The comparative distributions of the monoamine transporters in the rodent, monkey, and human amygdala

Brain Structure and Function

Volumn 213, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 73-91

  Smith, Hilary R ^a   Porrino, Linda J ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Dopamine; Monoamine transporter; Norepinephrine; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; NORADRENALIN; NORADRENALIN TRANSPORTER; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN TRANSPORTER;

AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; HUMAN; MONKEY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; RODENT; SPECIES COMPARISON; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION;

AMYGDALA; ANIMALS; BIOGENIC MONOAMINES; HAPLORHINI; HUMANS; NEURONS; PLASMA MEMBRANE NEUROTRANSMITTER TRANSPORT PROTEINS; RODENTIA; SEROTONIN; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ANIMALIA; MAMMALIA; RODENTIA;

EID: 50249124747     PISSN: 18632653     EISSN: 18632661     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00429-008-0176-2     Document Type: Review

References (221)

1. HC Abercrombie SM Schaefer CL Larson TR Oakes KA Lindgren JE Holden SB Perlman PA Turski DD Krahn RM Benca RJ Davidson 1998 Metabolic rate in the right amygdala predicts negative affect in depressed patients Neuroreport 9 3301 3307
2. R Adolphs 2003 Is the human amygdala specialized for processing social information? Ann N Y Acad Sci 985 326 340
3. R Adolphs M Spezio 2006 Role of the amygdala in processing visual social stimuli Prog Brain Res 156 363 378
4. A Aleman RS Kahn 2005 Strange feelings: do amygdala abnormalities dysregulate the emotional brain in schizophrenia? Prog Neurobiol 77 283 298
5. AT Alleweireldt RJ Hobbs AR Taylor JL Neisewander 2006 Effects of SCH-23390 infused into the amygdala or adjacent cortex and basal ganglia on cocaine seeking and self-administration in rats Neuropsychopharmacology 31 363 374
6. M Altemus MA Smith V Diep CS Aulakh DL Murphy 1994 Increased mRNA for corticotrophin releasing hormone in the amygdala of fawn-hooded rats: a potential animal model of anxiety Anxiety 1 251 257
7. LL Altshuler G Bartzokis T Grieder J Curran J Mintz 1998 Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: an MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity Arch Gen Psychiatry 55 663 664
8. Amaral DG, Price JL, Pitkanen A, Carmichael ST (1992) Anatomical organization of the primate amygdaloid complex. In: Aggleton JP (ed) The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 1-66
9. S Apparsundaram S Schroeter E Giovanetti RD Blakely 1998 Acute regulation of norepinephrine transport: II. PKC-modulated surface expression of human norepinephrine transporter proteins J Pharmacol Exp Ther 287 744 751
10. E Asan DM Yilmazer-Hanke M Eliava M Hantsch KP Lesch A Schmitt 2005 The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-system and monoaminergic afferents in the central amygdala: investigations in different mouse strains and comparison with the rat Neuroscience 131 953 967
11. SJ Augood K Westmore PJ McKenna PC Emson 1993 Co-expression of dopamine transporter mRNA and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA in ventral mesencephalic neurones Brain Res Mol Brain Res 20 328 334
12. IT Backstrom JO Marcusson 1990 High- and low-affinity [3H]desipramine-binding sites in human postmortem brain tissue Neuropsychobiology 23 68 73
13. IT Backstrom SB Ross JO Marcusson 1989 [3H]desipramine binding to rat brain tissue: binding to both noradrenaline uptake sites and sites not related to noradrenaline neurons J Neurochem 52 1099 1106
14. MJ Bannon CJ Whitty 1997 Age-related and regional differences in dopamine transporter mRNA expression in human midbrain Neurology 48 969 977
15. A Bartolo F Benuzzi L Nocetti P Baraldi P Nichelli 2006 Humor comprehension and appreciation: an FMRI study J Cogn Neurosci 18 1789 1798
16. JL Bassett SL Foote 1992 Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) amygdala J Comp Neurol 323 91 102
17. MD Bauman DG Amaral 2005 The distribution of serotonergic fibers in the macaque monkey amygdala: an immunohistochemical study using antisera to 5-hydroxytryptamine Neuroscience 136 193 203
18. T Belej D Manji S Sioutis HM Barros JN Nobrega 1996 Changes in serotonin and norepinephrine uptake sites after chronic cocaine: pre- vs. post-withdrawal effects Brain Res 736 287 296
19. S Benmansour AV Altamirano DJ Jones TA Sanchez GG Gould M-J Pardon DA Morilak A Frazer 2004 Regulation of the norepinephrine transporter by chronic administration of antidepressants Biol Psychiatry 55 313 316
20. B Berger P Gaspar C Verney 1991 Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates Trends Neurosci 14 21 27
21. WJ Berglind JM Case MP Parker RA Fuchs RE See 2006 Dopamine D1 or D2 receptor antagonism within the basolateral amygdala differentially alters the acquisition of cocaine-cue associations necessary for cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking Neuroscience 137 699 706
22. RD Blakely S Ramamoorthy S Schroeter Y Qian S Apparsundaram A Galli LJ DeFelice 1998 Regulated phosphorylation and trafficking of antidepressant- sensitive serotonin transporter proteins Biol Psychiatry 44 169 178
23. V Blanchard R Raisman-Vozari S Vyas PP Michel F Javoy-Agid G Uhl Y Agid 1994 Differential expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and membrane dopamine transporter genes in subpopulations of dopaminergic neurons of the rat mesencephalon Brain Res Mol Brain Res 22 29 38
