Plasmid-mediated gene therapy for cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular Research

Volumn 91, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 565-576

  Williams, Paul D ^a   Kingston, Paul A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Gene therapy; Plasmids

Indexed keywords

CELL PROTEIN; DEVELOPMENTALLY REGULATED ENDOTHELIAL CELL LOCUS 1; DNA; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; NV1 FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; PLACEBO; PLASMID VECTOR; POLOXAMER; RECOMBINANT VASCULOTROPIN; SCATTER FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN A; VASCULOTROPIN A165; VIRUS VECTOR;

ANGIOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; GENE THERAPY; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENICITY; IN-STENT RESTENOSIS; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL OCCLUSIVE ARTERY DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STENT;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; GENE THERAPY; GENETIC VECTORS; HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR; HUMANS; PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE; PLASMIDS; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A;

EID: 80051977675     PISSN: 00086363     EISSN: 17553245     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr197     Document Type: Review

References (123)

1. Nabel EG, Plautz G, Boyce FM, Stanley JC, Nabel GJ. Recombinant gene expression in vivo within endothelial cells of the arterial wall. Science 1989;244:1342-1344. (Pubitemid 19170506)
2. Williams PD, Ranjzad P, Kakar SJ, Kingston PA. Development of viral vectors for use in cardiovascular gene therapy. Viruses 2010;2:334-371.
3. Marshall E. Gene therapy death prompts review of adenovirus vector. Science 1999; 286:2244-2245. (Pubitemid 30016842)
4. Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Von Kalle C, Schmidt M, McCormack MP, Wulffraat N, Leboulch P et al. LMO2-associated clonal T cell proliferation in two patients after gene therapy for SCID-X1. Science 2003;302:415-419. (Pubitemid 37296260)
5. Laitinen M, Pakkanen T, Donetti E, Baetta R, Luoma J, Lehtolainen P et al. Gene transfer into the carotid artery using an adventitial collar: comparison of the effectiveness of the plasmid-liposome complexes, retroviruses, pseudotyped retroviruses, and adenoviruses. Hum Gene Ther 1997;8:1645-1650. (Pubitemid 28031582)
6. Takeshita S, Pu LQ, Stein LA, Sniderman AD, Bunting S, Ferrara N et al. Intramuscular administration of vascular endothelial growth factor induces dose-dependent collateral artery augmentation in a rabbit model of chronic limb ischemia. Circulation 1994;90:II228-II234. (Pubitemid 24349276)
7. Tsurumi Y, Takeshita S, Chen D, Kearney M, Rossow ST, Passeri J et al. Direct intramuscular gene transfer of naked DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor augments collateral development and tissue perfusion. Circulation 1996;94: 3281-3290. (Pubitemid 26427500)
8. Isner JM, Pieczek A, Schainfeld R, Blair R, Haley L, Asahara T et al. Clinical evidence of angiogenesis after arterial gene transfer of phVEGF165 in patient with ischaemic limb. Lancet 1996;348:370-374. (Pubitemid 26261511)
9. Yla-Herttuala S, Rissanen TT, Vajanto I, Hartikainen J. Vascular endothelial growth factors: biology and current status of clinical applications in cardiovascular medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;49:1015-1026. (Pubitemid 46349500)
10. Shyu KG, Chang H, Wang BW, Kuan P. Intramuscular vascular endothelial growth factor gene therapy in patients with chronic critical leg ischemia. Am J Med 2003; 114:85-92. (Pubitemid 36183588)
11. Baumgartner I, Pieczek A, Manor O, Blair R, Kearney M, Walsh K et al. Constitutive expression of phVEGF165 after intramuscular gene transfer promotes collateral vessel development in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 1998;97: 1114-1123. (Pubitemid 28152883)
12. Isner JM, Baumgartner I, Rauh G, Schainfeld R, Blair R, Manor O et al. Treatment of thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger's disease) by intramuscular gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor: preliminary clinical results. J Vasc Surg 1998;28: 964-973; discussion 973-965.
