Stem cells in toxicology: Fundamental biology and practical considerations

Toxicological Sciences

Volumn 120, Issue SUPPL.1, 2011, Pages

  Kang, Kyung Sun ^a   Trosko, James E ^b  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adult human stem cells; Barker hypothesis; Epigenetic toxicology; Gap junctions; Three dimensional in vitro cultures

Indexed keywords

GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN; INTERLEUKIN 6; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA;

ADULT; ADULT STEM CELL; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BIOLOGY; CANCER RESEARCH; CELL AGING; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELL DEATH; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL LINE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL TYPE; CYTOLOGY; CYTOTOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; DNA REPAIR; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYOLOGY; EMBRYONIC STEM CELL; EPIGENETICS; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; GAP JUNCTION; GENDER; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE THERAPY; GENOTOXICITY; HUMAN; HUMAN EMBRYO; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; OXYGEN TENSION; PLURIPOTENT STEM CELL; REGENERATIVE MEDICINE; STEM CELL; STEM CELL NICHE; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOLOGY;

ADULT STEM CELLS; ANIMALS; CARCINOGENICITY TESTS; CELL COMMUNICATION; CELLS, CULTURED; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS; EPIGENESIS, GENETIC; FEMALE; GAP JUNCTIONS; HUMANS; MALE; TOXICITY TESTS; TOXICOLOGY; XENOBIOTICS;

IPS;

EID: 79952080601     PISSN: 10966080     EISSN: 10960929     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq370     Document Type: Article

References (233)

1. Abrams, C. K., and Bennett, M. V. L. (2000). Hereditary human diseases caused by connexin mutations. Curr. Top. Membr. 49, 423-459.
2. Ames, B. N., Durston, W. E., Yamasaki, E., and Lee, F. D. (1973). Carcinogens are mutagens a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 2281-2285.
3. Asselin-Labat, M.-L., Valilant, F., Sheridan, J. M., Pal, B., Wu, D., Simpson, E. R., Yasuda, H., Smyyth, G. K., Martin, T. J., Lindemamn, G. J., et al. (2010). Control of mammary stem cell function by steroid hormone signaling. Nature 465, 798-802.
4. Augustine-Rauch, K., Zhang, C. X., and Panzica-Kelly, J. M. (2010). In vitro developmental toxicological assays: a review of the state of the science of rodent and zebra fish who embryo culture and embryonic stem cell assays. Birth Defects Res. Part C 90, 87-98.
5. Baker, M. (2010). iPS cells: potent stuff. Nat. Methods 7, 17-19.
6. Baldridge, M. T., King, K. Y., Boles, N. C., Weksberg, D. C., and Goodell, M. A. (2010). Quiescent haematopoietic stems are activated by IFN-gamma in response to chronic infection. Nature 465, 793-797.
7. Barcellos-Hoff, M. H. (2001). It takes a tissue to make a tumor: epigenetics, cancer and the microenvironment. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 6, 213-221.
8. Barcellos-Hoff, M. H., Park, C., and Wright, E. G. (2005). Radiation and the microenvironment-tumorigenesis and therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 5, 867-75.
9. Barry, F. P., and Murphy, J. M. (2004). Mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications and biological characterization. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 36, 568-84.
10. Borek, C., and Sachs, L. (1966). The difference in contact inhibition of cell replication between normal cells and cells transformed by different carcinogens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 56, 1705-1711.
11. Boyer, L. A., Lee, T. I., Cole, M. F., Johnstone, S. E., Levine, S. S., Zucker, J. P., Guenther, M. G., Kumar, R. M., Murray, H. L., Jenner, R. G., et al. (2005). Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122, 947-956.
12. Brody, H. (1973). A systems view of man: implications for medicine, science and ethics. Perspect. Biol. Med. 17, 71-92.
13. Budunova, I. V., and Williams, G. M. (1994). Cell culture assays for chemicals with tumor promoting or inhibiting activity based on the modulation of intercellular communication. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 10, 71-116.
14. Buesen, R., Genschow, E., Slawik, B., Visan, A., Spielmann, H., Luch, H., and Seller, A. (2009). Embryonic stem cell test re-mastered: comparison between the validated EST and the new molecular FACS-EST for assessing developmental toxicity in vitro. Toxicol. Sci. 108, 389-400.
15. Bursch, W., Lauer, B., Timmermann-Trosiener, I., Barthel, G., Schuppler, J., and Schulte-Hermann, R. (1984). Controlled death and apoptosis of normal and preneoplastic cells in rat liver following withdrawal of tumor promoters. Carcinogenesis 5, 453-458.
16. Buzanska, L., Zychowicz, M., Ruiz, A., Ceriotti, L., Coecke, S., Rauscher, H., Sobanski, T., Whelan, M., Domanska-Janik, K., Colpo, P., et al. (2010). Neural stem cells from human cord blood on bioengineered surfaces-novel approach to multiparameter biotests. Toxicology 270, 35-42.
17. Byrne, J. A., Pedersen, D. A., Clepper, L. L., Nelson, M., Sanger, W. G., Gokhale, S., Wolf, D. P., and Mitalipov, S. M. (2007). Producing primate embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Nature 450, 497-502.
18. Chaiswing, L., and Oberley, T. D. (2010). Extracellular/microenvironmental redox state. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 449-465.
19. Chang, C. C., Tsai, J. L., Kuo, K. K., Wang, K. H., Chiang, C. H., Kao, A. P., Tai, M. H., and Trosko, J. E. (2004). Expression of Oct-4, alpha fetoprotein and vimentin and lack of gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) as common phenotypes for human adult liver stem cells and hepatoma cells. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 45, 642.
20. Chang, C. C., Trosko, J. E., El-Fouly, M. H., Gibson-D'Ambrosio, R., and D' Ambrosio, S. M. (1987). Contact insensitivity of a subpopulation of normal human fetal kidney epithelial cells and of human carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Res. 47, 1634-1645.
21. Chapin, R. E., and Stedman, D. B. (2010). Endless possibilities: stem cells and the vision for toxicology testing in the 21st century. Toxicol. Sci. 112, 17-22.
22. Chaumontet, C., Bex, V., Gaillard-Sanchez, I., Seillan-Heberden, C., Suschetet, M., and Martel, P. (1994). Apigenin and tangeretin enhance gap junctional intercellular communication in rat liver epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis 15, 2325-2330.
23. Cibelli, J. (2007). Is therapeutic cloning dead? Science 318, 1879-1880.
24. Claude, N., Christakis, M., and Tsatsakis, A. M. (2010). Stem cell technologies in toxicology. Toxicology 270, 1-2.
25. Coleman, W. B., McCullough, K. D., Esch, G. L., Faris, R. A., Hixson, D. C., Smith, G. J., and Grisham, J. W. (1997). Evaluation of the differentiation potential of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells in vivo. Differentiation to hepatocytes after transplantation into dipeptidylpepti-dase-IV-deficient rat liver. Am. J. Pathol. 151, 353-359.
