Effects of estrogens and endocrine-disrupting chemicals on cell differentiation-survival-proliferation in brain: Contributions of neuronal cell lines

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews

Volumn 14, Issue 5-7, 2011, Pages 300-327

  Habauzit, Denis ^a   Flouriot, Gilles ^a   Pakdel, Farzad ^a   Saligaut, Christian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE RENNES 1   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTOR; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL STRAIN; CELL SURVIVAL; CROSS REACTION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; NEUROPROTECTION; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL LINE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS; ESTROGENS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NEURONS; PC12 CELLS; RATS;

EID: 79961047077     PISSN: 10937404     EISSN: 15216950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2011.578554     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Acconcia, F., Ascenzi, P., Bocedi, A., Spisni, E., Tomasi, V., Trentalance, A., Visca, P., and Marino, M. 2005. Palmitoylation v-dependent estrogen receptor alpha membrane localization: Regulation by 17beta-estradiol. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16: 231-37. (Pubitemid 40028339)
2. Akama, K. T., and McEwen, B. S. 2003. Estrogen stimulates postsynaptic density-95 rapid protein synthesis via the Akt/protein kinase B pathway. J. Neurosci. 23: 2333-39 (Pubitemid 36368921)
3. Alexaki, V. I., Charalampopoulos, I., Kampa, M., Nifli, A.P., Hatzoglou, A., Gravanis, A., and Castanas, E. 2006. Activation of membrane estrogen receptors induce pro-survival kinases. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 98: 9-110
4. Alexaki, V. I., Charalampopoulos, I., Kampa, M., Vassalou, H., Theodoropoulos, P., Stathopoulos, E.N., Hatzoglou, A., Gravanis, A., and Castanas, E. 2004. Estrogen exerts neuroprotective effects via membrane estrogen receptors and rapid Akt/NOS activation. FASEB J. 18: 1594-96. (Pubitemid 39561644)
5. Alkayed, N. J., Harukuni, I., Kimes, A. S., London, E. D., Traystman, R. J., and Hurn, P. D. 1998. Gender-linked brain injury in experimental stroke. Stroke 29: 159-65; discussion 166.
6. Alves, S. E., McEwen, B. S., Hayashi, S., Korach, K. S., Pfaff, D. W., and Ogawa, S. 2000. Estrogen-regulated progestin receptors are found in the midbrain raphe but not hippocampus of estrogen receptor alpha ER (alpha) gene-disrupted mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 427: 185-95.
7. Arditsoglou, A., and Voutsa, D. 2010. Partitioning of endocrine disrupting compounds in inland waters and wastew-aters discharged into the coastal area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 17: 529-38.
8. Arevalo, M. A., Santos-Galindo, M., Bellini, M. J., Azcoitia, I., and Garcia-Segura, L.M. 2009. Actions of estrogens on glial cells: Implications for neuroprotection. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1800: 1106-12.
9. Arnal, J. F., Clamens, S., Pechet, C., Negre-Salvayre, A., Allera, C., Girolami, J. P., Salvayre, R., and Bayard, F. 1996. Ethinylestradiol does not enhance the expression of nitric oxide synthase in bovine endothelial cells but increases the release of bioactive nitric oxide by inhibiting superoxide anion production. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 4108-13. (Pubitemid 26146726)
10. Baker, A. E., Brautigam, V. M., and Watters, J. J. 2004. Estrogen modulates microglial inflammatory mediator production via interactions with estrogen receptor beta. Endocrinology, 145: 5021-32. (Pubitemid 39551121)
11. Barrek, S., Cren-Olive, C., Wiest, L., Baudot, R., Arnaudguilhem, C., and Grenier-Loustalot, M. F. 2009. Multi-residue analysis and ultra-trace quantification of 36 priority substances from the European Water Framework Directive by GC-MS and LC-FLD-MS/MS in surface waters. Talant 79: 712-22.
12. Behl, C. 2002. Oestrogen as a neuroprotective hormone. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3: 433-42. (Pubitemid 135711799)
13. Billon-Gales, A., Fontaine, C., Filipe, C., Douin-Echinard, V., Fouque, M. J., Flouriot, G., Gourdy, P., Lenfant, F., Laurell, H., Krust, A., Chambon, P., and Arnal, J. F. 2009. The transactivating function 1 of estrogen receptor alpha is dispensable for the vasculo-protective actions of 17beta-estradiol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 2053-58.
14. Bjornstrom, L., and Sjoberg, M. 2002. Signal transducers and activators of transcription as downstream targets of nongenomic estrogen receptor actions. Mol. Endocrinol. 16: 2202-14. (Pubitemid 35155534)
15. Blaustein, J. D. 2010. The year in neuroen-docrinology. Mol. Endocrinol. 24: 252-60.
16. Bonnefont, A. B., Munoz, F. J., and Inestrosa, N. C. 1998. Estrogen protects neuronal cells from the cytotoxicity induced by acetylcholinesterase- amyloid complexes. FEBS Lett. 441: 220-24. (Pubitemid 29027899)
17. 2+ channels during neu-ronal differentiation of PC12 cells with nerve growth factor or forskolin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 359: 370-77. (Pubitemid 29252277)
18. Brailoiu, E., Dun, S. L., Brailoiu, G. C., Mizuo, K., Sklar, L. A., Oprea, T. I., Prossnitz, E. R., and Dun, N. J. 2007. Distribution and characterization of estrogen receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 in the rat central nervous system. J. Endocrinol. 193: 311-21.
19. Bredhult, C., Backlin, B. M., and Olovsson, M. 2007. Effects of some endocrine disrup-tors on the proliferation and viability of human endometrial endothelial cells in vitro. Reprod. Toxicol. 23: 550-59. (Pubitemid 46754749)
20. Brown, J. S., Jr. 2009. Effects of bisphenol-A and other endocrine disruptors compared with abnormalities of schizophrenia: An endocrine-disruption theory of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 35: 256-78.
21. Bruce-Keller, A. J., Keeling, J. L., Keller, J. N., Huang, F. F., Camondola, S., and Mattson, M. P. 2000. Antiinflammatory effects of estrogen on microglial activation. Endocrinology 141: 3646-56.
22. Chen, T. C., Shue, M. F., Yeh, Y. L., Hsieh, C. Y., Kuo, Y. T., and Kuo, C. T. 2009. Variation, correlation, and toxicity of phenolic endocrine-disrupting compounds in surface water. J. Environ. Sci. Health A Toxicol. Hazard Subst. Environ. Eng. 44: 1244-50.
