Inter-individual differences in neurobiology as vulnerability factors for affective disorders: Implications for psychopharmacology

Pharmacology and Therapeutics

Volumn 125, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 402-422

  Harro, Jaanus ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Affective disorders; Animal models; Biomarkers; Development; Human personality; Inter individual differences

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMINE OXIDASE (FLAVIN CONTAINING) ISOENZYME A; APOMORPHINE; BENZODIAZEPINE; CHLORDIAZEPOXIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; COCAINE; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; DESIPRAMINE; DOPAMINE; FLUOXETINE; OPIATE; SEROTONIN; VASOPRESSIN;

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; ANXIETY; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; COGNITION; DEPRESSION; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DRUG RESPONSE; EMOTION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FORCED SWIMMING TEST; GENETIC RISK; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEREDITY; HUMAN; LEARNING; LIFE EVENT; LOCOMOTION; MOOD DISORDER; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROSIS; NONHUMAN; PERSONALITY; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; REVIEW; SEROTONINERGIC NERVE CELL; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; TASK PERFORMANCE; VOCALIZATION; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; MOOD DISORDERS; NEUROBIOLOGY; PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY; RISK FACTORS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 76749141791     PISSN: 01637258     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.006     Document Type: Review

References (232)

1. Alter M.D., Rubin D.B., Ramsey K., Halpern R., Stephan D.A., Abbott L.F., and Hen R. Variation in the large-scale organization of gene expression levels in the hippocampus relates to stable epigenetic variability in behavior. PLoS One 3 (2008) e3344
2. 2 receptor function in rats with high or low exploratory activity. Neuroscience 132 (2005) 979-990
3. 2 receptor function in rats with high or low spontaneous exploratory activity: differences in the role of locus coeruleus. Brain Res 1131 (2007) 138-148
4. High receptors in the striatum. Synapse 63 (2009) 443-446
5. Alttoa, A., Kõiv, K., Hinsley, T.A., Brass, A. & Harro, J. (in press). Differential gene expression in a rat model of depression based on persistent differences in exploratory activity. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.09.005.
6. Anisman H., and Zacharko R.M. Multiple neurochemical and behavioral consequences of stressors: implications for depression. Pharmacol Ther 46 (1990) 119-136
7. Anker J.J., Perry J.L., Gliddon L.A., and Carroll M.E. Impulsivity predicts the escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93 (2009) 343-348
8. Antoniou K., Papathanasiou G., Papalexi E., Hyphantis T., Nomikos G.G., Spyraki C., and Papadopoulou-Daifoti Z. Individual responses to novelty are associated with differences in behavioral and neurochemical profiles. Behav Brain Res 187 (2008) 462-472
9. Arbelle S., Benjamin J., Golin M., Kremer I., Belmaker R.H., and Ebstein R.P. Relation of shyness in grade school children to the genotype for the long form of the serotonin transporter promoter region polymorphism. Am J Psychiatry 160 (2003) 671-676
10. Aubry J.-M., Bartanusz V., Driscoll P., Schulz P., Steimer T., and Kiss J.Z. Corticotropin-releasing factor and vasopressin mRNA levels in roman high- and low-avoidance rats: response to open-field exposure. Neuroendocrinology 61 (1995) 89-97
11. Badgaiyan R.D., Fischman A.J., and Alpert N.M. Dopamine release during human emotional processing. Neuroimage 47 (2009) 2041-2045
12. 7 receptor gene expression in rats showing diffeences in novelty-seeking behavior. Neuroscience 147 (2007) 428-438
13. Ban T.A., Healy D., and Shorter E. The Rise of Psychopharmacology and the Story of CINP (1998), Budapest: Animula Publishing House
14. Ban T.A., Healy D., and Shorter E. From Psychopharmacology to Neuropsychopharmacology in the 1980s and the Story of CINP as Told in Autobiography Budapest (2002), Animula Publishing House
15. Barnes N.M., and Sharp T. A review of central 5-HT receptors and their function. Neuropharmacology 38 (1999) 1083-1152
16. Barrett J., and Armony J.L. Influence of trait anxiety on brain activity during the acquisition and extinction of aversive conditioning. Psychol Med 39 (2009) 255-265
17. Bennett A.J., Lesch K.P., Heils A., Long J.C., Lorenz J.G., Shoaf S.E., et al. Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function 7 (2002) 733-738
18. Bhagwagar Z., Whale R., and Cowen P.J. State and trait abnormalities in serotonin function in major depression. Br J Psychiatry 180 (2002) 24-28
19. Bhagwagar Z., Rabiner E.A., Sargent P.A., Grasby P.M., and Cowen P.J. Persistent reduction in brain serotonin1A receptor binding in recovered depressed men measured by positron emission tomography with [11C]WAY-100635. Mol Psychiatry 9 (2004) 386-392
20. Bhatti A.S., Aydin C., Oztan O., Ma Z., Hall P., Tao R., and Isgor C. Effects of a cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1 antagonist AM251 on behavioral sensitization to nicotine in a rat model of novelty-seeking behavior: correlation with hippocampal 5HT. Psychopharmacology 203 (2009) 23-32
21. Bigos K.L., Pollock B.G., Aizenstein H.J., Fisher P.M., Bies R.R., and Hariri A.R. Acute 5-HT reuptake blockade potentiates human amygdala reactivity. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 3221-3225
22. Björkquist K. Social defeat as a stressor in humans. Physiol Behav 73 (2001) 435-442
23. Blanchard M.M., Mendelsohn D., and Stamp J.A. The HR/LR model: further evidence as an animal model of sensation seeking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33 (2009) 1145-1154