26. Collins, F. (2010). Has the revolution arrived? Nature 464, 674-675.
27. Committee on Toxicity Testing and Assessment of Environmental Agents. (2007). Toxicity Testing in the Twenty-First Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
28. Comoglio, P. M., Boccaccio, C., and Trusolino, L. (2003). Interactions between growth factor receptors and adhesion molecules: breaking the rules. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 15, 565-571.
29. Cruciani, V., and Mikalsen, S.-O. (2005). The connexin gene family in mammals. Biol. Chem. 386, 325-332.
30. Csete, M. (2005). Oxygen in the cultivation of stem cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1049, 1-8.
31. D'Amato, R. J., Loughnan, M. S., Flynn, E., and Folkman, J. (1994). Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 4082-4085.
32. Davila, J. C., Cezar, G. G., Thiede, M., Strom, S., Miki, T., and Trosko, J. (2004). Use and application of stem cells in toxicology. Toxicol. Sci. 79, 214-223.
33. Debey, S., Schoenbeck, U., Hellmich, M., Gathof, B. S., Pillai, R., Zander, T., and Schultze, J. L. (2004). Comparison of different isolation techniques prior gene expression profiling of blood derived cells: impact on physiological responses, on overall expression and the role of different cell types. Pharmacogenomics J. 4, 193-207.
34. de Feijter, A. W., Ray, J. S., Weghorst, C. M., Klaunig, J. E., Goodman, J. I., Chang, C. C., Ruch, R. J., and Trosko, J. E. (1990). Infection of rat liver epithelial cells with V-Ha-ras: correlation between oncogene expression, gap junctional communication, and tumorigenicity. Mol. Carcinog. 3, 54-67.
35. de Feijter-Rupp, H. L., Hayashi, T., Kalimi, G. H., Edwards, P., Redpath, J. L., Chang, C. C., Stanbridge, E. H., and Trosko, J. E. (1998). Restored gap junctional communication in non-tumorigenic Hela-normal human fibroblast hybrids. Carcinogenesis 19, 747-754.
36. Discher, D. E., Mooney, D. J., and Zandstra, P. W. (2009). Growth factors, matrices and forces combine and control stem cells. Science 324, 1673-1677.
37. Dolgin, E. (2010). Gene flaw found in induced stem cells. Nature 464, 663.
38. Doyle, L. A., and Ross, D. D. (2003). Multidrug resistance mediated by the breast cancer resistance protein BCRP (ABCG2). Oncogene 22, 7340-7358.
39. Duncan, A. W., Taylor, M. H., Hickey, R. D., Harlon Newell, A. E., Lenzi, M. L., Olson, S. B., Finegold, M. J., and Grompe, M. (2010). Theploidy conveyor of mature hepatocytes as a source of genetic variation. Nature 467, 707-710.
40. Eagle, H. (1965). Growth inhibitor effects of cellular interactions. Isreal J. Med. Sci. 1, 1220-1228.
41. Eghbali, B., Kessler, J. A., Reid, L. M., Roy, C., and Spray, D. C. (1991). Involvement of gap junctions in tumorigenesis: transfection of tumor cells with connexin 32 cDNA retards growth in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 10701-10705.
42. El-Sabban, M. E., Sfeir, A. J., Daher, M. H., Kalaany, N. Y., Basdsam, R. A., and Talhouk, R. S. (2003). ECM-induced gap junctional communication enhances mammary epithelial cell differentiation. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 3531-3541.
43. Emre, N., Coleman, R., and Ding, S. (2007). A chemical approach to stem cell biology. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 11, 252-258.
44. Essers, M. A. G., Offner, S., Blanco-Bose, W. E., Waibler, W. E., Kalinke, U., Duchosal, M. A., and Trumpp, A. (2010). INF alpha activates dormant haematopoietic stem cells in vivo. Nature 458, 904-908.
45. Evans, W. H., and Martin, P. E. M. (2002). Gap junctions: structure and function. Mol. Membr. Biol. 19, 121-136.
46. Feinberg, A. P. (2010). Epigenomics reveals a functional genomic anatomy and a new approach to common disease. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1049-1052.
47. Flier, J. S., and Mekalanos, J. J. (2009). Gut check: testing a role for the intestinal microbiome in human obesity. Sci. Transl. Med. 1, 5-8.
48. Franks, M. E., Macpherson, G. R., and Figg, W. D. (2004). Thalidomide. Lancet 363, 1802-1811.
49. Freezor, R. J., Baker, H. V., Mindrinos, M., Hayden, D., Tannahill, C. L., Brownstein, B. H., Fay, A., MacMillan, S., Laramie, J., Xiao, W., et al. (2004). Whole blood and leukocyte RNA isolation for gene expression analyses. Physiol. Genomics 19, 247-254.
50. Fuchs, E., Tumbar, T., and Guasch, G. (2004). Socializing with the neighbors: stem cells and their niche. Cell 116, 769-778.
51. Garamszegi, N., Garamszegi, S. P., Samavarchi-Tehrani, P., Walford, E., Schneiderbauer, M. M., Wrana, J. L., and Scully, S. P. (2010). Extracellular matrix-induced transforming growth factor-beta receptor signaling dynamics. Oncogene 29, 2368-2380.
52. Go, Y.-M., and Jones, D. P. (2010). Redox control systems in the nucleus: mechanisms and functions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 13, 489-509.
53. Goldberg, G. S., Martyn, K. D., and Lau, A. F. (1994). A connexin 43 antisense vector reduces the ability of normal cells to inhibit the foci formation of transformed cells. Mol. Carcinog. 11, 106-114.
54. Greaves, M. F. (1986). Differentiation-linked leukemiogenesis in lymphocytes. Science 234, 697-704.
55. Guguen-Guillouza, C., Corlu, A., and Guillouza, A. (2010). Stem cell-derived hepatocytes and their use in toxicology. Toxicology 270, 3-9.
56. Hanna, J., Wernig, M., Markoulaki, S., Sun, C. W., Meissner, A., Cassady, J. P., Beard, C., Brambrink, T., Wu, L. C., Townes, T. M., and Jaenisch, R. (2007). Treatment of sickle cell anemia mouse model with iPS cells generated from autologous skin. Science 318, 1920-1923.
57. Hardman, A. M., Stewart, G. S. A. B., and Williams, P. (1998). Quorum sensing and the cell-cell communication dependent regulation of gene expression in pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. Anatome van Leeuwenhoek 74, 199-210.
