Exercise and the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 95, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 953-969

  O'Gorman, Donal J ^a   Krook, Anna ^b  

^a DUBLIN CITY UNIVERSITY   (Ireland)

^b KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

AMPK; Exercise; Gene expression; Insulin resistance; Skeletal muscle; Substrate metabolism

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CALCIUM CALMODULIN DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE II; CALMODULIN; CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE I; CD36 ANTIGEN; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; DIACYLGLYCEROL; FATTY ACID; GLUCOSE TRANSPORTER 4; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; HEXOKINASE; INSULIN RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE 1; LIPOPROTEIN; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR ALPHA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR DELTA AGONIST; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA COACTIVATOR 1ALPHA; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; EXERCISE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HUMAN; IMMOBILIZATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID OXIDATION; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; MUSCLE METABOLISM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; EXERCISE; EXERCISE THERAPY; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OBESITY; OXIDATION-REDUCTION;

EID: 80051740344     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: 15579859     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.007     Document Type: Review

References (138)

1. Pedersen B.K. Body mass index-independent effect of fitness and physical activity for all-cause mortality. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007, 17:196-204.
2. Booth F.W., Chakravarthy M.V., Gordon S.E., et al. Waging war on physical inactivity: using modern molecular ammunition against an ancient enemy. J Appl Physiol 2002, 93:3-30.
3. Adams S.A., Der Ananian C.A., DuBose K.D., et al. Physical activity levels among overweight and obese adults in South Carolina. South Med J 2003, 96:539-543.
4. Wei M., Kampert J.B., Barlow C.E., et al. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. JAMA 1999, 282:1547-1553.
5. Iyawe V.I., Ighoroje A.D., Iyawe H.O. Changes in blood pressure and serum cholesterol following exercise training in Nigerian hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens 1996, 10:483-487.
6. Despres J.P., Lamarche B. Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 1994, 236:7-22.
7. Boule N.G., Haddad E., Kenny G.P., et al. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. JAMA 2001, 86:1218-1227.
8. Kirwan J.P., del Aguila L.F., Hernandez J.M., et al. Regular exercise enhances insulin activation of IRS-1-associated PI3-kinase in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:797-803.
9. Steiner S., Niessner A., Ziegler S., et al. Endurance training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2005, 181:305-310.
10. Bergström K., Barany P., Holm I. An educational programme for persistent life-style changes in patients with chronic renal disease. EDTNA ERCA J 1999, 25:42-44.
11. Dela F., Mikines K.J., von Linstow M., et al. Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:E1134-E1143.
12. King D.S., Dalsky G.P., Staten M.A., et al. Insulin action and secretion in endurance-trained and untrained humans. J Appl Physiol 1987, 63:2247-2252.
13. O'Gorman D.J., Karlsson H.K.R., McQuaid S., et al. Exercise training increases insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and GLUT4 (SLC2A4) protein content in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006, 49:2983-2992.
14. Eriksson J., Lindström J., Valle T., et al. Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland. Study design and 1-year interim report on the feasibility of the lifestyle intervention programme. Diabetoloiga 1999, 42:793-801.
15. Eriksson K., Lindgarde F. Prevention of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise: the 6-year Malmö feasibility study. Diabetologia 1991, 34:891-898.
16. X Pan, Li G., Hu Y., et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997, 20:537-544.
17. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., et al. Prevention of Type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001, 344:1343-1350.
18. Uusitupa M.I. Early lifestyle intervention in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Annu Mediaev 1996, 28:445-449.
19. Hamdy O., Goodyear L.J., Horton E.S. Diet and exercise in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2001, 30:883-907.
20. Ligtenberg P.C., Hoekstra J.B.L., Bol E., et al. Effects of physical training on metabolic control in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Clin Sci (Colch) 1997, 93:127-135.
21. Skarfors E.T., Wegener T.A., Lithell H., et al. Physical training as treatment for type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes in elderly men. A feasibility study over 2 years. Diabetologia 1987, 30:930-933.
