Strategies and advances in nanomedicine for targeted siRNA delivery

Nanomedicine

Volumn 6, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 729-746

  Nimesh, Surendra ^a   Gupta, Nidhi ^a   Chandra, Ramesh ^b,c  

^a CLIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MONTREAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DELHI   (India)

Author keywords

chitosan; nanoparticles; polycationic; polyethylenimine; siRNA

Indexed keywords

1,2 DIOLEOYL 3 TRIMETHYLAMMONIOPROPANE; 1,3 DIMYRISTOYLAMIDOPROPANE 2 [BIS(2 DIMETHYLAMINOETHANE)]CARBAMATE; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; ASPARAGINASE MACROGOL; ATELOCOLLAGEN; CARBAMIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CHITOSAN; CYCLODEXTRIN; DENDRIMER; DRUG CARRIER; FOLATE RECEPTOR; FOLIC ACID; HYALURONIC ACID; IMMUNOLIPOSOME; MESSENGER RNA; PHOSPHOROTHIOIC ACID; POLYARGININE; POLYASPARTIC ACID; POLYCATION; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; POLYLYSINE; PROTAMINE; RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE; SINGLE CHAIN FRAGMENT VARIABLE ANTIBODY; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; STEARIC ACID; SUCROSE; TRANSFERRIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR;

BINDING AFFINITY; CANCER INHIBITION; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; CYTOTOXICITY; DNA BINDING; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TRANSPORT; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE SILENCING; GENE TARGETING; HUMAN; MICELLE; NANOENCAPSULATION; NANOMEDICINE; NONHUMAN; PARTICLE SIZE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA INTERFERENCE;

ANIMALS; CHITOSAN; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MODELS, THEORETICAL; NANOMEDICINE; NANOPARTICLES; NEOPLASMS; POLYETHYLENEIMINE; POLYMERS; RNA, SMALL INTERFERING;

EID: 79959925517     PISSN: 17435889     EISSN: 17486963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.15     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Fire A, Xu SQ, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC: Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391(6669), 806-811 (1998). (Pubitemid 28099681)
2. Huh MS, Lee SY, Park S, et al.: Tumor-homing glycol chitosan/ polyethylenimine nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of siRNA in tumor-bearing mice. J. Control. Release 144(2), 134-143 (2010).
3. Zhang S, Zhao B, Jiang H, Wang B, Ma B: Cationic lipids and polymers mediated vectors for delivery of siRNA. J. Control. Release 123(1), 1-10 (2007). (Pubitemid 47444388)
4. Xu D, Mccarty D, Fernandes A, Fisher M, Samulski RJ, Juliano RL: Delivery of MDR1 small interfering RNA by self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus vector. Mol. Ther. 11(4), 523-530 (2005). (Pubitemid 40353110)
5. Zaiss AK, Muruve DA: Immune responses to adeno-associated virus vectors. Curr. Gene Ther.. 5(3), 323-331 (2005). (Pubitemid 40895016)
6. Peer D, Karp JM, Hong S, Farokhzad OC, Margalit R, Langer R: Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nano. 2(12), 751-760 (2007). (Pubitemid 350223348)
7. Adeli M, Mirab N, Zabihi F: Nanocapsules based on carbon nanotubes-graft-polyglycerol hybrid materials. Nanotechnology 20(48), 485603 (2009).
8. Bernstein E, Caudy AA, Hammond SM, Hannon GJ: Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature 409(6818), 363-366 (2001). (Pubitemid 32151243)
9. Elbashir SM, Harborth J, Lendeckel W, Yalcin A, Weber K, Tuschl T: Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411(6836), 494-498 (2001). (Pubitemid 32494397)
10. Hammond SM, Bernstein E, Beach D, Hannon GJ: An RNA-directed nuclease mediates post-transcriptional gene silencing in drosophila cells. Nature 404(6775), 293-296 (2000). (Pubitemid 30163547)
11. Nykanen A, Haley B, Zamore PD: ATP requirements and small interfering RNA structure in the RNA interference pathway. Cell 107(3), 309-321 (2001). (Pubitemid 33049975)
