Apoptosis and acute kidney injury

Kidney International

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 29-40

  Havasi, Andrea ^a   Borkan, Steven C ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

acute renal failure; cell biology and structure; cell death; cell signaling; cell survival

Indexed keywords

1,4 DIAMINO 1,4 BIS(2 AMINOPHENYLTHIO) 2,3 DICYANOBUTADIENE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; APOPTOSIS INDUCING FACTOR; CASPASE 3; CASPASE INHIBITOR; CISPLATIN; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE 2; CYCLOSPORIN A; ENZYME INHIBITOR; GENTAMICIN; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 3BETA; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MYOGLOBIN; PLATINUM COMPLEX; PROTEIN BCL 2; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN KINASE B; STRESS ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; TDZD 8; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR 1; U 1026; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL SURVIVAL; CHROMATIN CONDENSATION; CYTOTOXICITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; ENZYME ACTIVATION; EPITHELIUM CELL; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; MORPHOLOGY; MORTALITY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CLEAVAGE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DEPLETION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; REVIEW; RHABDOMYOLYSIS; RNA INTERFERENCE; SEPTIC SHOCK;

EID: 79958794987     PISSN: 00852538     EISSN: 15231755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.120     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Schumer M, Colombel MC, Sawczuk IS et al. Morphologic, biochemical, and molecular evidence of apoptosis during the reperfusion phase after brief periods of renal ischemia. Am J Pathol 1992; 140: 831-838.
2. Bonventre JV, Weinberg JM. Recent advances in the pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 2199-2210. (Pubitemid 36909930)
3. Ueda N, Kaushal GP, Shah SV. Apoptotic mechanisms in acute renal failure. Am J Med 2000; 108: 403-415. (Pubitemid 30162959)
4. Basnakian AG, Kaushal GP, Shah SV. Apoptotic pathways of oxidative damage to renal tubular epithelial cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2002; 4: 915-924. (Pubitemid 36042467)
5. Bonegio R, Lieberthal W. Role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002; 11: 301-308. (Pubitemid 34496778)
6. Ortiz A, Justo P, Catalan MP et al. Apoptotic cell death in renal injury: the rationale for intervention. Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord 2002; 2: 181-192.
7. Ortiz A, Justo P, Sanz A et al. Targeting apoptosis in acute tubular injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66: 1589-1594. (Pubitemid 38373350)
8. Saikumar P, Venkatachalam MA. Role of apoptosis in hypoxic/ischemic damage in the kidney. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 511-521. (Pubitemid 38030085)
9. Servais H, Ortiz A, Devuyst O et al. Renal cell apoptosis induced by nephrotoxic drugs: cellular and molecular mechanisms and potential approaches to modulation. Apoptosis 2008; 13: 11-32.
10. Kaushal GP, Basnakian AG, Shah SV. Apoptotic pathways in ischemic acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 500-506. (Pubitemid 38981986)
11. Rosen S, Heyman SN. Difficulties in understanding human "acute tubular necrosis": limited data and flawed animal models. Kidney Int 2001; 60: 1220-1224. (Pubitemid 32960016)
12. Lieberthal W. Macroautophagy: a mechanism for mediating cell death or for promoting cell survival? Kidney Int 2008; 74: 555-557.
13. Havasi A, Gall JM, Borkan SC. Multifaceted role of heat stress proteins in the kidney. In: Asea AAA, Pedersen BK (eds): New York, USA. Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology. Publisher: Springer, 2010 pp 31-65.