24. Blandon A.Y., Calkins S.D., Keane S.P., and O'Brien M. Individual differences in trajectories of emotional processes: the effects of maternal depressive symptomatology and children's physiological regulation. Dev Psychol 44 (2008) 1110-1123
25. Blonigen D.M., Carlson M.D., Hicks B.M., Krueger R.F., and Iacono W.G. Stability and change in personality traits from late adolescence to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study. J Pers 76 (2008) 229-266
26. 1A receptor binding in humans. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12 (2009) 783-789
27. Borta A., Wöhr M., and Schwarting R.K.W. Rat ultrasonic vocalization in aversively motivated situations and the role of individual differences in anxiety-related behavior. Behav Brain Res 166 (2005) 271-280
28. Bosch O.J., Kromer S.A., and Neumann I.D. Prenatal stress: opposite on anxiety and hypothalamic expression of vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in rats selectively bred for high and low anxiety. Eur J Neurosci 23 (2006) 541-551
29. Broadhurst P.L. The Maudsley reactive and non-reactive strains of rats: a survey. Behav Genet 5 (1975) 299-319
30. Broadhurst P.L., and Bignami G. Correlative effects of psychogenetic selection: a study of the Roman high and low avoidance strains of rats. Behav Res Ther 3 (1965) 273-280
31. Brun C., Leporé N., Pennec X., Lee A.D., Barysheva M., Madsen S.K., et al. Mapping the regional influence of genetics on brain structure variability - a tensor-based morphometric study. Neuroimage 48 (2009) 37-49
32. Brunner H.G., Nelen M., Breakefield X., Ropers H., and van Oost B.A. Abnormal behavior associated with point mutation in the structural gene for monoamine oxidase A. Science 262 (1993) 578-580
33. Brush F.R. Genetic determinants of individual differences in avoidance learning: behavioral and endocrine characteristics. Experientia 47 (1991) 1039-1050
34. Brush F.R. Selection for differences in avoidance learning: the Syracuse strains differ in anxiety, not learning ability. Behav Genet 33 (2003) 677-696
35. Burgdorf J., and Panksepp J. The neurobiology of positive emotions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 30 (2006) 173-187
36. Burgdorf J., Panksepp J., Brudzynski S.M., Beinfeld M.C., Cromwell H.C., Kroes R.A., and Moskal J.R. The effects of selective breeding for differential rates of 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations on emotional behavior in rats. Dev Psychobiol 51 (2009) 34-46
37. Cain M.E., Denehy E.D., and Bardo M.T. Individual differences in amphetamine self-administration: the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Neuropsychopharmacology 33 (2008) 1149-1161
38. Canli T., Congdon E., Constable R.T., and Lesch K.-P. Additive effects of serotonin transporter and tryptophan hydroxylase-gene variation on neural correlates of affective processing. Biol Psychol 79 (2008) 118-125
39. Casey B.J., Jones R.M., and Hare T.A. The adolescent brain. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124 (2008) 111-126
40. Caspi A., McClay J., Moffitt T.E., Mill J., Martin J., Craig I.W., et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297 (2002) 851-854
41. Caspi A., Sugden K., Moffitt T.E., Taylor A., Craig I.W., Harrington H., et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301 (2003) 386-389
42. Chaouloff F., Castanon N., and Morméde P. Paradoxical differences in animal models of anxiety among the Roman rat lines. Neurosci Lett 182 (1994) 221-224
43. Charney D.S. Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 161 (2004) 195-216
44. Christian B.T., Fox A.S., Oler J.A., Vandehey N.T., Murali D., Rogers J., et al. Serotonin transporter binding and genotype in the non-human primate brain using [C-11]DASB PET. Neuroimage 47 (2009) 1230-1236
45. Clark L.A., and Watson D. Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. J Abnorm Psychol 100 (1991) 316-336
46. Clinton S., Miller S., Watson S.J., and Akil H. Prenatal stress does not alter innate novelty-seeking behavioral traits, but differentially affects individual differences in neuroendocrine stress responsivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 (2008) 162-177
47. Cowen P.J. Serotonin and depression: pathophysiological mechanism or marketing myth?. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 (2008) 433-436
48. Cryan J.F., Mombereau C., and Vassout A. The tail suspension test as a model for assessing antidepressant activity: review of pharmacological and genetic studies in mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005) 571-625
49. Dalley J.W., Fryer T.D., Brichard L., Robinson E.S.J., Theobald E.H., Lääne K., et al. Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement. Science 315 (2007) 1267-1270
50. Davidson R.J., Jackson D.C., and Kalin N. Emotion, plasticity, context, and regulation: perspectives from affective neuroscience. Psych Bull 126 (2000) 890-909
51. Deakin J.F.W. 5-HT, antidepressant drugs and the psychosocial origins of depression. J Psychopharmacol 10 (1996) 31-38
52. Delgado P.L., Moreno F.A., Potter R., and Gelenberg A.J. Norepinephrine and serotonin in antidepressant action: evidence from neurotransmitter depletion studies. In: Briley M., and Montgomery S. (Eds). Antidepressant Therapy at the Dawn of the Third Millennium (1998), Martin Dunitz, London 141-161
53. Dellu F., Piazza P.V., Maya M., Le Moal M., and Simon H. Novelty-seeking in rats - biobehavioral characteristics and possible relationship with the sensation-seeking trait in man. Neuropsychobiology 34 (1996) 136-145
54. Denenberg V.H. Open-field behaviour in the rat: what does it mean?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 159 (1969) 852-859