12. Martinez J, Tuschl T: RISC is a 5 phosphomonoester-producing RNA endonuclease. Genes Dev. 18(9), 975-980 (2004).
13. Leung Rkm, Whittaker PA: RNA interference: from gene silencing to gene-specific therapeutics. Pharmacol. Ther. 107(2), 222-239 (2005). (Pubitemid 40910042)
14. Jana S, Chakraborty C, Nandi S, Deb JK: RNA interference: potential therapeutic targets. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 65(6), 649-657 (2004). (Pubitemid 39506545)
15. Li CX, Parker A, Menocal E, Xiang S, Borodyansky L, Fruehauf JH: Delivery of RNA interference. Cell Cycle 5(18), 2103-2109 (2006). (Pubitemid 44553744)
16. Schiffelers RM, Ansari A, Xu J, et al.: Cancer siRNA therapy by tumor selective delivery with ligand-targeted sterically stabilized nanoparticle. Nucleic Acids Res. 32(19), E149 (2004).
17. Davis ME: The first targeted delivery of siRNA in humans via a self-assembling, cyclodextrin polymer-based nanoparticle: from concept to clinic. Mol. Pharm. 6(3), 659-668 (2009).
18. Cuenca AG, Jiang H, Hochwald SN, Delano M, Cance WG, Grobmyer SR: Emerging implications of nanotechnology on cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Cancer 107(3), 459-466 (2006). (Pubitemid 44107204)
19. Fischer D, Li Y, Ahlemeyer B, Krieglstein J, Kissel T: In vitro cytotoxicity testing of polycations: influence of polymer structure on cell viability and hemolysis. Biomaterials 24(7), 1121-1131 (2003). (Pubitemid 36069121)
20. Jevprasesphant R, Penny J, Jalal R, Attwood D, Mckeown NB, Demanuele A: The influence of surface modification on the cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers. Int. J. Pharm. 252(1-2), 263-266 (2003). (Pubitemid 36126635)
21. Jiang G, Park K, Kim J, et al.: Hyaluronic acid-polyethyleneimine conjugate for target specific intracellular delivery of siRNA. Biopolymers 89(7), 635-642 (2008).
22. Duan Y, Yang C, Zhang Z, Liu J, Zheng J, Kong D: Poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted polyethylenimine modified with g250 monoclonal antibody for tumor gene therapy. Hum. Gene Ther. 21(2), 191-198 (2010).
23. Wightman L, Kircheis R, Rossler V, et al.: Different behavior of branched and linear polyethylenimine for gene delivery in vitro and in vivo. J. Gene Med. 3(4), 362-372 (2001). (Pubitemid 33691776)
24. Godbey WT, Wu KK, Hirasaki GJ, Mikos AG: Improved packing of poly(ethylenimine)/DNA complexes increases transfection efficiency. Gene Ther. 6(8), 1380-1388 (1999). (Pubitemid 29396726)
25. Godbey WT, Wu KK, Mikos AG: Poly(ethylenimine)-mediated gene delivery affects endothelial cell function and viability. Biomaterials 22(5), 471-480 (2001). (Pubitemid 32007852)
26. Ferrari S, Moro E, Pettenazzo A, Behr JP, Zacchello F, Scarpa M: Exgen 500 is an efficient vector for gene delivery to lung epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 4(10), 1100-1106 (1997). (Pubitemid 27469941)
27. Plank C, Mechtler K, Szoka FC Jr, Wagner E: Activation of the complement system by synthetic DNA complexes: a potential barrier for intravenous gene delivery. Hum. Gene Ther. 7(12), 1437-1446 (1996). (Pubitemid 26293564)
28. Howard KA, Rahbek UL, Liu XD, et al.: RNA interference in vitro and in vivo using a chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle system. Mol. Ther. 14(4), 476-484 (2006). (Pubitemid 44296092)
29. Pille JY, Li H, Blot E, et al.: Intravenous delivery of anti-RHOA small interfering RNA loaded in nanoparticles of chitosan in mice: safety and efficacy in xenografted aggressive breast cancer. Human Gene Ther. 17(10), 1019-1026 (2006). (Pubitemid 46076743)
30. Marques JT, Devosse T, Wang D, et al.: A structural basis for discriminating between self and nonself double-stranded RNAs in mammalian cells. Nat. Biotech. 24(5), 559-565 (2006).