23. Chiasson, K., Lahaie-Collins, V., Bournival, J., Delapierre, B., Gelinas, S., and Martinoli, M. G. 2006. Oxidative stress and 17-alpha-and 17-beta-estradiol modulate neurofila-ments differently. J. Mol. Neurosci. 30: 297-10.
24. Choi, S. M., Yoo, S. D., and Lee, B. M. 2004. Toxicological characteristics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Developmental, car-cinogenicity and mutagenicity. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 7: 1-24. (Pubitemid 38117512)
25. Ciana, P., Ghisletti, S., Mussi, P., Eberini, I., Vegeto, E., and Maggi, A. 2003. Estrogen receptor alpha, a molecular switch converting transforming growth factor-alpha-mediated proliferation into differentiation in neuroblastoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 31737-44. (Pubitemid 37048354)
26. Colborn, T., vom Saal, F. S., and Soto, A. M. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ. Health Perspect. 101: 378-84. (Pubitemid 23343683)
27. Denier, X., Couteau, J., Baudrimont, M., Hill, E. M., Rotchell, J., and Minier, C. 2008. In vitro study of the effects of cadmium on the activation of the estrogen response element using the YES screen. Mar. Environ. Res. 66: 108-10.
28. DeRosa, C., Richter, P., Pohl. H., and Jones, D. E. 1998. Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public health implications. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B 1: 3-26. (Pubitemid 128693554)
29. Dhooge, W., Arijs, K., D'Haese, I., Stuyvaert, S., Versonnen, B., Janssen, C., Verstraete, W., and Comhaire, F. 2006. Experimental parameters affecting sensitivity and specificity of a yeast assay for estrogenic compounds: Results of an interlaboratory validation exercise. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 386: 1419-28. (Pubitemid 44657773)
30. Dodel, R. C., Du, Y., Bales, K. R., Gao, F., and Paul, S. M. 1999. Sodium salicylate and 17beta-estradiol attenuate nuclear transcription factor NF-kappaB translocation in cultured rat astroglial cultures following expo-suretoamyloidAbeta(1-40)andlipopolysac-charides. J. Neurochem. 73: 1453-60. (Pubitemid 29440145)
31. Du, B., Ohmichi, M., Takahashi, K., Kawagoe, J., Ohshima, C., Igarashi, H., Mori-Abe, A., Saitoh, M., Ohta, T., Ohishi, A., Doshida, M., Tezuka, N., Takahashi, T., and Kurachi, H. 2004. Both estrogen and raloxifene protect against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in estrogen receptor alpha-transfected PC12 cells by activation of telomerase activity via Akt cascade. J. Endocrinol. 183: 605-15. (Pubitemid 40057590)
32. Dubal, D. B., Kashon, M. L., Pettigrew, L. C., Ren, J. M., Finklestein, S. P., Rau, S. W., and Wise, P. M. 1998. Estradiol protects against ischemic injury. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 18: 1253-58. (Pubitemid 28509840)
33. Dubal, D. B., Rau, S. W., Shughrue, P. J., Zhu, H., Yu, J., Cashion, A. B., Suzuki, S., Gerhold, L. M., Bottner, M. B., Dubal, S. B., Merchanthaler, I., Kindy, M. S., and Wise, P. M. 2006. Differential modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) in ischemic brain injury: A role for ERalpha in estradiol-mediated protection against delayed cell death. Endocrinology 147: 3076-84. (Pubitemid 43764643)
34. Dubal, D. B., Shughrue, P. J., Wilson, M. E., Merchenthaler, I., and Wise, P. M. 1999. Estradiol modulates bcl-2 in cerebral ischemia: A potential role for estrogen receptors. J. Neurosci. 19: 6385-93. (Pubitemid 29347438)
35. Dubal, D. B., Zhu, H., Yu, J., Rau, S. W., Shughrue, P. J., Merchenthaler, I., Kindy, M.S.,andWise, P. M.2001. Estrogen receptor alpha, not beta, is a critical link in estradiol-mediated protection against brain injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 1952-57. (Pubitemid 32165604)
36. Duong, C. N., Ra, J. S., Cho, J., Kim, S.D., Choi, H. K., Park, J. H., Kim, K. W., Inam, E., and Kim, S. D. 2010. Estrogenic chemicals and estrogenicity in river waters of South Korea and seven Asian countries. Chemosphere 78: 286-93.
37. Edwards, D. P. 2005. Regulation of signal trans-duction pathways by estrogen and progesterone. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67: 335-76. (Pubitemid 40409510)
38. Elzer, J. G., Muhammad, S., Wintermantel, T. M., Regnier-Vigouroux, A., Ludwig, J., Schutz, G., and Schwaninger, M. 2010. Neuronal estrogen receptor-alpha mediates neuroprotection by 17beta-estradiol. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 30: 935-42.
39. Flouriot, G., Brand, H., Denger, S., Metivier, R., Kos, M., Reid, G., Sonntag-Buck, V., and Gannon, F. 2000. Identification of a new isoform of the human estrogen receptor-alpha (hER-alpha) that is encoded by distinct transcripts and that is able to repress hER-alpha activation function 1. EMBO J. 19: 4688-700.
40. Flouriot, G., Pakdel, F., Ducouret, B., and Valotaire, Y. 1995. Influence of xenobiotics on rainbow trout liver estrogen receptor and vitellogenin gene expression. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 15: 143-51.
41. Froissard, P., Monrocq, H., and Duval, D. 1997. Role of glutathione metabolism in the glutamate-induced programmed cell death of neuronal-like PC12 cells. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 326: 93-99. (Pubitemid 27205050)
42. Fukui, M., Choi, H. J. and, Zhu, B. T. 2010. Mechanism for the protective effect of resveratrol against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death in HT22 cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. [Epub ahead of print].