24. AJ Blood RJ Zatorre 2001 Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 11818 11823
25. M Boso P Politi F Barale E Enzo 2006 Neurophysiology and neurobiology of the musical experience Funct Neurol 21 187 191
26. DM Bowden DC German WD Poynter 1978 An autoradiographic, semistereotaxic mapping of major projections from locus coeruleus and adjacent nuclei in Macaca mulatta Brain Res 145 257 276
27. MP Bowley WC Drevets D Ongur JL Price 2002 Low glial numbers in the amygdala in major depressive disorder Biol Psychiatry 52 404 412
28. JD Bremner 2006 The relationship between cognitive and brain changes in posttraumatic stress disorder Ann NY Acad Sci 1071 80 86
29. JD Bremner JH Krystal SM Southwick DS Charney 1995 Functional neuroanatomical correlates of the effects of stress on memory J Trauma Stress 8 527 553
30. JD Bremner JH Krystal SM Southwick DS Charney 1996 Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. Preclinical studies Synapse 23 28 38
31. L Brimberg S Flaisher-Grinberg EA Schilman D Joel 2007 Strain differences in 'compulsive' lever-pressing Behav Brain Res 179 141 151
32. GL Brown FK Goodwin 1986 Cerebrospinal fluid correlates of suicide attempts and aggression Ann NY Acad Sci 487 175 188
33. GL Brown FK Goodwin WE Bunney Jr 1982 Human aggression and suicide: their relationship to neuropsychiatric diagnoses and serotonin metabolism Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 34 287 307
34. E Brunet-Gouet J Decety 2006 Social brain dysfunctions in schizophrenia: a review of neuroimaging studies Psychiatry Res 148 75 92
35. C Castellano V Cestari S Cabib S Puglisi-Allegra 1994 The effects of morphine on memory consolidation in mice involve both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors Behav Neural Biol 61 156 161
36. M Cecchi H Khoshbouei DA Morilak 2002 Modulatory effects of norepinephrine, acting on alpha 1 receptors in the central nucleus of the amygdala, on behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to acute immobilization stress Neuropharmacology 43 1139 1147
37. JA Cervilla M Rivera E Molina F Torres-Gonzalez JA Bellon B Moreno J de Dios Luna JA Lorente Y de Diego-Otero M King I Nazareth B Gutierrez 2006 The 5-HTTLPR s/s genotype at the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) increases the risk for depression in a large cohort of primary care attendees: the PREDICT-gene study Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 141 912 917
38. HT Chen M Clark D Goldman 1992 Quantitative autoradiography of 3H-paroxetine binding sites in rat brain J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 27 209 216
39. R Ciccocioppo PP Sanna F Weiss 2001 Cocaine-predictive stimulus induces drug-seeking behavior and neural activation in limbic brain regions after multiple months of abstinence: reversal by D(1) antagonists Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 1976 1981
40. BJ Ciliax C Heilman LL Demchyshyn ZB Pristupa E Ince SM Hersch HB Niznik AI Levey 1995 The dopamine transporter: immunochemical characterization and localization in brain J Neurosci 15 1714 1723
41. BJ Ciliax GW Drash JK Staley S Haber CJ Mobley GW Miller EJ Mufson DC Mash AI Levey 1999 Immunocytochemical localization of the dopamine transporter in human brain J Comp Neurol 409 38 56
42. R Cortes E Soriano A Pazos A Probst JM Palacios 1988 Autoradiography of antidepressant binding sites in the human brain: localization using [3H]imipramine and [3H]paroxetine Neuroscience 27 473 496
43. RJ D'Amato BL Largent AM Snowman SH Snyder 1987 Selective labeling of serotonin uptake sites in rat brain by [3H]citalopram contrasted to labeling of multiple sites by [3H]imipramine J Pharmacol Exp Ther 242 364 371
44. GM Daniels SG Amara 1999 Regulated trafficking of the human dopamine transporter. Clathrin-mediated internalization and lysosomal degradation in response to phorbol esters J Biol Chem 274 35794 35801
45. U Dannlowski P Ohrmann J Bauer H Kugel BT Baune C Hohoff A Kersting V Arolt W Heindel J Deckert T Suslow 2007 Serotonergic genes modulate amygdala activity in major depression Genes Brain Behav 6 7 672 676
46. U Dannlowski P Ohrmann J Bauer J Deckert C Hohoff H Kugel V Arolt W Heindel A Kersting BT Baune T Suslow 2008 5-HTTLPR biases amygdala activity in response to masked facial expressions in major depression Neuropsychopharmacology 33 2 418 424
47. JB Daunais SR Letchworth LJ Sim-Selley HR Smith SR Childers LJ Porrino 2001 Functional and anatomical localization of mu opioid receptors in the striatum, amygdala, and extended amygdala of the nonhuman primate J Comp Neurol 433 471 485
48. R De La Garza 2nd PC Meltzer BK Madras 1999 Non-amine dopamine transporter probe [(3)H]tropoxene distributes to dopamine-rich regions of monkey brain Synapse 34 20 27
49. EB De Souza BL Kuyatt 1987 Autoradiographic localization of 3H-paroxetine-labeled serotonin uptake sites in rat brain Synapse 1 488 496
50. J Debiec JE Ledoux 2004 Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala Neuroscience 129 267 272
51. J Debiec JE LeDoux 2006 Noradrenergic signaling in the amygdala contributes to the reconsolidation of fear memory: treatment implications for PTSD Ann NY Acad Sci 1071 521 524
52. PL Delgado 2000 Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency J Clin Psychiatry 61 Suppl 6 7 11
53. PL Delgado FA Moreno 2000 Role of norepinephrine in depression J Clin Psychiatry 61 Suppl 1 5 12
