Mouse models and type 2 diabetes: Translational opportunities

Mammalian Genome

Volumn 22, Issue 7-8, 2011, Pages 390-400

  McMurray, Fiona ^a   Cox, Roger D ^a  

^a MRC MAMMALIAN GENETICS UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACARBOSE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; AMYLIN DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; EXANETIDE; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 DERIVATIVE; GLUCOSE; LIRAGLUTIDE; MEGLITINIDE; METFORMIN; MIGLITOL; MITIGLINIDE; NATEGLINIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAMLINTIDE; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SAXAGLIPTIN; SITAGLIPTIN; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TROGLITAZONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ARTICLE; BLOOD SAMPLING; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CDKAL1 GENE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIABETIC DIET; DISEASE ACTIVITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TARGETING; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FTO GENE; GENE; GENE FUNCTION; GENE IDENTIFICATION; GENE LOCUS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC MODEL; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLUCOSE METABOLISM; GLUCOSE URINE LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERINSULINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; INSULIN TREATMENT; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIVER TOXICITY; MATURITY ONSET DIABETES MELLITUS; MOUSE; MUTAGENESIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; ORAL GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SOX4 GENE; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREATMENT PLANNING; WELLBEING;

ANIMALS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

ANIMALIA; MUS;

EID: 80051547948     PISSN: 09388990     EISSN: 14321777     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00335-011-9345-3     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. D Accili J Drago EJ Lee MD Johnson MH Cool P Salvatore LD Asico PA Jose SI Taylor H Westphal 1996 Early neonatal death in mice homozygous for a null allele of the insulin receptor gene Nat Genet 12 106 109 8528241 10.1038/ng0196-106 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhsV2gtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26013160)
2. A Acevedo-Arozena S Wells P Potter M Kelly RD Cox SD Brown 2008 ENU mutagenesis, a way forward to understand gene function Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 9 49 69 18949851 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164224 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXht1SnsbjE
3. K Almind CR Kahn 2004 Genetic determinants of energy expenditure and insulin resistance in diet-induced obesity in mice Diabetes 53 3274 3285 15561960 10.2337/diabetes.53.12.3274 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtVOls7bL (Pubitemid 39571714)
4. K Anastassiadis J Fu C Patsch S Hu S Weidlich K Duerschke F Buchholz F Edenhofer AF Stewart 2009 Dre recombinase, like Cre, is a highly efficient site-specific recombinase in E. coli, mammalian cells and mice Dis Model Mech 2 508 515 19692579 10.1242/dmm.003087 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtlKqtb%2FI
5. D Bali A Svetlanov HW Lee D Fusco-Demane M Leiser B Li N Barzilai M Surana H Hou N Fleischer, et al. 1995 Animal model for maturity-onset diabetes of the young generated by disruption of the mouse glucokinase gene J Biol Chem 270 21464 21467 7665557 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21464 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotFajtbo%3D
6. AH Barnett C Eff RD Leslie DA Pyke 1981 Diabetes in identical twins. A study of 200 pairs Diabetologia 20 87 93 7193616 10.1007/BF00262007 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7jvFersQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11138466)
7. GI Bell KS Xiang MV Newman SH Wu LG Wright SS Fajans RS Spielman NJ Cox 1991 Gene for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (maturity-onset diabetes of the young subtype) is linked to DNA polymorphism on human chromosome 20q Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88 1484 1488 1899928 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1484 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhtlOhtr8%3D (Pubitemid 21916249)