22. Krook A., Holm I., Pettersson S., et al. Reduction of risk factors following lifestyle modification programme in subjects with type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2003, 23:21-30.
23. Holloszy J.O., Booth F.W. Biochemical adaptations to endurance exercise in muscle. Annu Rev Physiol 1976, 38:273-291.
24. Bruce C.R., Lee J.S., Hawley J.A. Postexercise muscle glycogen resynthesis in obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats. J Appl Physiol 2001, 91:1512-1519.
25. Price T.B., Rothman D.L., Taylor R., et al. Human muscle glycogen resynthesis after exercise: insulin-dependent and -independent phases. J Appl Physiol 1994, 76:104-111.
26. Greiwe J.S., Hickner R.C., Hansen P.A., et al. Effects of endurance exercise training on muscle glycogen accumulation in humans. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87:222-226.
27. Goodpaster B.H., Katsiaras A., Kelley D.E. Enhanced fat oxidation through physical activity is associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 2003, 52:2191-2197.
28. DiPietro L., Dziura J., Yeckel C.W., et al. Exercise and improved insulin sensitivity in older women: evidence of the enduring benefits of higher intensity training. J Appl Physiol 2006, 100:142-149.
29. Romijn J.A., Klein S., Coyle E.F., et al. Strenuous endurance training increases lipolysis and triglyceride-fatty acid cycling at rest. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75:108-113.
30. Klein S., Coyle E.F., Wolfe R.R. Fat metabolism during low-intensity exercise in endurance-trained and untrained men. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:E934-E940.
31. Horowitz J.F., Klein S. Lipid metabolism during endurance exercise. Am J Clin Nutr 2000, 72:558S-563S.
32. Smekal G., von Duvillard S.P., Pokan R., et al. Effect of endurance training on muscle fat metabolism during prolonged exercise: agreements and disagreements. Nutrition 2003, 19:891-900.
33. Hurley B.F., Nemeth P.M., Martin W.H., et al. Muscle triglyceride utilization during exercise: effect of training. J Appl Physiol 1986, 60:562-567.
34. Larson-Meyer D.E., Newcomer B.R., Hunter G.R. Influence of endurance running and recovery diet on intramyocellular lipid content in women: a 1H NMR study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 282. E95-106.
35. Douen A.G., Ramlal T., Rastogi S.A., et al. Exercise induces recruitment of the " insulin responsive" glucose transporter. Evidence for distinct intracellular insulin- and exercise-recruitable transporter pools in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 1990, 265:13427-13430.
36. Kristiansen S., Hargreaves M., Richter E.A. Exercise-induced increase in glucose transport, GLUT-4, and VAMP-2 in plasma membrane from human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 1996, 270. E197-81.
37. Lund S., Holman G.D., Schmitz O., et al. Contraction stimulates translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle through a mechanism distinct from that of insulin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995, 92:5817-5821.
38. Zierath J.R. Exercise effects of muscle insulin signaling and action: invited review: exercise training-induced changes in insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2002, 93:773-781.
39. Long Y.C., Zierath J.R. AMP-activated protein kinase signaling in metabolic regulation. J Clin Invest 2006, 116:1776-1783.
40. Kelley D.E., Mintun M.A., Watkins S.C., et al. The Effect of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity on glucose transport and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1996, 97:2705-2713.
41. Kelley D.E., Simoneau J.-A. Impaired free fatty acid utilization by skeletal muscle in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:2349-2356.
42. Zierath J.R. In vitro studies of human skeletal muscle. hormonal and metabolic regulation of glucose transport. Acta Physiol Scand 1995, 155:1-96.
43. Zierath J.R., He L., Guma A., et al. Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia 1996, 39:1180-1189.
44. Krook A., Björnholm M., Jiang X.-J., et al. Characterization of signal transduction and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetes 2000, 49:284-292.
45. Shulman G.I., Rothman D.L., Jue T., et al. Quantitation of muscle glycogen synthesis in normal subjects and subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. N Engl J Med 1990, 322:223-228.