58. Hirschi, K. K., Xu, C. E., Tsukamoto, T., and Sager, R. (1996). Gap junction genes Cx26 and Cx43 individually suppress the cancer phenotype of human mammary carcinoma cells and restore differentiation potential. Cell Growth Differ. 7, 861-870.
59. Holden, C. (2006). Gene-suppressing proteins reveal secrets of stem cells. Science 312, 349.
60. Houghton, F. D. (2005). Role of gap junctions during early embryo development. Reproduction 129, 129-135.
61. Holst, J., Watson, S., Lord, M. S., Eamegdool, S. S., Bax, D. V., Nivison-Smith, L. B., Kondyurin, A., Ma, L., Oberhauser, A. F., Weiss, A. S., et al. (2010). Substrate elasticity provides mechanical signals for the expansion of hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1123-1128.
62. Hu, B.-Y., Weick, J. P., Yu, J., Ma, L.-X., Zhang, X.-Q., Thomson, J. A., and Zhang, S.-C. (2010). Neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells follows developmental principles but with variable potency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 4335-4340.
63. Inoue, K., Kohda, T., Sugimoto, M., Sado, T., Ogonuki, N., Matoba, S., Shiura, H., Ikeda, R., Mochida, K., Fujii, T., et al. (2010). Impeding Xist expression from the active chromosome improves mouse somatic cell nuclear transfer. Science 330, 496-498.
64. Jia, F., Wilson, K. D., Sun, N., Gupta, D. M., Huang, M., Li, Z., Panetta, N. J., Chen, Z. Y., Robbins, R. C., Kay, A., et al. (2010). A non-viral mini-circle vector for deriving human iPS cells. Nat. Methods 7, 197-199.
65. Joshi, P. A., Jackson, H. W., Beristain, A. G., Di Grappa, M. A., Mote, P. A., Clarke, C. L., Stingh, J., Waterhouse, P. D., and Khokha, R. (2010). Progesterone induces adult mammary stem cells expansion. Nature 465, 803-807.
66. Jou, Y. S., Matesic, D. F., Dupont, E., Lu, S.-C., Rupp, H. L., Madhukar, B. V., Oh, S. Y., Trosko, J. E., and Chang, C. C. (1993). Restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication in a communication-deficient rat liver cell mutant by transfection with connexin 43 cDNA. Mol. Carcinog. 8, 234-244.
67. Juliano, R. L. (2002). Signal transduction by cell adhesion receptors and the cytoskeleton: functions of integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-superfamily members. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 42, 283-323.
68. Jung, J. W., Lee, S., Seo, M. S., Park, S. B., Kurtz, A., Kang, S. K., and Kang, K. S. (2010). Histone deacetylase controls adult stem cell aging by balancing the expression of polycomb genes and jumonji domain containing 3. Cell Mol. Life Sci. 67, 1165-1176.
69. Kang, K.-S., Kang, B. C., Lee, B. J., Che, J. H., Li, G. X., Trosko, J. E., and Lee, Y. S. (2000). Preventive effect of epicatechin and ginsenoside RB2 on the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by TPA and H2O2. Cancer Lett. 152, 97-106.
70. Kang, K. S., Morita, I., Cruz, A., Jeon, Y. J., Trosko, J. E., and Chang, C. C. (1997). Expression of estrogen receptors in a normal human breast epithelial cell type with luminal and stem cell characteristics and in neoplastically transformed cell lines. Carcinogenesis 18, 251-257.
71. Kao, C. Y., Nomata, K., Oakley, C. S., Welsch, C. W., and Chang, C. C. (1995). Two types of normal human breast epithelial cells derived from reduction mammoplasty phenotypic characterization and response to SV40 transfection. Carcinogenesis 16, 531-538.
72. Kawase, Y., Yanagi, Y., Takato, T., Fujimoto, M., and Okochi, H. (2004). Characterization of multipotent adult stem cells from the skin: transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) facilitates cell growth. Exp. Cell Res. 295, 194-203.
73. Kelsell, D. P., Dunlop, J., and Hodgins, M. B. (2001). Human diseases: clues to cracking the connexin code? Trends Cell Biol. 11, 2-6.
74. Khoury, M. J., Evans, J. M., and Burke, W. (2010). A reality check for personalized medicine. Nature 464, 680.
75. Kielan, T., and Esen, N. (2004). Effects of neuroinflammation on glia-glia gap junctional intercellular communication: a perspective. Neurochem. Int. 45, 429-436.
76. Kilian, K. A., Bugarija, B., Lahn, B. T., and Mrksich, M. (2010). Geometric cues for directing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 4872-4877.
77. Kim, K., Doi, A., Wen, B., Ng, K., Zhao, R., Cahan, P., Kim, J., Aryee, M. J., Ji, H., Ehrlich, L. I. R., et al. (2010). Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467, 285-290.
78. Kim, M., Turnquist, H., Jackson, J., Sgagias, M., Yan, Y., Gong, M., Dean, M., Sharp, J. G., and Cowan, K. (2002). The multidrug resistance transporter ABCG2 (breast cancer resistance protein 1) effluxes Hoechst 33342 and is over expressed in hematopoietic stem cells. Clin. Cancer Res. 8, 22-28.
79. Kim, J. H., Choi, S. H., Kim, J., Lee, B. K., Lee, K. W., and Lee, H. J. (2009a). Differential regulation of the hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication by resveratrol and butylated hydroxyanisole. Mutat. Res./Fund. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. 671, 40-44.
80. Kim, S., Dere, E., Burgoon, L. D., Chang, C. C., and Zachareswki, T. R. (2009b). Comparative analysis of AhR-mediated TCDD-elicited gene expression in human liver adult stem cells. Toxicol. Sci. 112, 229-244.
81. Kim, S. J., Lee, J. K., Kim, J. W., Jung, J. W., Seo, K., Park, S. B., Roh, K. H., Lee, S. R., Hong, Y. H., Kim, S. J., et al. (2008a). Surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) induced proliferation and neural-like cells differentiation of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 8, 2953-2962.
82. Kim, S. J., Lim, M. S., Kang, S. K., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. (2008b). Impaired functions of neural stem cells by abnormal nitric oxide-mediated signaling in an in vitro model of Niemann-Pick type C disease. Cell Res. 6, 686-694.
83. Kirkwood, T. B. L. (2005). Understanding the odd science of aging. Cell 1220, 437-47.
84. Kubota, H., Avarbock, M. R., and Brinster, R. (2004). Growth factors essential for self renewal and expansion of mouse spermatogonial stem cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101, 16489-16494.
85. Lavrentieva, A., Majore, I., Kasper, C., and Hass, R. (2010). Effects of hypoxic culture conditions on umbilical cord-derived human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Commun. Signal. doi:10.1186/1478-811X-8-18.