31. Judge AD, Bola G, Lee AC, Maclachlan I: Design of noninflammatory synthetic siRNA mediating potent gene silencing in vivo. Mol. Ther. 13(3), 494-505 (2006). (Pubitemid 43257617)
32. Grayson AC, Doody AM, Putnam D: Biophysical and structural characterization of polyethylenimine-mediated siRNA delivery in vitro. Pharm. Res. 23(8), 1868-1876 (2006). (Pubitemid 44200551)
33. Katas H, Alpar HO: Development and characterisation of chitosan nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. J. Control. Release 115(2), 216-225 (2006). (Pubitemid 44559708)
34. Gao H, Shi W, Freund LB: Mechanics of receptor-mediated endocytosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(27), 9469-9474 (2005). (Pubitemid 40981705)
35. Aoki H, Satoh M, Mitsuzuka K, et al.: Inhibition of motility and invasiveness of renal cell carcinoma induced by short interfering RNA transfection of b1,4GalNAc transferase. FEBS Lett. 567(2-3), 203-208 (2004). (Pubitemid 38748392)
36. Bartlett DW, Su H, Hildebrandt IJ, Weber WA, Davis ME: Impact of tumor-specific targeting on the biodistribution and efficacy of siRNA nanoparticles measured by multimodality in vivo imaging. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(39), 15549-15554 (2007). (Pubitemid 47502954)
37. Lee H, Mok H, Lee S, Oh YK, Park TG: Target-specific intracellular delivery of siRNA using degradable hyaluronic acid nanogels. J. Control. Release 119(2), 245-252 (2007). (Pubitemid 46754507)
38. Moschos SA, Jones SW, Perry Mm, et al.: Lung delivery studies using siRNA conjugated to TAT(48-60) and penetratin reveal peptide induced reduction in gene expression and induction of innate immunity. Bioconj. Chem. 18(5), 1450-1459 (2007). (Pubitemid 47464052)
39. Muratovska A, Eccles MR: Conjugate for efficient delivery of short interfering RNA (siRNA) into mammalian cells. FEBS Lett. 558(1-3), 63-68 (2004). (Pubitemid 38167411)
40. Zhang ZY, Smith BD: High-generation polycationic dendrimers are unusually effective at disrupting anionic vesicles: membrane bending model. BioconJ. Chem. 11(6), 805-814 (2000).
41. Boussif O, Lezoualch F, Zanta MA, et al.: A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 92(16), 7297-7301 (1995).
42. Thomas M, Lu JJ, Ge Q, Zhang C, Chen J, Klibanov AM: Full deacylation of polyethylenimine dramatically boosts its gene delivery efficiency and specificity to mouse lung. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(16), 5679-5684 (2005). (Pubitemid 40559619)
43. Thomas M, Klibanov AM: Enhancing polyethylenimines delivery of plasmid DNA into mammalian cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99(23), 14640-14645 (2002). (Pubitemid 35334537)
44. Akinc A, Thomas M, Klibanov AM, Langer R: Exploring polyethylenimine- mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothesis. J. Gene Med. 7(5), 657-663 (2005). (Pubitemid 40744532)
45. Kim HJ, Ishii A, Miyata K, et al.: Introduction of stearoyl moieties into a biocompatible cationic polyaspartamide derivative, PAsp(DET), with endosomal escaping function for enhanced siRNA-mediated gene knockdown. J. Control. Release 145(2), 141-148 (2010).
46. Convertine AJ, Benoit DS, Duvall CL, Hoffman AS, Stayton PS: Development of a novel endosomolytic diblock copolymer for siRNA delivery. J. Control. Release 133(3), 221-229 (2009).
47. Lee SH, Choi SH, Kim SH, Park TG: Thermally sensitive cationic polymer nanocapsules for specific cytosolic delivery and efficient gene silencing of siRNA: swelling induced physical disruption of endosome by cold shock. J. Control. Release 125(1), 25-32 (2008). (Pubitemid 350198676)
48. Zhang K, Fang H, Wang Z, Taylor JS, Wooley KL: Cationic shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles for highly efficient gene and oligonucleotide transfection of mammalian cells. Biomaterials 30(5), 968-977 (2009).
49. Zhang K, Fang H, Wang Z, Li Z, Taylor JS, Wooley KL: Structure-activity relationships of cationic shell-crosslinked knedel-like nanoparticles: shell composition and transfection efficiency/cytotoxicity. Biomaterials 31(7), 1805-1813 (2010).
50. Shim MS, Kwon YJ: Acid-responsive linear polyethylenimine for efficient, specific, and biocompatible siRNA delivery. BioconJ. Chem. 20(3), 488-499 (2009).