46. Goodpaster B.H., Theriault R., Watkins S.C., et al. Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss. Metabolism 2000, 49:467-472.
47. Blaak E.E., Wagenmakers A.J.L., Glatz J.F.C., et al. Plasma FFA utilization and fatty acid-binding protein content are diminished in type 2 diabetic muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000, 279:E146-E154.
48. Mittendorfer B., Fields D.A., Klein S. Excess body fat in men decreases plasma fatty acid availability and oxidation during endurance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004, 286:E354-E362.
49. Goodpaster B.H., Wolfe R.R., Kelley D.E. Effects of obesity on substrate utilization during exercise. Obes Res 2002, 10:575-584.
50. Numao S., Hayashi Y., Katayama Y., et al. Effects of obesity phenotype on fat metabolism in obese men during endurance exercise. Int J Obes 2006, 8:1189-1196.
51. van Aggel-Leijssen D.P., Saris W.H., Wagenmakers A.J., et al. The effect of low-intensity exercise training on fat metabolism of obese women. Obes Res 2001, 9:86-96.
52. Braun B., Sharoff C., Chipkin S.R., et al. Effects of insulin resistance on substrate utilization during exercise in overweight women. J Appl Physiol 2004, 97:991-997.
53. van Aggel-Leijssen D.P., Saris W.H., Wagenmakers A.J., et al. Effect of exercise training at different intensities on fat metabolism of obese men. J Appl Physiol 2002, 92:1300-1309.
54. Menshikova E.V., Ritov V.B., Toledo F.G., et al. Effects of weight loss and physical activity on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288:E818-E825.
55. Menshikova E.V., Ritov V.B., Ferrell R.E., et al. Characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis induced by moderate-intensity exercise and weight loss in obesity. J Appl Physiol 2007, 103:21-27.
56. Ritov V.B., Menshikova E.V., He J., et al. Deficiency of subsarcolemmal mitochondria in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005, 54:8-14.
57. Malenfant P., Tremblay A., Doucet E., et al. Elevated intramyocellular lipid concentration in obese subjects is not reduced after diet and exercise training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 280:E632-E639.
58. Burns N., Finucane F.M., Hatunic M., et al. Early-onset type 2 diabetes in obese white subjects is characterised by a marked defect in beta cell insulin secretion, severe insulin resistance and a lack of response to aerobic exercise training. Diabetologia 2007, 50:1500-1508.
59. Giacca A., Groenewoud Y., Tsui E., et al. Glucose production, utilization, and cycling in response to moderate exercise in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes and mild hyperglycemia. Diabetes 1998, 47:1763-1770.
60. Kang J., Kelley D.E., Robertson R.J., et al. Substrate utilization and glucose turnover during exercise of varying intensities in individuals with NIDDM. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31:82-89.
61. Dela F., Larsen J.J., Mikines K.J., et al. Insulin-stimulated muscle glucose clearance in patients with NIDDM. Effects of one-legged physical training. Diabetes 1999, 44:1010-1020.
62. Perseghin G., Price T.B., Petersen K.F., et al. Increased glucose transport-phosphorylation and muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise training in insulin-resistant subjects. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1357-1362.
63. Cline G.W., Petersen K.F., Krssak M., et al. Impaired glucose transport as a cause of decreased insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 1999, 341:240-246.
64. Krook A., Wallberg-Henriksson H., Zierath J.R. Sending the signal: molecular mechanisms regulating glucose uptake. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004, 36:1212-1217.
65. Krook A., Bjornholm M., Galuska D., et al. Characterization of signal transduction and glucose transport in skeletal muscle from type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2000, 49:284-292.
66. Petersen K.F., Dufour S., Befroy D., et al. Impaired mitochondrial activity in the insulin-resistant offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:664-671.
67. Simoneau J.A., Kelley D.E. Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:166-171.
68. Kelley D.E., He J., Menshikova E.V., et al. Dysfunction of mitochondria in human skeletal muscle in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2002, 51:2944-2950.
69. Lowell B.B., Shulman G.I. Mitochondrial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. Science 2005, 307:384-387.
