloned and expressed from Asclepias fruticosa latex. J Protein Chem 2001, 20:469-477.
279. Turk B., Turk V., Turk D. Structural and functional aspects of papain-like cysteine proteases and their protein inhibitors. Biol Chem 1997, 378:141-150.
280. Uchikoba T., Horita H., Kneda M. Proteases from the sarcocarp of yellow snake-gourd. Phytochemistry 1990, 29:1879-1881.
281. Uchikoba T., Hosoyamada S., Onjyo M., Arima K., Yonezawa H., Kaneda M. A serine endopeptidase from the fruits of Melothria japonica (Thunb). Maxim. Phytochemistry 2001, 57:1-5.
282. Ueda T., Seo S., Ohashi Y., Hashimoto J. Circadian and senescence-enhanced expression of a tobacco cysteine protease gene. Plant Mol Biol 2000, 44:649-657.
283. Uhlig H. Industrial enzymes and their applications 1998, Willey & Sons, New York.
284. Usman M., Fatima B., Jaskani M.J., Iqbal M.A. Development of a callogenic protocol in papaya (Carica papaya L.). 2. In vitro grown vegetative explants. Int J Agric Biol 2002, 4:99-102.
285. Usman M., Fatima B., Jaskani M.J., Khan M.M. Development of callogenic protocol in papaya (Carica papaya L.). 1. In vivo grown vegetative explants. Int J Agric Biol 2002, 4:95-98.
286. Usman M., Fatima B., Khan M.M., Jaskani M.J., Khan I.A. Somatic embryogenesis in papaya. Pak J Agric 2002, 39:217-223.
287. Usman M., Fatima B., Khan M.M., Khan I.A. Response of reproductive organs of papaya to callogenesis. Pak J Agric Sci 2002, 39:210-216.
288. Vairo-Cavalli SE, Arribere MC, Cortadi A, Caffini NO, Priolo NS. Morrenain b I, a papain-like endopeptidase from the latex of Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. (Asclepiadaceae). J Protein Chem 2003;22:15-22.
289. Vairo-Cavalli S.E., Claver S., Priolo N., Natalucci C. Extraction and partial characterization of a coagulant preparation from Silybum marianum flowers. Its action on bovine caseinate. J Dairy Res 2005, 72:271-275.
290. Valles D., Furtado S., Cantera A.M.B. Characterization of new proteolytic enzymes from ripe fruits of Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. (Bromeliaceae). Enzyme Microb Technol 2007, 40:409-413.
291. Van der Hoorn R.A.L. Plant proteases: from phenotypes to molecular mechanisms. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2008, 59:191-223.
292. Van der Hoorn R.A.L., Jones J.D.G. The plant proteolytic machinery and its role in defence. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2004, 7:400-407.
293. Van der Hoorn R.A.L., Leeuwenburgh M.A., Bogyo M., Joosten M.H.A., Peck S.C. Activity profiling of papain-like cysteine proteases in plants. Plant Physiol 2004, 135:1170-1178.
294. Varshavsky A. The N-end rule: functions, mysteries, uses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996, 93:12142-12149.
295. Verissimo P., Esteves C., Faro C., Pires E. The vegetable rennet of Cynara cardunculus L. contains two proteinases with chymosin and pepsin-like specificities. Biotechnol Lett 1995, 17:621-626.
296. Verissimo P., Faro C., Moir A.J.G., Lin Y., Tang J., Pires E. Purification, characterization and partial amino acid sequencing of two new aspartic proteinases from fresh flowers of Cynara cardunculus L. Eur J Biochem 1996, 235:762-768.
297. Vioque M., Gomez R., Sanchez E., Mata C., Tejada L., Fernandez-Salguero J. Chemical and microbiological characteristics of ewe's milk cheese manufactured with extracts from flowers of Cynara cardunculus and Cynara humilis as coagulants. J Agric Food Chem 2000, 48:451-456.
298. Walker A.F., Bundy R., Hicks S.M., Middleton R.W. Bromelain reduces mild acute knee pain and improves well-being in a dose-dependent fashion in an open study of otherwise healthy adults. Phytomedicine 2002, 9:681-686.
299. Walsh G. Proteins, Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2002, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., West Susex, England, 420 pp.
300. Winnick T., Davis A.R., Greenberg D.M. Physicochemical properties of the proteolytic enzyme from the latex of the milkweed, Asclepias speciosa Torr. Some comparisons with other proteases: I. Chemical properties, activation-inhibition, pH-activity, and temperature-activity curves. J Gen Physiol 1940, 23:275-288.
301. Yadav S.C., Pande M., Jagannadham M.V. Highly stable glycosylated serine protease from the medicinal plant Euphorbia milii. Phytochemistry 2006, 67:1414-1426.
302. Yamagata H., Masuzawa T., Nagaoka Y., Ohnishi T., Iwasaki T. Cucumisin, a serine protease from melon fruits, shares structural homology with subtilisin and is generated from a large precursor. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:32725-32731.
303. Yamamoto H., Tabata M. Correlation of papain-like enzyme production with laticifer formation in somatic embryos of papaya. Plant Cell Rep 1989, 8:251-254.
304. Yamamoto H., Tanaka S., Fukui H., Tabata M. Enzymatic difference between laticifers and cultured cells of papaya. Plant Cell Rep 1986, 5:269-272.
305. Ye Z.H., Varner J.E. Induction of cysteine and serine proteases during xylogenesis in Zinnia elegans. Plant Mol Biol 1996, 30:1233-1246.
306. Yu T.-A., Yeh S.-D., Cheng Y.-H., Yang J.-S. Efficient rooting for establishment of papaya plantlets by micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue Org 2000, 61:29-35.
307. Zhang M., Wei Z., Chang S., Teng M., Gong W. Crystal structure of a papain-fold protein without the catalytic residue: a novel member in the cysteine proteinase family. J Mol Biol 2006, 358:97-105.
308. Zhao C., Johnson B.J., Kositsup B., Beers E.P. Exploiting secondary growth in Arabidopsis. Construction of xylem and bark cDNA libraries and cloning of three zylem endopeptidases. Plant Physiol 2000, 123:1185-1196.