43. Gagne, B., Gelinas, S., Bureau, G., Lagace, B., Ramassamy, C., Chiasson, K., Valastro, B.,and Martinoli, M. G. 2003. Effects of estra-diol, phytoestrogens, and Ginkgo biloba extracts against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine- induced oxidative stress. Endocrine 21: 89-95. (Pubitemid 36677348)
44. Garcia-Segura, L. M., Duenas, M., Fernandez-Galaz, M. C., Chowen, J. A., Argente, J., Naftolin, F., and Torres-Aleman, I. 1996. Interaction of the signalling pathways of insulin-like growth factor-I and sex steroids in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Hormone Res. 46: 160-64. (Pubitemid 26379940)
45. Garmy-Susini, B., Delmas, E., Gourdy, P., Zhou, M., Bossard, C., Bugler, B., Bayard, F., Krust, A., Prats, A. C., Doetschman, T., Prats, H., and Arnal, J. F. 2004. Role of fibroblast growth factor-2 isoforms in the effect of estradiol on endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Circ. Res. 94: 1301-9. (Pubitemid 38724475)
46. Garnier, M., Di Lorenzo, D., Albertini, A., and Maggi, A. 1997. Identification of estrogen-responsive genes in neuroblastoma SK-ER3 cells. J. Neurosci. 17: 4591-99. (Pubitemid 27246917)
47. George, J., Banik, N. L., and Ray, S. K. 2010. Genistein induces receptor and mitochon-drial pathways and increases apoptosis during BCL-2 knockdown in human malignant neuroblastoma SK-N-DZ cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 88: 877-86.
48. Gollapudi, L., and Oblinger, M. M. 1999a. Estrogen and NGF synergistically protect terminally differentiated, ERalpha-transfected PC12 cells from apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 56: 471-81. (Pubitemid 29299418)
49. Gollapudi, L., and Oblinger, M. M. 1999b. Stable transfection of PC12 cells with estrogen receptor (ERalpha): Protective effects of estrogen on cell survival after serum deprivation. J. Neurosci. Res. 56: 99-108. (Pubitemid 29190622)
50. Gollapudi, L., and Oblinger, M. M. 2001. Estrogen effects on neurite outgrowth and cytoskeletal gene expression in ERalpha-transfected PC12 cell lines. Exp. Neurol. 171: 308-16. (Pubitemid 32955292)
51. Gonzalez, M., Cabrera-Socorro, A., Perez-Garcia, C. G., Fraser, J. D., Lopez, F. J., Alonso, R. and Meyer, G. 2007. Distribution patterns of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in the human cortex and hippocampus during development and adulthood. J. Comp. Neurol. 503: 790-802. (Pubitemid 47290563)
52. Gore, A. C. 2008. Developmental programming and endocrine disruptor effects on reproductive neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 29: 358-74.
53. Green, P. S., Gridley, K. E., and Simpkins, J. W. 1998. Nuclear estrogen receptor-independent neuroprotection by estratrienes: A novel interaction with glutathione. Neuroscience 84: 7-10. (Pubitemid 28081520)
54. Greene, L. A., and Tischler, A. S. 1976. Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73: 2424-28.
55. Gu, Q., Korach, K. S. and Moss, R. L. 1999. Rapid action of 17beta-estradiol on kainate-induced currents in hippocampal neurons lacking intracellular estrogen receptors. Endocrinology 140: 660-66. (Pubitemid 29058198)
56. Guillette, L. J., Jr., Gross, T. S., Masson, G. R., Matter, J. M., Percival, H. F., and Woodward, A. R. 1994. Developmental abnormalities of the gonad and abnormal sex hormone concentrations in juvenile alligators from contaminated and control lakes in Florida. Environ. Health Perspect. 102: 680-88. (Pubitemid 24276619)
57. Guillette, L. J., Jr., Pickford, D. B., Crain, D. A., Rooney, A. A., and Percival, H. F. 1996. Reduction in penis size and plasma testosterone concentrations in juvenile alligators living in a contaminated environment. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 101: 32-42. (Pubitemid 26108494)
58. Guo, J., Krause, D. N., Horne, J., Weiss, J. H., Li, X., and Duckles, S. P. 2010. Estrogen-receptor-mediated protection of cerebral endothelial cell viability and mitochondrial function after ischemic insult in vitro. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 30: 545-54.
59. Gursoy, E., Cardounel, A., Al-khlaiwi, T., Al-drees, A. and Kalimi, M. 2002. Tamoxifen protects clonal mouse hippocampal (HT-22) cells against neurotoxins-induced cell death. Neurochem. Int. 40: 405-12. (Pubitemid 34121985)
60. Gursoy, E., Cardounel, A. and Kalimi, M. 2001. The environmental estrogenic compound bisphenol A exerts estrogenic effects on mouse hippocampal (HT-22) cells: Neuroprotection against glutamate and amyloid beta protein toxicity. Neurochem. Int. 38: 181-86. (Pubitemid 32014387)
61. Habauzit, D., Armengaud, J., Roig, B., and Chopineau, J. 2008. Determination of estrogen presence in water by SPR using estrogen receptor dimerization. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390: 873-83.
62. Habauzit, D., Boudot, A., Kerdivel, G., Flouriot, G., and Pakdel, F. 2010. Development and validation of a test for environmental estrogens: Checking xeno-estrogen activity by CXCL12 secretion in breast cancer cell lines (CXCL-test). Environ. Toxicol, 25:495-503.
63. Habauzit, D., Chopineau, J., and Roig, B. 2007. SPR-based biosensors: A tool for biodetec-tion of hormonal compounds. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387: 1215-23. (Pubitemid 46220406)
64. Hall, E. D., Pazara, K. E., and Linseman, K. L. 1991. Sex differences in postischemic neu-ronal necrosis in gerbils. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 11: 292-98.
65. Harrington, W. R., Kim, S. H., Funk, C. C., Madak-Erdogan, Z., Schiff, R., Katzenellenbogen, J. A., and Katzenellenbogen, B. S. 2006. Estrogen dendrimer conjugates that preferentially activate extranuclear, nongenomic versus genomic pathways of estrogen action. Mol. Endocrinol. 20: 491-502. (Pubitemid 43291204)
66. Harris-White, M. E., Chu, T., Miller, S. A., Simmons, M., Teter, B., Nash, D., Cole, G. M., and Frautschy, S. A. 2001. Estrogen (E2) and glucocorticoid (Gc) effects on microglia and A beta clearance in vitro and in vivo. Neurochem. Int. 39: 435-48. (Pubitemid 32907408)
67. Henderson, B. E., Ross, R., and Bernstein, L. 1988. Estrogens as a cause of human cancer: The Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation award lecture. Cancer Res. 48: 246-53. (Pubitemid 18045752)
68. Higuchi, Y., and Matsukawa, S. 1999. Glutathione depletion induces giant DNA and high-molecular-weight DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis through lipid peroxidation and protein kinase C activation in C6 glioma cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 363: 33-42. (Pubitemid 29394328)
69. Hojo, Y., Murakami, G., Mukai, H., Higo, S., Hatanaka, Y., Ogiue-Ikeda, M., Ishii, H., Kimoto, T., and Kawato, S. 2008. Estrogen synthesis in the brain-role in synaptic plasticity and memory. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 290: 31-43.