70. Chibalin A.V., Leng Y., Vieira E., et al. Down-Regulation of diacylglycerol kinase delta contributes to hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance. Cell 2008, 132:375-386.
71. Fritz T., Krämer D.K., Karlsson H.K.R., et al. Low-intensity exercise increases skeletal muscle protein expression of PPAR delta and UCP3 in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006, 22:492-498.
72. Teran-Garcia M., Rankinen T., Koza R.A., et al. Endurance training-induced changes in insulin sensitivity and gene expression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005, 288:E1168-E1178.
73. Simoneau J.-A., Kelley D.E. Altered glycolytic and oxidative capacities of skeletal muscle contribute to insulin resistance in NIDDM. J Appl Physiol 1997, 83:166-171.
74. Holloszy J.O., Coyle E.F. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences. J Appl Physiol 1984, 56:831-838.
75. Dudley G.A., Abraham W.M., Terjung R.L. Influence of exercise intensity and duration on biochemical adaptations in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1982, 53:844-850.
76. Toledo F.G., Watkins S., Kelley D.E. Changes induced by physical activity and weight loss in the morphology of intermyofibrillar mitochondria in obese men and women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:3224-3227.
77. Chibalin A.V., Yu M., Ryder J.W., et al. Exercise-induced changes in expression and activity of proteins involved in insulin-signal-transduction in skeletal muscle: differential effects on IRS-1 and IRS-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:38.
78. Houmard J.A., Egan P.C., Neufer P.D., et al. Elevated skeletal muscle glucose transporter levels in exercise-trained middle-aged men. Am J Physiol 1991, 261:E437-E443.
79. Hughes V.A., Fiatarone M.A., Fielding R.A., et al. Exercise increases muscle GLUT4-levels and insulin action in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Am J Physiol 1993, 264:E855-E862.
80. Ploug T., Stallknecht B.M., Pedersen O., et al. Effect of endurance training on glucose transport capacity and glucose transporter expression in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 1990, 259:E778-E786.
81. Ren J.-M., Semenkovich C.F., Gulve E.A., et al. Exercise induces rapid increases in GLUT4 expression, glucose transport capacity, and insulin-stimulated glycogen storage in muscle. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:14396-14401.
82. Yu M., Blomstrand E., Chibalin A.V., et al. Exercise-associated differences in an array of proteins involved in signal transduction and glucose transport. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90:29-34.
83. Horowitz J.F., Leone T.C., Feng W., et al. Effect of endurance training on lipid metabolism in women: a potential role for PPARalpha in the metabolic response to training. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000, 279:E348-E355.
84. Tunstall R.J., Mehan K.A., Wadley G.D., et al. Exercise training increases lipid metabolism gene expression in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002, 283:E66-E72.
85. Maassen J.A., t Hart L.M., Janssen G.M., et al. Mitochondrial diabetes and its lessons for common Type 2 diabetes. Biochem Soc Trans 2006, 34:819-823.
86. Freyer C., Larsson N. Is Energy Deficiency Good in Moderation?. Cell 2007, 131:448-450.
87. Bergeron R., Ren J.M., Cadman K.S., et al. Chronic activation of AMP kinase results in NRF-1 activation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001, 281:E1340-E1346.
88. Ojuka E.O., Jones T.E., Han D.H., et al. Raising Ca2+ in L6 myotubes mimics effects of exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle. FASEB J 2003, 17:675-681.
89. Handschin C., Rhee J., Lin J., et al. An autoregulatory loop controls peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha expression in muscle. PMID 2003, 100. 7111-6.
90. Wu H., Kanatous S.B., Thurmond F.A., et al. Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle by CaMK. Science 2002, 296:349-352.
91. Rose A.J., Hargreaves M. Exercise increases Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activity in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2003, 553:303-309.
92. Zong H., Ren J.M., Young L.H., et al. AMP kinase is required for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle in response to chronic energy deprivation. PMID 2002, 99. 15983-7.