55. Depue R.A., and Collins P.F. Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion. Behav Brain Sci 22 (1999) 491-517
56. Dickman S.J. Functional and dysfunctional impulsivity: personality and cognitive correlates. J Pers Soc Psychol 58 (1990) 95-102
57. Dietz D.M., Dietz K.C., Moore S., Ouimet C.C., and Kabbaj M. Repeated social defeat stress-induced sensitization to the locomotor activating effects of d-amphetamine: role of individual differences. Psychopharmacology 198 (2008) 51-62
58. Dracheva S., Lyddon R., Barley K., Marcus S.M., Hurd Y.L., and Byne W.M. Editing of serotonin 2C receptor mRNA in the prefrontal cortex characterizes high-novelty locomotor response behavioral trait. Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (2009) 2237-2251
59. Dutton D.M. Subjective assessment of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality: reliability and stability of trait ratings. Primates 49 (2008) 253-259
60. Ebstein R.P. The molecular genetic architecture of human personality: beyond self-report questionnaires. Mol Psychiatry 11 (2006) 427-445
61. Ellenbroek B.A., and Cools A.R. Apomorphine susceptibility and animal models for psychopathology: genes and environment. Behav Genet 32 (2002) 349-361
62. Ellenbroek B.A., van der Kam E.L., van der Eist E.L., and Cools A.R. Individual differences in drug dependence in rats: the role of genetic factors and life events. Eur J Pharmacol 526 (2005) 251-258
63. El Yacoubi M., Bouali S., Popa D., Naudon L., Leroux-Nicollet I., Hamon M., et al. Behavioral, neurochemical and electrophysiological characterization of a genetic mouse model of depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003) 6227-6232
64. 1 antagonist R121919/NBI 30775. J Psychopharmacol 23 (2009) 31-39
65. Evenden J.L. Varieties of impulsivity. Psychopharmacology 146 (1999) 348-361
66. Farde L., Gustavsson J.P., and Jönsson E. D2 dopamine receptors and personality traits. Nature 385 (1997) 590
67. Fattore L., Piras G., Corda M.G., and Giorgi O. The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration. Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (2009) 1091-1101
68. File S.E. The interplay of learning and anxiety in the elevated plus-maze. Behav Brain Res 58 (1993) 199-202
69. File S.E. Factors controlling measures of anxiety and responses to novelty in the mouse. Behav Brain Res 125 (2001) 151-157
70. File S.E., and Hyde J.R. Can social interaction be used to measure anxiety?. Br J Pharmacol 62 (1978) 19-24
71. Forbes E.E., and Dahl R.E. Neural systems of positive affect: relevance to understanding child and adolescent depression?. Dev Psychopathol 17 (2005) 827-850
72. Fox A.S., Shelton S.E., Oakes T.R., Davidson R.J., and Kalin N.H. Trait-like brain activity during adolescence predicts anxious temperament in primates. PloS ONE 3 (2008) e2570
73. Frank G.K., Bailer U.F., Henry S.E., Drevets W., Meltzer C.C., Price J.C., et al. Increased dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [11C]raclopride. Biol Psychiatry 58 (2005) 908-912
74. Frank E., Salchner P., Aldag J.M., Salomé N., Singewald N., Landgraf R., and Wigger A. Genetic predisposition to anxiety-related behavior determines coping style, neuroendocrine responses, and neuronal activation during social defeat. Behav Neurosci 120 (2006) 60-71
75. Franklin T.R., Lohoff F.W., Wang Z., Sciortino N., Harper D., Li Y., et al. DAT genotype modulates brain and behavioral responses elicited by cigarette cues. Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (2009) 717-728
76. Frodl T., Koutsoleris N., Bottlender R., Born C., Jäger M., Mörgenthaler M., et al. Reduced gray matter brain volumes are associated with variants of the serotonin transporter gene in major depression. Mol Psychiatry 13 (2008) 1093-1101
77. Gardini S., Cloninger C.R., and Venneri A. Individual differences in personality traits reflect structural variance in specific brain regions. Brain Res Bull 79 (2009) 265-270
78. Giorgi O., Piras G., Lecca D., Hansson S., Driscoll P., and Corda M.G. Differential neurochemical properties of central serotonergic transmission in Roman high- and low-avoidance rats. J Neurochem 86 (2003) 422-431
79. Graeff F.G., Guimaraes F.S., De Andrade T.G., and Deakin J.F. Role of 5-HT in stress, anxiety, and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54 (1996) 129-141
80. Gutman D.A., Coyer M.J., Boss-Williams K.A., Owens M.J., Nemeroff C.B., and Weiss J.M. Behavioral effects of the CRF1 receptor antagonist R121919 in rats selectively bred for high and low activity in the swim test. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33 (2008) 1093-1101
81. Halliday M.S. Exploratory behaviour in elevated and enclosed mazes. Q J Exp Psychol 19 (1967) 254-263
82. Handley S.L., and Mithani S. Effects of alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists in a maze-exploration model of "fear"-motivated behaviour. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 327 (1984) 1-5
83. Hare T.A., Tottenham N., Galvan A., Voss H.U., Glover G.H., and Casey B.J. Biological substrates of emotion reactivity and regulation in adolescence during an emotional go-nogo task. Biol Psychiatry 63 (2008) 927-934
84. Hariri A.R. The neurobiology of individual differences in complex behavioral traits. Annu Rev Neurosci 32 (2009) 225-247
85. Hariri A.R., Mattay V.S., Tessitore A., Kolachana B., Fera F., Goldman D., et al. Serotonin transporter genetic variation and the response of the human amygdala. Science 297 (2002) 400-403
86. Harro J. Measurement of exploratory behavior in rodents. In: Conn P.M. (Ed). Paradigms for the Measurement of Behavior (1993), San Diego, Academic Press 359-377
87. Harro J. Animal models for better antidepressants: can pathogenetic approaches make a difference?. PreClinica 2 (2004) 402-407