54. CM Dersch HC Akunne JS Partilla GU Char BR de Costa KC Rice FI Carroll RB Rothman 1994 Studies of the biogenic amine transporters. 1. Dopamine reuptake blockers inhibit [3H]mazindol binding to the dopamine transporter by a competitive mechanism: preliminary evidence for different binding domains Neurochem Res 19 201 208
55. P Di Ciano BJ Everitt 2004 Direct interactions between the basolateral amygdala and nucleus accumbens core underlie cocaine-seeking behavior by rats J Neurosci 24 7167 7173
56. K Domschke M Braun P Ohrmann T Suslow H Kugel J Bauer C Hohoff A Kersting A Engelien V Arolt W Heindel J Deckert 2006 Association of the functional -1019C/G 5-HT1A polymorphism with prefrontal cortex and amygdala activation measured with 3 T fMRI in panic disorder Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 9 349 355
57. GA Donnan SJ Kaczmarczyk G Paxinos PJ Chilco RM Kalnins DG Woodhouse FA Mendelsohn 1991 Distribution of catecholamine uptake sites in human brain as determined by quantitative [3H] mazindol autoradiography J Comp Neurol 304 419 434
58. P Dorado EM Penas-Lledo AP Gonzalez MC Caceres J Cobaleda A Llerena 2007 Increased risk for major depression associated with the short allele of the serotonin transporter promoter region (5-HTTLPR-S) and the CYP2C9*3 allele Fundam Clin Pharmacol 21 451 453
59. WC Drevets ME Raichle 1992 Neuroanatomical circuits in depression: implications for treatment mechanisms Psychopharmacol Bull 28 261 274
60. DW DuBois A Perlegas DW Floyd JL Weiner BA McCool 2006 Distinct functional characteristics of the lateral/basolateral amygdala GABAergic system in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318 629 640
61. GE Duncan KY Little JA Kirkman RS Kaldas WE Stumpf GR Breese 1992 Autoradiographic characterization of [3H]imipramine and [3H]citalopram binding in rat and human brain: species differences and relationships to serotonin innervation patterns Brain Res 591 181 197
62. E Eldar O Ganor R Admon A Bleich T Hendler 2007 Feeling the real world: limbic response to music depends on related content. Cereb Cortex 17 12 2828 2840
63. RL Elkins TE Orr JL Rausch YJ Fei GF Carl SH Hobbs JJ Buccafusco GL Edwards 2003 Cocaine-induced expression differences in glutamate receptor subunits and transporters in amygdalae of taste aversion-prone and taste aversion-resistant rats Ann NY Acad Sci 1003 381 385
64. S Erb PK Hitchcott H Rajabi D Mueller Y Shaham J Stewart 2000 Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists block stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking Neuropsychopharmacology 23 138 150
65. Evans KC, Wright CI, Wedig MM, Gold AL, Pollack MH, Rauch SL (2007) A functional MRI study of amygdala responses to angry schematic faces in social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety [Epub ahead of print]
66. Fallon J, Ciofi P (1992) Distribution of monoamines within the amygdala. In: Aggleton JP (ed) The amygdala: neurobiological aspects of emotion, memory, and mental dysfunction. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 97-114
67. JH Fallon DA Koziell RY Moore 1978 Catecholamine innervation of the basal forebrain. II. Amygdala, suprarhinal cortex and entorhinal cortex J Comp Neurol 180 509 532
68. IJ Farley O Hornykiewicz 1977 Noradrenaline distribution insubcortical areas of the human brain Brain Res 126 53 62
69. B Ferry B Roozendaal JL McGaugh 1999 Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influences on memory storage are mediated by an interaction between beta- and alpha1-adrenoceptors J Neurosci 19 5119 5123
70. B Ferry B Roozendaal JL McGaugh 1999 Role of norepinephrine in mediating stress hormone regulation of long-term memory storage: a critical involvement of the amygdala Biol Psychiatry 46 1140 1152
71. LJ Freedman MD Cassell 1994 Distribution of dopaminergic fibers in the central division of the extended amygdala of the rat Brain Res 633 243 252
72. LJ Freedman C Shi 2001 Monoaminergic innervation of the macaque extended amygdala Neuroscience 104 1067 1084
73. M Fujita S Shimada K Fukuchi M Tohyama T Nishimura 1994 Distribution of cocaine recognition sites in rat brain: in vitro and ex vivo autoradiography with [125I]RTI-55 J Chem Neuroanat 7 13 23
74. T Furmark M Tillfors H Garpenstrand I Marteinsdottir B Langstrom L Oreland M Fredrikson 2004 Serotonin transporter polymorphism related to amygdala excitability and symptom severity in patients with social phobia Neurosci Lett 362 189 192
75. K Fuxe KX Jacobsen M Hoistad B Tinner A Jansson WA Staines LF Agnati 2003 The dopamine D1 receptor-rich main and paracapsular intercalated nerve cell groups of the rat amygdala: relationship to the dopamine innervation Neuroscience 119 733 746
76. PA Garris RM Wightman 1994 Different kinetics govern dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum: an in vivo voltammetric study J Neurosci 14 442 450
77. T Gonzalez-Hernandez P Barroso-Chinea I De La Cruz Muros M Del Mar Perez-Delgado M Rodriguez 2004 Expression of dopamine and vesicular monoamine transporters and differential vulnerability of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons J Comp Neurol 479 198 215
78. N Gosselin I Peretz E Johnsen R Adolphs 2007 Amygdala damage impairs emotion recognition from music Neuropsychologia 45 236 244
79. KM Gothard FP Battaglia CA Erickson KM Spitler DG Amaral 2007 Neural responses to facial expression and face identity in the monkey amygdala J Neurophysiol 97 1671 1683