93. McGee S.L., Howlett K.F., Starkie R.L., et al. Exercise increases nuclear AMPK alpha2 in human skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2003, 52:926-928.
94. Winder W.W., Holmes B.F., Rubink D.S., et al. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase increases mitochondrial enzymes in skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:2219-2226.
95. Jager S., Handschin C., St-Pierre J., et al. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1alpha. PMID 2007, 104:12017-12022.
96. Wu Z., Puigserver P., Andersson U., et al. Mechnisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1. Cell 1999, 98:115-124.
97. Lin J., Handschin C., Spiegelman B.M. Metabolic control through the PGC-1 family of transcription coactivators. Cell Metab 2005, 1:361-370.
98. Crunkhorn S., Dearie F., Mantzoros C., et al. Peroxisome proliferator activator receptor gamma coactivator-1 expression is reduced in obesity: potential pathogenic role of saturated fatty acids and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:15439-15450.
99. Mootha V.K., Lindgren C.M., Eriksson K.F., et al. PGC-1alpha-responsive genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation are coordinately downregulated in human diabetes. Nat Genet 2003, 34:267-273.
100. Patti M.E., Butte A.J., Crunkhorn S., et al. Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: potential role of PGC1 and NRF1. PNAS 2003, 100:8466-8471.
101. Benton C.R., Han X.X., Febbraio M., et al. Inverse relationship between PGC-1alpha protein expression and triacylglycerol accumulation in rodent skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2006, 100:377-383.
102. Lin J., Wu H., Tarr P.T., et al. Transcriptional co-activator PGC-1 alpha drives the formation of slow-twitch muscle fibres. Nature 2002, 418:797-801.
103. Wang Y.X., Zhang C.L., Yu R.T., et al. Regulation of muscle fiber type and running endurance by PPARdelta. PLoS Biol 2004, 2:e294.
104. Kannisto K., Chibalin A., Glinghammar B., et al. Differential expression of peroxisomal proliferator activated receptors alpha and delta in skeletal muscle in response to changes in diet and exercise. Int J Mol Med 2006, 17:45-52.
105. Russell A.P., Hesselink M.K., Lo S.K., et al. Regulation of metabolic transcriptional co-activators and transcription factors with acute exercise. FASEB J 2005, 19:986-988.
106. Watt M.J., Southgate R.J., Holmes A.G., et al. Suppression of plasma free fatty acids upregulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and delta and PPAR coactivator 1alpha in human skeletal muscle, but not lipid regulatory genes. J Mol Endocrinol 2004, 33:533-544.
107. Baar K., Wende A.R., Jones T.E., et al. Adaptations of skeletal muscle to exercise: rapid increase in the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1. FASEB J 2002, 16:1879-1886.
108. Cartoni R., Leger B., Hock M.B., et al. Mitofusins 1/2 and ERRalpha expression are increased in human skeletal muscle after physical exercise. J Physiol 2005, 567:349-358.
109. Mahoney D.J., Parise G., Melov S., et al. Analysis of global mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise. FASEB J 2005, 19:1498-1500.
110. Pilegaard H., Osada T., Andersen L.T., et al. Substrate availability and transcriptional regulation of metabolic genes in human skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Metab Clin Exp 2005, 54:1048-1055.
111. Vissing K., Andersen J.L., Schjerling P. Are exercise-induced genes induced by exercise?. FASEB J 2005, 19:94-96.
112. Pilegaard H., Saltin B., Neufer P.D. Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2003, 546:851-858.
113. Russell A.P., Feilchenfeldt J., Schreiber S., et al. Endurance training in humans leads to fiber type-specific increases in levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha in skeletal muscle. Diabetes 2003, 52:2874-2881.
114. Short K.R., Vittone J.L., Bigelow M.L., et al. Impact of aerobic exercise training on age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and muscle oxidative capacity. Diabetes 2003, 52. 1886.
115. Garnier A., Fortin D., Zoll J., et al. Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2005, 19:43-52.
116. Norrbom J., Sundberg C.J., Ameln H., et al. PGC-1alpha mRNA expression is influenced by metabolic perturbation in exercising human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2004, 96:189-194.