86. Lee, D. E., Kang, N. J., Lee, K. M., Lee, B. K., Kim, J. H., Lee, K. W., and Lee, H. J. (2010a). Cocoa polyphenols attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of gap-junction intercellular communication by blocking phos-phorylation of connexin 43 via the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry 21, 680-686.
87. Lee, D. E., Shin, B. J., Hur, H. J., Kim, J. H., Kim, J., Kang, N. J., Kim, D. O., Lee, C. Y., Lee, K. W., and Lee, H. J. (2010b). Quercetin, the active phenolic component of kiwqifriut, prevents hydrogen peroxide inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication. Br. J. Nutr. doi:10.1017/S000711145100000346.
88. Lee, J. K., Jin, H. K., Endo, S., Schuuchman, E. H., Carter, J. E., and Bae, J.-S. (2010c). Intracerebral transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduces amyloid-beta deposition and rhesus memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease mice by modulation of immune responses. Stem Cells 28, 329-343.
89. Lee, O. K., Kuo, T. K., Chen, W. M., Lee, K. D., Hsieh, S. L., and Chen, T. H. (2004). Isolation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood. Blood 103, 1669-1675.
90. Lengner, C. J., Gimelbrant, A. A., Erwin, J. A., Cheng, A. W., Guenther, M. G., Welstead, G. G., Alagappan, R., Frampton, G. M., Xu, P., Muffat, J., et al. (2010). Derivation of pre-X inactivation human embryonic stem cells under physiological oxygen concentrations. Cell 141, 872-883.
91. Li, L., and Neaves, W. B. (2006). Normal stem cells and cancer stem cells. The niche matters. Cancer Res. 66, 4553-4557.
92. Lim, M. S., Nam, S. H., Kim, S. J., Kang, S. Y., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. (2007). Signaling pathways of the early differentiation of neural stem cells by neurotrophin-3. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 357, 903-909.
93. Lin, S., Fonteno, S., Weng, J.-H., and Talbot, P. (2010a). Comparison of the toxicity of smoke from conventional and harm reduction cigarettes using human embryonic stem cells. Toxicol. Sci. 118, 202-212.
94. Lin, T., Ambasudhan, R., Yuan, X., Li, W., Hilcove, S., Abujarour, R., Lin, X., Hahm, H. S., Hao, E., Hayek, A., et al. (2010b). A chemical platform for improved induction of human iPSCs. Nat. Methods 6, 805-808.
95. Lin, T. M., Chang, H. W., Wang, K. H., Kao, A. P., Chang, C. C., Wen, C. H., Lai, C. S., and Lin, S. D. (2007). Isolation and identification of mesenchymal stem cells from human lipoma tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 361, 883-889.
96. Lin, T.-M., Tsai, J.-L., Lin, S.-D., Lai, C.-S., and Chang, C. C. (2005). Accelerated growth and prolonged lifespan of adipose tissue-derived human mesenchymal stem cells in a medium using reduced calcium and antioxidants. Stem Cells Dev. 14, 92-102.
97. Linning, K. D., Tai, M.-H., Madhukar, B. V., Chang, C. C., Reed, D. N., Ferber, S., Trosko, J. E., and Olson, L. K. (2004). Redox-mediated enrichment of self-renewing adult human pancreatic cells which possess endocrine differentiation potential. Pancreas 29, e64-e76.
98. Lo, C. W. (1996). The role of gap junction membrane channels in development. J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 28, 379-385.
99. Lo, C. W., and Gilula, N. B. (1979). Gap junctional communication in the preimplantation mouse embryo. Cell 18, 399-409.
100. Loewenstein, W. R. (1966). Permeability of membrane junctions. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 137, 441-472.
101. Loewenstein, W. R., and Kanno, Y. (1966). Intercellular communication and the control of tissue growth: lack of communication between cancer cells. Nature 209, 1248-1249.
102. Livny, O., Kaplan, I., Reifen, R., Polak-Charcon, S., Madar, Z., and Schwartz, B. (2002). Lycopene inhibits proliferation and enhances gap junction communication of KB-1 oral tumor cells. J. Nutr. 132, 3754-3759.
103. Maggini, J., Mirkin, G., Bognanni, L., Holmberg, J., Plazzon, I. M., Nepomnaschy, I., Costa, H., Canones, C., Raiden, S., Vermeulen, M., et al. (2010). Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells turn activated macrophages into a regulatory-like profile. PLoS One 5, 1-13.
104. Manson, J. M. (1986). Teratogenicity. In Cassarett and Doull's The Basic Science of Poisons (C. D. Klaassen, Ed.), pp. 195-220. Macmillan Publishers, New York, NY.
105. Markert, C. L. (1968). Neoplasia: a disease of differentiation. Cancer Res. 28, 1908-1914.
106. Markert, C. L. (1984). Genetic control of cell interactions in chimeras. Dev. Genet. 4, 267-279.
107. Martin, C. M., Meeson, A. P., Robertson, S. M., Hawke, T. J., Richardson, J. A., Bates, S., Goetsch, S. C., Gallardo, T. D., and Garry, D. J. (2004). Persistent expression of the ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCG-2, identifies cardiac SP cells in the developing and adult heart. Dev. Biol. 265, 262-275.
108. Martin-Nieto, J., and Villalobo, A. (1997). Implications of gap junctions in pathological processes. Electr. J. Pathol. Histol. 1-24.
109. Matesic, D. F., Hayashi, T., Trosko, J. E., and Germak, J. A. (1996). Upregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication in immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons by stimulation of the cyclic AMP pathway. Neuroendocrinology 64, 286-297.
110. Matic, M., Evans, W. H., Brink, P. R., and Simon, M. (2002). Epidermal cells do not communicate through gap junctions. J. Invest. Dermatol 118, 110-116.
111. Matic, M., Petrov, I. N., Chen, S., Wang, C., Dimitrijevich, S. D., and Wolosin, J. M. (1997). Stem cells of the corneal epithelium lack connexins and metabolic transfer capacity. Differentiation 61, 251-260.
112. Mehta, P. P., Bertram, J. S., and Loewenstein, W. R. (1986). Growth inhibition of transformed cells correlates with their junctional communication with normal cells. Cell 44, 187-196.
113. Mehta, P. P., Bertram, J. S., and Loewenstein, W. R. (1989). The actions of retinoids on cellular growth correlate with their actions on gap junctional communication. J. Cell Biol. 108, 1053-1065.
114. Mehta, P. P., Hotz-Wagenblatt, A., Rose, B., Shalloway, D., and Loewenstein, W. R. (1991). Incorporation of the gene for a cell-cell channel protein into transformed cells leads to normalization of growth. J. Membr. Biol. 124, 207-225.