88. Harro J., and Oreland L. Depression as a spreading adjustment disorder of monoaminergic neurons: a case for primary implication of the locus coeruleus. Brain Res Rev 38 (2001) 79-128
89. Harro J., Kiivet R.-A., Lang A., and Vasar E. Rats with anxious or non-anxious type of exploratory behaviour differ in their brain CCK-8 and benzodiazepine receptor characteristics. Behav Brain Res 39 (1990) 63-71
90. Harro J., Fischer K., Vansteelandt S., and Harro M. Both low and high activities of monoamine oxidase increase the probability of becoming a smoker. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 14 (2004) 65-69
91. Harro J., Marcusson J., and Oreland L. Alterations in brain cholocystokinin receptors in suicide victims. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2 (1992) 57-63
92. Harro J., Merenäkk L., Nordquist N., Konstabel K., Comasco E., and Oreland L. Personality and the serotonin transporter gene: associations in a longitudinal population-based study. Biol Psychol 81 (2009) 9-13
93. Harro J., Oreland L., Vasar E., and Bradwejn J. Impaired exploratory behaviour after DSP-4 treatment in rats: implications for the increased anxiety after noradrenergic denervation. Eur Neuropsychopharmacology 5 (1995) 447-455
94. Hasler G., Luckenbaugh D.A., Snow J., Meyers N., Waldeck T., Geraci M., et al. Reward processing after catecholamine depletion in unmedicated, remitted subjects with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66 (2009) 201-205
95. Heils A., Teufel A., Petri S., Stober G., Riederer P., Bengel D., and Lesch K.P. Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. J Neurochem 66 (1996) 2621-2624
96. Henn F.A., Johnson J., Edwards E., and Anderson D. Melancholia in rodents: neurobiology and pharmacology. Psychopharmacol Bull 21 (1985) 443-446
97. Ho Y.J., Eichendorff J., and Schwarting R.K.W. Individual response profiles of male Wistar rats in animal models for anxiety and depression. Behav Brain Res 168 (2002) 127-136
98. Hogg S. A review of the validity and variability of the elevated plus-maze as an animal model of anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54 (1996) 21-30
99. Hökfelt T., Broberger C., Xu Z.-Q.D., Sergeyev V., Ubink R., and Diez M. Neuropeptides - an overview. Neuropharmacology 39 (2000) 1337-1356
100. Holmes A. Genetic variation in cortico-amygdala serotonin function and risk for stress-related disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32 (2008) 1293-1314
101. Honey G.D., Corlett P.R., Absalom A.R., Lee M., Pomarol-Clotet E., Murray G.K., et al. Individual differences in psychotic effects of ketamine are predicted by brain function measured under placebo. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 6295-6303
102. Hooks M.S., Juncos J.L., Justice Jr. J.B., Meiergerd S.M., Povlock S.L., and Kalivas W. Individual locomotor response to novelty predicts selective alterations in D1 and D2 receptors and mRNAs. J Neurosci 14 (1994) 6144-6152
103. Jama A., Cecchi M., Calvo N., Watson S.J., and Akil H. Inter-individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats predict differential responses to desipramine in the forced swim test. Psychopharmacology 198 (2008) 333-340
104. Jacobs B.L., and Fornal C.A. 5-HT and motor control. Trends Neurosci 16 (1993) 346-351
105. Jorm A.F., Prior M., Sanson A., Smart D., Zhang Y., and Easteal S. Association of a functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene with anxiety-related temperament and behavior problems in children: a longitudinal study from infancy to the mid-teens. Mol Psychiatry 5 (2000) 542-547
106. Juszczak G.R., Lisowski P., Sliwa A.T., and Swiergiel A. Computer assisted video analysis of swimming performance in a forced swim test: simultaneous assessment of duration of immobility and swimming style in mice selected for high and low swim-stress induced analgesia. Physiol Behav 95 (2008) 400-407
107. Kabbaj M., and Akil H. Individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in rats: a c-fos study. Neuroscience 106 (2001) 535-545
108. Kabbaj M., Devine D.P., Savage V.R., and Akil H. Neurobiological correlates of individual differences in novelty-seeking behavior in the rat: differential expression of stress-related molecules. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 6983-6988
109. Kabbaj M., Evans S., Watson S.J., and Akil H. The search for the neurobiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: using microarrays to investigate the role of stress and individual differences. Neuropharmacology 47 S1 (2004) 111-122
110. Kabbaj M., Norton C.S., Kollack-Walker S., Watson S.J., Robinson T.E., and Akil H. Social defeat alters the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in rats: role of individual differences in cocaine-taking behaviour. Psychopharmacology 158 (2001) 382-387
111. Kalin N.H. Nonhuman primate studies of fear, anxiety, and temperament and the role of benzodiazepine receptors and GABA systems. J Clin Psychiatry 64 S3 (2003) 41-44
112. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Fox A.S., Oakes T.R., and Davidson R.J. Brain regions associated with the expression and contextual regulation of anxiety in primates. Biol Psychiatry 58 (2005) 796-804
113. Kalin N.H., Shelton S.E., Fox A.S., Rogers J., Oakes T.R., and Davidson R.J. The serotonin transporter genotype is associated with intermediate brain phenotypes that depend on the context of eliciting stressor. Mol Psychiatry 13 (2008) 1021-1027
114. Kamens H.M., Burkhart-Kasch S., McKinnin C.S., Li N., Reed C., and Philips T.J. Sensitivity to psychostimulants in mice bred to high and low stimulation to methamphetamine. Genes Brain Behav 4 (2005) 110-125
115. Kato, M. & Serretti, A. (in press). Review and meta-analysis of antidepressant pharmacogenetic findings in major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.116.