51. Hoon Jeong J, Christensen LV, Yockman JW, et al.: Reducible poly(amido ethylenimine) directed to enhance RNA interference. Biomaterials 28(10), 1912-1917 (2007). (Pubitemid 46123547)
52. Matsumoto S, Christie RJ, Nishiyama N, et al.: Environment-responsive block copolymer micelles with a disulfide cross-linked core for enhanced siRNA delivery. Biomacromolecules 10(1), 119-127 (2009).
53. Takemoto H, Ishii A, Miyata K, et al.: Polyion complex stability and gene silencing efficiency with a siRNA-grafted polymer delivery system. Biomaterials 31(31), 8097-8105 (2010).
54. Akhtar S, Benter IF: Nonviral delivery of synthetic siRNAs in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 117(12), 3623-3632 (2007). (Pubitemid 350224068)
55. Alexis F, Pridgen E, Molnar LK, Farokhzad OC: Factors affecting the clearance and biodistribution of polymeric nanoparticles. Mol. Pharm. 5(4), 505-515 (2008).
56. Van Vlerken LE, Vyas TK, Amiji MM: Poly(ethylene glycol)-modified nanocarriers for tumor-targeted and intracellular delivery. Pharm. Res. 24(8), 1405-1414 (2007). (Pubitemid 46988224)
57. Aigner A: Gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi) in vivo: Strategies based on the direct application of siRNAs. J. Biotechnol. 124(1), 12-25 (2006). (Pubitemid 43816129)
58. Sioud M: Single-stranded small interfering RNA are more immunostimulatory than their double-stranded counterparts: A central role for 2-hydroxyl uridines in immune responses. Eur. J. Immunol. 36(5), 1222-1230 (2006).
59. Han HD, Mangala LS, Lee Jw, et al.: Targeted gene silencing using RGD-labeled chitosan nanoparticles. Clin. Cancer Res. 16(15), 3910-3922 (2010).
60. Davis ME, Zuckerman JE, Choi Chj, et al.: Evidence of RNAi in humans from systemically administered siRNA via targeted nanoparticles. Nature 464(7291), 1067-1070 (2010).
61. Chen Y, Zhu X, Zhang X, Liu B, Huang L: Nanoparticles modified with tumor-targeting scfv deliver siRNA and miRNA for cancer therapy. Mol. Ther. 18(9), 1650-1656 (2010).
62. Gao J, Sun J, Li H, et al.: Lyophilized HER2-specific PEGylated immunoliposomes for active siRNA gene silencing. Biomaterials 31(9), 2655-2664 (2010).
63. Jiang HL, Xu CX, Kim Yk, et al.: The suppression of lung tumorigenesis by aerosol-delivered folate-chitosan-graft-polyethylenimine/AKT1 shRNA complexes through the AKT signaling pathway. Biomaterials 30(29), 5844-5852 (2009).
64. Kim SH, Mok H, Jeong JH, Kim SW, Park TG: Comparative evaluation of target-specific gfp gene silencing efficiencies for antisense odn, synthetic siRNA, and siRNA plasmid complexed with PEI-PEG-FOL conjugate. BioconJ. Chem. 17(1), 241-244 (2006). (Pubitemid 43157607)
65. Nie C, Liu C, Chen G, Dai J, Li H, Shuai X: Hepatocyte-targeted psiRNA delivery mediated by galactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-graft-polyethylenimine in vitro. J. Biomater. Appl. DOI: 10.1177/088532 8210364678 (2010) (Epub ahead of print).
66. Watanabe K, Harada-Shiba M, Suzuki A, et al.: In vivo siRNA delivery with dendritic poly(l-lysine) for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Mol. Biosyst. 5(11), 1306-1310 (2009).
67. Verma UN, Surabhi RM, Schmaltieg A, Becerra C, Gaynor RB: Small interfering RNAs directed against b-catenin inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of colon cancer cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 9(4), 1291-1300 (2003). (Pubitemid 36418379)
68. Spelios M, Kearns M, Savva M: From gene delivery to gene silencing: Plasmid DNA-transfecting cationic lipid 1,3-dimyristoylamidopropane-2-[bis(2- dimethylaminoethane)] carbamate efficiently promotes small interfering RNA-induced RNA interference. Biochemistry 49(27), 5753-5759 (2010).
69. Tao W, Davide JP, Cai M, et al.: Noninvasive imaging of lipid nanoparticle-mediated systemic delivery of small-interfering RNA to the liver. Mol. Ther. 18(9), 1657-1666 (2010).