14. Weinberg JM, Venkatachalam MA. Guanine nucleotides and acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1279-1281. (Pubitemid 33107754)
15. Kelly KJ, Plotkin Z, Dagher PC. Guanosine supplementation reduces apoptosis and protects renal function in the setting of ischemic injury. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1291-1298. (Pubitemid 33107756)
16. Kelly KJ, Plotkin Z, Vulgamott SL et al. P53 mediates the apoptotic response to GTP depletion after renal ischemia-reperfusion: protective role of a p53 inhibitor. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 128-138. (Pubitemid 36026304)
17. Werlen G, Hausmann B, Naeher D et al. Signaling life and death in the thymus: timing is everything. Science 2003; 299: 1859-1863. (Pubitemid 36356648)
18. Thompson CB. Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995; 267: 1456-1462.
19. Hung RW, Chow AW. Dissecting the "end game": clinical relevance, molecular mechanisms and laboratory assessment of apoptosis. Clin Invest Med 2004; 27: 324-344. (Pubitemid 40311200)
20. Mirkes PE. 2001 Warkany lecture: to die or not to die, the role of apoptosis in normal and abnormal mammalian development. Teratology 2002; 65: 228-239. (Pubitemid 34492612)
21. Andreeff M, Goodrich DW, Pardee AB. Cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Cancer Medicine 6, Holland JF et al (eds). Publisher: BC Decker: Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, 2003; 17-32
22. Mao H, Li Z, Zhou Y et al. HSP72 attenuates renal tubular cell apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295: F202-F214.
23. Zhou Y, Mao H, Li S et al. HSP72 inhibits Smad3 activation and nuclear translocation in renal epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 598-609.
24. Clemens MJ, van Venrooij WJ, van de Putte LB. Apoptosis and autoimmunity. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7: 131-133.
25. Lowe SW, Lin AW. Apoptosis in cancer. Carcinogenesis 2000; 21: 485-495. (Pubitemid 30137934)
26. Elmore S. Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicol Pathol 2007; 35: 495-516. (Pubitemid 46911891)
27. Lieberthal W, Menza SA, Levine JS. Graded ATP depletion can cause necrosis or apoptosis of cultured mouse proximal tubular cells. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: F315-F327.
28. Feldenberg LR, Thevananther S, del Rio M et al. Partial ATP depletion induces Fas-and caspase-mediated apoptosis in MDCK cells. Am J Physiol 1999; 276: F837-F846. (Pubitemid 29323557)
29. Eguchi Y, Shimizu S, Tsujimoto Y. Intracellular ATP levels determine cell death fate by apoptosis or necrosis. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1835-1840. (Pubitemid 27209706)
30. Kaminski M, Niemczyk E, Masaoka M et al. The switch mechanism of the cell death mode from apoptosis to necrosis in menadione-treated human osteosarcoma cell line 143B cells. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 64: 255-258.
31. Lieberthal W, Rennke HG, Sandock KM et al. Ischemia in the isolated erythrocyte-perfused rat kidney. Protective effect of hypothermia. Ren Physiol Biochem 1988; 11: 60-69. (Pubitemid 19041476)
32. Molitoris BA. Acute renal failure. Drugs Today (Barc) 1999; 35: 659-666. (Pubitemid 29510730)
33. Lu CY, Hartono J, Senitko M et al. The inflammatory response to ischemic acute kidney injury: a result of the 'right stuff' in the 'wrong place'? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2007; 16: 83-89.
34. Goligorsky MS, Noiri E, Kessler H et al. Therapeutic potential of RGD peptides in acute renal injury. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1487-1492. (Pubitemid 27239902)
35. Kelly KJ, Sandoval RM, Dunn KW et al. A novel method to determine specificity and sensitivity of the TUNEL reaction in the quantitation of apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284: C1309-C1318. (Pubitemid 36457412)
36. Chien CT, Chang TC, Tsai CY et al. Adenovirus-mediated bcl-2 gene transfer inhibits renal ischemia/reperfusion induced tubular oxidative stress and apoptosis. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 1194-1203.
37. Daemen MA, van 0t Veer C, Denecker G et al. Inhibition of apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion prevents inflammation. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 541-549.