80. Q Greba L Kokkinidis 2000 Peripheral and intraamygdalar administration of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 blocks fear-potentiated startle but not shock reactivity or the shock sensitization of acoustic startle Behav Neurosci 114 262 272
81. R Gross-Isseroff M Israeli A Biegon 1988 Autoradiographic analysis of [3H]desmethylimipramine binding in the human brain postmortem Brain Res 456 120 126
82. FA Guarraci RJ Frohardt BS Kapp 1999 Amygdaloid D1 dopamine receptor involvement in Pavlovian fear conditioning Brain Res 827 28 40
83. M Guitart-Masip B Johansson A Fernandez-Teruel T Canete A Tobena L Terenius L Gimenez-Llort 2006 Divergent anatomical pattern of D1 and D3 binding and dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa mRNA expression in the Roman rat strains: implications for drug addiction Neuroscience 142 1231 1243
84. EV Gurevich JN Joyce 1996 Comparison of [3H]paroxetine and [3H]cyanoimipramine for quantitative measurement of serotonin transporter sites in human brain Neuropsychopharmacology 14 309 323
85. SN Haber H Ryoo C Cox W Lu 1995 Subsets of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in monkeys are distinguished by different levels of mRNA for the dopamine transporter: comparison with the mRNA for the D2 receptor, tyrosine hydroxylase and calbindin immunoreactivity J Comp Neurol 362 400 410
86. AR Hariri EM Drabant KE Munoz BS Kolachana VS Mattay MF Egan DR Weinberger 2005 A susceptibility gene for affective disorders and the response of the human amygdala Arch Gen Psychiatry 62 146 152
87. T Hatfield JL McGaugh 1999 Norepinephrine infused into the basolateral amygdala posttraining enhances retention in a spatial water maze task Neurobiol Learn Mem 71 232 239
88. AS Heberlein R Adolphs 2004 Impaired spontaneous anthropomorphizing despite intact perception and social knowledge Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 7487 7491
89. A Heinz DF Braus MN Smolka J Wrase I Puls D Hermann S Klein SM Grusser H Flor G Schumann K Mann C Buchel 2005 Amygdala-prefrontal coupling depends on a genetic variation of the serotonin transporter Nat Neurosci 8 20 21
90. A Heinz MN Smolka DF Braus J Wrase A Beck H Flor K Mann G Schumann C Buchel AR Hariri DR Weinberger 2007 Serotonin transporter genotype (5-HTTLPR): effects of neutral and undefined conditions on amygdala activation Biol Psychiatry 61 1011 1014
91. JG Hensler CW Hodge DH Overstreet 2004 Reduced 5-HT3 receptor binding and lower baseline plus maze anxiety in the alcohol-preferring inbred fawn-hooded rat Pharmacol Biochem Behav 77 281 289
92. JD Higley ST King Jr MF Hasert M Champoux SJ Suomi M Linnoila 1996 Stability of interindividual differences in serotonin function and its relationship to severe aggression and competent social behavior in rhesus macaque females Neuropsychopharmacology 14 67 76
93. DC Hipolide KM Moreira KB Barlow AA Wilson JN Nobrega S Tufik 2005 Distinct effects of sleep deprivation on binding to norepinephrine and serotonin transporters in rat brain Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29 2 297 303
94. KL Hoffman KM Gothard MC Schmid NK Logothetis 2007 Facial-expression and gaze-selective responses in the monkey amygdala Curr Biol 17 766 772
95. BR Hoover CV Everett A Sorkin NR Zahniser 2007 Rapid regulation of dopamine transporters by tyrosine kinases in rat neuronal preparations J Neurochem 101 1258 1271
96. PD Hrdina B Foy A Hepner RJ Summers 1990 Antidepressant binding sites in brain: autoradiographic comparison of [3H]paroxetine and [3H]imipramine localization and relationship to serotonin transporter J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252 410 418
97. RA Huff RA Vaughan MJ Kuhar GR Uhl 1997 Phorbol esters increase dopamine transporter phosphorylation and decrease transport Vmax J Neurochem 68 225 232
98. YL Hurd ZB Pristupa MM Herman HB Niznik JE Kleinman 1994 The dopamine transporter and dopamine D2 receptor messenger RNAs are differentially expressed in limbic- and motor-related subpopulations of human mesencephalic neurons Neuroscience 63 357 362
99. R Hurlemann B Hawellek A Matusch H Kolsch H Wollersen B Madea K Vogeley W Maier RJ Dolan 2005 Noradrenergic modulation of emotion-induced forgetting and remembering J Neurosci 25 6343 6349
100. Y Ida JD Elsworth RH Roth 1991 Anxiogenic beta-carboline FG 7142 produces activation of noradrenergic neurons in specific brain regions of rats Pharmacol Biochem Behav 39 791 793
101. T Inoue T Izumi Y Maki I Muraki T Koyama 2000 Effect of the dopamine D(1/5) antagonist SCH 23390 on the acquisition of conditioned fear Pharmacol Biochem Behav 66 573 578
102. JA Javitch SM Strittmatter SH Snyder 1985 Differential visualization of dopamine and norepinephrine uptake sites in rat brain using [3H]mazindol autoradiography J Neurosci 5 1513 1521
103. X Jiao WP Pare S Tejani-Butt 2003 Strain differences in the distribution of dopamine transporter sites in rat brain Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27 913 919
104. M Kalia 2005 Neurobiological basis of depression: an update Metabolism 54 24 27
105. MJ Kaufman RD Spealman BK Madras 1991 Distribution of cocaine recognition sites in monkey brain: I. In vitro autoradiography with [3H]CFT Synapse 9 177 187
106. NB Keele DR Randall 2003 Altered modulation of excitatory neurotransmission in the amygdala by serotonin in an animal model of impulsive aggression Ann NY Acad Sci 985 528 532