70. Kim HK, Davaa E, Myung CS, Park JS: Enhanced siRNA delivery using cationic liposomes with new polyarginine-conjugated PEG-lipid. Int. J. Pharm. 392(1-2), 141-147 (2010).
71. Mansouri S, Cuie Y, Winnik F, et al.: Characterization of folate-chitosan-DNA nanoparticles for gene therapy. Biomaterials 27(9), 2060-2065 (2006). (Pubitemid 41759500)
72. Lavertu M, Methot S, Tran-Khanh N, Buschmann MD: High efficiency gene transfer using chitosan/DNA nanoparticles with specific combinations of molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Biomaterials 27(27), 4815-4824 (2006). (Pubitemid 43880352)
73. Ma PL, Lavertu M, Winnik FM, Buschmann MD: New insights into chitosan-DNA interactions using isothermal titration microcalorimetry. Biomacromolecules 10(6), 1490-1499 (2009).
74. Liu XD, Howard KA, Dong MD, et al.: The influence of polymeric properties on chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle formulation and gene silencing. Biomaterials 28(6), 1280-1288 (2007). (Pubitemid 44816373)
75. Rojanarata T, Opanasopit P, Techaarpornkul S, Ngawhirunpat T, Ruktanonchai U: Chitosan-thiamine pyrophosphate as a novel carrier for siRNA delivery. Pharm. Res. 25(12), 2807-2814 (2008).
76. Andersen M, Howard KA, Paludan SR, Besenbacher F, Kjems J: Delivery of siRNA from lyophilized polymeric surfaces. Biomaterials 29(4), 506-512 (2008). (Pubitemid 350103802)
77. Wang SL, Yao HH, Guo Ll, et al.: Selection of optimal sites for TGFB1 gene silencing by chitosan-TPP nanoparticle-mediated delivery of shRNA. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 190(1), 8-14 (2009).
78. Lee DW, Yun KS, Ban HS, Choe W, Lee SK, Lee KY: Preparation and characterization of chitosan/polyguluronate nanoparticles for siRNA delivery. J. Control. Release 139(2), 146-152 (2009).
79. Ji AM, Su D, Che O, et al.: Functional gene silencing mediated by chitosan/siRNA nanocomplexes. Nanotechnology 20(40), 405103 (2009).
80. Howard KA, Paludan SR, Behlke MA, Besenbacher F, Deleuran B, Kjems J: Chitosan/siRNA nanoparticle-mediated TNF-a knockdown in peritoneal macrophages for anti-inflammatory treatment in a murine arthritis model. Mol. Ther. 17(1), 162-168 (2009).
81. Glud SZ, Bramsen JB, Dagnaes-Hansen F, et al.: Naked siLNA-mediated gene silencing of lung bronchoepithelium EGFP expression after intravenous administration. Oligonucleotides 19(2), 163-168 (2009).
82. Cai YQ, Chen SR, Han HD, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G, Pan HL: Role of M2, M3, and M4 muscarinic receptor subtypes in the spinal cholinergic control of nociception revealed using siRNA in rats. J. Neurochem. 111(4), 1000-1010 (2009).
83. Huh MS, Lee SY, Park S, et al.: Tumor-homing glycol chitosan/ polyethylenimine nanoparticles for the systemic delivery of siRNA in tumor-bearing mice. J. Control. Release 144(2), 134-143 (2010).
84. Nielsen EJ, Nielsen JM, Becker D, et al.: Pulmonary gene silencing in transgenic EGFP mice using aerosolised chitosan/siRNA nanoparticles. Pharm. Res. 27(12), 2520-2527 (2010).
85. Godbey WT, Wu KK, Mikos AG: Poly(ethylenimine) and its role in gene delivery. J. Control. Release 60(2-3), 149-160 (1999). (Pubitemid 29335941)
86. Creusat G, Rinaldi AS, Weiss E, et al.: Proton sponge trick for pH-sensitive disassembly of polyethylenimine-based siRNA delivery systems. Bioconjug. Chem. 21(5), 994-1002 (2010).
87. Klotz IM, Royer GP, Sloniewsky AR: Macromolecule-small molecule interactions. Strong binding and cooperativity in a model synthetic polymer. Biochemistry 8(12), 4752-4756 (1969).