38. Faubel S, Ljubanovic D, Reznikov L et al. Caspase-1-deficient mice are protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 2202-2213. (Pubitemid 41115283)
39. Kunduzova OR, Escourrou G, Seguelas MH et al. Prevention of apoptotic and necrotic cell death, caspase-3 activation, and renal dysfunction by melatonin after ischemia/reperfusion. FASEB J 2003; 17: 872-874.
40. Xue F, Isaka Y, Takahara T et al. HGF-MSP chimera protects kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363: 451-456. (Pubitemid 47484350)
41. Ruchalski K, Mao H, Singh SK et al. HSP72 inhibits apoptosis-inducing factor release in ATP-depleted renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285: C1483-C1493. (Pubitemid 37429623)
42. Ruchalski K, Mao H, Li Z et al. Distinct hsp70 domains mediate apoptosis-inducing factor release and nuclear accumulation. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 7873-7880. (Pubitemid 43847403)
43. Korsmeyer SJ, Shutter JR, Veis DJ et al. Bcl-2/Bax: a rheostat that regulates an anti-oxidant pathway and cell death. Semin Cancer Biol 1993; 4: 327-332. (Pubitemid 2028596)
44. Zamzami N, Kroemer G. The mitochondrion in apoptosis: how Pandora's box opens. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 67-71. (Pubitemid 33676964)
45. Youle RJ, Strasser A. The BCL-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2008; 9: 47-59.
46. Kim J, Kim DS, Park MJ et al. Omi/HtrA2 protease is associated with tubular cell apoptosis and fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298: F1332-F1340.
47. Hengartner MO. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000; 407: 770-776.
48. Meldrum KK, Meldrum DR, Hile KL et al. p38 MAPK mediates renal tubular cell TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis during simulated ischemia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2001; 281: C563-C570.
49. Oberbauer R, Schwarz C, Regele HM et al. Regulation of renal tubular cell apoptosis and proliferation after ischemic injury to a solitary kidney. J Lab Clin Med 2001; 138: 343-351. (Pubitemid 33066157)
50. Wang Y, Knowlton AA, Christensen TG et al. Prior heat stress inhibits apoptosis in adenosine triphosphate-depleted renal tubular cells. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2224-2235. (Pubitemid 29256477)
51. Ortiz A. Renal cell loss through cell suicide. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2235-2236.
52. Korsmeyer SJ. BCL-2 gene family and the regulation of programmed cell death. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1693s-11700.
53. Havasi A, Li Z, Wang Z et al. Hsp27 inhibits Bax activation and apoptosis via a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283: 12305-12313.
54. Wolfs TG, de Vries B, Walter SJ et al. Apoptotic cell death is initiated during normothermic ischemia in human kidneys. Am J Transplant 2005; 5: 68-75. (Pubitemid 40095129)
55. Basile DP, Liapis H, Hammerman MR. Expression of bcl-2 and bax in regenerating rat renal tubules following ischemic injury. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: F640-F647.
56. Wei Q, Alam MM, Wang MH et al. Bid activation in kidney cells following ATP depletion in vitro and ischemia in vivo. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286: F803-F809. (Pubitemid 38365100)
57. Danial NN, Korsmeyer SJ. Cell death: critical control points. Cell 2004; 116: 205-219. (Pubitemid 38167313)
58. Lindsten T, Ross AJ, King A et al. The combined functions of proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members bak and bax are essential for normal development of multiple tissues. Mol Cell 2000; 6: 1389-1399. (Pubitemid 32045931)
59. Waterhouse NJ, Ricci JE, Green DR. And all of a sudden it's over: mitochondrial outer-membrane permeabilization in apoptosis. Biochimie 2002; 84: 113-121.
60. Wei Q, Yin XM, Wang MH et al. Bid deficiency ameliorates ischemic renal failure and delays animal death in C57BL/6 mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 290: F35-F42.