117. Naya F.J., Mercer B., Shelton J., et al. Stimulation of slow skeletal muscle fiber gene expression by calcineurin in vivo. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:4545-4548.
118. Oh M., Rybkin I.I., Copeland V., et al. Calcineurin Is necessary for the maintenance but not embryonic development of slow muscle fibers. Mol Cell Biol 2005, 25:6629-6638.
119. Ryder J.W., Bassel-Duby R., Olson E.N., et al. Skeletal muscle reprogramming by activation of calcineurin improves insulin action on metabolic pathways. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:44298-44304.
120. Schiaffino S., Serrano A. Calcineurin signaling and neural control of skeletal muscle fiber type and size. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2002, 23:569-575.
121. Saltin B., Henriksson J., Nygaard E., et al. Fiber types and metabolic potentials of skeletal muscles in sedentary man and endurance runners. Ann NY Acad Sci 1977, 301:3-29.
122. Aksnes A.K., Hjeltnes N., Wahlstrom E.O., et al. Intact glucose transport in morphologically altered denervated skeletal muscle from quadriplegic patients. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:E593-E600.
123. Grimby G., Broberg C., Krotkiewska I., et al. Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion. Scand J Rehabil Med 1976, 8:37-42.
124. Kramer D.K., Ahlsen M., Norrbom J., et al. Human skeletal muscle fibre type variations correlate with PPARα, PPARδ and PGC-1α mRNA. Acta Physiologica 2006, 188:207-216.
125. Franks P.W., Luan J., Browne P.O., et al. Does peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma genotype (Pro12ala) modify the association of physical activity and dietary fat with fasting insulin level?. Metabolism 2004, 53:11-16.
126. Lucia A., Gómez-Gallego F., Barroso I., et al. PPARGC1A genotype (Gly482Ser) predicts exceptional endurance capacity in European men. J Appl Physiol 2005, 99:344-348.
127. Franks P.W., Barroso I., Luan J., et al. PGC-1alpha genotype modifies the association of volitional energy expenditure with [OV0312]O2max. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003, 35:1998-2004.
128. Andrulionyte L., Peltola P., Chiasson J.L., et al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of PPARD in combination with the Gly482Ser substitution of PGC-1A and the Pro12Ala substitution of PPARG2 predict the conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to Type 2 diabetes: the stop-NIDDM trial. Diabetes 2006, 55:2148-2152.
129. Stefan N., Thamer C., Staiger H., et al. Genetic variations in PPARD and PPARGC1A determine mitochondrial function and change in aerobic physical fitness and insulin sensitivity during lifestyle intervention. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92:1827-1833.
130. Adamo K.B., Sigal R.J., Williams K., et al. Influence of Pro12Ala peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 polymorphism on glucose response to exercise training in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2005, 48:1503-1509.
131. Pate R.R., Pratt M., Blair S.N., et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995, 273:402-407.
132. Ross R., Janssen I. Physical activity, total and regional obesity: dose-response considerations. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33:S521-S529.
133. Catenacci V.A., Wyatt H.R. The role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss. Nature clinical practice. Endocrinology 2007, 3:518-529.
134. Sopko G., Leon A.S., Jacobs D.R., et al. The effects of exercise and weight loss on plasma lipids in young obese men. Metab Clin Exp 1985, 34:227-236.
135. Ross R., Dagnone D., Jones P.J., et al. Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2000, 133:92-103.
136. Brooks G.A., Butte N.F., Rand W.M., et al. Chronicle of the Institute of Medicine physical activity recommendation: how a physical activity recommendation came to be among dietary recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr 2004, 79:921S-930S.
137. Saris W.H., Blair S.N., van Baak M.A., et al. How much physical activity is enough to prevent unhealthy weight gain? Outcome of the IASO 1st Stock Conference and consensus statement. Obes Rev 2003, 4:101-114.
138. Praet S.F., van Loon L.J. Optimizing the therapeutic benefits of exercise in Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol 2007, 103:1113-1120.