13. Makinen K, Manninen H, Hedman M, Matsi P, Mussalo H, Alhava E et al. Increased vascularity detected by digital subtraction angiography after VEGF gene transfer to human lower limb artery: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded phase II study. Mol Ther 2002;6:127-133. (Pubitemid 36124280)
14. Kusumanto YH, van Weel V, Mulder NH, Smit AJ, van den Dungen JJ, Hooymans JM et al. Treatment with intramuscular vascular endothelial growth factor gene compared with placebo for patients with diabetes mellitus and critical limb ischemia: a double-blind randomized trial. Hum Gene Ther 2006;17:683-691. (Pubitemid 43970708)
15. Hidai C, Zupancic T, Penta K, Mikhail A, Kawana M, Quertermous EE et al. Cloning and characterization of developmental endothelial locus-1: an embryonic endothelial cell protein that binds the alphavbeta3 integrin receptor. Genes Dev 1998;12:21-33. (Pubitemid 28083655)
16. Rezaee M, Penta K, Quertermous T. Del1 mediates VSMC adhesion, migration, and proliferation through interaction with integrin alpha(v)beta(3). Am J Physiol 2002;282: H1924-H1932. (Pubitemid 34654864)
17. Grossman PM, Mendelsohn F, Henry TD, Hermiller JB, Litt M, Saucedo JF et al. Results from a phase II multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled study of Del-1 (VLTS-589) for intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease. Am Heart J 2007;153:874-880. (Pubitemid 46628792)
18. Ueno H, Li JJ, Masuda S, Qi Z, Yamamoto H, Takeshita A. Adenovirus-mediated expression of the secreted form of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) induces cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2453-2460. (Pubitemid 28015981)
19. Muhlhauser J, Pili R, Merrill MJ, Maeda H, Passaniti A, Crystal RG et al. In vivo angiogenesis induced by recombinant adenovirus vectors coding either for secreted or nonsecreted forms of acidic fibroblast growth factor. Hum Gene Ther 1995;6: 1457-1465.
20. Soubrier F, Cameron B, Manse B, Somarriba S, Dubertret C, Jaslin G et al. pCOR: a new design of plasmid vectors for nonviral gene therapy. Gene Ther 1999;6: 1482-1488. (Pubitemid 29396737)
21. Comerota AJ, Throm RC, Miller KA, Henry T, Chronos N, Laird J et al. Naked plasmid DNA encoding fibroblast growth factor type 1 for the treatment of endstage unreconstructible lower extremity ischemia: preliminary results of a phase I trial. J Vasc Surg 2002;35:930-936. (Pubitemid 44718562)
22. Nikol S, Baumgartner I, Van Belle E, Diehm C, Visona A, Capogrossi MC et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis with intramuscular NV1FGF improves amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia. Mol Ther 2008;16:972-978. (Pubitemid 351587109)
23. Hiatt WR, Baumgartner I, Nikol S, Van Belle E, Driver VR, Norgren L et al. NV1FGF Gene Therapy on Amputation-Free Survival in Critical Limb Ischemia-Phase 3 Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial. (Abstract). Circulation 2010;122: 2215-2226.
24. Morishita R, Nakamura S, Hayashi S, Taniyama Y, Moriguchi A, Nagano T et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis induced by human recombinant hepatocyte growth factor in rabbit hind limb ischemia model as cytokine supplement therapy. Hypertension 1999;33:1379-1384. (Pubitemid 29282658)
25. Morishita R, Aoki M, Hashiya N, Makino H, Yamasaki K, Azuma J et al. Safety evaluation of clinical gene therapy using hepatocyte growth factor to treat peripheral arterial disease. Hypertension 2004;44:203-209. (Pubitemid 39014240)
26. Morishita R, Makino H, Aoki M, Hashiya N, Yamasaki K, Azuma J et al. Phase I/IIa clinical trial of therapeutic angiogenesis using hepatocyte growth factor gene transfer to treat critical limb ischemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31:713-720.
27. Powell RJ, Simons M, Mendelsohn FO, Daniel G, Henry TD, Koga M et al. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the safety of intramuscular injection of hepatocyte growth factor plasmid to improve limb perfusion in patients with critical limb ischemia. Circulation 2008;118:58-65.