116. Kazlauckas V., Schuh J., Dall'Igna O.P., Pereira G.S., Bonan C.D., and Lara D.R. Behavioral and cognitive profile of mice with high and low exploratory phenotypes. Behav Brain Res 162 (2005) 272-278
117. Keck M.E., Welt T., Müller M.B., Uhr F., Ohl F., Wigger A., et al. Reduction in hypothalamic vasopressinergic hyperdrive contributes to clinically relevant behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of chronic paroxetine treatment in a psychopathological rat model. Neuropsychopharmacology 28 (2003) 235-243
118. Kendler K.S., Gatz M., Gardner C.O., and Pedersen N.L. Personality and major depression. A Swedish longitudinal, population-based twin study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 (2006) 1113-1120
119. Kendler K.S., Kessler R.C., Walters E.F., MacLean C., Neale M.C., Heath A.C., and Eaves L.J. Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. Am J Psychiatry 152 (1995) 833-842
120. Kendler K.S., Prescott C.A., Myers J., and Neale M.C. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in women and men. Arch Gen Psychiatry 158 (2003) 587-593
121. Kest B., Jenab S., Brodsky M., Sadowski B., Belknap J.K., Mogil J.S., and Inturrisi C.E. Mu and delta opioid analgesia, binding density, and mRNA levels in mice selectively bred for high and low analgesia. Brain Res 816 (1999) 381-389
122. Kienast T., Hariri A.R., Schlagenhauf F., Wrase J., Sterzer P., Buchholz H.G., et al. Dopamine in amygdala gates limbic processing of aversive stimuli in humans. Nat Neurosci 11 (2008) 1381-1382
123. Kliethermes C.L., Kamens H.M., and Crabbe J.C. Drug reward and intake in lines of mice selectively bred for divergent exploration of a hole board apparatus. Genes Brain Behav 6 (2007) 608-618
124. Krishnan V., Han M.H., Graham D.L., Berton O., Renthal W., Russo S.J., et al. Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions. Cell 131 (2007) 391-404
125. Krueger R.K. The structure of common mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 (1999) 921-926
126. Kuteeva E., Hökfelt T., Wardi T., and Ögren S.O. Galanin, galanin receptor subtypes and depression-like behaviour. Cell Mol Life Sci 65 (2008) 1854-1863
127. Laitala V.S., Kaprio J., and Silventoinen K. Genetics of coffee consumption and its stability. Addiction 103 (2008) 2054-2061
128. Lemaire V., Aurousseau C., Le Moal M., and Abrous D.N. Behavioural trait of reactivity to novelty is related to hippocampal neurogenesis. Eur J Neurosci 11 (1999) 4006-4014
129. Lachman H.M., Papolos D.F., Boyle A., Sheftel G., Juthani M., Edwards E., et al. Alterations in glucocorticoid inducible RNAs in the limbic system of learned helpless rats. Brain Res 609 (1993) 110-116
130. Landgraf R., Kessler M.S., Bunck M., Murgatroyd C., Spengler D., Zimbelmann M., et al. Candidate genes of anxiety-related behavior in HAB/LAB rats and mice: focus on vasopressin and glyoxalase-I. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 (2007) 89-102
131. Larsen D.D., and Krubitzer L. Genetic and epigenetic contributions to the cortical phenotype in mammals. Brain Res Bull 75 (2008) 391-397
132. Lesch K.P. Linking emotion to the social brain. EMBO Reports 8 (2007) S24-S29
133. Lesch K.P., Bengel D., Heils A., Sabol S.Z., Greenberg B.D., Petri S., et al. Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonergic transporter gene regulatory region. Science 274 (1996) 1527-1531
134. Li M., Mead A., and Bevins R.A. Individual differences in responses to nicotine: tracking changes from adolescence to adulthood. Acta Pharmacol Sin 30 (2009) 868-878
135. Liao G., Zhang X., Clark D.J., and Peltz G. A genomic "roadmap" to better drugs. Drug Metab Rev 40 (2008) 225-239
136. López-León S., Janssens A.C., Gonzáles-Zuloeta Ladd A.M., Claes S.J., Oostra B.A., and van Duijn C.M. Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depression disorder. Mol Psychiatry 13 (2008) 772-785
137. Mällo T., Alttoa A., Kõiv K., Tõnissaar M., Eller M., and Harro J. Rats with persistently low or high exploratory activity: behaviour in tests of anxiety and depression, and extracellular levels of dopamine. Behav Brain Res 177 (2007) 269-281
138. Mällo T., Matrov D., Herm L., Kõiv K., Eller M., Rinken A., and Harro J. Tickling-induced 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalization is individually stable and predicts behaviour in tests of anxiety and depression in rats. Behav Brain Res 184 (2007) 57-71
139. Mällo T., Kõiv K., Koppel I., Raudkivi K., Uustare A., Rinken A., et al. Regulation of extracellular serotonin levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rats with high and low exploratory activity. Brain Res 1194 (2008) 110-117
140. Mällo T., Matrov D., Kõiv K., and Harro J. Effect of chronic stress on behavior and cerebral oxidative metabolism in rats with high or low positive affect. Neuroscience 164 (2009) 963-974
141. Mandt B.H., Allen R.M., and Zahniser N.R. Individual differences in initial low-dose cocaine-induced locomotor activity and locomotor sensitization in adult outbred female Sprague-Dawley rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 91 (2009) 511-516
142. Marinelli M., and White F.J. Enhanced vulnerability to cocaine self-administration is associated with elevated impulse activity of midbrain dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 8876-8885
143. Miczek K.A., Yap J.J., and Covington III H.E. Social stress, therapeutics and drug abuse: preclinical models of escalated and depressed intake. Pharmacol Ther 120 (2008) 102-128
144. Montgomery K.C. The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behavior. J Comp Physiol Psychol 48 (1955) 254-260
145. Morgan T.J., Garland Jr. T., and Carter P.A. Ontogenies in mice selected for high voluntary wheel-running activity. I. Mean ontogenies. Evolution Int J Org Evolution 57 (2003) 646-657
