Aptamers: Selection, modification and application to nervous system diseases

Current Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 18, Issue 27, 2011, Pages 4159-4168

  Yang, Y ^a   Ren, X ^a   Schluesener, H J ^b   Zhang, Z ^c  

^a HUAZHONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

^c THIRD MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Alzheimer s disease; Aptamer; Brain tumor; Chemical modification; Myasthenia gravis; Prion disease; SELEX; The nervous system

Indexed keywords

2' AMINO MODIFIED APTAMER; 2' FLUORO PYRIMIDINE MODIFIED RNA APTAMER; 2' FLUOROPYRIMIDINE RNA APTAMER; APTAMER; DNA APTAMER; PEGAPTANIB; R 12; RNA APTAMER; TTA1 APTAMER; TTA1 TC 99M; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BINDING AFFINITY; BRAIN TUMOR; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INJURY; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; LINKAGE ANALYSIS; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; PRION DISEASE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; REVIEW;

ANIMALS; APTAMERS, NUCLEOTIDE; BASE SEQUENCE; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; SELEX APTAMER TECHNIQUE;

EID: 80052239734     PISSN: 09298673     EISSN: 1875533X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/092986711797189646     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Tuerk, C.; Gold, L. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage T4 DNA-polymerase. Science, 1990, 249(4968), 505-510.
2. Ellington, A.D.; Szostak, J.W. In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands. Nature, 1990, 346(6287), 818-822.
3. Jayasena, S.D. Aptamers: an emerging class of molecules that rival antibodies in diagnostics. Clin. Chem., 1999, 45(9), 1628-1650. (Pubitemid 29419030)
4. Rimmele, M. Nucleic acid aptamers as tools and drugs: recent developments. Chembiochem., 2003,4(10), 963-971. (Pubitemid 37267583)
5. Nimjee, S.M.; Rusconi, C.P.; Sullenger, B.A. Aptamers: an emerging class of therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Med., 2005, 56, 555-583. (Pubitemid 40299797)
6. Lee, J.; Stovall, G.; Ellington, A. Aptamer therapeutics advance. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 2006, 10, 282-289. (Pubitemid 43815776)
7. Eyetech Study Group. Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age relative macular degeneration. Retina, 2002, 22(2), 143-152.
8. Eyetech Study Group. Antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy for subfoveal choroidal neovascularization secondary to age related macular degeneration: Phase II study results. Ophthalmology, 2003, 110(5), 979-986.
9. Yang, Y.; Yang, D.; Schluesener, H.J.; Zhang, Z. Advances in SELEX and application of aptamers in the central nervous system. Biomol. Eng., 2007, 24(6), 583-592. (Pubitemid 350137885)
10. Lee, J.F.; Hesselberth, J.R.; Meyers, L.A.; Ellington, A.D. Aptamer Database. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32, D95-100. (Pubitemid 38081612)
11. Cowperthwaite, M.C.; Ellington, A.D. Bioinformatic analysis of the contribution of primer sequences to aptamer structures. J. Mol. Evol., 2008, 67(1), 95-102.
12. Hermann, T.; Patel, D.J. Adaptive recognition by nucleic acid aptamers. Science, 2000, 287(5454), 820-825. (Pubitemid 30084318)
13. Gatto, B.; Palumbo, M.; Sissi, C. Nucleic acid aptamers based on the Gquadruplex structure: therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Curr. Med. Chem., 2009, 16(10), 1248-1265.
14. Huang, D.B.; Vu, D.; Cassiday, L.A.; Zimmerman, J.M.; Maher, L.J. 3rd.; Ghosh, G. Crystal structure of NF-kappaB (p50)2 complexed to a highaffinity RNA aptamer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2003, 100(16), 9268-9273. (Pubitemid 37033918)
15. Horn, W.T.; Convery, M.A.; Stonehouse, N.J.; Adams, C.J.; Liljas, L.; Phillips, S.E.; Stockley, P.G. The crystal structure of a high affinity RNA stem-loop complexed with the bacteriophage MS2 capsid: further challenges in the modeling of ligand-RNA interactions. RNA, 2004, 10(11), 1776-1782. (Pubitemid 39426377)
16. Long, S.B.; Long, M.B.; White, R.R.; Sullenger, B.A. Crystal structure of an RNA aptamer bound to thrombin. RNA, 2008, 14(12), 2504-2512.