61. Supavekin S, Zhang W, Kucherlapati R et al. Differential gene expression following early renal ischemia/reperfusion. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 1714-1724. (Pubitemid 36513317)
62. Kiley SC, Thornhill BA, Tang SS et al. Growth factor-mediated phosphorylation of proapoptotic BAD reduces tubule cell death in vitro and in vivo. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 33-42. (Pubitemid 35463904)
63. Fadeel B, Zhivotovsky B, Orrenius S. All along the watchtower: on the regulation of apoptosis regulators. FASEB J 1999; 13: 1647-1657. (Pubitemid 29473328)
64. Wang Z, Havasi A, Gall J et al. GSK3beta promotes apoptosis after renal ischemic injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 284-294.
65. Linseman DA, Butts BD, Precht TA et al. Glycogen synthase kinase-3beta phosphorylates Bax and promotes its mitochondrial localization during neuronal apoptosis. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 9993-10002. (Pubitemid 39463581)
66. Dugo L, Collin M, Allen DA et al. GSK-3beta inhibitors attenuate the organ injury/dysfunction caused by endotoxemia in the rat. Crit Care Med 2005; 33: 1903-1912. (Pubitemid 41306508)
67. Brooks C, Wei Q, Cho SG et al. Regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in acute kidney injury in cell culture and rodent models. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1275-1285.
68. Brooks C, Wei Q, Feng L et al. Bak regulates mitochondrial morphology and pathology during apoptosis by interacting with mitofusins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104: 11649-11654. (Pubitemid 47175067)
69. Rolland SG, Conradt B. New role of the BCL2 family of proteins in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 22: 852-858.
70. Justo P, Sanz AB, Sanchez-Nino MD et al. Cytokine cooperation in renal tubular cell injury: the role of TWEAK. Kidney Int 2006; 70: 1750-1758. (Pubitemid 44684806)
71. Hamar P, Song E, Kokeny G et al. Small interfering RNA targeting Fas protects mice against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 14883-14888. (Pubitemid 39410769)
72. Sinha D, Bannergee S, Schwartz JH et al. Inhibition of ligandindependent ERK1/2 activity in kidney proximal tubular cells deprived of soluble survival factors up-regulates Akt and prevents apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 10962-10972. (Pubitemid 38401587)
73. Lieberthal W, Triaca V, Koh JS et al. Role of superoxide in apoptosis induced by growth factor withdrawal. Am J Physiol 1998; 275: F691-F702.
74. Alvarez Arroyo MV, Suzuki Y, Yague S et al. Role of endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor in tubular cell protection against acute cyclosporine toxicity. Transplantation 2002; 74: 1618-1624. (Pubitemid 36014237)
75. Hirschberg R, Ding H. Growth factors and acute renal failure. Semin Nephrol 1998; 18: 191-207. (Pubitemid 28124532)
76. Nowak G, Schnellmann RG. Autocrine production and TGF-beta 1-mediated effects on metabolism and viability in renal cells. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: F689-F697.
77. Sanderson N, Factor V, Nagy P et al. Hepatic expression of mature transforming growth factor beta 1 in transgenic mice results in multiple tissue lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 2572-2576.
78. Gardai SJ, Hildeman DA, Frankel SK et al. Phosphorylation of Bax Ser184 by Akt regulates its activity and apoptosis in neutrophils. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 21085-21095. (Pubitemid 38656511)
79. Vincent JL, Bota DP, De Backer D. Epidemiology and outcome in renal failure. Int J Artif Organs 2004; 27: 1013-1018.
80. Kelly KJ, Molitoris BA. Acute renal failure in the new millennium: time to consider combination therapy. Semin Nephrol 2000; 20: 4-19. (Pubitemid 30048825)
81. Grigoryev DN, Liu M, Hassoun HT et al. The local and systemic inflammatory transcriptome after acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 547-558. (Pubitemid 351355398)
82. Kelly KJ. Distant effects of experimental renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 1549-1558. (Pubitemid 36687056)
83. Molitoris BA, Sutton TA. Endothelial injury and dysfunction: role in the extension phase of acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2004; 66: 496-499. (Pubitemid 38981985)
84. Brodsky SV, Yamamoto T, Tada T et al. Endothelial dysfunction in ischemic acute renal failure: rescue by transplanted endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 282: F1140-F1149. (Pubitemid 34654480)
85. Camussi G, Deregibus MC, Tetta C. Paracrine/endocrine mechanism of stem cells on kidney repair: role of microvesicle-mediated transfer of genetic information. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19: 7-12.
