An emerging role for bromodomain-containing proteins in chromatin regulation and transcriptional control of adipogenesis

FEBS Letters

Volumn 584, Issue 15, 2010, Pages 3260-3268

  Denis, Gerald V ^a   Nikolajczyk, Barbara S ^a   Schnitzler, Gavin R ^b  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b TUFTS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Brd2; Mouse model; Obesity; Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ; Switch mating type sucrose non fermenting

Indexed keywords

BINDING PROTEIN; FUNGAL PROTEIN; HISTONE; PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA; PROTEIN BRD2; PROTEIN DERIVATIVE; REGULATOR PROTEIN; SUCROSE NON FERMENTING PROTEIN; SWITCH MATING TYPE PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR E2F2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADIPOCYTE; ADIPOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL FATE; CELL MATURATION; CHROMATIN; CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION; COMORBIDITY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MODIFICATION; PROTEIN MOTIF; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN TARGETING; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ADIPOGENESIS; ANIMALS; CHROMATIN; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; HUMANS; NUCLEAR PROTEINS; OBESITY; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 77955275672     PISSN: 00145793     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.05.030     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Haslam D.W., James W.P. Obesity. Lancet 2009, 366:1197-1209.
2. Hossain P., Kawar B., El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world - a growing challenge. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356:213-215.
3. Wang F., Liu H., Blanton W.P., Belkina A., LeBrasseur N.K., Denis G.V. Brd2 disruption in mice causes severe obesity without type 2 diabetes. Biochem. J. 2010, 425:71-83.
4. Denis G.V., McComb M.E., Faller D.V., Sinha A., Romesser P.B., Costello C.E. Identification of transcription complexes that contain the dual bromodomain protein Brd2 and chromatin remodeling machines. J. Proteome Res. 2006, 5:502-511.
5. Sinha A., Faller D.V., Denis G.V. Bromodomain analysis of Brd2-dependent transcriptional activation of cyclin A. Biochem. J. 2005, 387:257-269.
6. Kanno T., Kanno Y., Siegel R.M., Jang M.K., Lenardo M.J., Ozato K. Selective recognition of acetylated histones by bromodomain proteins visualized in living cells. Mol. Cell 2004, 13:33-43.
7. Ornaghi P., Ballario P., Lena A.M., González A., Filetici P. The bromodomain of Gcn5p interacts in vitro with specific residues in the N terminus of histone H4. J. Mol. Biol. 1999, 287:1-7.
8. Dhalluin C., Carlson J.E., Zeng L., He C., Aggarwal A.K., Zhou M.M. Structure and ligand of a histone acetyltransferase bromodomain. Nature 1999, 399:491-496.
9. Nakamura Y., Umehara T., Nakano K., Jang M.K., Shirouzu M., Morita S., Uda-Tochio H., Hamana H., Terada T., Adachi N., Matsumoto T., Tanaka A., Horikoshi M., Ozato K., Padmanabhan B., Yokoyama S. Crystal structure of the human BRD2 bromodomain: insights into dimerization and recognition of acetylated histone H4. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:4193-4201.
10. Umehara T., Nakamura Y., Jang M.K., Nakano K., Tanaka A., Ozato K., Padmanabhan B., Yokoyama S. Structural basis for acetylated histone H4 recognition by the human BRD2 bromodomain. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:7610-7618.
11. Thorpe K.L., Gorman P., Thomas C., Sheer D., Trowsdale J., Beck S. Chromosomal localization, gene structure and transcription pattern of the ORFXgene, a homologue of the MHC-linked RING3 gene. Gene 1997, 200:177-183.
12. LeRoy G., Rickards B., Flint S.J. The double bromodomain proteins Brd2 and Brd3 couple histone acetylation to transcription. Mol. Cell 2008, 30:51-60.
13. Dey A., Chitsaz F., Abbasi A., Misteli T., Ozato K. The double bromodomain protein Brd4 binds to acetylated chromatin during interphase and mitosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:8758-8763.
14. Shang E., Salazar G., Crowley T.E., Wang X., Lopez R.A., Wang X., Wolgemuth D.J. Identification of unique, differentiation stage-specific patterns of expression of the bromodomain-containing genes Brd2, Brd3, Brd4, and Brdt in the mouse testis. Gene Expr. Patterns 2004, 4:513-519.
15. Lee A.Y., Chiang C.M. Chromatin adaptor Brd4 modulates E2 transcription activity and protein stability. J. Biol. Chem. 2009, 284:2778-2786.