28. Powell RJ, Goodney P, Mendelsohn FO, Moen EK, Annex BH. Safety and efficacy of patient specific intramuscular injection of HGF plasmid gene therapy on limb perfusion and wound healing in patients with ischemic lower extremity ulceration: results of the HGF-0205 trial. J Vasc Surg 2010;52:1525-1530.
29. Shigematsu H, Yasuda K, Iwai T, Sasajima T, Ishimaru S, Ohashi Y et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of hepatocyte growth factor plasmid for critical limb ischemia. Gene Ther 2010;17:1152-1161.
30. Losordo DW, Vale PR, Symes JF, Dunnington CH, Esakof DD, Maysky M et al. Gene therapy for myocardial angiogenesis: initial clinical results with direct myocardial injection of phVEGF165 as sole therapy for myocardial ischemia. Circulation 1998; 98:2800-2804. (Pubitemid 29003959)
31. Symes JF, Losordo DW, Vale PR, Lathi KG, Esakof DD, Mayskiy M et al. Gene therapy with vascular endothelial growth factor for inoperable coronary artery disease. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;68:830-836; discussion 836-837.
32. Sylven C, Sarkar N, Ruck A, Drvota V, Hassan SY, Lind B et al. Myocardial Doppler tissue velocity improves following myocardial gene therapy with VEGF-A165 plasmid in patients with inoperable angina pectoris. Coron Artery Dis 2001;12:239-243. (Pubitemid 32402355)
33. Sarkar N, Ruck A, Kallner G, Y-Hassan S, Blomberg P, Islam KB et al. Effects of intramyocardial injection of phVEGF-A165 as sole therapy in patients with refractory coronary artery disease-12-month follow-up: angiogenic gene therapy. J Intern Med 2001;250:373-381. (Pubitemid 32990045)
34. Reilly JP, Grise MA, Fortuin FD, Vale PR, Schaer GL, Lopez J et al. Long-term (2-year) clinical events following transthoracic intramyocardial gene transfer of VEGF-2 in no-option patients. J Interv Cardiol 2005;18:27-31. (Pubitemid 40468771)
35. Fortuin FD, Vale P, Losordo DW, Symes J, DeLaria GA, Tyner JJ et al. One-year follow-up of direct myocardial gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor-2 using naked plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid by way of thoracotomy in no-option patients. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:436-439. (Pubitemid 36959880)
36. Vale PR, Losordo DW, Milliken CE, McDonald MC, Gravelin LM, Curry CM et al. Randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of catheter-based myocardial gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis using left ventricular electromechanical mapping in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2001;103: 2138-2143. (Pubitemid 32458322)
37. Losordo DW, Vale PR, Hendel RC, Milliken CE, Fortuin FD, Cummings N et al. Phase 1/2 placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalating trial of myocardial vascular endothelial growth factor 2 gene transfer by catheter delivery in patients with chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2002;105:2012-2018. (Pubitemid 34465261)
38. Kastrup J, Jorgensen E, Ruck A, Tagil K, Glogar D, Ruzyllo W et al. Direct intramyocardial plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 gene therapy in patients with stable severe angina pectoris A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study: the Euroinject One trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005;45:982-988. (Pubitemid 40432426)
39. Ripa RS,Wang Y, Jorgensen E, Johnsen HE, Hesse B, Kastrup J. Intramyocardial injection of vascular endothelial growth factor-A165 plasmid followed by granulocytecolony stimulating factor to induce angiogenesis in patients with severe chronic ischaemic heart disease. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1785-1792. (Pubitemid 44297382)
40. Stewart DJ, Kutryk MJ, Fitchett D, Freeman M, Camack N, Su Y et al. VEGF gene therapy fails to improve perfusion of ischemic myocardium in patients with advanced coronary disease: results of the NORTHERN trial. Mol Ther 2009;17:1109-1115.