146. Munafo M.R., Clark T.G., and Flint J. Does measurement instrument moderate the association between the serotonin transporter gene and anxiety-related personality traits? A meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 10 (2005) 415-419
147. Murphy D.L., Fox M.A., Timpano K.R., Moya P.R., Ren-Patterson R., Andrews A.M., et al. How the serotonin story is being rewritten by new gene-based discoveries principally related to SLC6A4, the serotonin transporter gene, which functions to influence all cellular serotonin systems. Neuropharmacology 55 (2008) 932-969
148. Nagase Y., Uchiyama M., Kaneita Y., Li L., Kaji T., Takahashi S., et al. Coping strategies and their correlates with depression in the Japanese general population. Psychiatry Res 168 (2009) 57-66
149. Nelson E.E., and Panksepp J. Brain substrates of infant-mother attachment: contributions of opioids, oxytocin, and norepinephrine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 22 (1998) 437-452
150. Nes R.B., Røysamb E., Reichborn-Kjennerud T., Harris J.R., and Tambs K. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adults: genetic and environmental influences on stability and change. Twin Res Human Genet 10 (2007) 450-461
151. Neupert S.D., Mrozek D.K., and Spiro A. Neuroticism moderates the daily relation between stressors and memory failures. Psychol Aging 23 (2008) 287-296
152. Nugent A.C., Neumeister A., Goldman D., Herscovitch P., Charney D.S., and Drevets W.C. Serotonin transporter genotype and depressive phenotype determination by discriminant analysis of glucose metabolism under acute tryptophan depletion. Neuroimage 43 (2008) 764-774
153. Ohl F., Toschi N., Wigger A., Henniger M., and Landgraf R. Dimensions of emotionality in a rat model of innate anxiety. Behav Neurosci 115 (2001) 429-436
154. Oreland L., Nilsson K., Damberg M., and Hallman J. Monoamine oxidases: activities, genotypes and the shaping of behaviour. J Neural Transm 114 (2007) 817-822
155. Otter M.H., Matto V., Sõukand R., Skrebuhhova T., Allikmets L., and Harro J. Characterization of rat exploratory behavior using the exploration box test. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 19 (1997) 683-691
156. Overstreet D.H., Friedman E., Mathé A.A., and Yadid G. The Flinders Sensitive Line rat: a selectively bred putative animal model of depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005) 739-759
157. Paaver M., Eensoo D., Pulver A., and Harro J. Adaptive and maladaptive impulsivity, platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and risk-admitting in different types of risky drivers. Psychopharmacology 186 (2006) 32-40
158. Paaver M., Nordquist N., Parik J., Harro M., Oreland L., and Harro J. Platelet MAO activity and the 5-HTT gene promoter polymorphism are associated with impulsivity and cognitive style in visual information processing. Psychopharmacology 194 (2007) 545-554
159. Pacheco J., Beevers C.G., Benavides C., McGeary J., Stice E., and Schnyer D.M. Frontal-limbic white matter pathway associations with the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism. J Neurosci 29 (2009) 6229-6233
160. Padilla E., Barrett D., Shumake J., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Strain, sex, and open-field behavior: factors underlying the genetic susceptibility to helplessness. Behav Brain Res 201 (2009) 257-264
161. Palanza P. Animal models of anxiety and depression: how are females different?. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 25 (2001) 219-233
162. Panksepp J. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions (1998), Oxford University Press, New York
163. Panksepp J., and Burgdorf J. 50-kHz chirping (laughter?) in response to conditioned and unconditioned tickle-induced reward in rats: effects of social housing and genetic variables. Behav Brain Res 115 (2000) 25-38
164. Panksepp J., Knutson B., and Burgdorf B. The role of brain emotional systems in addictions: a neuro-evolutionary perspective and new 'self-report' animal model. Addiction 97 (2002) 459-469
165. Pawlak C.R., Ho Y.-J., and Schwarting R.K.W. Animal models of human psychopathology based on individual differences in novelty-seeking and anxiety. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32 (2008) 1544-1568
166. Pellow S., Chopin P., File S.E., and Briley M. Validation of open:closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 14 (1985) 149-167
167. Perry J.L., Nelson S.E., and Carroll M.E. Impulsive choice as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in male and female rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 16 (2008) 165-177
168. Piazza P.V., Deminiere J.M., Le Moal M., and Simon H. Factors that predict individual vulnerability to amphetamine self-administration. Science 245 (1989) 1511-1515
169. Popova N.K. From gene to aggressive behavior: the role of brain serotonin. Neurosci Behav Physiol 38 (2008) 471-475
170. Piazza P.V., Rouge-Pont F., Deminiere J.M., Kharoubi M., Le Moal M., and Simon H. Dopaminergic activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex and increased in the nucleus accumbens of rats pre-disposed to develop amphetamine self-administration. Brain Res 576 (1991) 169-174
171. Ponder C.A., Kliethermes C.L., Drew M.R., Das K., Risbrough V.B., et al. Selection for contextual fear conditioning affects anxiety-like behaviors and gene expression. Genes Brain Behav 6 (2007) 736-749
172. Rägo L., Kiivet R.-A., Harro J., and Põld M. Behavioral differences in an elevated plus-maze: correlation between anxiety and decreased number of GABA and benzodiazepine receptors in mouse cerebral cortex. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 337 (1988) 675-678
173. Ramos A., Berton O., Mormede P., and Chaouloff F. A multiple-test study of anxiety-related behaviours in six inbred rat strains. Behav Brain Res 85 (1997) 57-69
174. Rose R.J., and Dick D.M. Gene-environment interplay in adolescent drinking behavior. Alcohol Res Health 28 (2004/05) 222-229