16. Jones M.H., Numata M., Shimane M. Identification and characterization of BRDT: a testis-specific gene related to the bromodomain genes RING3 and Drosophila fsh. Genomics 1997, 45:529-534.
17. Jacobson R.H., Ladurner A.G., King D.S., Tjian R. Structure and function of a human TAFII250 double bromodomain module. Science 2000, 288:1422-1425.
18. Liu Y., Wang X., Zhang J., Huang H., Ding B., Wu J., Shi Y. Structural basis and binding properties of the second bromodomain of Brd4 with acetylated histone tails. Biochemistry 2008, 47:6403-6417.
19. Lygerou Z., Conesa C., Lesage P., Swanson R.N., Ruet A., Carlson M., Sentenac A., Seraphin B. The yeast BDF1 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in the expression of a broad class of genes including snRNAs. Nucl. Acids Res. 1994, 22:5332-5340.
20. Chua P., Roeder G.S. Bdf1, a yeast chromosomal protein required for sporulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995, 15:3685-3696.
21. Ladurner A.G., Inouye C., Jain R., Tjian R. Bromodomains mediate an acetyl-histone encoded antisilencing function at heterochromatin boundaries. Mol. Cell 2003, 11:365-376.
22. Airoldi C.A., Rovere F.D., Falasca G., Marino G., Kooiker M., Altamura M.M., Citterio S., Kater M.M. The Arabidopsis BET bromodomain factor GTE4 is involved in maintenance of the mitotic cell cycle during plant development. Plant Physiol. 2010, 152:1320-1334.
23. Digan M.E., Haynes S.R., Mozer B.A., Dawid I.B., Forquignon F., Gans M. Genetic and molecular analysis of fs(1)h, a maternal effect homeotic gene in Drosophila. Dev. Biol. 1986, 114:161-169.
24. Haynes S.R., Mozer B.A., Bhatia-Dey N., Dawid I.B. The Drosophila fsh locus, a maternal effect gene, encodes apparent transmembrane proteins. Dev. Biol. 1989, 134:246-257.
25. Chang Y.L., King B., Lin S.C., Kennison J.A., Huang D.H. A double-bromodomain protein, FSH-S, activates the homeotic gene ultrabithorax through a critical promoter-proximal region. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27:5486-5498.
26. Shibata Y., Takeshita H., Sasakawa N., Sawa H. Double bromodomain protein BET-1 and MYST HATs establish and maintain stable cell fates in C. elegans. Development 2010, 137:1045-1053.
27. Toyama R., Rebbert M.L., Dey A., Ozato K., Dawid I.B. Brd4 associates with mitotic chromosomes throughout early zebrafish embryogenesis. Dev. Dyn. 2008, 237:1636-1644.
28. Forquignon F. A maternal effect mutation leading to deficiencies of organs and homeotic transformations in the adults of Drosophila. Wilhelm Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol. 1981, 190:132-138.
29. Gans M., Forquignon F., Masson M. The role of dosage in the region 7D1-7D5-6 of the X chromosome in the production of homeotic transformations in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1980, 96:887-902.
30. Mozer B.A., Dawid I.B. Cloning and molecular characterization of the trithorax locus of Drosophila melanogaster. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989, 86:3738-3742.
31. Huang D.H., Dawid I.B. The maternal-effect gene fsh is essential for the specification of the central region of the Drosophila embryo. New Biol. 1990, 2:163-170.
32. D'Costa A., Reifegerste R., Sierra S., Moses K. The Drosophila ramshackle gene encodes a chromatin-associated protein required for cell morphology in the developing eye. Mech. Dev. 2006, 123:591-604.
33. Shang E., Nickerson H.D., Wen D., Wang X., Wolgemuth D.J. The first bromodomain of Brdt, a testis-specific member of the BET sub-family of double-bromodomain containing proteins, is essential for male germ cell differentiation. Development 2007, 134:3507-3715.
34. Shang E., Wang X., Wen D., Greenberg D.A., Wolgemuth D.J. Double bromodomain-containing gene Brd2 is essential for embryonic development in mouse. Dev. Dyn. 2009, 238:908-917.
35. Gans M., Audit C., Masson M. Isolation and characterization of sex-linked female-sterile mutants in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1975, 81:683-704.
36. Mazo A.M., Huang D.H., Mozer B.A., Dawid I.B. The trithorax gene, a trans-acting regulator of the bithorax complex in Drosophila,encodes a protein with zinc-binding domains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990, 87:2112-2116.