17. Ghosh, G.; Huang, D.B.; Huxford, T. Molecular mimicry of the NF-kappaB DNA target site by a selected RNA aptamer. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol., 2004, 14(1), 21-27. (Pubitemid 38249588)
18. Nomura, Y.; Sugiyama, S.; Sakamoto, T.; Miyakawa, S.; Adachi, H.; Takano, K.; Murakami, S.; Inoue, T.; Mori, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; Matsumura, H. Conformational plasticity of RNA for target recognition as revealed by the 2.15Å crystal structure of a human IgG-aptamer complex. Nucleic Acids Res., 2010, 38(21), 7822-7829.
19. Adler, A.; Forster, N.; Homann, M.; Göringer, H.U. Post-SELEX chemical optimization of a trypanosome-specific RNA aptamer. Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen., 2008, 11(1), 16-23.
20. Uhlmann, E.; Peyman, A.; Ryte, A.; Schmidt, A.; Buddecke, E. Use of minimally modified antisense oligonucleotides for specific inhibition of gene expression. Methods Enzymol., 2000, 313, 268-284. (Pubitemid 29506423)
21. Lin, Y.; Qiu, Q.; Gill, S.C.; Jayasena, S.D. Modified RNA sequence pools for in vitro selection. Nucleic Acids Res., 1994, 22(24), 5229-5234.
22. Jellinek, D.; Green, L.S.; Bell, C.; Lynott, C.K.; Gill, N.; Vargeese, C.; Kirschenheuter, G.; McGee, D.P.; Abesinghe, P.; Pieken, W.A. Potent 2′-amino-2′-deoxypyrimidine RNA inhibitors of basic fibroblast growth factor. Biochemistry, 1995, 34(36), 11363-11372.
23. Lin, Y.; Nieuwlandt, D.; Magallanez, A.; Feistner, B.; Jayasena, S.D. Highaffinity and specific recognition of human thyroid stimulating hormone (hTSH) by in vitro-selected 2′-aminomodified RNA. Nucleic Acids Res., 1996, 24(17), 3407-3414. (Pubitemid 26294453)
24. Proske, D.; Gilch, S.; Wopfner, F.; Schatzl, H.M.; Winnacker, E.L.; Famulok, M. Prion-protein-specific aptamer reduces PrPSc formation. Chembiochem., 2002, 3(8),717-725. (Pubitemid 36004511)
25. VEGF Inhibition Study in Ocular Neovascularization (V.I.S.I.O.N.) Clinical Trial Group; Chakravarthy, U.; Adamis, A.P.; Cunningham, E.T. Jr.; Goldbaum, M.; Guyer, D.R.; Katz, B.; Patel, M. Year 2 efficacy results of 2 randomized controlled clinical trials of pegaptanib for neovascular agerelated macular degeneration. Ophthalmology, 2006, 113(9), 1508, e1-25.
26. Rusconi, C.P.; Scardino, E.; Layzer, J.; Pitoc, G.A.; Ortel ,T.L.; Monroe, D.; Sullenger, B.A. RNA aptamers as reversible antagonists of coagulation factor IXa. Nature, 2002, 419(6902),90-94. (Pubitemid 34987876)
27. Layzer, J.M.; Sullenger, B.A. Simultaneous generation of aptamers to multiple gamma-carboxyglutamic acid proteins from a focused aptamer library using DeSELEX and convergent selection. Oligonucleotides, 2007, 17(1), 1-11. (Pubitemid 46651423)
28. Chan, M.Y.; Rusconi, C.P.; Alexander, J.H.; Tonkens, R.M.; Harrington, R.A.; Becker, R.C. A randomized, repeat dose, pharmacodynamic, and safety study of an antidote-controlled factor IXa inhibitor. J. Thromb. Haemost., 2008, 6(5),789-796. (Pubitemid 351524539)
29. Biesecker, G.; Dihel, L.; Enney, K.; Bendele, R.A. Derivation of RNA aptamer inhibitors of human complement C5. Immunopharmacology, 1999, 42(1-3), 219-230. (Pubitemid 29322305)
30. Goebl, N.; Berridge, B.; Wroblewski, V.J.; Brown-Augsburger P.L. Development of a sensitive and specific in situ hybridization technique for the cellular localization of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide drugs in tissue sections. Toxicol. Pathol., 2007, 35(4), 541-548. (Pubitemid 46911888)
31. Chu, T.C.; Marks, J.W. III.; Lavery, L.A.; Faulkner, S.; Rosenblum, M.G.; Ellington, A.D.; Levy, M. Aptamer: toxin conjugates that specifically target prostate tumor cells. Cancer Res., 2006, 66(12), 5989-5992.