115. Meissner, A. (2010). Epigenetic modification in pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1079-1088.
116. Mesnil, M., Krutovskikh, V., Piccoli, C., Elfgang, C., Traub, O., Willecke, K., and Yamasaki, H. (1995). Negative growth control of HeLa cells by connexin genes: connexin species specificity. Cancer Res. 55, 629-639.
117. Mohammmad, H. P., and Baylin, S. B. (2010). Linking cell signaling and the epigenetic machinery. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1033-1038.
118. Monneret, G. (2009). Mesenchymal stem cells: another anti-inflammatory treatment for sepsis? Nat. Med. 15, 601-602.
119. Muller-Borer, B. J., Cascio, W. E., Anderson, P. A. W., Snowwaert, J. N., Frye, J. R., Desai, N., Esch, G. L., Brackham, J. A., Bagnell, C. R., Coleman, W. B., et al. (2004). Adult-derived liver stem cells acquire a cardiomyocyte structural and functional phenotype ex vivo. Am. J. Pathol. 165, 135-145.
120. Murray, S. A., and Fletcher, W. H. (1984). Hormone-induced intercellular signal transfer dissociates cyclic amp-dependent protein kinase. J. Cell Biol. 98, 1710-1719.
121. Na, H. K., Wilson, M. R., Kang, K. S., Chang, C. C., Grunberger, D., and Trosko, J. E. (2000). Restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in a ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cell line. Cancer Lett. 157, 31-38.
122. Nagy, A., and Nagy, K. (2010). The mysteries of induced pluripotency: where will they lead? Nat. Methods 7, 22-24.
123. Nakamura, Y., Chang, C. C., Mori, T., Sato, K., Ohtsuki, K., Upham, B. L., and Trosko, J. E. (2005a). Augmentation of differentiation and gap junction function by kaempferol in partially-differentiated colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 3, 665-671.
124. Nakamura, Y., Yoshikawa, N., Hiroki, I., Sato, K., Ohtsuki, K., Chang, C. C., Upham, B. L., and Trosko, J. E. (2005b). b-Sitosterol, from psyllium seed husk (Plantago ovata Forsk), restores gap junctional intercellular communication in Ha-ras transfected rat liver cells. Nutr. Cancer 51, 218-225.
125. Naus, C. C. G., Elisevich, K., Zhu, D., Belliveau, D. J., and Del Maestro, R. F. (1992). In vivo growth of C6 glioma cells transfected with connexin43 cDNA. Cancer Res. 52, 4208-4213.
126. Nelson, C. M., VanDuijn, M. M., Inman, J. L., Fletcher, D. A., and Bissell, M. J. (2006). Tissue geometry determines sites of mammary branching morphogenesis in organotypic cultures. Science 314, 298-301.
127. 2-dependent reprogramming of host macrophages to increase their interleukin-10 production. Nat. Med. 15, 42-49.
128. Neupane, M., Chang, C. C., Kiupel, M., and Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan, V. (2008). Optimization of growth and differentiation of canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Tissue Eng. 14, 1007-1015.
129. Nichols, J., Zevnik, B., Anastassiadis, K., Niwa, H., Klewe-Nebenius, D., Chambers, I., Schöler, H., and Smith, A. (1998). Formation of pluripotent stem cells in the mammalian embryo depends on the POU transcription factor Oct4. Cell 95, 379-391.
130. Niwa, H., Miyazaki, J., and Smith, A. G. (2000). Quantitative expression of OCT3/4 defines differentiation, dedifferentiation or self renewal of ES cells. Nat. Genet. 24, 372-376.
131. Niwa, T., Tsukamoto, T., Toyoda, T., Mori, A., Tanaka, H., Maekita, T., Ichinose, M., Tatematsu, M., and Ushijima, T. (2010). Inflammatory processes triggered by Heliobacter pylori infection cause aberrant DNA methylation in gastric epithelial cells. Cancer Res. 70, 1430-1440.
132. Nielson, M., Ruch, R. J., and Vang, O. (2000). Resveratrol reverses tumor-promoter-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 275, 804-809.
133. Ogawa, T., Hayashi, T., Tokunou, M., Nakachi, K., Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., and Yorioka, N. (2005). Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid enhances gap junctional intercellular communication via acetylation of histone containing connexin43 gene locus. Cancer Res. 65, 9771-9778.
134. Okamoto, K., Okazawa, H., Okuda, A., Sakai, M., Muramatsu, M., and Hamada, H. (1990). A novel octamer binding transcription factor is differentially expressed in mouse embryonic cells. Cell 60, 461-472.
135. Ott, H. C., Matthiesen, T. S., Goh, S.-K., Black, L. D., Kren, S. M., Netoff, T. I., and Taylor, D. A. (2008). Perfusion-decellularized-matrix: using nature's platform to engineer a bioartificial heart. Nat. Med. 14, 213-221.
136. Pampaloni, F., Reynaud, E. G., and Stelzer, E. H. K. (2007). The third dimension bridges the gap between cell culture and live tissue. Nat. Rev./Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 839-845.
137. Pardanaud, L., and Eichmann, A. (2009). The stress of forming blood cells. Nature 459, 1068-1069.
138. Park, J. R., Jung, J. W., Seo, M. S., Kang, S. K., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. (2010). DNER modulates adipogenesis of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells via regulation of cell proliferation. Cell Prolif. 43, 19-28.
139. Pera, M. F. (2010). Defining pluripotency. Nat. Methods 7, 885-887.
140. Pervaiz, S., Taneja, R., and Ghaffari, S. (2010). Oxidative stress regulation of stem and progenitor cells. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11, 2777-2789.
141. Phillpott, D. J., and Girardin, S. E. (2010). Gut microbes extend reach to systemic innate immunity. Nat. Med. 16, 160-156.
142. Pierce, B. (1974). Neoplasms, differentiation and mutations. Am. J. Pathol. 77, 103-118.
143. Pitot, H. C., and Dragon, Y. P. (1991). Facts and theories concerning the mechanism of carcinogenesis. FASEB J. 5, 2280-2286.
144. Pittenger, M. F., Mackay, A. M., Beck, S. C., Jaiswal, R. K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J. D., Moorman, M. A., Simonetti, D. W., Craig, S., and Marshak, D. R. (1999). Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science 284, 143-147.
145. Polo, J. M., Liu, S., Figueroa, M. E., Kulalert, W., Eminli, S., Tan, K. Y., Apostolou, E., Stadtfeld, M., Li, Y., Shioda, T., et al. (2010). Cell type of origin influences the molecular and functional properties of mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 848-855.