37. French C.A., Miyoshi I., Aster J.C., Kubonishi I., Kroll T.G., Dal Cin P., Vargas S.O., Perez-Atayde A.R., Fletcher J.A. BRD4 bromodomain gene rearrangement in aggressive carcinoma with translocation t(15;19). Am. J. Pathol. 2001, 159:1987-1992.
38. Wu S.Y., Chiang C.M. The double bromodomain-containing chromatin adaptor Brd4 and transcriptional regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:13141-13145.
39. Farina A., Hattori M., Qin J., Nakatani Y., Minato N., Ozato K. Bromodomain protein Brd4 binds to GTPase-activating SPA-1, modulating its activity and subcellular localization. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:9059-9069.
40. Greenwald R., Tumang J.R., Sinha A., Currier N., Cardiff R.D., Rothstein T.L., Faller D.V., Denis G.V. Eu-BRD2 transgenic mice develop B cell lymphoma and leukemia. Blood 2004, 103:1475-1484.
41. Dey A., Nishiyama A., Karpova T., McNally J., Ozato K. Brd4 marks select genes on mitotic chromatin and directs postmitotic transcription. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:4899-4909.
42. Dey A., Ellenberg J., Farina A., Coleman A.E., Maruyama T., Sciortino S., Lippincott-Schwartz J., Ozato K. A bromodomain protein, MCAP, associates with mitotic chromosomes and affects G(2)-to-M transition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 20:6537-6549.
43. Houzelstein D., Bullock S.L., Lynch D.E., Grigorieva E.F., Wilson V.A., Beddington R.S.P. Growth and early postimplantation defects in mice deficient for the bromodomain-containing protein Brd4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22:3794-3802.
44. Ruppert S., Wang E.H., Tjian R. Cloning and expression of human TAFII250: a TBP-associated factor implicated in cell-cycle regulation. Nature 1993, 362:175-179.
45. Wang E.H., Zou S., Tjian R. TAFII250-dependent transcription of cyclin A is directed by ATF activator proteins. Genes Dev. 1997, 11:2658-2669.
46. Denis G.V., Green M.R. A novel, mitogen-activated nuclear kinase is related to a Drosophila developmental regulator. Genes Dev. 1996, 10:261-271.
47. Ostrowski J., Florio S.K., Denis G.V., Suzuki H., Bomsztyk K. Stimulation of p85/RING3 kinase in multiple organs after systemic administration of mitogens into mice. Oncogene 1998, 16:1223-1227.
48. Denis G.V., Vaziri C., Guo N., Faller D.V. RING3 kinase transactivates promoters of cell cycle regulatory genes through E2F. Cell Growth Diff. 2000, 11:417-424.
49. Lenburg M., Sinha A., Faller D.V., Denis G.V. Tumor-specific and proliferation-specific gene expression typifies murine transgenic B cell lymphomagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:4803-4811.
50. Romesser P.B., Perlman D.H., Faller D.V., Costello C.E., McComb M.E., Denis G.V. Development of a malignancy-associated proteomic signature for diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 175:25-35.
51. Jeanmougin F., Wurtz J.-M., Le Douarin B., Chambon P., Losson R. The bromodomain revisited. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997, 22:151-153.
52. Winston F., Allis C.D. The bromodomain: a chromatin-targeting module?. Nat. Struct. Biol. 1999, 6:601-604.
53. Filetici P., Ornaghi P., Ballario P. The bromodomain: a chromatin browser?. Front. Biosci. 2001, 6:D866-D876.
54. Sobulo O.M., Borrow J., Tomek R., Reshmi S., Harden A., Schlegelberger B., Housman D., Doggett N.A., Rowley J.D., Zeleznik-Le N.J. MLL is fused to CBP, a histone acetyltransferase, in therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia with a t(11;16)(q23;p133). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:8732-8737.
55. Lavau C., Du C., Thirman M., Zeleznik-Le N. Chromatin-related properties of CBP fused to MLL generate a myelodysplastic-like syndrome that evolves into myeloid leukemia. EMBO J. 2000, 19:4655-4664.
56. Panagopoulos I., Fioretos T., Isaksson M., Samuelsson U., Billström R., Strömbeck B., Mitelman F., Johansson B. Fusion of the MORF and CBP genes in acute myeloid leukemia with the t(10;16)(q22;p13). Hum. Mol. Genet. 2001, 10:395-404.