107. H Khoshbouei M Cecchi S Dove M Javors DA Morilak 2002 Behavioral reactivity to stress: amplification of stress-induced noradrenergic activation elicits a galanin-mediated anxiolytic effect in central amygdala Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 407 417
108. S Kitayama T Dohi GR Uhl 1994 Phorbol esters alter functions of the expressed dopamine transporter Eur J Pharmacol 268 115 119
109. V Klimek JE Schenck H Han CA Stockmeier GA Ordway 2002 Dopaminergic abnormalities in amygdaloid nuclei in major depression: a postmortem study Biol Psychiatry 52 740 748
110. GB Kovachich CE Aronson DJ Brunswick A Frazer 1988 Quantitative autoradiography of serotonin uptake sites in rat brain using [3H]cyanoimipramine Brain Res 454 78 88
111. K Kuraoka K Nakamura 2007 Responses of single neurons in monkey amygdala to facial and vocal emotions J Neurophysiol 97 1379 1387
112. RT LaLumiere TV Buen JL McGaugh 2003 Post-training intra-basolateral amygdala infusions of norepinephrine enhance consolidation of memory for contextual fear conditioning J Neurosci 23 6754 6758
113. RT LaLumiere EM Nawar JL McGaugh 2005 Modulation of memory consolidation by the basolateral amygdala or nucleus accumbens shell requires concurrent dopamine receptor activation in both brain regions Learn Mem 12 296 301
114. RT Lalumiere LT Nguyen JL McGaugh 2004 Post-training intrabasolateral amygdala infusions of dopamine modulate consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory: involvement of noradrenergic and cholinergic systems Eur J Neurosci 20 2804 2810
115. JM Leppanen 2006 Emotional information processing in mood disorders: a review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings Curr Opin Psychiatry 19 34 39
116. F Leri J Flores D Rodaros J Stewart 2002 Blockade of stress-induced but not cocaine-induced reinstatement by infusion of noradrenergic antagonists into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis or the central nucleus of the amygdala J Neurosci 22 5713 5718
117. SR Letchworth HR Smith LJ Porrino BA Bennett HM Davies T Sexton SR Childers 2000 Characterization of a tropane radioligand, [(3)H]2beta-propanoyl- 3beta-(4-tolyl) tropane ([(3)H]PTT), for dopamine transport sites in rat brain J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293 686 696
118. KC Liang LL Chen TE Huang 1995 The role of amygdala norepinephrine in memory formation: involvement in the memory enhancing effect of peripheral epinephrine Chin J Physiol 38 81 91
119. I Liberzon JC Britton KL Phan 2003 Neural correlates of traumatic recall in posttraumatic stress disorder Stress 6 151 156
120. I Liberzon SF Taylor R Amdur TD Jung KR Chamberlain S Minoshima RA Koeppe LM Fig 1999 Brain activation in PTSD in response to trauma-related stimuli Biol Psychiatry 45 817 826
121. KY Little FI Carroll BJ Cassin 1995 Characterization and localization of [125I]RTI-121 binding sites in human striatum and medial temporal lobe J Pharmacol Exp Ther 274 1473 1483
122. D Lorang SG Amara RB Simerly 1994 Cell-type-specific expression of catecholamine transporters in the rat brain J Neurosci 14 4903 4914
123. CE Macedo RC Martinez L Albrechet-Souza VA Molina ML Brandao 2007 5-HT2- and D1-mechanisms of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala enhance conditioned fear and impair unconditioned fear Behav Brain Res 177 100 108
124. RT Malison LH Price R Berman CH van Dyck GH Pelton L Carpenter G Sanacora MJ Owens CB Nemeroff N Rajeevan RM Baldwin JP Seibyl RB Innis DS Charney 1998 Reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in major depression as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography Biol Psychiatry 44 1090 1098
125. SJ Mathew S Ho 2006 Etiology and neurobiology of social anxiety disorder J Clin Psychiatry 67 Suppl 12 9 13
126. JL McGaugh 2004 The amygdala modulates the consolidation of memories of emotionally arousing experiences Annu Rev Neurosci 27 1 28
127. PT Mehlman JD Higley I Faucher AA Lilly DM Taub J Vickers SJ Suomi M Linnoila 1994 Low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations and severe aggression and impaired impulse control in nonhuman primates Am J Psychiatry 151 1485 1491
128. DS Melchitzky DA Lewis 2001 Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the macaque monkey Neuroscience 103 1033 1042
129. P Meoni BH Bunnemann DG Trist NG Bowery 1998 N-terminal splice variants of the NMDAR1 glutamate receptor subunit: differential expression in human and monkey brain Neurosci Lett 249 45 48
130. M Meyer S Baumann D Wildgruber K Alter 2007 How the brain laughs. Comparative evidence from behavioral, electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies in human and monkey Behav Brain Res 182 2 245 260
131. KA Miczek E Weerts M Haney J Tidey 1994 Neurobiological mechanisms controlling aggression: preclinical developments for pharmacotherapeutic interventions Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18 97 110
132. GM Miller SM Yatin R De La Garza 2nd M Goulet BK Madras 2001 Cloning of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters from monkey brain: relevance to cocaine sensitivity Brain Res Mol Brain Res 87 124 143
133. MI Miranda RT LaLumiere TV Buen F Bermudez-Rattoni JL McGaugh 2003 Blockade of noradrenergic receptors in the basolateral amygdala impairs taste memory Eur J Neurosci 18 2605 2610