86. Borkan SC, Gullans SR. Molecular chaperones in the kidney. Annu Rev Physiol 2002; 64: 503-527. (Pubitemid 34259238)
87. Emami A, Schwartz JH, Borkan SC. Transient ischemia or heat stress induces a cytoprotectant protein in rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: F479-F485.
88. Park KM, Kramers C, Vayssier-Taussat M et al. Prevention of kidney ischemia/reperfusion-induced functional injury, MAPK and MAPK kinase activation, and inflammation by remote transient ureteral obstruction. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 2040-2049. (Pubitemid 34968786)
89. Suzuki S, Maruyama S, Sato W et al. Geranylgeranylacetone ameliorates ischemic acute renal failure via induction of Hsp70. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 2210-2220. (Pubitemid 41623382)
90. Wang Z BR, Gall J, Havasi A et al. Induction of heat shock protein 70 inhibits ischemic renal injury. Kidney Int 2011; 79: 861-870.
91. Wang Z, Havasi A, Gall JM et al. Beta-catenin promotes survival of renal epithelial cells by inhibiting Bax. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 1919-1928.
92. Kim M, Park SW, Chen SW et al. Selective renal overexpression of human heat shock protein 27 reduces renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 299: F347-F358.
93. Aragno M, Cutrin JC, Mastrocola R et al. Oxidative stress and kidney dysfunction due to ischemia/reperfusion in rat: attenuation by dehydroepiandrosterone. Kidney Int 2003; 64: 836-843. (Pubitemid 37013819)
94. Klenzak J, Himmelfarb J. Sepsis and the kidney. Crit Care Clin 2005; 21: 211-222. (Pubitemid 40386750)
95. Langenberg C, Bellomo R, May CN et al. Renal vascular resistance in sepsis. Nephron Physiol 2006; 104: p1-11.
96. Dear JW, Yasuda H, Hu X et al. Sepsis-induced organ failure is mediated by different pathways in the kidney and liver: acute renal failure is dependent on MyD88 but not renal cell apoptosis. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 832-836.
97. Lerolle N, Nochy D, Guerot E et al. Histopathology of septic shock induced acute kidney injury: apoptosis and leukocytic infiltration. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 471-478.
98. Wan L, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C et al. Pathophysiology of septic acute kidney injury: what do we really know? Crit Care Med 2008; 36: S198-S203. (Pubitemid 351483052)
99. Hotchkiss RS, Swanson PE, Freeman BD et al. Apoptotic cell death in patients with sepsis, shock, and multiple organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med 1999; 27: 1230-1251. (Pubitemid 29379358)
100. Mariano F, Cantaluppi V, Stella M et al. Circulating plasma factors induce tubular and glomerular alterations in septic burns patients. Crit Care 2008; 12: R42.
101. Duranton C, Rubera I, LoHoste S et al. KCNQ1 K+ channels are involved in lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis of distal kidney cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 25: 367-378.
102. Cunningham PN, Wang Y, Guo R et al. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in endotoxin-induced acute renal failure. J Immunol 2004; 172: 2629-2635. (Pubitemid 38182415)
103. Guo R, Wang Y, Minto AW et al. Acute renal failure in endotoxemia is dependent on caspase activation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 3093-3102. (Pubitemid 39578841)
104. Ko GJ, Grigoryev DN, Linfert D et al. Transcriptional analysis of kidneys during repair from AKI reveals possible roles for NGAL and KIM-1 as biomarkers of AKI-to-CKD transition. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298: F1472-F1483.