8. SB Biddinger K Almind M Miyazaki E Kokkotou JM Ntambi CR Kahn 2005 Effects of diet and genetic background on sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1, and the development of the metabolic syndrome Diabetes 54 1314 1323 15855315 10.2337/diabetes.54.5.1314 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXktVCks78%3D (Pubitemid 40586659)
9. M Bluher MD Michael OD Peroni K Ueki N Carter BB Kahn CR Kahn 2002 Adipose tissue selective insulin receptor knockout protects against obesity and obesity-related glucose intolerance Dev Cell 3 25 38 12110165 10.1016/S1534-5807(02)00199-5 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XlsFSms7s%3D (Pubitemid 34778393)
10. M Bluher BB Kahn CR Kahn 2003 Extended longevity in mice lacking the insulin receptor in adipose tissue Science 299 572 574 12543978 10.1126/science.1078223 (Pubitemid 36135156)
11. M Bluher ME Patti S Gesta BB Kahn CR Kahn 2004 Intrinsic heterogeneity in adipose tissue of fat-specific insulin receptor knock-out mice is associated with differences in patterns of gene expression J Biol Chem 279 31891 31901 15131119 10.1074/jbc.M404569200 (Pubitemid 39037862)
12. D Bogani C Willoughby J Davies K Kaur G Mirza A Paudyal H Haines R Mckeone M Cadman G Pieles JE Schneider S Bhattacharya A Hardy PM Nolan N Tripodis MJ Depew R Chandrasekara G Duncan PT Sharpe A Greenfield P Denny SD Brown J Ragoussis RM Arkell 2005 Dissecting the genetic complexity of human 6p deletion syndromes by using a region-specific, phenotype-driven mouse screen Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 12477 12482 16109771 10.1073/pnas.0500584102 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtVSjsrrO (Pubitemid 41266384)
13. Brault V, Besson V, Magnol L, Duchon A, Herault Y (2007) Cre/loxP-mediated chromosome engineering of the mouse genome. Handb Exp Pharmacol (178):29-48
14. MA Brehm LD Shultz DL Greiner 2010 Humanized mouse models to study human diseases Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 17 120 125 20150806 10.1097/MED.0b013e328337282f
15. JC Bruning MD Michael JN Winnay T Hayashi D Horsch D Accili LJ Goodyear CR Kahn 1998 A muscle-specific insulin receptor knockout exhibits features of the metabolic syndrome of NIDDM without altering glucose tolerance Mol Cell 2 559 569 9844629 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80155-0 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtV2muw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 128379082)
16. JC Bruning D Gautam DJ Burks J Gillette M Schubert PC Orban R Klein W Krone D Muller-Wieland CR Kahn 2000 Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction Science 289 2122 2125 11000114 10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmvVClsLY%3D
17. MR Capecchi 1989 Altering the genome by homologous recombination Science 244 1288 1292 2660260 10.1126/science.2660260 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXksFWhtLg%3D (Pubitemid 19170497)
18. C Church S Lee EA Bagg JS Mctaggart R Deacon T Gerken A Lee L Moir J Mecinovic MM Quwailid CJ Schofield FM Ashcroft RD Cox 2009 A mouse model for the metabolic effects of the human fat mass and obesity associated FTO gene PLoS Genet 5 e1000599 19680540 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000599
19. C Church L Moir F McMurray C Girard GT Banks L Teboul S Wells JC Bruning PM Nolan FM Ashcroft RD Cox 2010 Overexpression of Fto leads to increased food intake and results in obesity Nat Genet 42 12 1086 1092 21076408 10.1038/ng.713 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVWmurvF
20. EL Coghill A Hugill N Parkinson C Davison P Glenister S Clements J Hunter RD Cox SD Brown 2002 A gene-driven approach to the identification of ENU mutants in the mouse Nat Genet 30 255 256 11850622 10.1038/ng847
21. FS Collins J Rossant W Wurst 2007 A mouse for all reasons Cell 128 9 13 17218247 10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXptl2itg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 46048895)
22. RD Cox CD Church 2011 Mouse models and the interpretation of human GWAS in type 2 diabetes and obesity Dis Model Mech 4 155 164 21324932 10.1242/dmm.000414 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXktFehsr8%3D