175. Sabeti J., Gerhardt G.A., and Zahniser N.R. Acute cocaine differentially alters accumbens and striatal cocaine clearance in low and high cocaine locomotor responders. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 302 (2002) 1201-1211
176. Sacharczuk M., Juszczak G., Sliwa A.T., Tymosiak-Zielinska A., Lisowski P., Jaszczak K., et al. Differences in ethanol drinking between mice selected for high and low swim stress-induced analgesia. Alcohol 42 (2008) 487-492
177. Sawyer M.G., Pfeiffer S., and Spence S.H. Life events, coping and depressive symptoms among young adolescents: a one-year prospective study. J Affect Disorders 117 (2009) 48-54
178. Schmidt A.M., Dolis C.M., and Tolli A.P. A matter of time: individual differences, contextual dynamics, and goal progress effects on multiple-goal self-regulation. J Appl Psychol 94 (2009) 692-709
179. Schwarting R.K.W., and Pawlak C.R. Behavioral neuroscience in the rat: taking the individual into account. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 26 S2 (2004) 17-22
180. Schwarzer C. 30 years of dynorphins - new insights on their functions in neuropsychiatric diseases. Pharmacol Ther 123 (2009) 353-370
181. Scourfield J., Rice F., Thapar A., Harold G.T., Martin N., and McGuffin P. Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents: changing aetiological influences with development. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44 (2003) 968-976
182. High states, implying many paths to psychosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 (2005) 3513-3518
183. Sgoifo A., Costoli T., Meerlo P., Buwalda B., Pico'-Alfonso M.A., De Boer S., et al. Individual differences in cardiovascular response to social challenge. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005) 59-66
184. Shao H., Burrage L.C., Sinasac D.S., Hill A.E., Ernest S.R., O'Brien W., et al. Genetic architecture of complex traits: large phenotypic effects and pervasive epistasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105 (2008) 19910-19914
185. Sherrin T., Heng K.Y., Zhu Y.Z., Tang Y.M., Lau G., and Tan C.H. Cholecystokinin-B receptor gene expression in cerebellum, pre-frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus and its association with suicide. Neurosci Lett 357 (2004) 107-110
186. Shumake J., Edwards E., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Hypermetabolism of paraventricular hypothalamus in the congenitally helpless rat. Neurosci Lett 311 (2001) 45-48
187. Shumake J., Edwards E., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Dissociation of septo-hippocampal metabolism in the congenitally helpless rat. Neuroscience 114 (2002) 373-377
188. Shumake J., Edwards E., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Opposite metabolic changes in the habenula and ventral tegmental area of a genetic model of helpless behavior. Brain Res 963 (2003) 274-281
189. Shumake J., Barrett D., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Behavioural characteristics of rats predisposed to learned helplessness: reduced reward sensitivity, increased novelty seeking, and persistent fear memories. Behav Brain Res 164 (2005) 222-230
190. Shumake J., Poremba A., Edwards E., and Gonzalez-Lima F. Congenital helpless rats as a genetic model for cortex metabolism in depression. Neuroreport 11 (2000) 3793-3798
191. Singewald N. Altered brain activity processing in high-activity rodents revealed by challenge paradigms and functional mapping. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31 (2007) 18-40
192. Smith H.R., and Porrino L.J. The comparative distributions of the monoamine transporters in the rodent, monkey, and human amygdala. Brain Struct Funct 213 (2008) 73-91
193. Soubrie P. Reconciling the role of central serotonin neurons in human and animal behavior. Behav Brain Sci 9 (1986) 319-335
194. Stanis J.J., Burns R.M., Sherrill L.K., and Gulley J.M. Disparate cocaine-induced locomotion as a predictor of choice behavior in rats trained in a delay-discounting task. Drug Alcohol Depend 98 (2008) 54-62
195. Stead J.D.H., Clinton S., Neal C., Schneider J., Jama A., Miller S., et al. Selective breeding for divergence in novelty-seeking traits: heritability and enrichment in spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors. Behav Genet 36 (2006) 697-712
196. Steimer T., and Driscoll P. Divergent stress responses and coping styles in psychogenetically selected Roman high-(RHA) and low-(RLA) avoidance rats: behavioural, neuroendocrine and developmental aspects. Stress 8 (2003) 87-100
197. Suhara T., Yasuno F., Sudo Y., Yamamoto M., Inoue M., Okubo Y., and Suzuki K. Dopamine D2 receptors in the insular cortex and the personality trait of novelty seeking. Neuroimage 13 (2001) 891-895
198. Swerdlow N.R., Martinez Z.A., Hanlon F.M., Platen A., Farid M., Auerbach P., et al. Toward understanding the biology of a complex phenotype: rat strain and substrain differences in the sensorimotor gating-disruptive effects of dopamine agonists. J Neurosci 20 (2000) 4325-4336
199. Taghzouti K., Lamarque S., Kharouby M., and Simon H. Interindividual differences in active and passive behaviors in the forced-swimming test: implications for animal models of psychopathology - an overview. Biol Psychiatry 45 (1999) 750-758
200. Tang A.H., and Himes C.S. Apomorphine produced more yawning in Sprague-Dawley rats than in F344 rats: a pharmacological study. Eur J Pharmacol 284 (1995) 13-18
201. Thiel C.M., Müller C.P., Huston J.P., and Schwarting R.K.W. High versus low reactivity to a novel environment: behavioural, pharmacological and neurochemical assessments. Neuroscience 93 (1999) 243-251
202. Tõnissaar M., Herm L., Eller M., Kõiv K., Rinken A., and Harro J. Rats with high or low sociability are differently affected by chronic variable stress. Neuroscience 152 (2008) 867-876
203. Tõnissaar M., Herm L., Rinken A., and Harro J. Individual differences in sucrose intake and preference in the rat: circadian variation and association with dopamine D2 receptor function in striatum and nucleus accumbens. Neurosci Lett 403 (2006) 119-124