32. McNamara, J.O. II.; Andrechek, E.R.; Wang, Y.; Viles, K.D.; Rempel, R.E.; Gilboa, E.; Sullenger, B.A.; Giangrande, P.H. Cell type-specific delivery of siRNAs with aptamer-siRNA chimeras. Nat. Biotechnol., 2006, 24(8), 1005-1015. (Pubitemid 44215395)
33. Smith, C.M.; Steitz, J.A. Classification of gas5 as a multi-small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene and a member of the 5β-terminal oligopyrimidine gene family reveals common features of snoRNA host genes. Mol. Cell Biol., 1998, 18(12), 6897-6909. (Pubitemid 28533011)
34. Burmeister, P.E.; Lewis, S.D.; Silva, R.F.; Preiss, J.R.; Horwitz, L.R.; Pendergrast, P.S.; McCauley, T.G.; Kurz, J.C.; Epstein, D.M.; Wilson, C. Direct in vitro selection of a 2′-O-methyl aptamer to VEGF. Chem. Biol., 2005, 12(1), 25-33. (Pubitemid 40118323)
35. Burmeister, P.E.; Wang, C.; Killough, J.R.; Lewis, S.D.; Horwitz, L.R.; Ferguson, A.; Thompson, K.M.; Pendergrast, P.S.; McCauley, T.G.; Kurz, M. 2′-Deoxy purine, 2′-O-methyl pyrimidine (dRmY) aptamers as candidate therapeutics. Oligonucleotides, 2006, 16(4), 337-351. (Pubitemid 46034477)
36. Gilbert, J.C.; DeFeo-Fraulini, T.; Hutabarat, R.M.; Horvath, C.J.; Merlino, P.G.; Marsh,H.N.; Healy, J.M.; Boufakhreddine,S.; Holohan,T.V.; Schaub,R.G. First-in-human evaluation of anti von Willebrand factor therapeutic aptamer ARC1779 in healthy volunteers. Circulation, 2007, 116(23), 2678-2686. (Pubitemid 350291240)
37. Ni, Z.; Hui, P. Emerging pharmacologic therapies for wet age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmologica, 2009, 223(6), 401-410.
38. Masud, M.M.; Kuwahara, M.; Ozaki, H.; Sawai, H. Sialyllactose-binding modified DNA aptamer bearing additional functionality by SELEX. Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2004, 12(5), 1111-1120. (Pubitemid 38251302)
39. Shoji, A.; Kuwahara, M.; Ozaki, H.; Sawai, H. Modified DNA aptamer that binds the (R)-isomer of a thalidomide derivative with high enantioselectivity. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129(5), 1456-1464. (Pubitemid 46208620)
40. Vaish, N.K.; Larralde, R.; Fraley, A.W.; Szostak, J.W.; McLaughlin, L.W. A novel, modification-dependent ATP-binding aptamer selected from an RNA library incorporating a cationic functionality. Biochemistry, 2003, 42(29), 8842-8851. (Pubitemid 36899828)
41. Schoetzau, T.; Langner, J.; Moyroud, E.; Roehl, I.; Vonhoff, S.; Klussmann, S. Aminomodified nucleobases: functionalized nucleoside triphosphates applicable for SELEX. Bioconjug. Chem., 2003, 14(5), 919-926. (Pubitemid 37152950)
42. Kato, Y.; Minakawa, N.; Komatsu, Y.; Kamiya, H.; Ogawa, N.; Harashima H.; Matsuda, A. New NTP analogs: the synthesis of 4′-thioUTP and 4′-thioCTP and their utility for SELEX. Nucleic Acids Res., 2005, 33(9), 2942-2951. (Pubitemid 41511233)
43. Porter, K.W.; Briley, J.D.; Shaw, B.R. Direct PCR sequencing with boronated nucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res., 1997, 25(8), 1611-1617. (Pubitemid 27302921)