57. French C.A., Miyoshi I., Kubonishi I., Grier H.E., Perez-Atayde A.R., Fletcher J.A. BRD4-NUT fusion oncogene: a novel mechanism in aggressive carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2003, 63:304-307.
58. Haynes S.R., Dollard C., Winston F., Beck S., Trowsdale J., Dawid I.B. The bromodomain: a conserved sequence found in human, Drosophila and yeast proteins. Nucl. Acids Res. 1992, 20:2603.
59. Denis G.V. Bromodomain motifs and " scaffolding?. Front. Biosci. 2001, 6:D1065-D1068.
60. Tamkun J.W., Deuring R., Scott M.P., Kissinger M., Pattatucci A.M., Kaufman T.C., Kennison J.A. brahma: a regulator of Drosophila homeotic genes structurally related to the yeast transcriptional activator SNF2/SWI2. Cell 1992, 68:561-572.
61. Randazzo F.M., Khavari P., Crabtree G., Tamkun J., Rossant J. brg1: a putative murine homologue of the Drosophila brahma gene, a homeotic gene regulator. Dev. Biol. 1994, 161:229-242.
62. Gu Y., Nakamura T., Alder H., Prasad R., Canaani O., Cimino G., Croce C.M., Canaani E. The t(4;11) chromosomal translocation of human acute leukemias fuses the ALL-1 gene, related to Drosophila trithorax, to the AF-4 gene. Cell 1992, 71:701-708.
63. Tkachuk D.C., Kohler S., Cleary M.L. Involvement of a homolog of Drosophila trithorax by 11q23 chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias. Cell 1992, 71:691-700.
64. Reisman D.N., Strobeck M.W., Betz B.L., Sciariotta J., Funkhouser W., Murchardt C., Yaniv M., Sherman L.S., Knudsen E.S., Weissman B.E. Concomitant down-regulation of BRM and BRG1 in human tumor cell lines: differential effects on RB-mediated growth arrest vs CD44 expression. Oncogene 2002, 21:1196-1207.
65. Hendricks K.B., Shanahan F., Lees E. Role for BRG1 in cell cycle control and tumor suppression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:362-376.
66. Florence B., Faller D.V. You bet-cha: a novel family of transcriptional regulators. Front. Biosci. 2001, 6:D1008-D1018.
67. de la Cruz X., Lois S., Sanchez-Molina S., Martinez-Balbas M.A. Do protein motifs read the histone code?. Bioessays 2005, 27:164-175.
68. Mujtaba S., Zeng L., Zhou M.M. Structure and acetyl-lysine recognition of the bromodomain. Oncogene 2007, 26:5521-5527.
69. Angus S.P., Fribourg A.F., Markey M.P., Williams S.L., Horn H.F., DeGregori J., Kowalik T.F., Fukasawa K., Knudsen E.S. Active RB elicits late G1/S inhibition. Exp. Cell Res. 2002, 276:201-213.
70. Frankfurt O., Tallman M.S. Growth factors in leukemia. J. Natl. Compr. Canc. Netw. 2007, 5:203-215.
71. Brandts C.H., Berdel W.E., Serve H. Oncogenic signaling in acute myeloid leukemia. Curr. Drug Targets 2007, 8:237-246.
72. Moore M.A. Converging pathways in leukemogenesis and stem cell self-renewal. Exp. Hematol. 2005, 33:719-737.
73. Mongan N.P., Gudas L.J. Diverse actions of retinoid receptors in cancer prevention and treatment. Differentiation 2007, 75:853-870.
74. Berman J.N., Look A.T. Targeting transcription factors in acute leukemia in children. Curr. Drug Targets 2007, 8:727-737.
75. Trouche D., Le Chalony C., Muchardt C., Yaniv M., Kouzarides T. RB and hbrm cooperate to repress the activation functions of E2F1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997, 94:11268-11273.
76. Zhang H.S., Dahiya A., Gavin M., Ma D., Postigo A.A., Harbour J.W., Luo R.X., Dean D.C. Exit from G1 and S phase of the cell cycle is regulated by repressor complexes containing HDAC-Rb-hSWI/SNF and Rb-hSWI/SNF. Cell 2000, 101:79-89.
77. Stiegler P., De Luca A., Bagella L., Giordano A. The COOH-terminal region of pRb2/p130 binds to histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), enhancing transcriptional repression of the E2F-dependent cyclin A promoter. Cancer Res. 1998, 58:5049-5052.
78. Brehm A., Miska E.A., McCance D.J., Reid J.L., Bannister A.J., Kouzarides T. Retinoblastoma protein recruits histone deacetylase to repress transcription. Nature 1998, 391:597-601.