41. Vale PR, Losordo DW, Milliken CE, Maysky M, Esakof DD, Symes JF et al. Left ventricular electromechanical mapping to assess efficacy of phVEGF(165) gene transfer for therapeutic angiogenesis in chronic myocardial ischemia. Circulation 2000;102: 965-974. (Pubitemid 30656004)
42. Botker HE, Lassen JF, Hermansen F, Wiggers H, Sogaard P, Kim WY et al. Electromechanical mapping for detection of myocardial viability in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 2001;103:1631-1637. (Pubitemid 32246609)
43. Hedman M, Hartikainen J, Syvanne M, Stjernvall J, Hedman A, Kivela A et al. Safety and feasibility of catheter-based local intracoronary vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer in the prevention of postangioplasty and in-stent restenosis and in the treatment of chronic myocardial ischemia: phase II results of the Kuopio Angiogenesis Trial (KAT). Circulation 2003;107:2677-2683. (Pubitemid 36667240)
44. Sanada F, Taniyama Y, Azuma J, Iekushi K, Dosaka N, Yokoi T et al. Hepatocyte growth factor, but not vascular endothelial growth factor, attenuates angiotensin II-induced endothelial progenitor cell senescence. Hypertension 2009;53:77-82.
45. Wolff JA, Budker V, Leaf Huang M-CH, Ernst W. The mechanism of naked DNA uptake and expression. Advances in Genetics. Maryland Heights, MO: Academic Press, 2005. p1-20.
46. Kawabata K, Takakura Y, Hashida M. The fate of plasmid DNA after intravenous injection in mice: involvement of scavenger receptors in its hepatic uptake. Pharm Res 1995;12:825-830.
47. Sherman W, Martens TP, Viles-Gonzalez JF, Siminiak T. Catheter-based delivery of cells to the heart. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3(Suppl. 1):S57-S64.
48. Muller OJ, Katus HA, Bekeredjian R. Targeting the heart with gene therapy-optimized gene delivery methods. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:453-462. (Pubitemid 46084926)
49. Raake P, von Degenfeld G, Hinkel R, Vachenauer R, Sandner T, Beller S et al. Myocardial gene transfer by selective pressure-regulated retroinfusion of coronary veins: comparison with surgical and percutaneous intramyocardial gene delivery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44:1124-1129. (Pubitemid 39165150)
50. Isaka Y, Imai E. Electroporation-mediated gene therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 4:561-571. (Pubitemid 47532865)
51. Aihara H, Miyazaki J. Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 1998;16:867-870. (Pubitemid 28405859)
52. Marshall WG Jr., Boone BA, Burgos JD, Gografe SI, Baldwin MK, Danielson ML et al. Electroporation-mediated delivery of a naked DNA plasmid expressing VEGF to the porcine heart enhances protein expression. Gene Ther 2010;17:419-423.
53. Hartikka J, Sukhu L, Buchner C, Hazard D, Bozoukova V, Margalith M et al. Electroporation-facilitated delivery of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle: plasmid dependence of muscle damage and effect of poloxamer 188. Mol Ther 2001;4: 407-415. (Pubitemid 33100278)
54. Martin JB, Young JL, Benoit JN, Dean DA. Gene transfer to intact mesenteric arteries by electroporation. J Vasc Res 2000;37:372-380.
55. Seidler RW, Allgauer S, Ailinger S, Sterner A, Dev N, Rabussay D et al. In vivo human MCP-1 transfection in porcine arteries by intravascular electroporation. Pharm Res 2005;22:1685-1691. (Pubitemid 41355908)
56. Yamaoka T, Yonemitsu Y, Komori K, Baba H, Matsumoto T, Onohara T et al. Ex vivo electroporation as a potent new strategy for nonviral gene transfer into autologous vein grafts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005;289:H1865-H1872. (Pubitemid 41507334)
57. Taniyama Y, Tachibana K, Hiraoka K, Aoki M, Yamamoto S, Matsumoto K et al. Development of safe and efficient novel nonviral gene transfer using ultrasound: enhancement of transfection efficiency of naked plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle. Gene Ther 2002;9:372-380. (Pubitemid 34414035)
58. Taniyama Y, Tachibana K, Hiraoka K, Namba T, Yamasaki K, Hashiya N et al. Local delivery of plasmid DNA into rat carotid artery using ultrasound. Circulation 2002; 105:1233-1239. (Pubitemid 34225826)
59. Leong-Poi H, Kuliszewski MA, Lekas M, Sibbald M, Teichert-Kuliszewska K, Klibanov AL et al. Therapeutic arteriogenesis by ultrasound-mediated VEGF165 plasmid gene delivery to chronically ischemic skeletal muscle. Circ Res 2007;101: 295-303. (Pubitemid 47344079)
60. Fujii H, Sun Z, Li SH, Wu J, Fazel S, Weisel RD et al. Ultrasound-targeted gene delivery induces angiogenesis after a myocardial infarction in mice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2009;2:869-879.