88. Wiseman JW, Goddard CA, Mclelland D, Colledge WH: A comparison of linear and branched polyethylenimine (PEI) with DCChol/DOPE liposomes for gene delivery to epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Gene Ther. 10(19), 1654-1662 (2003). (Pubitemid 37069493)
89. Chollet P, Favrot MC, Hurbin A, Coll JL: Side-effects of a systemic injection of linear polyethylenimine-DNA complexes. J. Gene Med. 4(1), 84-91 (2002). (Pubitemid 40277159)
90. Oskuee RK, Philipp A, Dehshahri A, Wagner E, Ramezani M: The impact of carboxyalkylation of branched polyethylenimine on effectiveness in small interfering RNA delivery. J. Gene Med. 12(9), 729-738 (2010).
91. Wu Y, Wang W, Chen Y, et al.: The investigation of polymer-siRNA nanoparticle for gene therapy of gastric cancer in vitro. Int. J. Nanomedicine 5, 129-136 (2010).
92. Veiseh O, Kievit FM, Fang C, et al.: Chlorotoxin bound magnetic nanovector tailored for cancer cell targeting, imaging, and siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 31(31), 8032-8042 (2010).
93. Patnaik S, Aggarwal A, Nimesh S, et al.: PEI-alginate nanocomposites as efficient in vitro gene transfection agents. J. Control. Release 114(3), 398-409 (2006). (Pubitemid 44310821)
94. Nimesh S, Chandra R: Polyethylenimine nanoparticles as an efficient in vitro siRNA delivery system. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 73(1), 43-49 (2009).
95. Kang JH, Tachibana Y, Kamata W, Mahara A, Harada-Shiba M, Yamaoka T: Liver-targeted siRNA delivery by polyethylenimine (PEI)-pullulan carrier. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18(11), 3946-3950
96. Park K, Lee MY, Kim KS, Hahn SK: Target specific tumor treatment by VEGF siRNA complexed with reducible polyethyleneimine-hyaluronic acid conjugate. Biomaterials 31(19), 5258-5265 (2010).
97. Lee SY, Huh MS, Lee S, et al.: Stability and cellular uptake of polymerized siRNA (poly-siRNA)/polyethylenimine (PEI) complexes for efficient gene silencing. J. Control. Release 141(3), 339-346 (2010).
98. Pun SH, Bellocq NC, Liu A, et al.: Cyclodextrin-modified polyethylenimine polymers for gene delivery. Bioconjug. Chem. 15(4), 831-840 (2004). (Pubitemid 38981958)
99. Hu-Lieskovan S, Heidel JD, Bartlett DW, Davis ME, Triche TJ: Sequence-specific knockdown of EWS-FLI1 by targeted, nonviral delivery of small interfering RNA inhibits tumor growth in a murine model of metastatic Ewings sarcoma. Cancer Res. 65(19), 8984-8992 (2005). (Pubitemid 41377390)
100. Bartlett DW, Davis ME: Impact of tumor-specific targeting and dosing schedule on tumor growth inhibition after intravenous administration of siRNA-containing nanoparticles. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 99(4), 975-985 (2008). (Pubitemid 351316639)
101. Heidel JD, Yu Z, Liu Jy-C, et al.: Administration in non-human primates of escalating intravenous doses of targeted nanoparticles containing ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 siRNA. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 104(14), 5715-5721 (2007). (Pubitemid 47175600)
102. Song E, Zhu P, Lee S-K, et al.: Antibody mediated in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs via cell-surface receptors. Nat. Biotech. 23(6), 709-717 (2005). (Pubitemid 41716361)
103. Peer D, Zhu P, Carman CV, Lieberman J, Shimaoka M: Selective gene silencing in activated leukocytes by targeting siRNAs to the integrin lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104(10), 4095-4100 (2007). (Pubitemid 47181584)
104. Chono S, Li SD, Conwell CC, Huang L: An efficient and low immunostimulatory nanoparticle formulation for systemic siRNA delivery to the tumor. J. Control. Release 131(1), 64-69 (2008).
105. Choi Y-S, Lee JY, Suh Js, et al.: The systemic delivery of siRNAs by a cell penetrating peptide, low molecular weight protamine. Biomaterials 31(6), 1429-1443 (2010).
106. Winblade ND, Nikolic ID, Hoffman AS, Hubbell JA: Blocking adhesion to cell and tissue surfaces by the chemisorption of a poly-l-lysine-graft- (poly(ethylene glycol); phenylboronic acid) copolymer. Biomacromolecules 1(4), 523-533 (2000).