204. Tõnissaar M., Philips M.-A., Eller M., and Harro J. Sociability trait and serotonin metabolism in the rat social interaction test. Neurosci Lett 367 (2004) 309-312
205. Uher R. The implications of gene-environment interactions in depression: will cause inform cure?. Mol Psychiatry 13 (2008) 1070-1078
206. 2 receptors. Behav Brain Res 175 (2006) 392-398
207. Van der Kam E.L., Ellenbroek B.A., and Cools A.R. Gene-environment interactions determine the individual variability in cocaine self-administration. Neuropharmacology 48 (2005) 685-695
208. Van der Vegt B.J., de Boer S.F., Buwalda B., de Ruiter A.J., de Jong J.G., and Koolhaas J.M. Enhanced sensitivity of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors in rats and mice with high trait aggression. Physiol Behav 74 (2001) 205-211
209. Van Egeren L.F. A cybernetic model of global personality traits. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 13 (2009) 92-108
210. Vaugeois J.-M., Passera G., Zuccaro F., and Costentin J. Individual differences in response to imipramine in the mouse tail suspension test. Psychopharmacology 134 (1997) 387-391
211. Veenema A.H., Koolhaas J.M., and de Kloet E.R. Basal and stress-induced differences in HPA axis, 5-HT responsiveness, and hippocampal cell proliferation in two mouse lines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1018 (2004) 255-265
212. Verheij M.M.M., and Cools A.R. Twenty years of dopamine research: individual differences in the response of accumbal dopamine to environmental and pharmacological challenges. Eur J Pharmacol 585 (2008) 228-244
213. Verheij M.M.M., de Mulder E.L.W., De Leonibus E., van Loo K.M.J., and Cools A.R. Rats that differentially respond to cocaine differ in their dopaminergic storage capacity of the nucleus accumbens. J Neurochem 105 (2008) 2122-2133
214. Verheij M.M.M., Veenvliet J.V., Kormelink T.G., Steenhof M., and Cools A.R. Individual differences in the sensitivity to serotonergic drugs: a pharmacobehavioural approach using rats selected on the basis of their response to novelty. Psychopharmacology 205 (2009) 441-455
215. Viggiano D. The hyperactive syndrome: meta-analysis of genetic alterations, pharmacological treatments and brain lesions which increase locomotor activity. Behav Brain Res 194 (2008) 1-14
216. Volavka J., Bilder R., and Nolan K. Catecholamines and aggression: the role of COMT and MAO polymorphisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1036 (2004) 393-398
217. Walker F.R., Masters L.M., Deilenberg R.A., and Day T.A. Individual differences predict susceptibility to conditioned fear arising from psychosocial trauma. J Psychiat Res 42 (2008) 371-383
218. Walker F.R., Masters L.M., Deilenberg R.A., and Day T.A. Coping with defeat: acute glucocorticoid and forebrain responses to social defeat vary with defeat episode behaviour. Neuroscience 162 (2009) 244-253
219. Walsh R.N., and Cummins R.A. The open-field test: a critical review. Psychol Bull 83 (1976) 482-504
220. Weiss J.M., Cierpial M.A., and West C.H. Selective breeding of rats for high and low motor activity in a swim test: toward a new animal model of depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61 (1998) 49-66
221. Whittle S., Yücel M., Fornito A., Barrett A., Wood S.J., Lubman D.I., et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of temperament in early adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47 (2008) 682-693
222. Wichers M.C., Barge-Schaapveld D.Q., Nicolson N.A., Peeters F., de Vries M., Menegelers R., and van Ors J. Reduced stress-sensitivity or increased reward experience: the psychological mechanism of response to antidepressant medication. Neuropsychopharmacology 34 (2009) 923-931
223. Wigger A., Sánchez M.M., Mathys K.C., Ebner K., Liu D., Kresse A., et al. Alterations in central neuropeptide expression, release, and receptor binding in rats bred for high anxiety: critical role of vasopressin. Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2004) 1-14
224. Williams P.G., Suchy Y., and Rau H.K. Individual differences in executive functioning: implications for stress regulation. Ann Behav Med 37 (2009) 126-140
225. Wong-Riley M.T.T., Nie F., Hevner R.F., and Liu S. Brain cytochrome oxidase: functional significance and bigenomic regulation in the CNS. In: Gonzalez-Lima F. (Ed). Cytochrome Oxidase in Neuronal Metabolism and Alzheimer's Disease (1998), Plenum Press, New York 1-53
226. B receptor binding in rat amygdala in animals demonstrating greater anxiety-like behavior. Psychopharmacology 164 (2002) 193-199
227. Yehuda R., Flory J.D., Southwick S., and Charney D.S. Developing an agenda for translational studies of resilience and vulnerability following trauma exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071 (2006) 379-396
228. Yasuno F., Suhara T., Sudo Y., Yamamoto M., Inoue M., Okubo Y., and Suzuki K. Relation among dopamine D(2) receptor binding, obesity and personality in normal human subjects. Neurosci Lett 300 (2001) 59-61
229. Zald D.H., Cowan R.L., Riccardi P., Baldwin R.M., Ansari M.S., Li R., et al. Midbrain dopamine receptor availability is inversely associated with novelty-seeking traits in humans. J Neurosci 28 (2008) 14372-14378
230. Zhang S., Amstein T., Shen J., Brush F.R., and Gershenfeld H.K. Molecular correlates of emotional learning using genetically selected rat lines. Genes Brain Behav 4 (2005) 99-109
231. Zhu J., Bardo M.T., Bruntz R.C., Stairs D.J., and Dwoskin L.P. Individual differences in response to novelty predict prefrontal cortex dopamine transporter function and cell surface expression. Eur J Neurosci 26 (2007) 717-728
232. Zubieta J.K., Ketter T.A., Bueller J.A., Xu Y., Kilbourn M.R., Young E.A., and Koeppe R.A. Regulation of human affective responses by anterior cingulate and limbic mu-opioid neurotransmission. Arch Gen Psychiatry 60 (2003) 1145-1153