44. Lato, S.M.; Ozerova, N.D.; He, K.; Sergueeva, Z.; Shaw, B.R.; Burke, D.H. Boron-containing aptamers to ATP. Nucleic Acids Res., 2002, 30(6), 1401-1407. (Pubitemid 34679719)
45. Kang, J.; Lee, M.S.; Copland III, J.A.; Luxon, B.A.; Gorenstein, D.G. Combinatorial selection of a single stranded DNA thioaptamer targeting TGFbeta1 protein. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18(6), 1835-1839. (Pubitemid 351380909)
46. Kang, J. Lee, M.S.; Watowich, S.J.; Gorenstein, D.G. Combinatorial selection of a RNA thioaptamer that binds to Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus capsid protein. FEBS Lett., 2007, 581(13), 2497-2502. (Pubitemid 46764716)
47. King, D.J.; Safar, J.G.; Legname, G.; Prusiner, S.B. Thioaptamer interactions with prion proteins: sequence-specific and non-specific binding sites. J. Mol. Biol., 2007, 369(4), 1001-1014. (Pubitemid 46754057)
48. De Souza, E.B.; Cload, S.T.; Pendergrast, P.S.; Sah, D.W. Novel therapeutic modalities to address nondrugable protein interaction targets. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2009, 34(1), 142-158.
49. Keefe, A.D.; Pai, S.; Ellington, A.D. Aptamers as therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug. Discov., 2010, 9(7), 537-550.
50. Tucker, C.E.; Chen, L.S.; Judkins, M.B.; Farmer, J.A.; Gill, S.C.; Drolet, D.W. Detection and plasma pharmacokinetics of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor oligonucleotide-aptamer (NX1838) in rhesus monkeys. J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl., 1999, 732(1), 203-212. (Pubitemid 29421761)
51. Watson, S.R.; Chang, Y.F.; O'Connell, D.; Weigand, L.; Ringquist, S.; Parma, D.H. Anti-L-selectin aptamers: binding characteristics, pharmacokinetic parameters, and activity against an intravascular target in vivo. Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 2000, 10(2), 63-75. (Pubitemid 30255590)
52. Willis, M.C.; Collins, B.D.; Zhang, T.; Green, L.S.; Sebesta, D.P.; Bell, C.; Kellogg, E.; Gill, S.C.; Magallanez, A.; Knauer, S.; Bendele, R.A.; Gill, P.S.; Janjić, N. Liposome-anchored vascular endothelial growth factor aptamers. Bioconjug. Chem., 1998, 9(5), 573-582.
53. Dougan, H.; Lyster, D.M.; Vo, C.V.; Stafford, A.; Weitz, J.I.; Hobbs, J.B. Extending the lifetime of anticoagulant oligodeoxynucleotide aptamers in blood. Nucl. Med. Biol., 2000, 27(3), 289-297. (Pubitemid 30314723)
54. Rusconi, C.P.; Roberts, J.D.; Pitoc, G.A.; Nimjee, S.M.; White, R.R.; Quick, G. Jr.; Scardino, E.; Fay, W.P. Sullenger, B.A. Antidote-mediated control of an anticoagulant aptamer in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol., 2004, 22(11), 1423-1428. (Pubitemid 39482862)
55. Eaton, B.E.; Gold, L.; Zichi, D.A. Let's get specific: the relationship between specificity and affinity. Chem. Biol., 1995, 2(10), 633-638.