23. R Dixit UA Boelsterli 2007 Healthy animals and animal models of human disease(s) in safety assessment of human pharmaceuticals, including therapeutic antibodies Drug Discov Today 12 336 342 17395094 10.1016/j.drudis.2007.02.018 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjs1Ontbw%3D (Pubitemid 46476874)
24. SS Fajans GI Bell KS Polonsky 2001 Molecular mechanisms and clinical pathophysiology of maturity-onset diabetes of the young N Engl J Med 345 971 980 11575290 10.1056/NEJMra002168 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXntlehtbg%3D
25. J Fischer L Koch C Emmerling J Vierkotten T Peters JC Bruning U Ruther 2009 Inactivation of the Fto gene protects from obesity Nature 458 894 898 19234441 10.1038/nature07848 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXitFKltb4%3D
26. J Flint 2011 Mapping quantitative traits and strategies to find quantitative trait genes Methods 53 163 174 20643209 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.07.007 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtlaksbc%3D
27. J Flint W Valdar S Shifman R Mott 2005 Strategies for mapping and cloning quantitative trait genes in rodents Nat Rev Genet 6 271 286 15803197 10.1038/nrg1576 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivFGisrg%3D (Pubitemid 40469047)
28. TM Frayling NJ Timpson MN Weedon E Zeggini RM Freathy CM Lindgren JR Perry KS Elliott H Lango NW Rayner B Shields LW Harries JC Barrett S Ellard CJ Groves B Knight AM Patch AR Ness S Ebrahim DA Lawlor SM Ring Y Ben-Shlomo MR Jarvelin U Sovio AJ Bennett D Melzer L Ferrucci RJ Loos I Barroso NJ Wareham F Karpe KR Owen LR Cardon M Walker GA Hitman CN Palmer AS Doney AD Morris GD Smith AT Hattersley MI McCarthy 2007 A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity Science 316 889 894 17434869 10.1126/science.1141634 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXltVentL0%3D (Pubitemid 46764279)
29. P Froguel M Vaxillaire F Sun G Velho H Zouali MO Butel S Lesage N Vionnet K Clement F Fougerousse, et al. 1992 Close linkage of glucokinase locus on chromosome 7p to early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Nature 356 162 164 1545870 10.1038/356162a0 1:STN:280:DyaK387os12ltw%3D%3D
30. AM Geurts GJ Cost Y Freyvert B Zeitler JC Miller VM Choi SS Jenkins A Wood X Cui X Meng A Vincent S Lam M Michalkiewicz R Schilling J Foeckler S Kalloway H Weiler S Menoret I Anegon GD Davis L Zhang EJ Rebar PD Gregory FD Urnov HJ Jacob R Buelow 2009 Knockout rats via embryo microinjection of zinc-finger nucleases Science 325 433 19628861 10.1126/science.1172447 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXovVChtrY%3D
31. M Goldsworthy A Hugill H Freeman E Horner K Shimomura D Bogani G Pieles V Mijat R Arkell S Bhattacharya FM Ashcroft RD Cox 2008 Role of the transcription factor sox4 in insulin secretion and impaired glucose tolerance Diabetes 57 2234 2244 18477811 10.2337/db07-0337 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXps1Oisb4%3D
32. A Grupe B Hultgren A Ryan YH Ma M Bauer TA Stewart 1995 Transgenic knockouts reveal a critical requirement for pancreatic beta cell glucokinase in maintaining glucose homeostasis Cell 83 69 78 7553875 10.1016/0092-8674(95) 90235-X 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXosF2ku7s%3D
33. M Inoue Y Sakuraba H Motegi N Kubota H Toki J Matsui Y Toyoda I Miwa Y Terauchi T Kadowaki Y Shigeyama M Kasuga T Adachi N Fujimoto R Matsumoto K Tsuchihashi T Kagami A Inoue H Kaneda J Ishijima H Masuya T Suzuki S Wakana Y Gondo O Minowa T Shiroishi T Noda 2004 A series of maturity onset diabetes of the young, type 2 (MODY2) mouse models generated by a large-scale ENU mutagenesis program Hum Mol Genet 13 1147 1157 15102714 10.1093/hmg/ddh133 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktVWgs70%3D (Pubitemid 38786997)
34. N Ishimori R Li PM Kelmenson R Korstanje KA Walsh GA Churchill K Forsman-Semb B Paigen 2004 Quantitative trait loci that determine plasma lipids and obesity in C57BL/6J and 129S1/SvImJ inbred mice J Lipid Res 45 1624 1632 15210844 10.1194/jlr.M400098-JLR200 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvVWht7c%3D (Pubitemid 39296201)