134. MT Mitterschiffthaler CH Fu JA Dalton CM Andrew SC Williams 2007 A functional MRI study of happy and sad affective states induced by classical music Hum Brain Mapp 28 11 1150 1162
135. D Mobbs CC Hagan E Azim V Menon AL Reiss 2005 Personality predicts activity in reward and emotional regions associated with humor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102 16502 16506
136. RY Moore FE Bloom 1978 Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems Annu Rev Neurosci 1 129 169
137. RY Moore FE Bloom 1979 Central catecholamine neuron systems: anatomy and physiology of the norepinephrine and epinephrine systems Ann Rev Neurosci 2 113 168
138. JM Moran GS Wig RB Adams Jr P Janata WM Kelley 2004 Neural correlates of humor detection and appreciation Neuroimage 21 1055 1060
139. DA Morilak G Barrera DJ Echevarria AS Garcia A Hernandez S Ma CO Petre 2005 Role of brain norepinephrine in the behavioral response to stress Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29 1214 1224
140. K Nader JE LeDoux 1999 Inhibition of the mesoamygdala dopaminergic pathway impairs the retrieval of conditioned fear associations Behav Neurosci 113 891 901
141. JJ Nadler F Zou H Huang SS Moy J Lauder JN Crawley DW Threadgill FA Wright TR Magnuson 2006 Large-scale gene expression differences across brain regions and inbred strains correlate with a behavioral phenotype Genetics 174 1229 1236
142. K Naudts S Hodgins 2006 Neurobiological correlates of violent behavior among persons with schizophrenia Schizophr Bull 32 562 572
143. CB Nemeroff JD Bremner EB Foa HS Mayberg CS North MB Stein 2006 Posttraumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-science review J Psychiatr Res 40 1 21
144. A Neumeister XZ Hu DA Luckenbaugh M Schwarz AC Nugent O Bonne P Herscovitch D Goldman WC Drevets DS Charney 2006 Differential effects of 5-HTTLPR genotypes on the behavioral and neural responses to tryptophan depletion in patients with major depression and controls Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 978 986
145. DJ Newport CB Nemeroff 2000 Neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder Curr Opin Neurobiol 10 211 218
146. DL Niehoff PJ Whitehouse 1983 Multiple benzodiazepine receptors: autoradiographic localization in normal human amygdala Brain Res 276 237 245
147. PT Ninan 1999 The functional anatomy, neurochemistry, and pharmacology of anxiety J Clin Psychiatry 60 Suppl 22 12 17
148. RE O'Carroll E Drysdale L Cahill P Shajahan KP Ebmeier 1999 Stimulation of the noradrenergic system enhances and blockade reduces memory for emotional material in man Psychol Med 29 1083 1088
149. H O'Rourke JL Fudge 2006 Distribution of serotonin transporter labeled fibers in amygdaloid subregions: implications for mood disorders Biol Psychiatry 60 479 490
150. B Olivier J Mos R van Oorschot R Hen 1995 Serotonin receptors and animal models of aggressive behavior Pharmacopsychiatry 28 Suppl 2 80 90
151. GA Ordway CA Stockmeier GW Cason V Klimek 1997 Pharmacology and distribution of norepinephrine transporters in the human locus coeruleus and raphe nuclei J Neurosci 17 1710 1719
152. T Owashi S Iritani K Niizato K Ikeda K Kamijima 2004 The distribution of serotonin immunoreactivity in the hippocampal formation in monkeys and rats Brain Res 1010 166 168
153. MJ Owens CB Nemeroff 1998 The serotonin transporter and depression Depress Anxiety 8 Suppl 1 5 12
154. A Parent L Descarries A Beaudet 1981 Organization of ascending serotonin systems in the adult rat brain. A radioautographic study after intraventricular administration of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine Neuroscience 6 115 138
155. A Patel G Uhl MJ Kuhar 1993 Species differences in dopamine transporters: postmortem changes and glycosylation differences J Neurochem 61 496 500
156. L Pezawas A Meyer-Lindenberg EM Drabant BA Verchinski KE Munoz BS Kolachana MF Egan VS Mattay AR Hariri DR Weinberger 2005 5-HTTLPR polymorphism impacts human cingulate-amygdala interactions: a genetic susceptibility mechanism for depression Nat Neurosci 8 828 834
157. ML Phillips E Vieta 2007 Identifying functional neuroimaging biomarkers of bipolar disorder: toward DSM-V Schizophr Bull 33 893 904
158. ML Phillips L Williams C Senior ET Bullmore MJ Brammer C Andrew SC Williams AS David 1999 A differential neural response to threatening and non-threatening negative facial expressions in paranoid and non-paranoid schizophrenics Psychiatry Res 92 11 31
159. VM Pickel J Chan 1999 Ultrastructural localization of the serotonin transporter in limbic and motor compartments of the nucleus accumbens J Neurosci 19 7356 7366
160. A Pitkanen S Kemppainen 2002 Comparison of the distribution of calcium-binding proteins and intrinsic connectivity in the lateral nucleus of the rat, monkey, and human amygdala Pharmacol Biochem Behav 71 369 377
161. P Plenge ET Mellerup H Laursen 1990 Regional distribution of the serotonin transport complex in human brain, identified with 3H-paroxetine, 3H-citalopram and 3H-imipramine Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 14 61 72
162. ZB Pristupa F McConkey F Liu HY Man FJ Lee YT Wang HB Niznik 1998 Protein kinase-mediated bidirectional trafficking and functional regulation of the human dopamine transporter Synapse 30 79 87
163. S Ramamoorthy HE Melikian Y Qian RD Blakely 1998 Biosynthesis, N-glycosylation, and surface trafficking of biogenic amine transporter proteins Methods Enzymol 296 347 370
164. SL Rauch LM Shin EA Phelps 2006 Neurocircuitry models of posttraumatic stress disorder and extinction: human neuroimaging research-past, present, and