56. Petersen, M.; Wengel, J. LNA: a versatile tool for therapeutics and genomics. Trends Biotechnol., 2003, 21(2), 74-81. (Pubitemid 36165007)
57. Braasch, D.A.; Corey, D.R. Locked nucleic acid (LNA): fine-tuning the recognition of DNA and RNA. Chem. Biol., 2001, 8(1), 1-7. (Pubitemid 32165807)
58. Wahlestedt, C.; Salmi, P.; Good, L.; Kela, J.; Johnsson, T.; Hokfelt, T.; Broberger, C.; Porreca, F.; Lai, J.; Ren, K.; Ossipov, M.; Koshkin, A.; Jakobsen, N.; Skouv, J.; Oerum, H.; Jacobsen, M.H.; Wengel, J. Potent and nontoxic antisense oligonucleotides containing locked nucleic acids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2000, 97(10), 5633-5638. (Pubitemid 30313770)
59. Kurreck, J.; Wysko, E.; Gillen, C.; Erdmann, V.A. Design of antisense oligonucleotides stabilized by locked nucleic acids. Nucleic Acids Res., 2002, 30(9), 1911-1918. (Pubitemid 34537585)
60. Barciszewski, J.; Medgaard, M.; Koch, T.; Kurreck, J.; Erdmann, V.A. Locked nucleic acid aptamers. Methods Mol. Biol., 2009, 535, 165-186.
61. Darfeuille, F.; Hansen, J.B.; Orum, H.; Di Primo, C.; Toulme, J.J. LNA/DNA chimeric oligomers mimic RNA aptamers targeted to the TAR RNA element of HIV-1. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32(10), 3101-3107. (Pubitemid 39023001)
62. Schmidt, K.S.; Borkowski, S.; Kurreck, J.; Stephens, A.W.; Bald, R.; Hecht, M.; Friebe, M.; Dinkelborg, L.; Erdmann, V.A. Application of locked nucleic acids to improve aptamer in vivo stability and targeting function. Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, 32(19), 5757-5765. (Pubitemid 39619159)
63. Kulkarni, O.; Pawar, R.D.; Purschke, W.; Eulberg, D.; Selve, N.; Buchner, K.; Ninichuk, V.; Segerer, S.; Vielhauer, V.; Klussmann, S.; Anders, H.J. Spiegelmer inhibition of CCL2/MCP-1 ameliorates lupus nephritis in MRL-(Fas)lpr mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2007, 18(8), 2350-2358. (Pubitemid 47203851)
64. Kulkarni, O.; Eulberg, D.; Selve, N.; Zöllner, S.; Allam, R.; Pawar, R.D.; Pfeiffer, S.; Segerer, S.; Klussmann, S.; Anders, H.J. Anti-Ccl2 Spiegelmer permits 75% dose reduction of cyclophosphamide to control diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis and pneumonitis in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2009, 328(2), 371-377.
65. Maasch, C.; Buchner, K.; Eulberg, D.; Vonhoff, S.; Klussmann, S. Physicochemical stability of NOX-E36, a 40mer L-RNA (Spiegelmer) for therapeutic applications. Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser. (Oxf)., 2008, (52), 61-62.
66. Sayyed, S.G.; Hägele, H.; Kulkarni, O.P.; Endlich, K.; Segerer, S.; Eulberg, D.; Klussmann, S.; Anders, H.J. Podocytes produce homeostatic chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12, which contributes to glomerulosclerosis, podocyte loss and albuminuria in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia., 2009, 52(11), 2445-2454.
67. Prusiner, S.D. Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science, 2004, 216(4542), 136-144.
68. Pan, K.M.; Baldwin, M.; Nguyen, J.; Gasset, M.; Serban, A.; Groth, D.; Mehlhorn, I.; Huang, Z.; Fletterick, R.J.; Cohen, F.E. Conversion of alphahelices into beta-sheets features in the formation of the scrapie prion proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1993, 90(23), 10962-10966.