35. RL Joshi B Lamothe N Cordonnier K Mesbah E Monthioux J Jami D Bucchini 1996 Targeted disruption of the insulin receptor gene in the mouse results in neonatal lethality EMBO J 15 1542 1547 8612577 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XisVOmtL0%3D (Pubitemid 26112375)
36. W Kiess A Bottner K Raile T Kapellen G Muller A Galler R Paschke M Wabitsch 2003 Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a review from a European perspective Horm Res 59 Suppl 1 77 84 12566725 10.1159/000067829 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXnvFKqug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36173413)
37. JK Kim MD Michael SF Previs OD Peron F Mauvais-Jarvis S Neschen BB Kahn CR Kahn GI Shulman 2000 Redistribution of substrates to adipose tissue promotes obesity in mice with selective insulin resistance in muscle J Clin Invest 105 1791 1797 10862794 10.1172/JCI8305 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkt1WqsLs%3D (Pubitemid 30421760)
38. K Kitada S Ishishita K Tosaka R Takahashi M Ueda VW Keng K Horie J Takeda 2007 Transposon-tagged mutagenesis in the rat Nat Methods 4 131 133 17220894 10.1038/nmeth1002 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVGitrc%3D (Pubitemid 46454680)
39. CH Kos 2004 Cre/loxP system for generating tissue-specific knockout mouse models Nutr Rev 62 243 246 15291397 (Pubitemid 38916069)
40. A Krook L Brueton S O'Rahilly 1993 Homozygous nonsense mutation in the insulin receptor gene in infant with leprechaunism Lancet 342 277 278 8101305 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91820-C 1:STN:280:DyaK3szitlKksQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23224423)
41. RN Kulkarni K Almind HJ Goren JN Winnay K Ueki T Okada CR Kahn 2003 Impact of genetic background on development of hyperinsulinemia and diabetes in insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate-1 double heterozygous mice Diabetes 52 1528 1534 12765966 10.2337/diabetes.52.6.1528 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt1Sjs7s%3D (Pubitemid 36666210)
42. HV Lin D Accili 2011 Reconstitution of insulin action in muscle, white adipose tissue, and brain of insulin receptor knock-out mice fails to rescue diabetes J Biol Chem 286 9797 9804 21239487 10.1074/jbc.M110.210807 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjtFOitbs%3D
43. O Lioubinski M Muller M Wegner M Sander 2003 Expression of Sox transcription factors in the developing mouse pancreas Dev Dyn 227 402 408 12815626 10.1002/dvdy.10311 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXmt12hurY%3D (Pubitemid 36828761)
44. JA Maassen ES Tobias H Kayserilli T Tukel M Yuksel-Apak E D'haens WJ Kleije F Fery GC Van Der Zon 2003 Identification and functional assessment of novel and known insulin receptor mutations in five patients with syndromes of severe insulin resistance J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 4251 4257 12970295 10.1210/jc.2003-030034 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntlagsrk%3D (Pubitemid 37153728)
45. FM Matschinsky 1990 Glucokinase as glucose sensor and metabolic signal generator in pancreatic beta-cells and hepatocytes Diabetes 39 647 652 2189759 10.2337/diabetes.39.6.647 1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXktlOqtbY%3D (Pubitemid 20218960)
46. FM Matschinsky 2009 Assessing the potential of glucokinase activators in diabetes therapy Nat Rev Drug Discov 8 399 416 19373249 10.1038/nrd2850 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXks1Shtro%3D
47. MI McCarthy 2010 Genomics, type 2 diabetes, and obesity N Engl J Med 363 2339 2350 21142536 10.1056/NEJMra0906948 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsFGkt7zO
48. F Medici M Hawa A Ianari DA Pyke RD Leslie 1999 Concordance rate for type II diabetes mellitus in monozygotic twins: actuarial analysis Diabetologia 42 146 150 10064093 10.1007/s001250051132 1:STN:280:DyaK1M7mtFymtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29064235)
49. MD Michael RN Kulkarni C Postic SF Previs GI Shulman MA Magnuson CR Kahn 2000 Loss of insulin signaling in hepatocytes leads to severe insulin resistance and progressive hepatic dysfunction Mol Cell 6 87 97 10949030 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXls1Kls7g%3D