146. Portela, A., and Esteller, M. (2010). Epigenetic modifications and human disease. Nat. Biotechnol. 28, 1057-1068.
147. Potten, C. S. (1989). The role of stem cells in the regeneration of intestinal crypts after cytotoxic exposure. In Chemically Induced Cell Proliferation: Implications for Risk Assessment Butterworth (T. J. Slaga, W. Farland, and M. McClain, Eds.), pp. 155-171. Wiley-Liss, New York, NY.
148. Potten, C. S., Merritt, A., Hickman, J., Hall, P., and Faranda, A. (1994). Characterization of radiation induced apoptosis in the small intestine and its biological implications. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65, 71-78.
149. Potter, V. R. (1973). Biochemistry of cancer. In Cancer Medicine (J. Holland and E. Frei, Eds.), pp. 178-192. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
150. Potter, V. R. (1974). Probabilistic aspects of the human cybernetic machine. Perspect. Biol. Med. 17, 164-83.
151. Potter, V. R. (1978). Phenotypic diversity in experimental hepatomas: concept of partially blocked ontogeny. Br. J. Cancer 38, 1-23.
152. Ren, P., de Feijter, A. W., Paul, D. L., and Ruch, R. J. (1994). Enhancement of liver cell gap junction protein expression by glucocorticoids. Carcinogenesis 15, 1807-1814.
153. Revel, J. P. (1988). The oldest multicellular animal and its junctions. In Gap Junction (E. L. Hertzberg and R. Johnson, Eds.), pp. 135-149. Alan Liss, Inc., New York, NY.
154. Rizki, A., and Bissell, M. J. (2004). Homeostasis in the breast: it takes village. Cancer Cell 6, 1-2.
155. Ropolo, M., Daga, A., Griffero, F., Foresta, M., Casartelli, G., Zunino, A., Poggi, A., Capelli, E., Zona, G., Spaziante, R., Corte, G., and Frosina, G. (2010). Comparative analysis of DNA repair in stem and nonstem glioma cell cultures. Mol. Cancer Res. 7, 383-392.
156. Rose, B., Mehta, P. P., and Loewenstein, W. R. (1993). Gap-junction protein gene suppresses tumorigenicity. Carcinogenesis 14, 1073-1075.
157. Rosenkranz, H. S., Pollack, N., and Cunningham, A. R. (2000). Exploring the relationship between the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and other biological phenomena. Carcinogenesis 21, 1007-1011.
158. Le Rothe, D., Shiloacht, J., Roth, J., and Lesniak, M. A. (1980). Evolutionary origins of vertebrate hormones: substances similar to mammalian insulins are native to unicellular eukaryotes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 6184-6188.
159. Ruch, R. J., Cheng, S. J., and Klaunig, J. E. (1989). Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intercellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogenesis 10, 1003-1006.
160. Ruch, R. J., Madhukar, B. V., Trosko, J. E., and Klaunig, J. E. (1993). Reversal of ras-induced inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication, transformation, and tumorigenesis by lovastatin. Mol. Carcinog. 7, 50-59.
161. Ruch, R. J., Guan, X. J., and Sigler, K. (1995). Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and enhancement of growth in BALB/c 3T3 cells treated with connexin43 antisense oligonucleotides. Mol. Carcinog. 14, 269-274.
162. Rudkin, G. H., Yamaguchi, D. T., Ishida, K., Peterson, W. J., Bahadosingh, F., Thye, T., and Miller, T. A. (1996).Transforming growth factor-á, osteogenin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 inhibit intercellular communication and alter cell proliferation in MC3T3-E1 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 168, 433-441.
163. Ruiz, A., Buzanska, L., Gilliland, D., Rauscher, H., Sirghi, L., Sobanki, T., Zychowicz, M., Ceriotti, L., Bretagnol, F., Coecke, S., et al. (2008a). Micro-stamped surfaces for the patterned growth of neural stem cells. Biomaterials 29, 4766-4777.
164. Ruiz, A., Buzanska, L., Ceriotti, L., Bretagnol, F., Coecke, S., Colpo, P., and Rossi, F. (2008b). Stem-cell culture on patterned bio-functional surfaces. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. 19, 1649-1657.
165. Sai, K., Kang, K. S., Hirose, A., Hasegawa, R., Trosko, J. E., and Inoue, T. (2001). Inhibition of apoptosis by pentachlorophenol in V-myc-transfected rat liver epithelial cells: relation to down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication. Cancer Lett. 173, 163-174.
166. Saunders, M. M., You, J., Trosko, J. E., Yamasaki, H., Li, Z., Donahue, H. J., and Jacobs, C. R. (2001). Gap junctions and fluid flow response in MC3T3-E1 cells. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 281, 1917-1925.
167. Schulte-Hermann, R., Grasl-Kraupp, B., and Bursch, W. (2000). Dose-response and threshold effects in cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Mutat. Res. 464, 13-18.
168. Shamblott, M. J., Axelman, J., Wang, S. P., Bogg, E. M., Littleman, J. W., Donovan, P. J., Blumenthal, P. D., Huggins, G. R., and Gearhart, J. D. (1998). Derivation of pluripotent stem cells from cultured human primordial germ cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 13726-13731.
169. Shen-Orr, S. S., Tibshirani, R., Khatri, P., Bodian, D. L., Staedtler, F., Perry, N. M., Hastie, T., Sarwal, M. M., Davis, M. M., and Butte, A. J. (2010). Cell-type-specific gene expression differences in complex tissues. Nat. Methods 7, 287-289.
170. Sheridan, J. D. (1987). Cell communication and growth. In Cell to Cell Communication (W. C. DeMello, Ed.), pp. 187-222. Plenum Press, New York, NY.
171. Shimano, K., Satake, M., Okaya, A., Kitanaka, J., Kitanaka, N., Takemura, M., Sakagami, M., Terada, N., and Tsujimura, T. (2003). Hepatic oval cells have the side population phenotype defined by expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCG2/BCRP1. Am. J. Pathol. 163, 3-9.
172. Shiokawa-Sawada, M., Mano, H., Hanada, K., Kakudo, S., Kameda, T., Miyazawa, K., Nakamaru, Y., Yuasa, T., Mori, Y., Kumegawa, M., et al. (1997). Down-regulation of gap junctional intercellular communication between osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by basic fibroblast growth factor and a phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate). J. Bone Miner. Res. 12, 1165-1173.
173. Simsek, T., Kocabas, F., Zheng, J., DeBerardinis, R. J., Mahmound, A. I., Olson, E. N., Schneider, J. W., Zhang, C. C., and Sadek, H. A. (2010). The distinct metabolic profile of hematopoietic stem cells reflects their location in a hypoxic niche. Cell Stem Cell 7, 380-390.
174. Smalley, K. S., Lioni, M., and Herlyn, M. (2006). Life isn't flat: cancer biology to the next dimension. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim. 42, 242-247.