79. Magnaghi-Jaulin L., Groisman R., Naguibneva I., Robin P., Lorain S., Le Villain J.P., Troalen F., Trouche D., Harel-Bellan A. Retinoblastoma protein represses transcription by recruiting a histone deacetylase. Nature 1998, 391:601-605.
80. Ferreira R., Magnaghi-Jaulin L., Robin P., Harel-Bellan A., Trouche D. The three members of the pocket proteins family share the ability to repress E2F activity through recruitment of a histone deacetylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:10493-10498.
81. Nagl N.G., Zweitzig D.R., Thimmapaya B., Beck G.R., Moran E. The c-myc gene is a direct target of mammalian SWI/SNF-related complexes during differentiation-associated cell cycle arrest. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:1289-1293.
82. Nagl N.G., Wang X., Patsialou A., Van Scoy M., Moran E. Distinct mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes with opposing roles in cell-cycle control. EMBO J. 2007, 26:752-763.
83. Florence B.L., Faller D.V. Drosophila female sterile (1) homeotic is a multifunctional transcriptional regulator that is modulated by Ras signaling. Dev. Dyn. 2008, 237:554-564.
84. Peterson C.L., Workman J.L. Promoter targeting and chromatin remodeling by the SWI/SNF complex. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2000, 10:187-192.
85. Hassan A.H., Neely K.E., Vignali M., Reese J.C., Workman J.L. Promoter targeting of chromatin-modifying complexes. Front. Biosci. 2001, 6:1054-1064.
86. Schnitzler G.R. Control of nucleosome positions by DNA sequence and remodeling machines. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 51:67-80.
87. Burns L.G., Peterson C.L. The yeast SWI-SNF complex facilitates binding of a transcriptional activator to nucleosomal sites in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1997, 17:4811-4819.
88. Holstege F.C., Jennings E.G., Wyrick J.J., Lee T.I., Hengartner C.J., Green M.R., Golub T.R., Lander E.S., Young R.A. Dissecting the regulatory circuitry of a eukaryotic genome. Cell 1998, 95:717-728.
89. Wang W., Côte J., Xue Y., Zhou S., Khavari P.A., Biggar S.R., Muchardt C., Kalpana G.V., Goff S.P., Yaniv M., Workman J.L., Crabtree G.R. Purification and biochemical heterogeneity of the mammalian SWI-SNF complex. EMBO J. 1996, 15:5370-5382.
90. Mohrmann L., Verrijzer C.P. Composition and functional specificity of SWI2/SNF2 class chromatin remodeling complexes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1681:59-73.
91. Gao X., Tate P., Hu P., Tjian R., Skarnes W.C., Wang Z. ES cell pluripotency and germ-layer formation require the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling component BAF250a. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:6656-6661.
92. Reisman D.N., Sciarrotta J., Bouldin T.W., Weissman B.E., Funkhouser W.K. The expression of the SWI/SNF ATPase subunits BRG1 and BRM in normal human tissues. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 2005, 13:66-74.
93. Lemon B., Inouye C., King D.S., Tjian R. Selectivity of chromatin-remodelling cofactors for ligand-activated transcription. Nature 2001, 414:924-928.
94. Mizutani T., Ito T., Nishina M., Yamamichi N., Watanabe A., Iba H. Maintenance of integrated proviral gene expression requires Brm, a catalytic subunit of SWI/SNF complex. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:15859-15864.
95. Bultman S., Gebuhr T., Yee D., La Mantia C., Nicholson J., Gilliam A., Randazzo F., Metzger D., Chambon P., Crabtree G., Magnuson T. A Brg1 null mutation in the mouse reveals functional differences among mammalian SWI/SNF complexes. Mol. Cell 2000, 6:1287-1295.
96. Reyes J.C., Barra J., Muchardt C., Camus A., Babinet C., Yaniv M. Altered control of cellular proliferation in the absence of mammalian brahma (SNF2alpha). EMBO J. 1998, 17:6979-6991.
97. Ho L., Ronan J.L., Wu J., Staahl B.T., Chen L., Kuo A., Lessard J., Nesvizhskii A.I., Ranish J., Crabtree G.R. An embryonic stem cell chromatin remodeling complex, esBAF, is essential for embryonic stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2009, 106:5181-5186.
98. Olave I., Wang W., Xue Y., Kuo A., Crabtree G.R. Identification of a polymorphic, neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex. Genes Dev. 2002, 16:2509-2517.