50. SE Nissen K Wolski 2010 Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality Arch Intern Med 170 14 1191 1201 20656674 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.207 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXhtVyltr7E
51. EA Nyenwe TW Jerkins GE Umpierrez AE Kitabchi 2011 Management of type 2 diabetes: evolving strategies for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes Metabolism 60 1 23 21134520 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.09.010 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXhsFamt73F
52. H Olson G Betton D Robinson K Thomas A Monro G Kolaja P Lilly J Sanders G Sipes W Bracken M Dorato K Van Deun P Smith B Berger A Heller 2000 Concordance of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals in humans and in animals Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 32 56 67 11029269 10.1006/rtph.2000.1399 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXntF2gu7k%3D
53. KK Osbak K Colclough C Saint-Martin NL Beer C Bellanne-Chantelot S Ellard AL Gloyn 2009 Update on mutations in glucokinase (GCK), which cause maturity-onset diabetes of the young, permanent neonatal diabetes, and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia Hum Mutat 30 1512 1526 19790256 10.1002/humu.21110 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsVyqsrfN
54. T Peters K Ausmeier U Ruther 1999 Cloning of Fatso (Fto), a novel gene deleted by the Fused toes (Ft) mouse mutation Mamm Genome 10 983 986 10501967 10.1007/s003359901121 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlCru7k%3D (Pubitemid 29470916)
55. M Peyrot RR Rubin T Lauritzen SE Skovlund FJ Snoek DR Matthews R Landgraf L Kleinebreil 2005 Resistance to insulin therapy among patients and providers: results of the cross-national Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes, and Needs (DAWN) study Diabetes Care 28 2673 2679 16249538 10.2337/diacare.28.11.2673 (Pubitemid 43951158)
56. MF Pino KA Kim KD Shelton J Lindner S Odili C Li HW Collins M Shiota FM Matschinsky MA Magnuson 2007 Glucokinase thermolability and hepatic regulatory protein binding are essential factors for predicting the blood glucose phenotype of missense mutations J Biol Chem 282 13906 13916 17353190 10.1074/jbc. M610094200 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXks1Gntrk%3D (Pubitemid 47100526)
57. AE Pontiroli 2004 Type 2 diabetes mellitus is becoming the most common type of diabetes in school children Acta Diabetol 41 85 90 15666574 10.1007/s00592-004-0149-8 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FjvFSrtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39304482)
58. C Postic M Shiota KD Niswender TL Jetton Y Chen JM Moates KD Shelton J Lindner AD Cherrington MA Magnuson 1999 Dual roles for glucokinase in glucose homeostasis as determined by liver and pancreatic beta cell-specific gene knock-outs using Cre recombinase J Biol Chem 274 305 315 9867845 10.1074/jbc.274.1.305 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXjvVWkug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29035064)
59. P Poulsen KO Kyvik A Vaag H Beck-Nielsen 1999 Heritability of type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and abnormal glucose tolerance-a population-based twin study Diabetologia 42 139 145 10064092 10.1007/s001250051131 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhtFajsbk%3D (Pubitemid 29064234)
60. MM Quwailid A Hugill N Dear L Vizor S Wells E Horner S Fuller J Weedon H Mcmath P Woodman D Edwards D Campbell S Rodger J Carey A Roberts P Glenister Z Lalanne N Parkinson EL Coghill R Mckeone S Cox J Willan A Greenfield D Keays S Brady N Spurr I Gray J Hunter SD Brown RD Cox 2004 A gene-driven ENU-based approach to generating an allelic series in any gene Mamm Genome 15 585 591 15457338 10.1007/s00335-004-2379-z 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnt1Ont70%3D (Pubitemid 39050021)
61. A Ragvin E Moro D Fredman P Navratilova O Drivenes PG Engstrom ME Alonso E De La Calle Mustienes JL Gomez Skarmeta MJ Tavares F Casares M Manzanares V Van Heyningen A Molven PR Njolstad F Argenton B Lenhard TS Becker 2010 Long-range gene regulation links genomic type 2 diabetes and obesity risk regions to HHEX, SOX4, and IRX3 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107 775 780 20080751 10.1073/pnas.0911591107 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtFCms7c%3D