69. Huang, Z.; Gabriel, J.M.; Baldwin, M.A.; Fletterick, R.J.; Prusiner, S.B.; Cohen, F.E. Proposed three-dimensional structure for the cellular prion protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1994, 91(15), 7139-7143. (Pubitemid 24226818)
70. Weiss, S.; Proske, D.; Neumann, M.; Groschup, M.H.; Kretzschmar, H.A.; Famulok, M.; Winnacker, E.L. RNA aptamers specifically interact with the prion protein PrP. J. Virol., 1997, 71(11), 8790-8797. (Pubitemid 27446463)
71. Rhie, A.; Kirby, L.; Sayer, N.; Wellesley, R.; Disterer, P.; Sylvester, I.; Gill, A.; Hope, J.; James, W.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A. Characterisation of 20-fluoro-RNA aptamers that bind preferentially to disease associated conformations of prion protein and inhibition conversion. J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278(41), 39697-39705. (Pubitemid 37248531)
72. Sayer, N.; Cubin, M.; Rhie, A.; Bullock, M.; Tahiri-Alaoui, A.; James,W. Structural determinants of conformationally selective, prion-binding aptamers. J. Biol. Chem., 2004, 279(13), 13102-13109. (Pubitemid 38445888)
73. Takemura, K.; Wang, P.; Vorberg, I.; Surewicz, W.; Priola, S.; Kanthasamy, A.; Pottathil, R.; Chen, S.; Sreevatsan, S. DNA aptamers that bind to PrPC and Not PrPSc show sequence and structure specificity. Exp. Biol. Med.(Maywood)., 2006, 231(2), 204-214. (Pubitemid 43213458)
74. Mercey, R.; Lantier, I.; Maurel, M.C.; Grosclaude, J.; Lantier, F.; Marc, D. Fast, reversible interaction of prion protein with RNA aptamers containing specific sequence patterns. Arch. Virol., 2006, 151(11), 2197-2214. (Pubitemid 44627756)
75. Sekiya, S.; Noda, K.; Nishikawa, F.; Yokoyama, T.; Kumar, P.K.R.; Nishikawa, S. Characterization and application of a novel RNA aptamer against the mouse prion protein. J. Biochem., 2006, 139(3), 383-390. (Pubitemid 43667102)
76. Ogasawara, D.; Hasegawa, H.; Kaneko, K.; Sode, K.; Ikebukuro, K. Screening of DNA aptamer against mouse prion protein by competitive selection. Prion, 2007, 1(4), 248-254.
77. Bibby, D.F.; Gill, A.C.; Kirby, L; Farquhar, C.F.; Bruce, M.E.; Garson, J.A. Application of a novel in vitro selection technique to isolate and characterize high affinity DNA aptamers binding mammalian prion proteins. J. Virol. Methods., 2008, 151(1), 107-115.
78. Hossain, M.T.; Shibata, T.; Kabashima, T.; Kai, M. Aptamer-mediated chemiluminescence detection of prion protein on a membrane using trimethoxyphenylglyoxal. Anal. Sci., 2010, 26(6), 645-647.
79. Xiao, S.J.; Hu, P.P.; Wu, X.D.; Zou, Y.L.; Chen, L.Q.; Peng, L.; Ling, J.; Zhen, S.J.; Zhan, L.; Li, Y.F.; Huang, C.Z. Sensitive discrimination and detection of prion disease-associated isoform with a dual-aptamer strategy by developing a sandwich structure of magnetic microparticles and quantum dots. Anal. Chem., 2010, 82(23), 9736-9742.
80. Mashima, T.; Matsugami, A.; Nishikawa, F.; Nishikawa, S.; Katahira, M. Unique quadruplex structure and interaction of an RNA aptamer against bovine prion protein. Nucleic Acids Res., 2009, 37(18),6249-6258.
81. Rahimi, F.; Murakami, K.; Summers, J.L.; Chen, C.H.; Bitan, G. RNA aptamers generated against oligomeric Abeta40 recognize common amyloid aptatopes with low specificity but high sensitivity. PLoS One, 2009, 4(11), e7694.
82. Rahimi, F.; Bitan, G. Selection of aptamers for amyloid beta-protein, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease. J. Vis. Exp., 2010, (39), pii: 1955. doi: 10.3791/1955.
83. Lauren, J.; Gimbel, D.A.; Nygaard, H.B.; Gilbert, J.W.; Strittmatter, S.M. Cellular prion protein mediates impairment of synaptic plasticity by amyloidb-oligomers. Nature, 2009, 457(7233), 1128-1132.
84. Lee, S.W.; Sullenger, B.A. Isolation of a nuclease-resistant decoy RNA that can protect human acetylcholine receptors from myasthenic antibodies. Nat. Biotechnol., 1997, 15(1), 41-45.