99. Hassan A.H., Prochasson P., Neely K.E., Galasinski S.C., Chandy M., Carrozza M.J., Workman J.L. Function and selectivity of bromodomains in anchoring chromatin-modifying complexes to promoter nucleosomes. Cell 2002, 111:369-379.
100. Li Z.Y., Yang J., Gao X., Lu J.Y., Zhang Y., Wang K., Cheng M.B., Wu N.H., Zhang Y., Wu Z., Shen Y.F. Sequential recruitment of PCAF and BRG1 contributes to myogenin activation in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced early differentiation of rhabdomyosarcoma-derived cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:18872-18878.
101. Armstrong J.A., Bieker J.J., Emerson B.M. A SWI/SNF-related chromatin remodeling complex, E-RC1, is required for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation by EKLF in vitro. Cell 1998, 95:93-104.
102. Fryer C.J., Archer T.K. Chromatin remodelling by the glucocorticoid receptor requires the BRG1 complex. Nature 1998, 393:88-91.
103. DiRenzo J., Shang Y., Phelan M., Sif S., Myers M., Kingston R., Brown M. BRG-1 is recruited to estrogen-responsive promoters and cooperates with factors involved in histone acetylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 20:7541-7549.
104. Kadam S., Emerson B.M. Transcriptional specificity of human SWI/SNF BRG1 and BRM chromatin remodeling complexes. Mol. Cell 2003, 11:377-389.
105. de la Serna I.L., Ohkawa Y., Imbalzano A.N. Chromatin remodelling in mammalian differentiation: lessons from ATP-dependent remodellers. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2006, 7:461-473.
106. Chiba H., Muramatsu M., Nomoto A., Kato H. Two human homologues of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SWI2/SNF2 and Drosophila brahma are transcriptional coactivators cooperating with the estrogen receptor and the retinoic acid receptor. Nucl. Acids Res. 1994, 22:1815-1820.
107. Muchardt C., Yaniv M. A human homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF2/SWI2 and Drosophila brm genes potentiates transcriptional activation by the glucocorticoid receptor. EMBO J. 1993, 12:4279-4290.
108. Wallberg A.E., Neely K.E., Hassan A.H., Gustafsson J.A., Workman J.L., Wright A.P. Recruitment of the SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling complex as a mechanism of gene activation by the glucocorticoid receptor tau1 activation domain. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2000, 20:2004-2013.
109. Debril M.B., Gelman L., Fayard E., Annicotte J.S., Rocchi S., Auwerx J. Transcription factors and nuclear receptors interact with the SWI/SNF complex through the BAF60c subunit. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:16677-16686.
110. Rangwala S.M., Lazar M.A. Transcriptional control of adipogenesis. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 2000, 20:535-559.
111. Rosen E.D., Spiegelman B.M. Molecular regulation of adipogenesis. Ann. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2000, 16:145-171.
112. Debril M.B., Fajas L., Renaud J.P., Auwerx J. The pleiotropic functions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. J. Mol. Med. 2001, 79:30-47.
113. Handschin C., Spiegelman B.M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism. Endocr. Rev. 2006, 27:728-735.
114. Tontonoz P., Hu E., Spiegelman B.M. Stimulation of adipogenesis in fibroblasts by PPARγ2, a lipid-activated transcription factor. Cell 1994, 79:1147-1156.
115. Tontonoz P., Hu E., Graves R.A., Budavari A.I., Spiegelman B.M. mPPARgamma2: tissue-specific regulator of an adipocyte enhancer. Genes Dev. 1994, 8:1224-1234.
116. Qi C., Zhu Y., Reddy J.K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, coactivators, and downstream targets. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 2000, 32:187-204.
117. Gurnell M. PPARgamma and metabolism: insights from the study of human genetic variants. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2003, 59:267-277.
118. Meirhaeghe A., Amouyel P. Impact of genetic variation of PPARgamma in humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 2004, 83:93-102.
119. Farmer S.R. Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation. Cell Metab. 2006, 4:263-273.
120. Dahiya A., Wong S., Gonzalo S., Gavin M., Dean D.C. Linking the Rb and polycomb pathways. Mol. Cell 2001, 8:557-569.
121. Salma N., Xiao H., Mueller E., Imbalzano A.N. Temporal recruitment of transcription factors and SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling enzymes during adipogenic induction of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma nuclear hormone receptor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2004, 24:4651-4663.
122. Musri M.M., Gomis R., Párrizas M. Chromatin and chromatin-modifying proteins in adipogenesis. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2007, 85:397-410.