70. Jonkers, N., Sousa, A., Galante-Oliveira, S., Barroso, C. M., Kohler, H. P., and Giger, W. 2010. Occurrence and sources of selected phenolic endocrine disruptors in Ria de Aveiro, Portugal. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 17: 834-43.
71. 2-induced apoptosis. Brain Res. Bull. 76: 579-85.
72. Kajta, M., Lason, W., and Kupiec, T. 2004. Effects of estrone on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid-and staurosporine-induced changes in caspase-3-like protease activity and lactate dehydrogenase-release: Time-and tissue-dependent effects in neuronal primary cultures. Neuroscience 123: 515-26. (Pubitemid 38032927)
73. Kang, M. K., Kang, N. J., Jang, Y. J., Lee, K. W., and Lee, H. J. 2009. Gallic acid induces neuronal cell death through activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and downregulation of Bcl-2. Ann. NY Aca Sci. 1171: 514-20.
74. Kavlock, R. J., Daston, G. P., DeRosa, C., Fenner-Crisp, P., Gray, L. E., Kaattari, S., Lucier, G., Luster, M., Mac, M. J., Maczka, C., Miller, R., Moore, J., Rolland, R., Scott, G., Sheehan, D. M., Sinks, T., and Tilson, H. A. 1996. Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environment. Environ. Health Perspect. 104(suppl. 4): 715-40.
75. Kim, K., Thu, N., Saville, B., and Safe, S. 2003. Domains of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) required for ERalpha/Sp1-mediated activation of GC-rich promoters by estrogens and antiestrogens in breast cancer cells. Mol. Endocrinol. 17: 804-17. (Pubitemid 36546213)
76. Kim, K., Son, T.G., Kim, S.J., Kim, H. S., Kim, T. S., Han, S. Y., and Lee, J. 2007. Suppressive effects of bisphenol A on the proliferation of neural progenitor cells. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 70: 1288-95. (Pubitemid 47124013)
77. Kimura-Kuroda, J., Nagata, I., and Kuroda, Y. 2007. Disrupting effects of hydroxy-polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners on neuronal development of cerebellar Purkinje cells: A possible causal factor for developmental brain disorders? Chemosphere 67: S412-420. (Pubitemid 46367178)
78. Kipp, M., Karakaya, S., Johann, S., Kampmann, E., Mey, J. and Beyer, C. 2007. Oestrogen and progesterone reduce lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-18 in midbrain astrocytes. J. Neuroendocrinol. 19: 819-22. (Pubitemid 47386883)
79. Klintsova, A., Levy, W. B., and Desmond, N. L. 1995. Astrocytic volume fluctuates in the hippocampal CA1 region across the estrous cycle. Brain Res. 690: 269-74.
80. Klotz, D. M., Beckman, B. S., Hill, S. M., McLachlan, J. A., Walters, M. R., and Arnold, S. F. 1996. Identification of environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity using a combination of in vitro assays. Environ. Health Perspect. 104: 1084-89. (Pubitemid 26395154)
81. Koh, P. O., Won, C. K., and Cho, J. H. 2006. Estradiol prevents the injury-induced decrease of Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation. Neurosci Lett, 404: 303-8. (Pubitemid 44108441)
82. Kos, M., Denger, S., Reid, G., Korach, K. S., and Gannon, F. 2002. Down but not out? A novel protein isoform of the estrogen receptor alpha is expressed in the estrogen receptor alpha knockout mouse. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 29: 281-86. (Pubitemid 36024544)
83. Krause, D. N., Duckles, S. P., and Pelligrino, D. A. 2006. Influence of sex steroid hormones on cerebrovascular function. J. Appl. Physiol. 101: 1252-61. (Pubitemid 44497571)
84. Kudo, C., Wada, K., Masuda, T., Yonemura, T., Shibuya, A., Fujimoto, Y., Nakajima, A., Niwa, H. and Kamisaki, Y. 2004. Nonylphenol induces the death of neural stem cells due to activation of the caspase cascade and regulation of the cell cycle. J. Neurochem. 88:1416-23. (Pubitemid 38366917)
85. Kuiper, G. G., Carlsson, B., Grandien, K., Enmark, E., Haggblad, J., Nilsson, S., and Gustafsson, J. A. 1997. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 138: 863-70. (Pubitemid 27089735)
86. Kushner, P. J., Agard, D. A., Greene, G. L., Scanlan, T. S., Shiau, A. K., Uht, R. M., and Webb, P. 2000. Estrogen receptor pathways to AP-1. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 74: 311-17. (Pubitemid 32126243)
87. Kusunoki, T., Shimoke, K., Komatsubara, S., Kishi, S., and Ikeuchi, T. 2008. p-Nonylphenol induces endoplasmic reticu-lum stress-mediated apoptosis in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Neurosci. Lett. 431: 256-61.
88. Langer, G., Bader, B., Meoli, L., Isensee, J., Delbeck, M., Noppinger, P. R., and Otto, C. 2010. A critical review of fundamental controversies in the field of GPR30 research. Steroids 75: 603-10.
89. Le Foll, I., and Duval, D. P. 2001. Programmed cell death induced by glutathione depletion in PC 12 cells is blocked by inhibitors of 12 lipoxygenase, but does not appear to be mediated through the formation of 12 HETE derivatives. Free Radical Biol. Med. 30: 793-802. (Pubitemid 32248715)
90. Le Guevel, R., and Pakdel, F. 2001. Assessment of oestrogenic potency of chemicals used as growth promoter by in-vitro methods. Hum. Reprod. 16: 1030-36. (Pubitemid 32451845)
91. Le Guevel, R., Petit, F.G., Le Goff, P., Metivier, R., Valotaire, Y., and Pakdel, F. 2000. Inhibition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) estrogen receptor activity by cadmium. Biol. Reprod. 63: 259-66. (Pubitemid 30429410)
92. Lebesgue, D., Chevaleyre, V., Zukin, R. S., and Etgen, A. M. 2009. Estradiol rescues neurons from global ischemia-induced cell death: multiple cellular pathways of neuro-protection. Steroids 74: 555-61.