107. Park S, Healy KE: Nanoparticulate DNA packaging using terpolymers of poly(lysine-g- (lactide-b-ethylene glycol)). BioconJ. Chem. 14(2), 311-319 (2003). (Pubitemid 36348654)
108. Meyer M, Dohmen C, Philipp A, et al.: Synthesis and biological evaluation of a bioresponsive and endosomolytic siRNA-polymer conjugate. Mol. Pharm. 6(3), 752-762 (2009).
109. Abbasi M, Lavasanifar A, Berthiaume LG, Weinfeld M, Uludag H: Cationic polymer-mediated small interfering RNA delivery for p-glycoprotein down-regulation in tumor cells. Cancer 116(23), 5544-5554 (2010).
110. Oishi M, Nagasaki Y, Nishiyama N, et al.: Enhanced growth inhibition of hepatic multicellular tumor spheroids by lactosylated poly(ethylene glycol)-siRNA conjugate formulated in PEGylated polyplexes. ChemMedChem 2(9), 1290-1297 (2007).
111. Shimizu H, Hori Y, Kaname S, et al.: SiRNA-based therapy ameliorates glomerulonephritis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21(4), 622-633 (2010).
112. Ochiya T, Nagahara S, Sano A, Itoh H, Terada M: Biomaterials for gene delivery: Atelocollagen-mediated controlled release of molecular medicines. Curr. Gene Ther. 1(1), 31-52 (2001).
113. Minakuchi Y, Takeshita F, Kosaka N, et al.: Atelocollagen-mediated synthetic small interfering RNA delivery for effective gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res. 32(13), E109 (2004).
114. Takeshita F, Minakuchi Y, Nagahara S, et al.: Efficient delivery of small interfering RNA to bone-metastatic tumors by using atelocollagen in vivo. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(34), 12177-12182 (2005). (Pubitemid 41291148)
115. Takei Y, Kadomatsu K, Yuzawa Y, Matsuo S, Muramatsu T: A small interfering RNA targeting vascular endothelial growth factor as cancer therapeutics. Cancer Res. 64(10), 3365-3370 (2004). (Pubitemid 38657905)
116. Mu P, Nagahara S, Makita N, Tarumi Y, Kadomatsu K, Takei Y: Systemic delivery of siRNA specific to tumor mediated by atelocollagen: Combined therapy using siRNA targeting BCL-XL and cisplatin against prostate cancer. Int. J. Cancer 125(12), 2978-2990 (2009).
117. Azuma K, Nakashiro K-I, Sasaki T, et al.: Anti-tumor effect of small interfering RNA targeting the androgen receptor in human androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 391(1), 1075-1079 (2010).
118. Takigami I, Ohno T, Kitade Y, et al.: Synthetic siRNA targeting the breakpoint of EWS/FLI-1 inhibits growth of Ewing sarcoma xenografts in a mouse model. Int. J. Cancer 128(1), 216-226 (2011).
119. Nagano A, Ohno T, Shimizu K, et al.: EWS/FLI-1 chimeric fusion gene upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor-a. Int. J. Cancer 126(12), 2790-2798 (2010).
120. Toub N, Bertrand JR, Tamaddon A, et al.: Efficacy of siRNA nanocapsules targeted against the EWS-FLI1 oncogene in Ewing sarcoma. Pharm. Res. 23(5), 892-900 (2006). (Pubitemid 43781397)
121. Bouclier CL, Moine L, Hillaireau H, et al.: Physicochemical characteristics and preliminary in vivo biological evaluation of nanocapsules loaded with siRNA targeting estrogen receptor a. Biomacromolecules 9(10), 2881-2890 (2008).
122. Patil Y, Panyam J: Polymeric nanoparticles for siRNA delivery and gene silencing. Int. J. Pharm. 367(1-2), 195-203 (2009).
123. Yuan X, Li L, Rathinavelu A, et al.: siRNA drug delivery by biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 6(9-10), 2821-2828 (2006). (Pubitemid 44579952)
124. Jere D, Arote R, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Cho MH, Cho CS: Biodegradable nano-polymeric system for efficient AKT1 siRNA delivery. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 10(5), 3366-3369 (2010).
125. Zimmermann TS, Lee AC, Akinc A, et al.: RNAi-mediated gene silencing in non-human primates. Nature 441(7089), 111-114 (2006).