61. Akowuah EF, Gray C, Lawrie A, Sheridan PJ, Su CH, Bettinger T et al. Ultrasoundmediated delivery of TIMP-3 plasmid DNA into saphenous vein leads to increased lumen size in a porcine interposition graft model. Gene Ther 2005;12:1154-1157. (Pubitemid 41030621)
62. Phillips LC, Klibanov AL, Bowles DK, Ragosta M, Hossack JA, Wamhoff BR. Focused in vivo delivery of plasmid DNA to the porcine vascular wall via intravascular ultrasound destruction of microbubbles. J Vasc Res 2009;47:270-274.
63. Hama S, Akita H, Ito R, Mizuguchi H, Hayakawa T, Harashima H. Quantitative comparison of intracellular trafficking and nuclear transcription between adenoviral and lipoplex systems. Mol Ther 2006;13:786-794.
64. Pickering JG, Jekanowski J, Weir L, Takeshita S, Losordo DW, Isner JM. Liposomemediated gene transfer into human vascular smooth muscle cells. Circulation 1994; 89:13-21. (Pubitemid 24026466)
65. Zhu N, Liggitt D, Liu Y, Debs R. Systemic gene expression after intravenous DNA delivery into adult mice. Science 1993;261:209-211. (Pubitemid 23265397)
66. Pelisek J, Engelmann MG, Golda A, Fuchs A, Armeanu S, Shimizu M et al. Optimization of nonviral transfection: variables influencing liposome-mediated gene transfer in proliferating vs. quiescent cells in culture and in vivo using a porcine restenosis model. J Mol Med 2002;80:724-736. (Pubitemid 35352038)
67. Irvine SA, Meng QH, Afzal F, Ho J, Wong JB, Hailes HC et al. Receptor-targeted nanocomplexes optimized for gene transfer to primary vascular cells and explant cultures of rabbit aorta. Mol Ther 2008;16:508-515. (Pubitemid 351314990)
68. Lemieux P, Guerin N, Paradis G, Proulx R, Chistyakova L, Kabanov A et al. A combination of poloxamers increases gene expression of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle. Gene Ther 2000;7:986-991. (Pubitemid 30386664)
69. Turunen MP, Hiltunen MO, Ruponen M, Virkamaki L, Szoka FC Jr, Urtti A et al. Efficient adventitial gene delivery to rabbit carotid artery with cationic polymer-plasmid complexes. Gene Ther 1999;6:6-11. (Pubitemid 29043688)
70. Pitard B, Pollard H, Agbulut O, Lambert O, Vilquin JT, Cherel Y et al. A nonionic amphiphile agent promotes gene delivery in vivo to skeletal and cardiac muscles. Hum Gene Ther 2002;13:1767-1775. (Pubitemid 35191750)
71. Yin W, Xiang P, Li Q. Investigations of the effect of DNA size in transient transfection assay using dual luciferase system. Anal Biochem 2005;346:289-294. (Pubitemid 41550259)
72. DeYoung MB, Zamarron C, Lin AP, Qiu C, Driscoll RM, Dichek DA. Optimizing vascular gene transfer of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1. Hum Gene Ther 1999;10: 1469-1478. (Pubitemid 29318984)
73. Addison CL, Hitt M, Kunsken D, Graham FL. Comparison of the human versus murine cytomegalovirus immediate early gene promoters for transgene expression by adenoviral vectors. J Gen Virol 1997;78(Pt 7):1653-1661.