85. Hwang, B.; Lee, S.W. Improvement of RNA aptamer activity against myasthenic autoantibodies by extended sequence selection. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2002, 290(2),656-662. (Pubitemid 34687490)
86. Hwang, B.; Han, K.; Lee, S.W. Prevention of passively transferred experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by an in vitro selected RNA aptamer. FEBS Lett., 2003, 548(1-3), 85-89. (Pubitemid 37281255)
87. Cho, J.S.; Lee, S.W. Sequence and structural features of RNA aptamer against myasthenic autoantibodies. Oligonucleotides, 2009, 19(3), 273-280.
88. Wan, Y.; Kim, Y.T.; Li, N.; Cho, S.K.; Bachoo, R.; Ellington, A.D.; Iqbal, S.M. Surface-immobilized aptamers for cancer cell isolation and microscopic cytology. Cancer Res., 2010, 70(22), 9371-9380.
89. Hicke, B.J.; Marion, C.; Chang, Y.F. Tenascin-C aptamers are generated using tumor cells and purified protein. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276(52), 48644-48654.
90. Daniels, D.A.; Chen, H.; Hicke, B.J.; Swiderek, K.M.; Gold, L. A tenascin-C aptamer identified by tumor cell SELEX: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., 2003, 100(26), 15416-15421. (Pubitemid 38021004)
91. Hicke, B.J.; Stephens, A.W.; Gould, T.; Chang, Y.F.; Lynott, C.K.; Heil, J.; Borkowski, S.; Hilger, C.S.; Cook, G.; Warren, S.; Schmidt, P.G. Tumor targeting by an aptamer. J. Nucl. Med., 2006, 47(4), 668-678. (Pubitemid 46768469)
92. Zhang, H. 99mTc-Mercaptoacetyl-Glu-Glu-aptamer specific for tenascin-C. In: Molecular Imaging and Contrast Agent Database (MICAD) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US); 2004-2010. 2008.
93. Cunningham, E.T. Jr.; Adamis, A.P.; Altaweel, M.; Aiello, L.P.; Bressler, N.M.; D'Amico, D.J.; Goldbaum, M.; Guyer, D.R.; Katz, B.; Patel, M.; Schwartz, S.D.; Macugen Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology, 2005, 112(10), 1747-1757. (Pubitemid 41400011)
94. Ng, E.W.; Adamis, A.P. Targeting Angiogenesis, the underlying disorder in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Can. J. Ophthalmol., 2005, 40(3), 352-358.
95. Siddqui, M.A.; Keating, G.M. Pegaptanib: in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Drugs, 2005, 65(11), 1571-1577. (Pubitemid 41124310)
96. Benton, R.L.; Whittemore, S.R. VEGF-165 therapy exacerbates secondary damage following spinal cord injury. Neurochem. Res., 2003, 28(11), 1693-1703. (Pubitemid 37296211)
97. Vaquero, J.; Zurita, M.; de Oya, S.; Coca, S. Vascular endothelial growth/permeability factor in spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg., 1999, 90(2 Suppl), 220-223. (Pubitemid 29155903)
98. Fleming, J.C.; Norenberg, M.D.; Ramsay, D.A.; Dekaban, G.A.; Marcillo, A.E.; Saenz, A.D.; Pasquale-Styles, M.; Dietrich, W.D.; Weaver, L.C. The cellular inflammatory response in human spinal cords after injury. Brain, 2006, 129(Pt 12), 3249-3269. (Pubitemid 44871440)
99. Verhoeff, J.J.; Stalpers, L.J.; Claes, A.; Hovinga, K.E.; Musters, G.D.; Peter, Vandertop. W.; Richel, D.J.; Leenders, W.P.; van Furth, W.R. Tumour control by whole brain irradiation of anti-VEGF-treated mice bearing intracerebral glioma. Eur. J. Cancer, 2009, 45(17), 3074-3080.
100. Wang, Y.; Khaing, Z.Z.; Li, N.; Hall, B.; Schmidt, C.E.; Ellington, A.D. Aptamer antagonists of myelin-derived inhibitors promote axon growth. PLoS One, 2010, 5(3), e9726.