62. MK Ray SP Fagan FC Brunicardi 2000 The Cre-loxP system: a versatile tool for targeting genes in a cell- and stage-specific manner Cell Transpl 9 805 815 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M7nsl2rtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32102070)
63. DR Reed X Li AH McDaniel K Lu S Li MG Tordoff RA Price AA Bachmanov 2003 Loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 9, and 16 for body weight, body length, and adiposity identified in a genome scan of an F2 intercross between the 129P3/J and C57BL/6ByJ mouse strains Mamm Genome 14 302 313 12856282 10.1007/s00335-002- 2170-y 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktlShsbw%3D (Pubitemid 36521063)
64. CC Rerup 1970 Drugs producing diabetes through damage of the insulin secreting cells Pharmacol Rev 22 485 518 4921840 1:STN:280: DyaE3M%2FktlWqtQ%3D%3D
65. B Sauer 1998 Inducible gene targeting in mice using the Cre/lox system Methods 14 381 392 9608509 10.1006/meth.1998.0593 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjtFant70%3D (Pubitemid 28404255)
66. R Saxena BF Voight V Lyssenko NP Burtt PI De Bakker H Chen JJ Roix S Kathiresan JN Hirschhorn MJ Daly TE Hughes L Groop D Altshuler P Almgren JC Florez J Meyer K Ardlie K Bengtsson Bostrom B Isomaa G Lettre U Lindblad HN Lyon O Melander C Newton-Cheh P Nilsson M Orho-Melander L Rastam EK Speliotes MR Taskinen T Tuomi C Guiducci A Berglund J Carlson L Gianniny R Hackett L Hall J Holmkvist E Laurila M Sjogren M Sterner A Surti M Svensson R Tewhey B Blumenstiel M Parkin M Defelice R Barry W Brodeur J Camarata N Chia M Fava J Gibbons B Handsaker C Healy K Nguyen C Gates C Sougnez D Gage M Nizzari SB Gabriel GW Chirn Q Ma H Parikh D Richardson D Ricke S Purcell 2007 Genome-wide association analysis identifies loci for type 2 diabetes and triglyceride levels Science 316 1331 1336 17463246 10.1126/science.1142358 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXmtVyitrk%3D (Pubitemid 46871653)
67. LJ Scott KL Mohlke LL Bonnycastle CJ Willer Y Li WL Duren MR Erdos HM Stringham PS Chines AU Jackson L Prokunina-Olsson CJ Ding AJ Swift N Narisu T Hu R Pruim R Xiao XY Li KN Conneely NL Riebow AG Sprau M Tong PP White KN Hetrick MW Barnhart CW Bark JL Goldstein L Watkins F Xiang J Saramies TA Buchanan RM Watanabe TT Valle L Kinnunen GR Abecasis EW Pugh KF Doheny RN Bergman J Tuomilehto FS Collins M Boehnke 2007 A genome-wide association study of type 2 diabetes in Finns detects multiple susceptibility variants Science 316 1341 1345 17463248 10.1126/science.1142382 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXmtVyitrY%3D (Pubitemid 46871655)
68. LD Shultz F Ishikawa DL Greiner 2007 Humanized mice in translational biomedical research Nat Rev Immunol 7 118 130 17259968 10.1038/nri2017 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXpvVCisA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 46174859)
69. S Singh YK Loke CD Furberg 2007 Long-term risk of cardiovascular events with rosiglitazone: a meta-analysis JAMA 298 1189 1195 17848653 10.1001/jama.298.10.1189 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhtVGmtL3K (Pubitemid 47403105)
70. SH Song CA Hardisty 2008 Early-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: an increasing phenomenon of elevated cardiovascular risk Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 6 315 322 18327993 10.1586/14779072.6.3.315
71. WL Stanford JB Cohn SP Cordes 2001 Gene-trap mutagenesis: past, present and beyond Nat Rev Genet 2 756 768 11584292 10.1038/35093548 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xmt1Wgtbc%3D (Pubitemid 33685573)
72. RS Surwit CM Kuhn C Cochrane JA McCubbin MN Feinglos 1988 Diet-induced type II diabetes in C57BL/6J mice Diabetes 37 1163 1167 3044882 10.2337/diabetes.37.9.1163 1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXls12gsr0%3D (Pubitemid 19035045)
73. C Tateno Y Yoshizane N Saito M Kataoka R Utoh C Yamasaki A Tachibana Y Soeno K Asahina H Hino T Asahara T Yokoi T Furukawa K Yoshizato 2004 Near completely humanized liver in mice shows human-type metabolic responses to drugs Am J Pathol 165 901 912 15331414 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63352-4 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnvFKit74%3D (Pubitemid 39129297)