74. Kim SY, Lee JH, Shin HS, Kang HJ, Kim YS. The human elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha) first intron highly enhances expression of foreign genes from the murine cytomegalovirus promoter. J Biotechnol 2002;93:183-187.
75. Brooks AR, Harkins RN,Wang P, Qian HS, Liu P, Rubanyi GM. Transcriptional silencing is associated with extensive methylation of the CMV promoter following adenoviral gene delivery to muscle. J Gene Med 2004;6:395-404. (Pubitemid 40228056)
76. Kim S, Lin H, Barr E, Chu L, Leiden JM, Parmacek MS. Transcriptional targeting of replication-defective adenovirus transgene expression to smooth muscle cells in vivo. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1006-1014. (Pubitemid 27386284)
77. Keogh MC, Chen D, Schmitt JF, Dennehy U, Kakkar VV, Lemoine NR. Design of a muscle cell-specific expression vector utilising human vascular smooth muscle alpha-actin regulatory elements. Gene Ther 1999;6:616-628. (Pubitemid 29192670)
78. Morishita K, Johnson DE, Williams LT. A novel promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (flt-1) that confers endothelial-specific gene expression. J Biol Chem 1995;270:27948-27953.
79. Cowan PJ, Shinkel TA, Fisicaro N, Godwin JW, Bernabeu C, Almendro N et al. Targeting gene expression to endothelium in transgenic animals: a comparison of the human ICAM-2, PECAM-1 and endoglin promoters. Xenotransplantation 2003;10: 223-231. (Pubitemid 36909372)
80. Rothmann T, Katus HA, Hartong R, Perricaudet M, Franz WM. Heart muscle-specific gene expression using replication defective recombinant adenovirus. Gene Ther 1996; 3:919-926. (Pubitemid 26348346)
81. Franz WM, Rothmann T, Frey N, Katus HA. Analysis of tissue-specific gene delivery by recombinant adenoviruses containing cardiac-specific promoters. Cardiovasc Res 1997;35:560-566. (Pubitemid 27469419)
82. Griscelli F, Gilardi-Hebenstreit P, Hanania N, Franz WM, Opolon P, Perricaudet M et al. Heart-specific targeting of beta-galactosidase by the ventricle-specific cardiac myosin light chain 2 promoter using adenovirus vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9: 1919-1928. (Pubitemid 28439097)
83. Phillips MI, Tang Y, Schmidt-Ott K, Qian K, Kagiyama S. Vigilant vector: heart-specific promoter in an adeno-associated virus vector for cardioprotection. Hypertension 2002;39:651-655. (Pubitemid 34165200)
84. Su H, Joho S, Huang Y, Barcena A, Arakawa-Hoyt J, Grossman W et al. Adeno-associated viral vector delivers cardiac-specific and hypoxia-inducible VEGF expression in ischemic mouse hearts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101: 16280-16285. (Pubitemid 39552836)
85. Muller OJ, Leuchs B, Pleger ST, Grimm D, Franz WM, Katus HA et al. Improved cardiac gene transfer by transcriptional and transductional targeting of adeno-associated viral vectors. Cardiovasc Res 2006;70:70-78.
86. LaPointe MC, Yang XP, Carretero OA, He Q. Left ventricular targeting of reporter gene expression in vivo by human BNP promoter in an adenoviral vector. Am J Physiol 2002;283:H1439-H1445.
87. Pachori AS, Melo LG, Hart ML, Noiseux N, Zhang L, Morello F et al. Hypoxia-regulated therapeutic gene as a preemptive treatment strategy against ischemia/reperfusion tissue injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:12282-12287. (Pubitemid 39145435)
88. White SJ, Papadakis ED, Rogers CA, Johnson JL, Biessen EA, Newby AC. In vitro and in vivo analysis of expression cassettes designed for vascular gene transfer. Gene Ther 2008;15:340-346. (Pubitemid 351267375)
89. Akyurek LM, Yang ZY, Aoki K, San H, Nabel GJ, Parmacek MS et al. SM22alpha promoter targets gene expression to vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med 2000;6:983-991.