93. Lee, Y. M., Seong, M. J., Lee, J. W., Lee, Y. K., Kim, T. M., Nam, S. Y., Kim, D. J., Yun, Y. W., Kim, T. S., Han, S. Y., and Hong, J. T. 2007. Estrogen receptor independent neurotoxic mechanism of bisphenol A, an environmental estrogen. J. Vet. Sci. 8: 27-38.
94. Leranth, C., Hajszan, T., Szigeti-Buck, K., Bober, J., and MacLusky, N. J. 2008. Bisphenol A prevents the synaptogenic response to estradiol in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of ovariectomized nonhu-man primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105: 14187-91.
95. Levin, E. R. 2005. Integration of the extranu-clear and nuclear actions of estrogen. Mol. Endocrinol. 19: 1951-59. (Pubitemid 41124194)
96. Levin, E. R. 2009. G protein-coupled receptor 30: Estrogen receptor or collaborator? Endocrinology 150: 1563-65.
97. Li, W., Seifert, M., Xu, Y., and Hock, B. 2004. Comparative study of estrogenic potencies of estradiol, tamoxifen, bisphenol-A and resveratrol with two in vitro bioassays. Environ. Int. 30: 329-35. (Pubitemid 38232867)
98. Losordo, D. W., and Isner, J. M. 2001. Estrogen and angiogenesis: A review. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21: 6-12. (Pubitemid 32061922)
99. Lu, C. B., Fu, W., Xu, X., and Mattson, M. P. 2009. Numb-mediated neurite outgrowth is isoform-dependent, and requires activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels. Neuroscience 161: 403-12.
100. Ma, T. C., Campana, A., Lange, P.S., Lee, H. H., Banerjee, K., Bryson, J.B., Mahishi, L., Alam, S., Giger, R. J., Barnes, S., Morris, S. M., Jr., Willis, D. E., Twiss, J. L., Filbin, M. T., and Ratan, R. R. 2010a. A large-scale chemical screen for regulators of the arginase 1 promoter identifies the soy isoflavone daidzeinas a clinically approved small molecule that can promote neuronal protection or regeneration via a cAMP-independent pathway. J. Neurosci. 30: 739-48.
101. Ma, W., Yuan, L., Yu, H., Ding, B., Xi, Y., Feng, J., and Xiao, R. 2010b. Genistein as a neuroprotective antioxidant attenuates redox imbalance induced by beta-amyloid peptides 25-35 in PC12 cells. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 28: 289-95.
102. Maggi, A., Ciana, P., Belcredito, S., and Vegeto, E. 2004. Estrogens in the nervous system: mechanisms and nonreproduc-tive functions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 66: 291-313. (Pubitemid 40626712)
103. Masuo, Y., Ishido, M., Morita, M., and Oka, S. 2004. Effects of neonatal treatment with 6-hydroxydopamine and endocrine disruptors on motor activity and gene expression in rats. Neural Plast. 11: 59-76. (Pubitemid 39089572)
104. Matsunaga, H., Mizota, K., Uchida, H., Uchida, T., and Ueda, H. 2010. Endocrine disrupting chemicals bind to a novel receptor, microtubule-associated protein 2, and positively and negatively regulate dendritic outgrowth in hippocampal neurons. J. Neurochem. [Epub ahead of print].
105. McCarthy, M. M. 2008. Estradiol and the developing brain. Physiol. Rev. 88: 91-124.
106. McCullough, L. D., and Hurn, P. D. 2003. Estrogen and ischemic neuroprotection: an integrated view. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 14: 228-35. (Pubitemid 36841481)
107. McEwen, B. 2002. Estrogen actions throughout the brain. Recent Prog. Hormone Res. 57: 357-84.
108. McEwen, B., Akama, K., Alves, S., Brake, W. G., Bulloch, K., Lee, S., Li, C., Yuen, G., and Milner, T. A. 2001. Tracking the estrogen receptor in neurons: Implications for estrogen-induced synapse formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 7093-100. (Pubitemid 32567908)
109. Mendelsohn, M. E. 2000. Nongenomic, ER-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase: How does it work? What does it mean? Circ Res, 87: 956-60.
110. Merot, Y., Ferriere, F., Debroas, E., Flouriot, G., Duval, D., and Saligaut, C. 2005. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates neuronal differentiation and neuroprotection in PC12 cells: Critical role of the A/B domain of the receptor. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 35: 257-67. (Pubitemid 41556174)
111. Merot, Y., Ferriere, F., Gailhouste, L., Huet, G., Percevault, F., Saligaut, C., and Flouriot, G. 2009. Different outcomes of unliganded and liganded estrogen receptor-alpha on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Endocrinology 150: 200-11.
112. Metzger, D., Ali, S., Bornert, J. M., and Chambon, P. 1995. Characterization of the amino-terminal transcriptional activation function of the human estrogen receptor in animal and yeast cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 9535-42.
113. Miller, N. R., Jover, T., Cohen, H. W., Zukin, R. S., and Etgen, A. M. 2005. Estrogen can act via estrogen receptor alpha and beta to protect hippocampal neurons against global ischemia-induced cell death. Endocrinology 146: 3070-79. (Pubitemid 41002816)
114. Milner, T. A., Ayoola, K., Drake, C. T., Herrick, S. P., Tabori, N. E., McEwen, B. S., Warrier, S., and Alves, S. E. 2005. Ultrastructural localization of estrogen receptor beta immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal formation. J. Comp. Neurol. 491: 81-95. (Pubitemid 41263413)
115. Mize, A. L., Poisner, A. M., and Alper, R. H. 2001. Estrogens act in rat hippocampus and frontal cortex to produce rapid, receptor-mediated decreases in serotonin 5-HT(1A) receptor function. Neuroendocrinology 73: 166-74. (Pubitemid 34701416)
116. Mize, A. L., Shapiro, R. A., and Dorsa, D. M. 2003. Estrogen receptor-mediated neuro-protection from oxidative stress requires activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Endocrinology 144: 306-12. (Pubitemid 36082803)
117. Mong, J. A., and Blutstein, T. 2006. Estradiol modulation of astrocytic form and function: Implications for hormonal control of synaptic communication. Neuroscience 138: 967-75.