105. Wu X, Guo R, Chen P et al. TNF induces caspase-dependent inflammation in renal endothelial cells through a Rho-and myosin light chain kinase-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297: F316-F326.
106. Messmer UK, Briner VA, Pfeilschifter J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and lipopolysaccharide induce apoptotic cell death in bovine glomerular endothelial cells. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2322-2337. (Pubitemid 29256486)
107. Messmer UK, Winkel G, Briner VA et al. Glucocorticoids potently block tumour necrosis factor-alpha-and lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptotic cell death in bovine glomerular endothelial cells upstream of caspase 3 activation. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 127: 1633-1640. (Pubitemid 29368998)
108. Honore PM, Joannes-Boyau O, Boer W et al. High-volume hemofiltration in sepsis and SIRS: current concepts and future prospects. Blood Purif 2009; 28: 1-11.
109. Joannes-Boyau O, Honore PM, Boer W et al. Septic acute kidney injury and tubular apoptosis: never a Lone Ranger. Intensive Care Med 2010; 36: 385-388.
110. Arany I, Safirstein RL. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Semin Nephrol 2003; 23: 460-464. (Pubitemid 37176691)
111. Sheikh-Hamad D, Cacini W, Buckley AR et al. Cellular and molecular studies on cisplatin-induced apoptotic cell death in rat kidney. Arch Toxicol 2004; 78: 147-155. (Pubitemid 38657196)
112. Urakami Y, Okuda M, Masuda S et al. Functional characteristics and membrane localization of rat multispecific organic cation transporters, OCT1 and OCT2, mediating tubular secretion of cationic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998; 287: 800-805. (Pubitemid 29133685)
113. Jo SK, Cho WY, Sung SA et al. MEK inhibitor, U0126, attenuates cisplatininduced renal injury by decreasing inflammation and apoptosis. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 458-466. (Pubitemid 40139837)
114. Luo J, Tsuji T, Yasuda H et al. The molecular mechanisms of the attenuation of cisplatin-induced acute renal failure by N-acetylcysteine in rats. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 2198-2205. (Pubitemid 351957613)
115. Ramesh G, Reeves WB. TNF-alpha mediates chemokine and cytokine expression and renal injury in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 835-842.
116. Pabla N, Dong Z. Cisplatin nephrotoxicity: mechanisms and renoprotective strategies. Kidney Int 2008; 73: 994-1007. (Pubitemid 351543900)
117. Yang C, Kaushal V, Haun RS et al. Transcriptional activation of caspase-6 and-7 genes by cisplatin-induced p53 and its functional significance in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15: 530-544. (Pubitemid 351267304)
118. Price PM, Safirstein RL, Megyesi J. Protection of renal cells from cisplatin toxicity by cell cycle inhibitors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004; 286: F378-F384. (Pubitemid 38141683)
119. Price PM, Yu F, Kaldis P et al. Dependence of cisplatin-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo on cyclin-dependent kinase 2. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17: 2434-2442. (Pubitemid 44300959)
120. Wei Q, Dong G, Franklin J et al. The pathological role of Bax in cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2007; 72: 53-62. (Pubitemid 47014446)
121. Santos NA, Bezerra CS, Martins NM et al. Hydroxyl radical scavenger ameliorates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by preventing oxidative stress, redox state unbalance, impairment of energetic metabolism and apoptosis in rat kidney mitochondria. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008; 61: 145-155. (Pubitemid 47512636)
122. Santos NA, Catao CS, Martins NM et al. Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with oxidative stress, redox state unbalance, impairment of energetic metabolism and apoptosis in rat kidney mitochondria. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81: 495-504. (Pubitemid 47012464)
123. Rosenquist M. 14-3-3 proteins in apoptosis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2003; 36: 403-408. (Pubitemid 36592143)
124. Kim YS, Jung MH, Choi MY et al. Glutamine attenuates tubular cell apoptosis in acute kidney injury via inhibition of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation of 14-3-3. Crit Care Med 2009; 37: 2033-2044.