90. Reynolds PN, Nicklin SA, Kaliberova L, Boatman BG, Grizzle WE, Balyasnikova IV et al. Combined transductional and transcriptional targeting improves the specificity of transgene expression in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 2001;19:838-842. (Pubitemid 32816753)
91. Palmiter RD, Sandgren EP, Avarbock MR, Allen DD, Brinster RL. Heterologous introns can enhance expression of transgenes in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:478-482. (Pubitemid 21915488)
92. Brondyk B. pCI and pSI mammalian expression vectors. Promega Notes Magazine1994. p7-12.
93. Ribault S, Neuville P, Mechine-Neuville A, Auge F, Parlakian A, Gabbiani G et al. Chimeric smooth muscle-specific enhancer/promoters: valuable tools for adenovirusmediated cardiovascular gene therapy. Circ Res 2001;88:468-475. (Pubitemid 32240909)
94. Appleby CE, Kingston PA, David A, Gerdes CA, Umana P, Castro MG et al. A novel combination of promoter and enhancers increases transgene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and coronary arteries in vivo after adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. Gene Ther 2003;10:1616-1622. (Pubitemid 37063268)
95. Kallmeier RC, Somasundaram C, Babij P. A novel smooth muscle-specific enhancer regulates transcription of the smooth muscle myosin heavy chain gene in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1995;270:30949-30957. (Pubitemid 26012179)
96. Ehrhardt A, Peng PD, Xu H, Meuse L, Kay MA. Optimization of cis-acting elements for gene expression from nonviral vectors in vivo. Hum Gene Ther 2003;14:215-225. (Pubitemid 36423441)
97. Harraghy N, Gaussin A, Mermod N. Sustained transgene expression using MAR elements. Curr Gene Ther 2008;8:353-366.
98. Abdullah S, Pringle IA, Davies LA, Mountain A, Gill DR, Hyde SC. Chromatin Opening Element (UCOE) extends duration of airway gene expression by naked DNA. Mol Ther 2003;7:S73.
99. Young JL, Zimmer WE, Dean DA. Smooth muscle-specific gene delivery in the vasculature based on restriction of DNA nuclear import. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2008; 233:840-848.
100. Young JL, Benoit JN, Dean DA. Effect of a DNA nuclear targeting sequence on gene transfer and expression of plasmids in the intact vasculature. Gene Ther 2003;10: 1465-1470. (Pubitemid 36987140)
101. Miller AM, Dean DA. Cell-specific nuclear import of plasmid DNA in smooth muscle requires tissue-specific transcription factors and DNA sequences. Gene Ther 2008;15:1107-1115.
102. Langle-Rouault F, Patzel V, Benavente A, Taillez M, Silvestre N, Bompard A et al. Up to 100-fold increase of apparent gene expression in the presence of Epstein-Barr virus oriP sequences and EBNA1: implications of the nuclear import of plasmids. J Virol 1998;72:6181-6185. (Pubitemid 28283412)
103. Mazda O. Improvement of nonviral gene therapy by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors. Curr Gene Ther 2002;2:379-392.
104. Gill DR, Pringle IA, Hyde SC. Progress and prospects: the design and production of plasmid vectors. Gene Ther 2009;16:165-171.
105. Hyde SC, Pringle IA, Abdullah S, Lawton AE, Davies LA, Varathalingam A et al. CpG-free plasmids confer reduced inflammation and sustained pulmonary gene expression. Nat Biotechnol 2008;26:549-551. (Pubitemid 351668040)
106. Mayrhofer P, Schleef M, Jechlinger W. Use of minicircle plasmids for gene therapy. Methods Mol Biol 2009;542:87-104.
107. Young JL, Dean DA. Nonviral gene transfer strategies for the vasculature. Microcirculation 2002;9:35-49.
108. Klugherz BD, Jones PL, Cui X, Chen W, Meneveau NF, DeFelice S et al. Gene delivery from a DNA controlled-release stent in porcine coronary arteries. Nat Biotech 2000;18:1181-1184.