118. Moreira, D. S., Aquino, S. F., Afonso, R. J., Santos, E. P., and de Padua, V. L. 2009. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds in water sources of Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Environ. Technol. 30: 1041-49.
119. Mukai, H., Tsurugizawa, T., Murakami, G., Kominami, S., Ishii, H., Ogiue-Ikeda, M., Takata, N., Tanabe, N., Furukawa, A., Hojo, Y., Ooishi, Y., Morrison, J.H., Janssen, W. G., Rose, J. A., Chambon, P., Kato, S., Izumi, S., Yamazaki, T., Kimoto, T., and Kawato, S. 2007. Rapid modulation of long-term depression and spinogenesis via synap-tic estrogen receptors in hippocampal principal neurons. J. Neurochem. 100: 950-67. (Pubitemid 46213921)
120. Murphy, D. D., Cole, N. B., and Segal, M. 1998. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mediates estradiol-induced dendritic spine formation in hippocampal neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 11412-17. (Pubitemid 28450142)
121. Negishi, T., Ishii, Y., Kyuwa, S., Kuroda, Y., and Yoshikawa, Y. 2003. Inhibition of staurosporine-induced neuronal cell death by bisphenol A and nonylphenol in primary cultured rat hippocampal and cortical neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 353: 99-102. (Pubitemid 37510190)
122. Negishi, T., Kawasaki, K., Suzaki, S., Maeda, H., Ishii, Y., Kyuwa, S., Kuroda, Y., and Yoshikawa, Y. 2004. Behavioral alterations in response to fear-provoking stimuli and tranylcypromine induced by perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and nonylphenol in male rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 112: 1159-64. (Pubitemid 39157616)
123. Nilsen, J., Mor, G., and Naftolin, F. 1998. Raloxifene induces neurite outgrowth in estrogen receptor positive PC12 cells. Menopause 5: 211-16. (Pubitemid 28562725)
124. Ogiue-Ikeda, M., Tanabe, N., Mukai, H., Hojo, Y., Murakami, G., Tsurugizawa, T., Takata, N., Kimoto, T., and Kawato, S. 2008. Rapid modulation of synaptic plasticity by estrogens as well as endocrine disrupters in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. Rev. 57: 363-75. (Pubitemid 351381769)
125. Palmer, P. M., Wilson, L. R., Casey, A. C., and Wagner, R. E. 2010. Occurrence of PCBs in raw and finished drinking water at seven public water systems along the Hudson River. Environ. Monit. Assess. [Epub ahead of print]
126. Park, S. H., Jang, J. H., Chen, C. Y., Na, H. K., and Surh, Y. J. 2010. A formulated red ginseng extract rescues PC12 cells from PCB-induced oxidative cell death through Nrf2-mediated upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and glutamate cysteine ligase. Toxicology. [Epub ahead of print]
127. Payne, J., Rajapakse, N., Wilkins, M., and Kortenkamp, A. 2000. Prediction and assessment of the effects of mixtures of four xenoe-strogens. Environ. Health Perspect. 108: 983-87.
128. Pendaries, C., Darblade, B., Rochaix, P., Krust, A., Chambon, P., Korach, K. S., Bayard, F., and Arnal, J. F. 2002. The AF-1 activation-function of ERalpha may be dispensable to mediate the effect of estradiol on endothelial NO production in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 2205-10. (Pubitemid 34169039)
129. Penot, G., Le Peron, C., Merot, Y., Grimaud-Fanouillere, E., Ferriere, F., Boujrad, N., Kah, O., Saligaut, C., Ducouret, B., Metivier, R., and Flouriot, G. 2005. The human estrogen receptor-alpha isoform hERalpha46 antagonizes the proliferative influence of hERalpha66 in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Endocrinology, 146: 5474-84. (Pubitemid 41653062)
130. Petit, F., Le Goff, P., Cravedi, J. P., Valotaire, Y., and Pakdel, F. 1997. Two complementary bioassays for screening the estrogenic potency of xenobiotics: Recombinant yeast for trout estrogen receptor and trout hepa-tocyte cultures. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 19: 321-35. (Pubitemid 28023167)
131. Pike, C. J., Carroll, J. C., Rosario, E. R., and Barron, A. M. 2009. Protective actions of sex steroid hormones in Alzheimer's disease. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 30: 239-58.
132. Pike, M. C., Krailo, M. D., Henderson, B. E., Casagrande, J. T., and Hoel, D. G. 1983. 'Hormonal' risk factors, 'breast tissue age' and the age-incidence of breast cancer. Nature 303: 767-70. (Pubitemid 13054488)
133. Poirier, J., Hess, M., May, P. C., and Finch, C. E. 1991. Astrocytic apolipoprotein E mRNA and GFAP mRNA in hippocampus after entorhinal cortex lesioning. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 11: 97-106.
134. Radio, N. M., Breier, J. M., Shafer, T. J., and Mundy, W. R. 2008. Assessment of chemical effects on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high content screening. Toxicol. Sci. 105: 106-18.
135. Rubanyi, G. M., Freay, A. D., Kauser, K., Sukovich, D., Burton, G., Lubahn, D. B., Couse, J. F., Curtis, S. W., and Korach, K. S. 1997. Vascular estrogen receptors and endothelium-derived nitric oxide production in the mouse aorta. Gender difference and effect of estrogen receptor gene disruption. J. Clin. Invest. 99: 2429-37. (Pubitemid 27227721)
136. Sabbah, M., Courilleau, D., Mester, J., and Redeuilh, G. 1999. Estrogen induction of the cyclin D1 promoter: involvement of a cAMP response-like element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 11217-22. (Pubitemid 29487361)
137. Safe, S. 2001. Transcriptional activation of genes by 17 beta-estradiol through estrogen receptor-Sp1 interactions. Vitam. Horm. 62: 231-52. (Pubitemid 33805706)
138. Sanfilippo, K., Pinto, B., Colombini, M.P., Bartolucci, U. and Reali, D. 2010. Determination of trace endocrine dis-ruptors in ultrapure water for laboratory use by the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and chemical analysis (GC/MS). J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 878: 1190-94.