123. Powell E., Kuhn P., Xu W. Nuclear receptor cofactors in PPARgamma-mediated adipogenesis and adipocyte energy metabolism. PPAR Res. 2007, 2007:53843-53854.
124. Tamori Y., Masugi J., Nishino N., Kasuga M. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in maintenance of the characteristics of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetes 2002, 51:2045-2055.
125. Wang Z., Qi C., Krones A., Woodring P., Zhu X., Reddy J.K., Evans R.M., Rosenfeld M.G., Hunter T. Critical roles of the p160 transcriptional coactivators p/CIP and SRC-1 in energy balance. Cell Metab. 2006, 3:111-122.
126. Louet J.F., O'Malley B.W. Coregulators in adipogenesis: what could we learn from the SRC (p160) coactivator family?. Cell Cycle 2007, 6:2448-2452.
127. Villarroya F., Iglesias R., Giralt M. PPARs in the control of uncoupling proteins gene expression. PPAR Res. 2007, 2007:74364-74376.
128. Kontani Y., Wang Y., Kimura K., Inokuma K.I., Saito M., Suzuki-Miura T., Wang Z., Sato Y., Mori N., Yamashita H. UCP1 deficiency increases susceptibility to diet-induced obesity with age. Aging Cell 2005, 4:147-155.
129. Salopuro T., Lindström J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., Hämäläinen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi S., Tuomilehto J., Laakso M., Uusitupa M. Common variants in beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptor genes and uncoupling protein 1 as predictors of the risk for type 2 diabetes and body weight changes. The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Clin. Genet. 2004, 66:365-367.
130. Malik S., Wallberg A.E., Kang Y.K., Roeder R.G. TRAP/SMCC/mediator-dependent transcriptional activation from DNA and chromatin templates by orphan nuclear receptor hepatocyte nuclear factor 4. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22:5626-5637.
131. Wallberg A.E., Yamamura S., Malik S., Spiegelman B.M., Roeder R.G. Coordination of p300-mediated chromatin remodeling and TRAP/mediator function through coactivator PGC-1alpha. Mol. Cell 2003, 12:1137-1149.
132. Chen W., Yang Q., Roeder R.G. Dynamic interactions and cooperative functions of PGC-1alpha and MED1 in TRalpha-mediated activation of the brown-fat-specific UCP-1 gene. Mol. Cell 2009, 35:755-768.
133. Myers L.C., Gustafsson C.M., Bushnell D.A., Lui M., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Kornberg R.D. The Med proteins of yeast and their function through the RNA polymerase II carboxy-terminal domain. Genes Dev. 1998, 12:45-54.
134. Jiang Y.W., Veschambre P., Erdjument-Bromage H., Tempst P., Conaway J.W., Conaway R.C., Kornberg R.D. Mammalian mediator of transcriptional regulation and its possible role as an end-point of signal transduction pathways. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1998, 95:8538-8543.
135. Kuras L., Borggrefe T., Kornberg R.D. Association of the Mediator complex with enhancers of active genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2003, 100:13887-13891.
136. Nofsinger R.R., Li P., Hong S.H., Jonker J.W., Barish G.D., Ying H., Cheng S.Y., Leblanc M., Xu W., Pei L., Kang Y.J., Nelson M., Downes M., Yu R.T., Olefsky J.M., Lee H., Evans R.M. SMRT repression of nuclear receptors controls the adipogenic set point and metabolic homeostasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:20021-20026.
137. Foryst-Ludwig A., Clemenz M., Hohmann S., Hartge M., Sprang C., Frost N., Krikov M., Bhanot S., Barros R., Morani A., Gustafsson J.A., Unger T., Kintscher U. Metabolic actions of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) are mediated by a negative crosstalk with PPARgamma. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4:e1000108-e1000124.
138. Samarasinghe S.P., Sutanto M.M., Danos A.M., Johnson D.N., Brady M.J., Cohen R.N. Altering PPARgamma ligand selectivity impairs adipogenesis by thiazolidinediones but not hormonal inducers. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009, 17:965-972.
139. Ge K., Guermah M., Yuan C.X., Ito M., Wallberg A.E., Spiegelman B.M., Roeder R.G. Transcription coactivator TRAP220 is required for PPAR gamma 2-stimulated adipogenesis. Nature 2002, 417:563-567.
140. Rando O.J., Zhao K., Janmey P., Crabtree G.R. Phosphatidylinositol-dependent actin filament binding by the SWI/SNF-like BAF chromatin remodeling complex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99:2824-2829.