109. Perlstein I, Connolly JM, Cui X, Song C, Li Q, Jones PL et al. DNA delivery from an intravascular stent with a denatured collagen-polylactic- polyglycolic acid-controlled release coating: mechanisms of enhanced transfection. Gene Ther 2003;10: 1420-1428. (Pubitemid 36987135)
110. Takahashi A, Palmer-Opolski M, Smith RC, Walsh K. Transgene delivery of plasmid DNA to smooth muscle cells and macrophages from a biostable polymer-coated stent. Gene Ther 2003;10:1471-1478. (Pubitemid 36987141)
111. Walter DH, Cejna M, Diaz-Sandoval L, Willis S, Kirkwood L, Stratford PW et al. Local gene transfer of phVEGF-2 plasmid by gene-eluting stents: an alternative strategy for inhibition of restenosis. Circulation 2004;110:36-45. (Pubitemid 38885702)
112. Egashira K, Nakano K, Ohtani K, Funakoshi K, Zhao G, Ihara Y et al. Local delivery of anti-monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by gene-eluting stents attenuates in-stent stenosis in rabbits and monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:2563-2568. (Pubitemid 350158906)
113. Jin X, Mei L, Song C, Liu L, Leng X, Sun H et al. Immobilization of plasmid DNA on an anti-DNA antibody modified coronary stent for intravascular site-specific gene therapy. J Gene Med 2008;10:421-429. (Pubitemid 351517098)
114. Handa M, Li W, Morioka K, Takamori A, Yamada N, Ihaya A. Adventitial delivery of platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor gene prevented intimal hyperplasia of vein graft. J Vasc Surg 2008;48:1566-1574.
115. Eefting D, de Vries MR, Grimbergen JM, Karper JC, van Bockel JH, Quax PH. In vivo suppression of vein graft disease by nonviral, electroporation- mediated, gene transfer of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 linked to the amino terminal fragment of urokinase (TIMP-1.ATF), a cell-surface directed matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. J Vasc Surg 2010;51:429-437.
116. Lyon AR, Sato M, Hajjar RJ, Samulski RJ, Harding SE. Gene therapy: targeting the myocardium. Heart 2008;94:89-99.
117. Vinge LE, Raake PW, Koch WJ. Gene therapy in heart failure. Circ Res 2008;102: 1458-1470.
118. Hajjar RJ, Zsebo K, Deckelbaum L, Thompson C, Rudy J, Yaroshinsky A et al. Design of a phase 1/2 trial of intracoronary administration of AAV1/SERCA2a in patients with heart failure. J Card Fail 2008;14:355-367. (Pubitemid 351756538)
119. Shirakawa Y, Sawa Y, Takewa Y, Tatsumi E, Kaneda Y, Taenaka Y et al. Gene transfection with human hepatocyte growth factor complementary DNA plasmids attenuates cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction in goat hearts implanted with ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:624-632. (Pubitemid 41265696)
120. Komamura K, Tatsumi R, Miyazaki J, Matsumoto K, Yamato E, Nakamura T et al. Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with electroporation of hepatocyte growth factor gene into skeletal muscle. Hypertension 2004;44:365-371. (Pubitemid 39167237)
121. Piron J, Quang KL, Briec F, Amirault JC, Leoni AL, Desigaux L et al. Biological pacemaker engineered by nonviral gene transfer in a mouse model of complete atrioventricular block. Mol Ther 2008;16:1937-1943.
122. Laitinen M, Hartikainen J, Hiltunen MO, Eranen J, Kiviniemi M, Narvanen O et al. Catheter-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor gene transfer to human coronary arteries after angioplasty. Hum Gene Ther 2000;11:263-270. (Pubitemid 30080384)
123. Zhang LH, Luo T, Zhang C, Luo P, Jin X, Song CX et al. Anti-DNA antibody modified coronary stent for plasmid gene delivery: results obtained from a porcine coronary stent model. J Gene Med 2011;13:37-45.