125. Bian J, Popovic ZB, Benejam C et al. Effect of cell-based intercellular delivery of transcription factor GATA4 on ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res 2007; 100: 1626-1633. (Pubitemid 46900752)
126. Shah KG, Rajan D, Jacob A et al. Attenuation of renal ischemia and reperfusion injury by human adrenomedullin and its binding protein. J Surg Res 2010; 163: 110-117.
127. Homsi E, Janino P, de Faria JB. Role of caspases on cell death, inflammation, and cell cycle in glycerol-induced acute renal failure. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1385-1392.
128. Mocanu MM, Baxter GF, Yellon DM. Caspase inhibition and limitation of myocardial infarct size: protection against lethal reperfusion injury. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130: 197-200. (Pubitemid 30261026)
129. Abraham MC, Shaham S. Death without caspases, caspases without death. Trends Cell Biol 2004; 14: 184-193. (Pubitemid 38447118)
130. Nelson PJ, Cantley L. GSK3beta plays dirty in acute kidney injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 199-200.
131. Green CJ, Healing G, Simpkin S et al. Reduced susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in cold ischemic rabbit kidneys after addition of desferrioxamine, mannitol, or uric acid to the flush solution. Cryobiology 1986; 23: 358-365. (Pubitemid 17193667)
132. Doi K, Suzuki Y, Nakao A et al. Radical scavenger edaravone developed for clinical use ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney. Kidney Int 2004; 65: 1714-1723. (Pubitemid 38591019)
133. Adin CA, Croker BP, Agarwal A. Protective effects of exogenous bilirubin on ischemia-reperfusion injury in the isolated, perfused rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288: F778-F784. (Pubitemid 40381746)
134. Guz G, Demirogullari B, Ulusu NN et al. Stobadine protects rat kidney against ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34: 210-216. (Pubitemid 46148264)
135. Saito M, Satoh S, Kojima N et al. Effects of a phenolic compound, resveratrol, on the renal function and costimulatory adhesion molecule CD86 expression in rat kidneys with ischemia/reperfusion injury. Arch Histol Cytol 2005; 68: 41-49. (Pubitemid 40570113)
136. Singh D, Chander V, Chopra K. The effect of quercetin, a bioflavonoid on ischemia/reperfusion induced renal injury in rats. Arch Med Res 2004; 35: 484-494. (Pubitemid 41043618)
137. Pincemail J, Defraigne JO, Detry O et al. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of rabbit kidney: comparative effects of desferrioxamine and Nacetylcysteine as antioxidants. Transplant Proc 2000; 32: 475-476. (Pubitemid 30133329)
138. Hestin D, Johns EJ. The influence of allopurinol on kidney haemodynamic and excretory responses to renal ischaemia in anaesthetized rats. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128: 255-261. (Pubitemid 29425293)
139. Brown JR, Block CA, Malenka DJ et al. Sodium bicarbonate plus N-acetylcysteine prophylaxis: a meta-analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009; 2: 1116-1124.
140. Chatterjee PK. Novel pharmacological approaches to the treatment of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a comprehensive review. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2007; 376: 1-43. (Pubitemid 350161567)
141. Chatterjee S, Fisher AB. ROS to the rescue. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287: L704-L705. (Pubitemid 39249382)
142. Fridovich I. Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases. Annu Rev Biochem 1995; 64: 97-112.
143. Humes HD, Cieslinski DA, Coimbra TM et al. Epidermal growth factor enhances renal tubule cell regeneration and repair and accelerates the recovery of renal function in postischemic acute renal failure. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1757-1761. (Pubitemid 20016178)
144. Hirschberg R, Kopple J, Lipsett P et al. Multicenter clinical trial of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 1999; 55: 2423-2432. (Pubitemid 29256497)
145. Kim YK, Choi TR, Kwon CH et al. Beneficial effect of pentoxifylline on cisplatin-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Ren Fail 2003; 25: 909-922. (Pubitemid 37487082)