165. FL Reis S Masson AR de Oliveira ML Brandao 2004 Dopaminergic mechanisms in the conditioned and unconditioned fear as assessed by the two-way avoidance and light switch-off tests Pharmacol Biochem Behav 79 359 365
166. ME Reith C Xu NH Chen 1997 Pharmacology and regulation of the neuronal dopamine transporter Eur J Pharmacol 324 1 10
167. P Remy M Doder A Lees N Turjanski D Brooks 2005 Depression in Parkinson's disease: loss of dopamine and noradrenaline innervation in the limbic system Brain 128 1314 1322
168. KJ Ressler CB Nemeroff 2000 Role of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety disorders Depress Anxiety 12 Suppl 1 2 19
169. R Revay R Vaughan S Grant MJ Kuhar 1996 Dopamine transporter immunohistochemistry in median eminence, amygdala, and other areas of the rat brain Synapse 22 93 99
170. B Roozendaal BT Nguyen AE Power JL McGaugh 1999 Basolateral amygdala noradrenergic influence enables enhancement of memory consolidation induced by hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor activation Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 11642 11647
171. Rudoy CA, Van Bockstaele EJ (2005) Cocaine effects on norepinephrine in the amygdala: Cocaine withdrawal-related anxiety and stress-related relapse. Cellscience Rev 2:193-206. http://cellscience.com/reviews6/Rudoy.pdf. Accessed 8 July 2007
172. CA Rudoy EJ Van Bockstaele 2007 Betaxolol, a selective beta(1)-adrenergic receptor antagonist, diminishes anxiety-like behavior during early withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration in rats Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31 1119 1129
173. AF Sadikot A Parent 1990 The monoaminergic innervation of the amygdala in the squirrel monkey: an immunohistochemical study Neuroscience 36 431 447
174. MA Sanchez-Gonzalez MA Garcia-Cabezas B Rico C Cavada 2005 The primate thalamus is a key target for brain dopamine J Neurosci 25 6076 6083
175. JD Sanders HK Happe DB Bylund LC Murrin 2005 Development of the norepinephrine transporter in the rat CNS Neuroscience 130 107 117
176. H Savaki C Malgouris J Benavides C Laplace A Uzan C Gueremy G Le Fur 1985 Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]indalpine binding sites in the rat brain: II. Regional distribution J Neurochem 45 521 526
177. F Schneider U Weiss C Kessler JB Salloum S Posse W Grodd HW Muller-Gartner 1998 Differential amygdala activation in schizophrenia during sadness Schizophr Res 34 133 142
178. S Schroeter S Apparsundaram RG Wiley LH Miner SR Sesack RD Blakely 2000 Immunolocalization of the cocaine- and antidepressant-sensitive l-norepinephrine transporter J Comp Neurol 420 211 232
179. RE See PJ Kruzich JW Grimm 2001 Dopamine, but not glutamate, receptor blockade in the basolateral amygdala attenuates conditioned reward in a rat model of relapse to cocaine-seeking behavior Psychopharmacology (Berl) 154 301 310
180. BS Shastry 2005 Bipolar disorder: an update Neurochem Int 46 273 279
181. DK Shayegan SM Stahl 2005 Emotion processing, the amygdala, and outcome in schizophrenia Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 29 840 845
182. YI Sheline DM Barch JM Donnelly JM Ollinger AZ Snyder MA Mintun 2001 Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: an fMRI study Biol Psychiatry 50 651 658
183. YI Sheline MH Gado JL Price 1998 Amygdala core nuclei volumes are decreased in recurrent major depression Neuroreport 9 2023 2028
184. S Shimada S Kitayama D Walther G Uhl 1992 Dopamine transporter mRNA: dense expression in ventral midbrain neurons Brain Res Mol Brain Res 13 359 362
185. LM Shin SL Rauch RK Pitman 2006 Amygdala, medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal function in PTSD Ann NY Acad Sci 1071 67 79
186. CA Shively DP Friedman HD Gage MC Bounds C Brown-Proctor JB Blair JA Henderson MA Smith N Buchheimer 2006 Behavioral depression and positron emission tomography-determined serotonin 1A receptor binding potential in cynomolgus monkeys Arch Gen Psychiatry 63 396 403
187. HR Smith TJ Beveridge LJ Porrino 2006 Distribution of norepinephrine transporters in the non-human primate brain Neuroscience 138 703 714
188. HR Smith JB Daunais MA Nader LJ Porrino 1999 Distribution of [3H]citalopram binding sites in the nonhuman primate brain Ann NY Acad Sci 877 700 702
189. MN Smolka M Buhler G Schumann S Klein XZ Hu M Moayer A Zimmer J Wrase H Flor K Mann DF Braus D Goldman A Heinz 2007 Gene-gene effects on central processing of aversive stimuli Mol Psychiatry 12 307 317
190. SM Southwick JH Krystal JD Bremner CA Morgan 3rd AL Nicolaou LM Nagy DR Johnson GR Heninger DS Charney 1997 Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 54 749 758
191. JK Staley M Basile DD Flynn DC Mash 1994 Visualizing dopamine and serotonin transporters in the human brain with the potent cocaine analogue [125I]RTI-55: in vitro binding and autoradiographic characterization J Neurochem 62 549 556
192. JK Staley JW Boja FI Carroll HH Seltzman CD Wyrick AH Lewin P Abraham DC Mash 1995 Mapping dopamine transporters in the human brain with novel selective cocaine analog [125I]RTI-121 Synapse 21 364 372
193. HW Steinbusch 1981 Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat-cell bodies and terminals Neuroscience 6 557 618
194. M Storvik J Tiihonen T Haukijarvi E Tupala 2007 Amygdala serotonin transporters in alcoholics measured by whole hemisphere autoradiography Synapse 61 629 636