139. Sato, K., Akaishi, T., Matsuki, N., Ohno, Y. and Nakazawa, K. 2007. beta-Estradiol induces synaptogenesis in the hippocampus by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor release from dentate gyrus granule cells. Brain Res. 1150: 108-20. (Pubitemid 46702123)
140. Sawada, H., Ibi, M., Kihara, T., Urushitani, M., Honda, K., Nakanishi, M., Akaike, A., and Shimohama, S. 2000. Mechanisms of antiapoptotic effects of estrogens in nigral dopaminergic neurons. FASEB J. 14: 1202-14. (Pubitemid 30350402)
141. Sawada, H., and Shimohama, S. 2003. Estrogens and Parkinson disease: novel approach for neuroprotection. Endocrine, 21: 77-79. (Pubitemid 36677346)
142. Seifer, D. B., Roa-Peña, L., Keefe, D. L., Zhang, H., Goodman, S., Jones, E. E., and Naftolin, F. 1994. Increasing hypothalamic arcuate nucleus glial peroxidase activity in aging female rats is reduced by an antiestro-gen and a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist. Menopause 1: 83-90.
143. Serghini, R., Froissard, P., Sola, B., and Duval, D. 1994. Cycloheximide and actino-mycin D block the toxic effect of glutamic acid on PC12 cells. Neuroreport 6: 29-32.
144. Shimokawa, N., Miyazaki, W., Iwasaki, T., and Koibuchi, N. 2006. Low dose hydroxylated PCB induces c-Jun expression in PC12 cells. Neurotoxicology 27: 176-83. (Pubitemid 43212826)
145. Shinomiya, N., and Shinomiya, M. 2003. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane suppresses neurite outgrowth and induces apoptosis in PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Toxicol. Lett. 137: 175-83. (Pubitemid 36078294)
146. Shughrue, P. J., and Dorsa, D. M. 1993. Estrogen modulates the growth-associated protein GAP-43 (neuromodulin) mRNA in the rat preoptic area and basal hypothalamus. Neuroendocrinology 57: 439-47. (Pubitemid 23170148)
147. Shughrue, P. J., Lane, M. V., and Merchenthaler, I. 1997. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and-beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 388: 507-25. (Pubitemid 27481288)
148. Shughrue, P. J., and Merchenthaler, I. 2003. Estrogen prevents the loss of CA1 hippocam-pal neurons in gerbils after ischemic injury. Neuroscience 116: 851-61. (Pubitemid 36160578)
149. Slotkin, T. A., and Seidler, F. J. 2009a. Benzo[a]pyrene impairs neurodifferentiation in PC12 cells. Brain Res. Bull. 80: 17-21.
150. Slotkin, T. A., and Seidler, F. J. 2009b. Oxidative and excitatory mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity: Transcriptional profiles for chlorpyrifos, diazinon, dieldrin, and divalent nickel in PC12 cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 117: 587-96.
151. Soares, R., Guo, S., Russo, J. and Schmitt, F. 2003. Role of the estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780 in vessel assembly and apoptosis of endothelial cells. Ultrastruct. Pathol. 27: 33-39. (Pubitemid 36293153)
152. Sohrabji, F., Greene, L. A., Miranda, R. C., and Toran-Allerand, C. D. 1994. Reciprocal regulation of estrogen and NGF receptors by their ligands in PC12 cells. J. Neurobiol. 25: 974-88. (Pubitemid 24219789)
153. Soto, A. M., Rubin, B. S., and Sonnenschein, C. 2009. Interpreting endocrine disruption from an integrative biology perspective. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 304: 3-7.
154. Soto, A. M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K. L., Fernandez, M. F., Olea, N., and Serrano, F. O. 1995. The E-SCREEN assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environ. Health Perspect. 103(suppl. 7):113-22.
155. Staub, C., Rauch, M., Ferriere, F., Trepos, M., Dorval-Coiffec, I., Saunders,P.T., Cobellis, G., Flouriot, G., Saligaut, C., and Jegou, B. 2005. Expression of estrogen receptor ESR1 and its 46-kDa variant in the gubernaculum testis. Biol. Reprod. 73: 703-12. (Pubitemid 41356129)
156. Stice, J. P., Lee, J. S., Pechenino, A. S., and Knowlton, A. A. 2009. Estrogen, aging and the cardiovascular system. Future Cardiol, 5: 93-103.
157. Takahashi, N., Tonchev, A. B., Koike, K., Murakami, K., Yamada, K., Yamashima, T., and Inoue, M. 2004. Expression of estrogen receptor-beta in the postischemic monkey hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 369: 9-13. (Pubitemid 39369493)
158. Tavolari, S., Bucci, L., Tomasi, V., and Guarnieri, T. 2006. Selected polychloro-biphenyls congeners bind to estrogen receptor alpha in human umbilical vascular endothelial (HUVE) cells modulating angio-genesis. Toxicology 218: 67-74.
159. Tenenbaum, M., Azab, A. N., and Kaplanski, J. 2007. Effects of estrogen against LPS-induced inflammation and toxicity in primary rat glial and neuronal cultures. J. Endotoxin Res. 13: 158-66. (Pubitemid 47471318)
160. Teyssier, C., Belguise, K., Galtier, F., and Chalbos, D. 2001. Characterization of the physical interaction between estrogen receptor alpha and JUN proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 36361-69.
161. Tiwari-Woodruff, S., and Voskuhl, R. R. 2009. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of estrogen receptor ligand treatment in mice. J. Neurol. Sci. 286: 81-85.
162. Tofighi, R., Johansson, C., Goldoni, M., Ibrahim, W. N., Gogvadze, V., Mutti, A., and Ceccatelli, S. 2010. Hippocampal neurons exposed to the environmental contaminants methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls undergo cell death via parallel activation of calpains and lysosomal proteases. Neurotox. Res. [Epub ahead of print]
163. Tora, L., White, J., Brou, C., Tasset, D., Webster, N., Scheer, E., and Chambon, P. 1989. The human estrogen receptor has two independent nonacidic transcriptional activation functions. Cell 59: 477-87. (Pubitemid 19284461)
164. Toran-Allerand, C. D. 1980. Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro. II. Morphological correlates and hormonal specificity. Brain Res. 189: 413-27. (Pubitemid 10150314)
165. 125I]estrogen autoradiography and non-isotopic in situ hybridization histochemistry. Brain Res. 576: 25-41.