175. Stahl, W., and Sies, H. (1998). The role of carotenoids and retinoidsin gap junctional communication. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res. 68, 354-359.
176. Stahl, W., von Laar, M.artin, H, D., Emmerich, T., and Sies, H. (2000). Stimulation of gap junctional communication: comparison of acyclo-retinoic acid and lycopene. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 373, 271-274.
177. Stein, L. S., Boonstra, J., and Burghardt, R. C. (1992). Reduced cell-cell communication between mitotic and nonmitotic coupled cells. Exp. Cell Res. 198, 1-7.
178. Stewart, M. H., Bendall, S. C., Levadoux-Martin, M., and Bhatia, M. (2010). Clonal tracking of hESCs reveals differential contributions to functional assays. Nat. Methods 7, 917-922.
179. Sun, B., Roh, K. H., Park, J. R., Lee, S. R., Park, S. B., Jung, J. W., Kang, S. K., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. (2009). Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells in a mouse breast cancer metastasis model. Cytotherapy 11, 289-298.
180. Tai, M. H., Chang, C. C., Kiupel, M., Webster, J. D., Olsen, L. K., and Trosko, J. E. (2005). Oct4 expression in adult stem cell: evidence in support of the stem cell theory of carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 26, 495-502.
181. Tai, M. H., Madhukar, B. V., Olson, L. K., Linning, K. D., VanCamp, L., Tsao, M. S., and Trosko, J. E. (2003). Characterization of gap junctional intercellular communication in immortalized human ductal epithelial cells with stem cell characteristics. Pancreas 26, e18-e26.
182. Takahashi, K., and Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126, 663-676.
183. Thirabanjasak, D., Tantiwongse, K., and Thorner, P. S. (2010). Angiomyelo-proliferative lesions following autologous stem cell therapy. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 21, 1218-1222.
184. Thomson, J. A., Itskovitz-Eldor, J., Shapiro, S. S., Waknitz, M., Swiergiel, J. J., Marshall, V. S., and Jones, J. M. (1998). Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocyts. Science 282, 1145-1147.
185. Till, J. E. (1982). Stem cells in differentiation and neoplasia. J. Cell. Physiol. 1, 3-11.
186. Trosko, J. E. (1998). Hierarchical and cybernetic nature of biological systems and their relevance to homeostatic adaptation to low-level exposures to oxidative stress-inducing agents. Environ. Health Perspect. 106, 331-339.
187. Trosko, J. E. (2003a). Human stem cells as targets for the aging and diseases of aging processes. Med. Hypo. 60, 439-447.
188. Trosko, J. E. (2003b). The role of stem cells and gap junctional intercellular communication in carcinogenesis. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 36, 43-48.
189. Trosko, J. E. (2000).The discovery of a 'Biological Rosetta Stone': its implications for radiation and chemical carcinogenesis. Radiat. Res. 2, 571-575.
190. Trosko, J. E. (2007a). Gap junctional intercellular communications: a biological "Rosetta stone" in understanding, in a systems biological manner, stem cell behavior, mechanisms of epigenetic toxicology, chemoprevention and chemotherapy. J. Membr. Biol. 218, 93-100.
191. Trosko, J. E. (2007b). Aging as the 'Systems' breakdown of communication between the quality and quantity of stem cells. In The Manefesto for a Long Life [Il Manifesto Della Lunga Vita] (P. Marandola and F. Marotta, Eds.), pp. 58-62. Sperling & Kupfer Editori S.p.A, Milan, Italy.
192. Trosko, J. E. (2008a). Human adult stem cells as the target cell for the initiation of carcinogenesis and for the generation of "cancer stem cells". Intl. J. Stem Cells 1, 8-26.
193. Trosko, J. E. (2008b). Commentary: "re-programming or selecting adult stem cells?". Stem Cell Rev. 4, 81-88.
194. Trosko, J. E. (2008c). Role of diet and nutrition on the alteration of the quality and quantity of stem cells in human aging and the diseases of aging. Curr. Pharm. Des. 14, 2707-2718.
195. Trosko, J. E., and Chang, C. C. (1988). Nongenotoxic Mechanisms in carcinogenesis: role of inhibited intercellular communication. In Banbury Report 31: Carcinogen Risk Assessment: New Directions in the Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects (R. W. Hart and F. D. Hoerger, Eds.), pp. 139-170. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
196. Trosko, J. E., and Chang, C. C. (2010). Factors to consider in the use of stem cells for pharmaceutic drug development and for safety assessment. Toxicology 270, 18-34.
197. Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., and Upham, B. L. (2002). Modulation of gap-junctional communication by 'epigenetic' toxicants: a shared mechanism in teratogenesis, carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, immunomodulation, reproductive and neurotoxicities. In Biomarkers of Environmentally Associated Disease: Technologies, Concepts, and Perspectives (S. H. Wilson and W. A. Suk, Eds.), pp. 445-454. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
198. Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., Upham, B. L., and Tai, M. H. (2004). Ignored hallmarks of carcinogenesis: stem cells and cell-cell communication. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1028, 192-201.
199. Trosko, J. E., Chang, C. C., Wilson, M. R., Upham, B. L., Hayashi, T., and Wade, M. (2000). Gap junctions and the regulation of cellular functions of stem cells during development and differentiation. Methods 20, 245-264.
200. Trosko, J. E., and Ruch, R. J. (1998). Cell-cell communication in carcinogenesis. Front. Biosci. 3, 208-236.
201. Trosko, J. E., and Tai, M. H. (2006). Adult stem cell theory of the multistage, multimechanism theory of carcinogenesis: role of inflammation on the promotion of initiated stem cells. In Infection and Inflammation: Impacts on Oncogenesis (T. Dittmar, Ed.), pp. 45-65. S. Karger AG, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
202. Trosko, J. E., and Upham, B. L. (2005). The emperor wears no clothes in the field of carcinogen risk assessment: ignored concepts in cancer risk assessment. Mutagenesis 20, 81-92.
203. Trosko, J. E., and Suzuki, K. (2009). Adult stem cells, the Barker hypothesis, epigenetic events and low level radiation effects. In Radiation Health Risk Sciences (M. Nakashima, N. Takamura, K. Tsukasaki, Y. Nagayama, and S. Yamashita, Eds.), pp. 216-226. Springer Publisher, Tokyo, Japan.
204. Tsunoda, T., Takashima, Y., Fujimoto, T., Koyanagi, M., Yoshida, Y., Doi, K., Takaka, Y., Kuroki, M., Sasazuki, T., and Shirasawa, S. (2010). Three-dimensionally specific inhibition of DNA repair-related genes by activated KRAS in colon crypt model. Neoplasia 12, 397-404.
205. Tumbar, T., Guasch, G., Greco, V., Blanpain, C., Lowry, W. E., Rendl, M., and Fuchs, E. (2004). Defining the epithelial stem cell niche in skin. Science 303, 359-363.
206. Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., and Gordon, J. I. (2009). The effect of diet on the human gut microbiome: a metagenomic analysis in humanized gnotobiotic mice. Sci. Transl. Med. 1, 5-8.
207. Upham, B. L., Suzuki, J., Chen, G., Wang, Y., McCabe, L. R., Chang, C. C., Krutovskikh, V. A., Yamasaki, H., and Trosko, J. E. (2003). Reduced gap junctional intercellular communication and altered biological effects in mouse osteoblast and rat liver oval cell lines transfected with dominant-negative connexin 43. Mol. Carcinog. 37, 192-201.
208. Upham, B. L., and Trosko, J. E. (2009). Oxidative-dependent integration of signal transduction with intercellular gap junctional communication in the control of gene expression. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 11, 297-307.
209. Upham, B. L., Gzv́i{dotless}c, M., Scott, J., Carbone, J. M., Blaha, L., Coe, C., Lan Lan Li, L.-L., Rummel, A. M., and Trosko, J. E. (2007). Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by tumor-promoting organic peroxides and protection by resveratrol. Nutr. Cancer 57, 38-47.
210. Votteler, M., Kluger, P. J., Walles, H., and Schenke-Layland, K. (2010). Stem cell microenvironments-unveiling the secret of how stem cell fate is defined. Macromol. Biosci. [Epub ahead of print].
211. Yancey, S., Easter, D., and Revel, J.-P. (1979). Cytological changes in gap junctions during liver regeneration. J. Ultrastr. Res. 67, 229-242.
212. van Dartel, D. A. M., Pennings, J. L. A., de la Fonteyne, L. J. J., van Herwignen, M. H., van Delft, J. H., van Schooten, F. J., and Piersma, A. H. (2010). Monitoring developmental toxicity in the embryonic stem cell test using differential gene expression of differentiation-related genes. Toxicol. Sci. 116, 130-139.
213. van Zoelen, E. J. J., and Tertoolen, L. G. J. (1991). Transforming growth factor-B enhances the extent of intercellular communication between normal rat kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 12075-12081.
214. Vogel, G. (2005). Human embryonic stem cells may be toxicology's new best friend. Science 308, 1538.
215. Von Bertalanffy, L., and Novikoff, A. B. (1945). The conception of integrative levels and biology. Science 101, 209-215.
216. Voog, J., and Jones, D. L. (2010). Stem cells and the niche: a dynamic duo. Cell Stem Cell 6, 103-115.
217. Warren, L., Manos, P. D., Ahfeldt, T., Loh, Y.-H., Li, H., Lau, F., Ebina, W., Mandal, P. K., Smith, Z. D., Meissner, A., et al. (2010). Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA. Cell Stem Cell. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.012.
218. Wei, C. J., Xu, X., and Lo, C. W. (2004). Connexins and cell signaling in development and disease. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 20, 811-838.
219. Weiner, N. and Schade, J. P., Eds. 1965. Progress in Biocybernetics. Elsevier Publishing Co, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
220. Weinstein, I. B., Gattoni, C. S., Kirschmeier, P., Lambert, M., Hsiao, W., Backer, J., and Jeffrey, A. (1984). Multistage carcinogenesis involves multiple genes and multiple mechanisms. J. Cell Physiol. 3(Suppl.), 127-137.
221. White, T. W., and Paul, D. L. (1999). Genetic diseases and gene knockouts reveal diverse connexin functions. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 61, 283-310.
222. Willecke, K., Eiberger, J., Degen, J., Eckhardt, D., Romauldi, A., Guldenagel, M., Duetsch, U., and Sohl, G. (2002). Structural and functional diversity of connexin genes in the mouse and human genome. Biol. Chem. 383, 725-737.
223. Wilmut, I., Schnieke, A. E., McWhir, J., Kind, A. J., and Cambell, K. H. S. (1997). Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells. Nature 385, 810-813.
224. Wilson, M. R., Close, T. W., and Trosko, J. E. (2000). Cell population dynamics apoptosis, mitosis and cell-cell communication) during disruption of homeostasis. Exp. Cell Res. 254, 257-268.
225. Wondimu, Z., Gorfu, G., Kawataki, T., Smirnov, S., Yurchenco, P., Tryggvason, K., and Patarroyo, M. (2006). Characterization of commercial laminin preparations from human placenta in comparison to recombinant laminins 2 (alpha2beta1gamma1), 8(alpha4beta1gamma1), 10(a;lpha5beta1-gamma1). Matrix Biol. 25, 89-93.
226. Yamasaki, H., and Naus, C. C. G. (1996). Role of connexion genes in growth control. Carcinogenesis 17, 1199-1213.
227. Yang, Y. C., Wang, S. W., Hung, H. Y., Chang, C. C., Wu, I. C., Huang, Y. L., Lin, T. M., Tsai, J. L., Chen, A., Kuo, F. C., et al. (2007). Isolation and characterization of human gastric cell lines with stem cell phenotypes. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 9, 1460-1488.
228. Yang, S. R., Kim, S. J., Byun, K. H., Hutchinson, B., Lee, B. H., Michikawa, M., Lee, Y. S., and Kang, K. S. (2006). NPC1 gene deficiency leads to lack of neural stem cell self-renewal and abnormal differentiation through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Stem Cells 24, 292-298.
229. Zachar, V., Prasad, S. M., Weli, S. C., Gabrielsen, A., Petersen, K., Petersen, M. B., and Fink, T. (2010). The effect of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) long-term normoxic and hypoxic cultures on the maintenance of pluripotency. In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 46, 276-283.
230. Zhang, L.-X., Cooney, R. V., R, V., and Bertram, J. S. (1992). Carotenoids up-regulate connexin43 gene expression independent of their provitamin A or antioxidant properties. Cancer Res. 52, 5707-5712.
231. Zhao, S., Wehner, R., Bornhauser, M., Wassmuth, R., Bachman, M., and Schmitz, M. (2010). Immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stromal cells and therapeutic consequences for immune-mediated disorders. Stem Cells Dev. 19, 607-614.
232. Zhou, S., Schuetz, J. D., Bunting, K. D., Colapietro, A. M., Sampath, J., Morris, J. J., Lagutina, I., Grosveld, G. C., Osawa, M., Nakauchi, H., et al. (2001). The ABC transporter Bcrp1/ABCG2 is expressed in a wide variety of stem cells and is a molecular determinant of the side-population phenotype. Nat. Med. 7, 1028-1034.
233. Zhu, D., Caveney, S., Kidder, G. M., and Naus, C. C. G. (1991). Transfection of C6 glioma cells with connexin 43 cDNA: analysis of expression, intercellular coupling & cell proliferation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 1883-1887.