195. SM Strakowski MP DelBello KW Sax ME Zimmerman PK Shear JM Hawkins ER Larson 1999 Brain magnetic resonance imaging of structural abnormalities in bipolar disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 56 254 260
196. BA Strange R Hurlemann RJ Dolan 2003 An emotion-induced retrograde amnesia in humans is amygdala- and beta-adrenergic-dependent Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 13626 13631
197. GM Sullivan JD Coplan JM Kent JM Gorman 1999 The noradrenergic system in pathological anxiety: a focus on panic with relevance to generalized anxiety and phobias Biol Psychiatry 46 1205 1218
198. C Sur H Betz P Schloss 1996 Immunocytochemical detection of the serotonin transporter in rat brain Neuroscience 73 217 231
199. T Suzuki J Ishigooka S Watanabe H Miyaoka 2002 Enhancement of delayed release of dopamine in the amygdala induced by conditioned fear stress in methamphetamine-sensitized rats Eur J Pharmacol 435 59 65
200. LW Swanson BK Hartman 1975 The central adrenergic system. An immunofluorescence study of the location of cell bodies and their efferent connections in the rat utilizing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase as a marker J Comp Neurol 163 467 505
201. J-H Tao-Cheng FC Zhou 1999 Differential polarization of serotonin transporters in axons versus soma-dendrites: an immunogold electron microscopy study Neuroscience 94 821 830
202. JR Taylor LJ Punch JD Elsworth 1998 A comparison of the effects of clonidine and CNQX infusion into the locus coeruleus and the amygdala on naloxone-precipitated opiate withdrawal in the rat Psychopharmacology (Berl) 138 133 142
203. SF Taylor I Liberzon LR Decker RA Koeppe 2002 A functional anatomic study of emotion in schizophrenia Schizophr Res 58 159 172
204. SM Tejani-Butt 1992 [3H]nisoxetine: a radioligand for quantitation of norepinephrine uptake sites by autoradiography or by homogenate binding J Pharmacol Exp Ther 260 427 436
205. M Tillfors 2004 Why do some individuals develop social phobia? A review with emphasis on the neurobiological influences Nord J Psychiatry 58 267 276
206. LT Tran-Nguyen RA Fuchs GP Coffey DA Baker LE O'Dell JL Neisewander 1998 Time-dependent changes in cocaine-seeking behavior and extracellular dopamine levels in the amygdala during cocaine withdrawal Neuropsychopharmacology 19 48 59
207. OT Ukairo CD Bondi AH Newman SS Kulkarni AP Kozikowski S Pan CK Surratt 2005 Recognition of benztropine by the dopamine transporter (DAT) differs from that of the classical dopamine uptake inhibitors cocaine, methylphenidate, and mazindol as a function of a DAT transmembrane 1 aspartic acid residue J Pharmacol Exp Ther 314 575 583
208. AH van Stegeren R Goekoop W Everaerd P Scheltens F Barkhof JP Kuijer SA Rombouts 2005 Noradrenaline mediates amygdala activation in men and women during encoding of emotional material Neuroimage 24 898 909
209. K Varnas C Halldin H Hall 2004 Autoradiographic distribution of serotonin transporters and receptor subtypes in human brain Hum Brain Mapp 22 246 260
210. RA Vaughan GE Agoston JR Lever AH Newman 1999 Differential binding of tropane-based photoaffinity ligands on the dopamine transporter J Neurosci 19 630 636
211. RA Vaughan VL Brown MT McCoy MJ Kuhar 1996 Species- and brain region-specific dopamine transporters: immunological and glycosylation characteristics J Neurochem 66 2146 2152
212. TJ Volz JO Schenk 2005 A comprehensive atlas of the topography of functional groups of the dopamine transporter Synapse 58 72 94
213. T Watanabe T Nakagawa R Yamamoto A Maeda M Minami M Satoh 2003 Involvement of noradrenergic system within the central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal-induced conditioned place aversion in rats Psychopharmacology (Berl) 170 80 88
214. F Weiss CS Maldonado-Vlaar LH Parsons TM Kerr DL Smith O Ben-Shahar 2000 Control of cocaine-seeking behavior by drug-associated stimuli in rats: effects on recovery of extinguished operant-responding and extracellular dopamine levels in amygdala and nucleus accumbens Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97 4321 4326
215. JM Wilson JN Nobrega WA Corrigall KM Coen K Shannak SJ Kish 1994 Amygdala dopamine levels are markedly elevated after self- but not passive- administration of cocaine Brain Res 668 39 45
216. C Xu ME Reith 1997 WIN 35,428 and mazindol are mutually exclusive in binding to the cloned human dopamine transporter J Pharmacol Exp Ther 282 920 927
217. DM Yilmazer-Hanke T Roskoden K Zilles H Schwegler 2003 Anxiety-related behavior and densities of glutamate, GABAA, acetylcholine and serotonin receptors in the amygdala of seven inbred mouse strains Behav Brain Res 145 145 159
218. DA Yurgelun-Todd SA Gruber G Kanayama WD Killgore AA Baird AD Young 2000 fMRI during affect discrimination in bipolar affective disorder Bipolar Disord 2 237 248
219. HM Zafar WP Pare SM Tejani-Butt 1997 Effect of acute or repeated stress on behavior and brain norepinephrine system in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats Brain Res Bull 44 289 295
220. Z Zeng TB Chen PJ Miller D Dean YS Tang C Sur DL Williams Jr 2006 The serotonin transporter in rhesus monkey brain: comparison of DASB and citalopram binding sites Nucl Med Biol 33 555 563
221. FC Zhou J-H Tao-Cheng L Segu T Patel Y Wang 1998 Serotonin transporters are located on the axons beyond the synaptic junctions: anatomical and functional evidence Brain Res 805 241 254