166. Toran-Allerand, C. D., Singh, M., and Setalo, G., Jr. 1999. Novel mechanisms of estrogen action in the brain: New players in an old story. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 20: 97-121. (Pubitemid 29215043)
167. Tsai, K. S., Yang, R. S., and Liu, S. H. 2004. Benzo[a]pyrene regulates osteoblast proliferation through an estrogen receptor-related cyclooxygenase-2 pathway. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17: 679-84. (Pubitemid 38669525)
168. Turgeon, J. L., McDonnell, D. P., Martin, K. A., and Wise, P. M. 2004. Hormone therapy: Physiological complexity belies therapeutic simplicity. Science 304: 1269-73. (Pubitemid 38697412)
169. Van den Belt, K., Berckmans, P., Vangenechten, C., Verheyen, R., and Witters, H. 2004. Comparative study on the in vitro/in vivo estrogenic potencies of 17beta-estradiol, estrone, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol and nonylphenol. Aquat. Toxicol. 66: 183-95.
170. Vasudevan, N., and Pfaff, D. W. 2007. Membrane-initiated actions of estrogens in neuroendocrinology: Emerging principles. Endocr. Rev. 28: 1-19. (Pubitemid 46220848)
171. Vaudry, D., Chen, Y., Hsu, C. M., and Eiden, L. E. 2002a. PC12 cells as a model to study the neurotrophic activities of PACAP. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 971: 491-96. (Pubitemid 35305343)
172. Vaudry, D., Stork, P. J., Lazarovici, P., and Eiden, L. E. 2002b. Signaling pathways for PC12 cell differentiation: Making the right connections. Science 296: 1648-49. (Pubitemid 34579153)
173. Vegeto, E., Belcredito, S., Etteri, S., Ghisletti, S., Brusadelli, A., Meda,C., Krust,A., Dupont,S., Ciana, P., Chambon, P. and Maggi, A. 2003. Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the brain antiinflammatory activity of estradiol. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 9614-19.
174. Wang, L., Andersson, S., Warner, M., and Gustafsson, J. A. 2001. Morphological abnormalities in the brains of estrogen receptor beta knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 2792-96. (Pubitemid 32209562)
175. Wang, L., Andersson, S., Warner, M., and Gustafsson, J. A. 2003. Estrogen receptor (ER)beta knockout mice reveal a role for ERbeta in migration of cortical neurons in the developing brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 703-8. (Pubitemid 36126116)
176. 2 toxicity in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 70: 395-404.
177. Webb, P., Lopez,G. N., Uht,R.M., and Kushner, P. J. 1995. Tamoxifen activation of the estrogen receptor/AP-1 pathway: Potential origin for the cell-specific estrogen-like effects of antiestrogens. Mol. Endocrinol. 9: 443-56.
178. Wilson, M. E., and Westberry, J. M. 2009. Regulation of oestrogen receptor gene expression: New insights and novel mechanisms. J. Neuroendocrinol. 21: 238-42.
179. Wise, P. M., and Dubal, D. B. 2000. Estradiol protects against ischemic brain injury in middle-aged rats. Biol. Reprod. 63: 982-85.
180. Witters, H., Freyberger, A., Smits, K., Vangenechten, C., Lofink, W., Weimer, M., Bremer, S., Ahr, P. H., and Berckmans, P. 2010. The assessment of estrogenic or anti-estrogenic activity of chemicals by the human stably transfected estrogen sensitive MELN cell line: Results of test performance and transferability. Reprod. Toxicol. [Epub ahead of print]
181. Won, C. K., Kim, M. O., and Koh, P. O. 2006. Estrogen modulates Bcl-2 family proteins in ischemic brain injury. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 68: 277-80.
182. Wooten, M. W., Seibenhener, M. L., Heikkila, J. E., and Mischak, H. 1998. Delta-protein kinase C phosphorylation parallels inhibition of nerve growth factor-induced differentiation independent of changes in Trk A and MAP kinase signalling in PC12 cells. Cell Signal. 10: 265-76. (Pubitemid 28205905)
183. 2+ influx via L-type calcium channels activates the Src/ERK/cyclic-AMP response element binding protein signal pathway and BCL-2 expression in rat hippocampal neurons: A potential initiation mechanism for estrogen-induced neuroprotection. Neuroscience 135: 59-72. (Pubitemid 41219738)
184. Yang, L. C., Zhang, Q. G., Zhou, C. F., Yang, F., Zhang, Y. D., Wang, R. M., and Brann, D. W. 2010. Extranuclear estrogen receptors mediate the neuroprotective effects of estrogen in the rat hippocampus. PLoS One 5: e9851.
185. Yeh, I. T. 2007. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy: Endometrial and breast effects. Adv. Anat. Pathol. 14: 17-24.
186. Yokosuka, M., Ohtani-Kaneko, R., Yamashita, K., Muraoka, D., Kuroda, Y., and Watanabe, C. 2008. Estrogen and environmental estrogenic chemicals exert developmental effects on rat hypothalamic neurons and glias. Toxicol. In Vitro 2: 1-9. (Pubitemid 350267097)
187. Yoon, Y., Ryu, J., Oh, J., Choi, B. G., and Snyder, S. A. 2010. Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in the Han River (Seoul, South Korea). Sci. Total Environ, 408: 636-43.
188. York, R. D., Molliver, D. C., Grewal, S. S., Stenberg, P. E., McCleskey, E. W., and Stork, P. J. 2000. Role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and endocytosis in nerve growth factor-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation via Ras and Rap1. Mol. Cell Biol. 20: 8069-83.
189. Yue, X., Lu, M., Lancaster, T., Cao, P., Honda, S., Staufenbiel, M., Harada, N., Zhong, Z., Shen, Y., and Li, R. 2005. Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 19198-203. (Pubitemid 43049589)
190. Zhang, Q. G., Raz, L., Wang, R., Han, D., De Sevilla, L., Yang, F., Vadlamudi, R. K., and Brann, D. W. 2009. Estrogen attenuates ischemic oxidative damage via an estrogen receptor alpha-mediated inhibition of NADPH oxidase activation. J. Neurosci. 29: 13823-36.
191. Zhao, L., and Brinton, R. D. 2007. Estrogen receptor alpha and beta differentially regulate intracellular Ca(2+) dynamics leading to ERK phosphorylation and estrogen neu-roprotection in hippocampal neurons. Brain Res. 1172: 48-59. (Pubitemid 47417943)