141. Serra C., Palacios D., Mozzetta C., Forcales S.V., Morantte I., Ripani M., Jones R., Du K., Jhala U.S., Simone C., Puri P.L. Functional interdependence at the chromatin level between the MKK6/p38 and IGF1/PI3K/AKT pathways during muscle differentiation. Mol. Cell 2007, 28:200-213.
142. Dunn K.L., Espino P.S., Drobic B., He S., Davie J.R. The Ras-MAPK signal transduction pathway, cancer and chromatin remodeling. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2005, 83:1-14.
143. Medzhitov R., Horng T. Transcriptional control of the inflammatory response. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2009, 9:692-703.
144. Jagannathan M., Hasturk H., Liang Y., Shin H., Hetzel J.T., Kantarci A., Rubin D., McDonnell M.E., Van Dyke T.E., Ganley-Leal L.M., Nikolajczyk B.S. TLR crosstalk specifically regulates cytokine production by B cells from chronic inflammatory disease patients. J. Immunol. 2009, 183:7461-7470.
145. Zhang B., Chambers K.J., Faller D.V., Wang S. Reprogramming of the SWI/SNF complex for co-activation or co-repression in prohibitin-mediated estrogen receptor regulation. Oncogene 2007, 26:7153-7157.
146. Fajas L., Landsberg R.L., Huss-Garcia Y., Sardet C., Lees J.A., Auwerx J. E2Fs regulate adipocyte differentiation. Dev. Cell 2002, 3:39-49.
147. Mellor J. The dynamics of chromatin remodeling at promoters. Mol. Cell 2005, 19:147-157.
148. Schnitzler G., Sif S., Kingston R.E. Human SWI/SNF interconverts a nucleosome between its base state and a stable remodeled state. Cell 1998, 94:17-27.
149. Pospisilik J.A., Schramek D., Schnidar H., Cronin S.J., Nehme N.T., Zhang X., Knauf C., Cani P.D., Aumayr K., Todoric J., Bayer M., Haschemi A., Puviindran V., Tar K., Orthofer M., Neely G.G., Dietzl G., Manoukian A., Funovics M., Prager G., Wagner O., Ferrandon D., Aberger F., Hui C.C., Esterbauer H., Penninger J.M. Drosophila genome-wide obesity screen reveals hedgehog as a determinant of brown versus white adipose cell fate. Cell 2010, 140:148-160.
150. Tseng Y.H., He T.C. Bone morphogenetic proteins and adipocyte differentiation. Cell Sci. Rev. 2007, 3:342-360.
151. Graff J.M. Embryonic patterning: to BMP or not to BMP, that is the question. Cell 1997, 89:171-174.
152. Seale P., Kajimura S., Yang W., Chin S., Rohas L.M., Uldry M., Tavernier G., Langin D., Spiegelman B.M. Transcriptional control of brown fat determination by PRDM16. Cell Metab. 2007, 6:38-54.
153. Puigserver P., Wu Z., Park C.W., Graves R., Wright M., Spiegelman B.M. A cold-inducible coactivator of nuclear receptors linked to adaptive thermogenesis. Cell 1998, 92:829-839.
154. Tseng Y.H., Kokkotou E., Schulz T.J., Huang T.L., Winnay J.N., Taniguchi C.M., Tran T.T., Suzuki R., Espinoza D.O., Yamamoto Y., Ahrens M.J., Dudley A.T., Norris A.W., Kulkarni R.N., Kahn C.R. New role of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in brown adipogenesis and energy expenditure. Nature 2008, 454:1000-1004.
155. You J., Denis G.V., Srinivasan V., Ballestas M.E., Harrington W.J., Kaye K.M., Howley P.M. Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latency-associated nuclear antigen interacts with bromodomain protein Brd4 on host mitotic chromosomes. J. Virol. 2006, 80:8909-8919.
156. Kyle U.G., Pichard C. The Dutch Famine of 1944-1945: a pathophysiological model of long-term consequences of wasting disease. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 2006, 9:388-394.
157. Bocock P.N., Aagaard-Tillery K.M. Animal models of epigenetic inheritance. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2009, 27:369-379.
158. Ruderman N.B., Schneider S.H., Berchtold P. The " metabolically-obese," normal-weight individual. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1981, 34:1617-1621.
159. Shoelson S.E., Lee J., Goldfine A.B. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J. Clin. Invest. 2006, 116:1793-1801.