74. AA Toye L Moir A Hugill L Bentley J Quarterman V Mijat T Hough M Goldsworthy A Haynes AJ Hunter M Browne N Spurr RD Cox 2004 A new mouse model of type 2 diabetes, produced by N-ethyl-nitrosourea mutagenesis, is the result of a missense mutation in the glucokinase gene Diabetes 53 1577 1583 15161764 10.2337/diabetes.53.6.1577 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslCgsL0%3D (Pubitemid 38697672)
75. JD Tugwood CT Montague 2002 Biology and toxicology of PPARgamma ligands Hum Exp Toxicol 21 429 437 12412636 10.1191/0960327102ht282oa 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xosl2qtb0%3D (Pubitemid 35256452)
76. S Vassilopoulos C Esk S Hoshino BH Funke CY Chen AM Plocik WE Wright R Kucherlapati FM Brodsky 2009 A role for the CHC22 clathrin heavy-chain isoform in human glucose metabolism Science 324 1192 1196 19478182 10.1126/science. 1171529 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXmsVGisL4%3D
77. M Vaxillaire P Froguel 2008 Monogenic diabetes in the young, pharmacogenetics and relevance to multifactorial forms of type 2 diabetes Endocr Rev 29 254 264 18436708 10.1210/er.2007-0024 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXntV2lsb8%3D (Pubitemid 351679698)
78. N Vionnet M Stoffel J Takeda K Yasuda GI Bell H Zouali S Lesage G Velho F Iris P Passa, et al. 1992 Nonsense mutation in the glucokinase gene causes early-onset non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Nature 356 721 722 1570017 10.1038/356721a0 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XisFegurw%3D
79. Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium 2007 Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls Nature 447 661 678 10.1038/nature05911 (Pubitemid 46889737)
80. E Wertheimer SP Lu PF Backeljauw ML Davenport SI Taylor 1993 Homozygous deletion of the human insulin receptor gene results in leprechaunism Nat Genet 5 71 73 7693131 10.1038/ng0993-71 1:CAS:528:DyaK3sXmt1eht7o%3D (Pubitemid 23261522)
81. C Weyer C Bogardus DM Mott RE Pratley 1999 The natural history of insulin secretory dysfunction and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus J Clin Invest 104 787 794 10491414 10.1172/JCI7231 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtFGltbg%3D (Pubitemid 29536364)
82. S Wild G Roglic A Green R Sicree H King 2004 Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 Diabetes Care 27 1047 1053 15111519 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047 (Pubitemid 38579764)
83. ME Wilson KY Yang A Kalousova J Lau Y Kosaka FC Lynn J Wang C Mrejen V Episkopou HC Clevers MS German 2005 The HMG box transcription factor Sox4 contributes to the development of the endocrine pancreas Diabetes 54 3402 3409 16306355 10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3402 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXht12gs7fP (Pubitemid 43334329)
84. World Health Organization and International Diabetes Federation (2006) Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation, 1 Nov 2006. WHO Press, Geneva. http://www.who.int/diabetes/publications/ Definition%20and%20diagnosis%20of%20diabetes-new.pdf
85. X Xu Z Yavar M Verdin Z Ying G Mihai T Kampfrath A Wang M Zhong M Lippmann LC Chen S Rajagopalan Q Sun 2010 Effect of early particulate air pollution exposure on obesity in mice:role of p47phox Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30 2518 2527 20864666 10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.215350 1:CAS:528: DC%2BC3cXhsVCksb3N
86. Y Zan JD Haag KS Chen LA Shepel D Wigington YR Wang R Hu CC Lopez-Guajardo HL Brose KI Porter RA Leonard AA Hitt SL Schommer AF Elegbede MN Gould 2003 Production of knockout rats using ENU mutagenesis and a yeast-based screening assay Nat Biotechnol 21 645 651 12754522 10.1038/nbt830 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktFSlu7Y%3D (Pubitemid 36638091)
87. P Zimmet KG Alberti J Shaw 2001 Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic Nature 414 782 787 11742409 10.1038/414782a 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xhtlymtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34000780)